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Ren T, Li B, Xu F, Chen Z, Lu M, Tan S. Research on the Effect of Oriental Fruit Moth Feeding on the Quality Degradation of Chestnut Rose Juice Based on Metabolomics. Molecules 2023; 28:7170. [PMID: 37894648 PMCID: PMC10608842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As a native fruit of China, chestnut rose (Rosa roxburghii Tratt) juice is rich in bioactive ingredients. Oriental fruit moth (OFM), Grapholita molesta (Busck), attacks the fruits and shoots of Rosaceae plants, and its feeding affects the quality and yield of chestnut rose. To investigate the effects of OFM feeding on the quality of chestnut rose juice, the bioactive compounds in chestnut rose juice produced from fruits eaten by OFM were measured. The electronic tongue senses, amino acid profile, and untargeted metabolomics assessments were performed to explore changes in the flavour and metabolites. The results showed that OFM feeding reduced the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), tannin, vitamin C, flavonoid, and condensed tannin; increased those of polyphenols, soluble solids, total protein, bitterness, and amounts of bitter amino acids; and decreased the total amino acid and umami amino acid levels. Furthermore, untargeted metabolomics annotated a total of 426 differential metabolites (including 55 bitter metabolites), which were mainly enriched in 14 metabolic pathways, such as flavonoid biosynthesis, tryptophan metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, and diterpenoid biosynthesis. In conclusion, the quality of chestnut rose juice deteriorated under OFM feeding stress, the levels of bitter substances were significantly increased, and the bitter taste was subsequently enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyuan Ren
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (B.L.); (F.X.); (Z.C.); (M.L.); (S.T.)
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Yu X, Zhang Y, Shen M, Dong S, Zhang F, Gao Q, He P, Shen G, Yang J, Wang Z, Bo G. Soil Conditioner Affects Tobacco Rhizosphere Soil Microecology. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 86:460-473. [PMID: 35596751 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reasonable fertilization management can increase nutrient content and enzyme activity in rhizosphere soil, and even increase soil microbial richness. However, different fertilizers could raise distinct influences on the soil properties, including soil environmental factors (physicochemical properties and enzymatic activities) and microbial community. Here, the effects of two soil amendments (microbial fertilizer and woody peat) on environmental factors and microbial community structure in tobacco rhizosphere soil were evaluated, with the correlations between microbes and environmental factors explored. As the results, microbial fertilizer could effectively alleviate soil acidification, increase available potassium and organic matter contents in soil, and was also beneficial to increase nitrate reductase activity in rhizosphere soil. Fertilizers cause changes in the abundance of certain microbes in the soil. Besides, it was shown that the candidate phyla Gal15, Acidobacterota, Latescibacterota, Mortierellommycota, Basidiomycota, and Rozellomycota in tobacco rhizosphere soil had significant correlation with soil environmental factors. Through the functional analysis of these populations, it can be deduced that the changes in the abundance of certain microorganisms may be an important reason for the differences in environmental factors. All these indicated that the differences of environmental factors in different treatments are closely related to the abundance of some special soil microorganisms. Studying the life activities of these microbes would provide good guidance for exploring the interaction among crops, soil, and microorganisms and improving crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangquan Yu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production By Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Minchong Shen
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Shanyu Dong
- Yichang Tobacco Company of Hubei Province, Yichang, China
| | - Fujun Zhang
- Linyi Tobacco Company of Shandong Province, Linyi, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Linyi Tobacco Company of Shandong Province, Linyi, China
| | - Penglin He
- Linyi Tobacco Company of Shandong Province, Linyi, China
| | - Guoming Shen
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianming Yang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production By Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaobao Wang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production By Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Guodong Bo
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China.
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Li H, Chen Y, Lu C, Tian H, Lin S, Wang L, Linghu T, Zheng X, Wei H, Fan X, Chen Y. Chemosensory protein regulates the behavioural response of Frankliniella intonsa and Frankliniella occidentalis to tomato zonate spot virus-Infected pepper (Capsicum annuum). PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011380. [PMID: 37155712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Many herbivorous insects rely on plant volatiles to locate their host plants. Vector-borne viral infections induce changes in plant volatiles, which render infected plants more attractive to insect vectors. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying the olfactory responses of insect vectors induced by the volatiles produced by virus-infected plants are poorly understood. Here, we show that volatiles emitted by pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants infected with tomato zonate spot virus (TZSV), particularly the volatile cis-3-hexenal, which is recognized by chemosensory protein 1 of the thrips Frankliniella intonsa (FintCSP1), are more attractive to F. intonsa than the volatiles emitted by non-infected pepper plants. FintCSP1 is highly abundant in the antenna of F. intonsa. Silencing of FintCSP1 significantly decreased electroantennogram responses of F. intonsa antennae to cis-3-hexenal and impaired thrips' responses to TZSV-infected pepper plants and cis-3-hexenal, as assessed using a Y-tube olfactometer. Three-dimensional model predictions indicated that FintCSP1 consists of seven α-helixes and two disulfide bridges. Molecular docking analysis suggested that cis-3-hexenal is positioned deep inside the binding pocket of FintCSP1 and binds to residues of the protein. We combined site-directed mutagenesis and fluorescence binding assays and identified three hydrophilic residues, Lys26, Thr28, and Glu67, of FintCSP1 as being critical for cis-3-hexenal binding. Furthermore, CSP of F. occidentalis (FoccCSP) is also a key olfactory protein involved in modulating the behaviour of F. occidentalis to TZSV-infected pepper. This study revealed the specific binding characteristics of CSPs to cis-3-hexenal and confirmed the general hypothesis that virus infections induce changes in host volatiles, which can be recognized by the olfactory proteins of the insect vector to enhance vector attraction and this may facilitate viral spread and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chengcong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Houjun Tian
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuo Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tingting Linghu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xue Zheng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Fuzhou, China
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Li X, Hu D, Cai L, Wang H, Liu X, Du H, Yang Z, Zhang H, Hu Z, Huang F, Kan G, Kong F, Liu B, Yu D, Wang H. CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE38 regulates flowering time and common cutworm resistance in soybean. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:480-499. [PMID: 35640995 PMCID: PMC9434205 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Photoperiod-sensitive plants such as soybean (Glycine max) often face threats from herbivorous insects throughout their whole growth period and especially during flowering; however, little is known about the relationship between plant flowering and insect resistance. Here, we used gene editing, multiple omics, genetic diversity and evolutionary analyses to confirm that the calcium-dependent protein kinase GmCDPK38 plays a dual role in coordinating flowering time regulation and insect resistance of soybean. Haplotype 2 (Hap2)-containing soybeans flowered later and were more resistant to the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura Fabricius) than those of Hap3. gmcdpk38 mutants with Hap3 knocked out exhibited similar flowering and resistance phenotypes as Hap2. Knocking out GmCDPK38 altered numerous flowering- and resistance-related phosphorylated proteins, genes, and metabolites. For example, the S-adenosylmethionine synthase GmSAMS1 was post-translationally upregulated in the gmcdpk38 mutants. GmCDPK38 has abundant genetic diversity in wild soybeans and was likely selected during soybean domestication. We found that Hap2 was mostly distributed at low latitudes and had a higher frequency in cultivars than in wild soybeans, while Hap3 was widely selected at high latitudes. Overall, our results elucidated that the two distinct traits (flowering time and insect resistance) are mediated by GmCDPK38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dezhou Hu
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Linyan Cai
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huiqi Wang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haiping Du
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhongyi Yang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huairen Zhang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhenbin Hu
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, USA
| | - Fang Huang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guizhen Kan
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Baohui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Deyue Yu
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hui Wang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Toporkova YY, Askarova EK, Gorina SS, Mukhtarova LS, Grechkin AN. Oxylipin biosynthesis in spikemoss Selaginella moellendorffii: Identification of allene oxide synthase (CYP74L2) and hydroperoxide lyase (CYP74L1). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 195:113051. [PMID: 34890887 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nonclassical P450s of the CYP74 family catalyse the secondary conversions of fatty acid hydroperoxides to bioactive oxylipins in plants. The model organism, spikemoss Selaginella moellendorffii Hieron, possesses at least ten CYP74 genes of novel J, K, L, and M subfamilies. The cloning of three CYP74L genes and catalytic properties of recombinant proteins are described in the present work. The CYP74L1 possessed mainly hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) activity towards the 13(S)-hydroperoxide of α-linolenic acids (13-HPOT) and nearly equal HPL and allene oxide synthase (AOS) activities towards the 13(S)-hydroperoxide of linoleic acids (13-HPOD). The 9-hydroperoxides were poor substrates for CYP74L1 and led to the production of mainly the α-ketols (AOS products) and minorities of HPL and epoxyalcohol synthase (EAS) products. The CYP74L2 possessed the AOS activity towards all tested hydroperoxides. CYP74L3 possessed low HPL/EAS activity. Besides, the aerial parts of S. moellendorffii plants possessed complex oxylipins patterns including divinyl ethers, epoxyalcohols, and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid. Characterization of the CYP74L enzymes and oxylipin pattern updates the knowledge on the complex oxylipin biosynthetic machinery in the surviving oldest taxa of vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Y Toporkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111, Kazan, Russia.
| | - Elena K Askarova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Svetlana S Gorina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Lucia S Mukhtarova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Alexander N Grechkin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111, Kazan, Russia.
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Lee Díaz AS, Rizaludin MS, Zweers H, Raaijmakers JM, Garbeva P. Exploring the Volatiles Released from Roots of Wild and Domesticated Tomato Plants under Insect Attack. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051612. [PMID: 35268714 PMCID: PMC8911868 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plants produce volatile organic compounds that are important in communication and defense. While studies have largely focused on volatiles emitted from aboveground plant parts upon exposure to biotic or abiotic stresses, volatile emissions from roots upon aboveground stress are less studied. Here, we investigated if tomato plants under insect herbivore attack exhibited a different root volatilome than non-stressed plants, and whether this was influenced by the plant's genetic background. To this end, we analyzed one domesticated and one wild tomato species, i.e., Solanum lycopersicum cv Moneymaker and Solanum pimpinellifolium, respectively, exposed to leaf herbivory by the insect Spodoptera exigua. Root volatiles were trapped with two sorbent materials, HiSorb and PDMS, at 24 h after exposure to insect stress. Our results revealed that differences in root volatilome were species-, stress-, and material-dependent. Upon leaf herbivory, the domesticated and wild tomato species showed different root volatile profiles. The wild species presented the largest change in root volatile compounds with an overall reduction in monoterpene emission under stress. Similarly, the domesticated species presented a slight reduction in monoterpene emission and an increased production of fatty-acid-derived volatiles under stress. Volatile profiles differed between the two sorbent materials, and both were required to obtain a more comprehensive characterization of the root volatilome. Collectively, these results provide a strong basis to further unravel the impact of herbivory stress on systemic volatile emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Shein Lee Díaz
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (J.M.R.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.L.D.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Muhammad Syamsu Rizaludin
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (J.M.R.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.L.D.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Hans Zweers
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (J.M.R.); (P.G.)
| | - Jos M. Raaijmakers
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (J.M.R.); (P.G.)
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (J.M.R.); (P.G.)
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Zhu C, Wang W, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Shi F, Khalil-Ur-Rehman M, Nieuwenhuizen NJ. Transcriptomics and Antioxidant Analysis of Two Chinese Chestnut ( Castanea mollissima BL.) Varieties Provides New Insights Into the Mechanisms of Resistance to Gall Wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Infestation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:874434. [PMID: 35498685 PMCID: PMC9051522 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.874434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chinese chestnut is a popular fruit tree with a high nutritional value of its nuts, which can suffer from infestation by the chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus (GWDK) that results in gall formation and resultant loss of production and profitability. The physiological and molecular mechanisms of GWDK resistance found in certain genotypes currently remains elusive. To gain new insights into this phenomenon, a series of RNA-Seq integrated with metabolomic profiling experiments were executed to investigate the chemical and transcriptional differences in response to GWDK infestation in two contrasting chestnut varieties grown in China (the susceptible "HongLi," HL and the partially resistant "Shuhe_Wuyingli," SW). Three time points were selected for comparison: The initiation stage (A), growth stage (B), and maturation stage (C). Results showed that concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the activities of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme were elevated in the resistant SW leaves compared with those in HL leaves at all three developmental stages, while catalase (CAT) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities were mostly higher in HL leaves. RNA-Seq transcriptomic analyses of HL and SW leaves revealed that various metabolic pathways involved in GWDK stress responses, such as plant hormone signal transduction, MAPK signaling, and the peroxisome pathway, were enriched in the contrasting samples. Moreover, the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of differentially expressed genes in the POD pathway combined with transcription factors (TFs) indicated that the expression of TF members of bHLH, WRKY, NAC, and MYB family positively correlated with POD pathway gene expression. The TFs CmbHLH130 (EVM0032437), CmWRKY31 (EVM0017000), CmNAC50 (EVM0000033), and CmPHL12 (EVM0007330) were identified as putative TFs that participate in the regulation of insect-induced plant enzyme activities in chestnut, which may contribute to GWDK resistance in SW. Expression levels of 8 random differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were furthermore selected to perform quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) to validate the accuracy of the RNA-Seq-derived expression patterns. This study guides the functional analyses of further candidate genes and mechanisms important for GWDK resistance in chestnuts in the future as well as can help in identifying the master transcriptional regulators and important enzyme steps that support major insect defense pathways in chestnut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Zhu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wu Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Wu Wang,
| | - Yu Chen
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqiang Zhao
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Fenghou Shi
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Mbaluto CM, Vergara F, van Dam NM, Martínez-Medina A. Root infection by the nematode Meloidogyne incognita modulates leaf antiherbivore defenses and plant resistance to Spodoptera exigua. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7909-7926. [PMID: 34545935 PMCID: PMC8664589 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Studies on plant-mediated interactions between root parasitic nematodes and aboveground herbivores are rapidly increasing. However, outcomes for the interacting organisms vary, and the mechanisms involved remain ambiguous. We hypothesized that the impact of root infection by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on the performance of the aboveground caterpillar Spodoptera exigua is modulated by the nematode's infection cycle. We challenged root-knot nematode-infected tomato plants with caterpillars when the nematode's infection cycle was at the invasion, galling, and reproduction stages. We found that M. incognita root infection enhanced S. exigua performance during the galling stage, while it did not affect the caterpillar's performance at the invasion and reproduction stages. Molecular and chemical analyses performed at the different stages of the nematode infection cycle revealed that M. incognita root infection systemically affected the jasmonic acid-, salicylic acid-, and abscisic acid-related responses, as well as the changes in the leaf metabolome triggered during S. exigua feeding. The M. incognita-induced leaf responses varied over the nematode's root infection cycle. These findings suggest that specific leaf responses triggered systemically by the nematode at its different life-cycle stages underlie the differential impact of M. incognita on plant resistance against the caterpillar S. exigua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispus M Mbaluto
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; PuschStraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität-Jena; DornburgerStraße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Fredd Vergara
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; PuschStraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; PuschStraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität-Jena; DornburgerStraße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; PuschStraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität-Jena; DornburgerStraße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Plant-Microorganism Interaction, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
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Liao Y, Tan H, Jian G, Zhou X, Huo L, Jia Y, Zeng L, Yang Z. Herbivore-Induced ( Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol is an Airborne Signal That Promotes Direct and Indirect Defenses in Tea ( Camellia sinensis) under Light. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12608-12620. [PMID: 34677960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis) is the most popular nonalcoholic beverage worldwide. During cultivation, tea plants are susceptible to herbivores and pathogens, which can seriously affect tea yield and quality. A previous report showed that (Z)-3-hexenol is a potentially efficient defensive substance. However, the molecular mechanism mediating (Z)-3-hexenol signaling in tea plants and the resulting effects on plant defenses remain uncharacterized. To clarify the signaling mechanisms in which (Z)-3-hexenol and light are involved, the gene transcription and metabolite levels were assessed, respectively. This study demonstrated that tea plants rapidly and continuously release (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol in response to an insect infestation. (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol absorbed by adjacent healthy plants would be converted into three insect defensive compounds: (Z)-3-hexenyl-glucoside, (Z)-3-hexenyl-primeveroside, and (Z)-3-hexenyl-vicianoside identified with laboratory-synthesized standards. Moreover, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol also activates the synthesis of jasmonic acid to enhance the insect resistance of tea plants. Additionally, a continuous light treatment induces the accumulation of (Z)-3-hexenyl-glycosides. Hence, (Z)-3-hexenol serves as a light-regulated signaling molecule that activates the systemic defenses of adjacent plants. Our study reveals the molecular mechanisms by which biotic and abiotic factors synergistically regulate the signaling functions of herbivore-induced plant volatiles in plants, providing valuable information for future comprehensive analyses of the systemic defense mechanisms in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Haibo Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guotai Jian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaochen Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Luqiong Huo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongxia Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Lanting Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
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10
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Kortbeek RWJ, Galland MD, Muras A, van der Kloet FM, André B, Heilijgers M, van Hijum SAFT, Haring MA, Schuurink RC, Bleeker PM. Natural variation in wild tomato trichomes; selecting metabolites that contribute to insect resistance using a random forest approach. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:315. [PMID: 34215189 PMCID: PMC8252294 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-produced specialised metabolites are a powerful part of a plant's first line of defence against herbivorous insects, bacteria and fungi. Wild ancestors of present-day cultivated tomato produce a plethora of acylsugars in their type-I/IV trichomes and volatiles in their type-VI trichomes that have a potential role in plant resistance against insects. However, metabolic profiles are often complex mixtures making identification of the functionally interesting metabolites challenging. Here, we aimed to identify specialised metabolites from a wide range of wild tomato genotypes that could explain resistance to vector insects whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). We evaluated plant resistance, determined trichome density and obtained metabolite profiles of the glandular trichomes by LC-MS (acylsugars) and GC-MS (volatiles). Using a customised Random Forest learning algorithm, we determined the contribution of specific specialised metabolites to the resistance phenotypes observed. RESULTS The selected wild tomato accessions showed different levels of resistance to both whiteflies and thrips. Accessions resistant to one insect can be susceptible to another. Glandular trichome density is not necessarily a good predictor for plant resistance although the density of type-I/IV trichomes, related to the production of acylsugars, appears to correlate with whitefly resistance. For type VI-trichomes, however, it seems resistance is determined by the specific content of the glands. There is a strong qualitative and quantitative variation in the metabolite profiles between different accessions, even when they are from the same species. Out of 76 acylsugars found, the random forest algorithm linked two acylsugars (S3:15 and S3:21) to whitefly resistance, but none to thrips resistance. Out of 86 volatiles detected, the sesquiterpene α-humulene was linked to whitefly susceptible accessions instead. The algorithm did not link any specific metabolite to resistance against thrips, but monoterpenes α-phellandrene, α-terpinene and β-phellandrene/D-limonene were significantly associated with susceptible tomato accessions. CONCLUSIONS Whiteflies and thrips are distinctly targeted by certain specialised metabolites found in wild tomatoes. The machine learning approach presented helped to identify features with efficacy toward the insect species studied. These acylsugar metabolites can be targets for breeding efforts towards the selection of insect-resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruy W J Kortbeek
- Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc D Galland
- Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandra Muras
- Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frans M van der Kloet
- Data Analysis Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart André
- Enza Zaden Research & Development B.V, Haling 1E, 1602 DB, Enkhuizen, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice Heilijgers
- Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha A F T van Hijum
- Radboud University Medical Center, Bacterial Genomics Group, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel A Haring
- Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuurink
- Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra M Bleeker
- Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Liu W, Park SW. 12- oxo-Phytodienoic Acid: A Fuse and/or Switch of Plant Growth and Defense Responses? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:724079. [PMID: 34490022 PMCID: PMC8418078 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.724079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
12-oxo-Phytodienoic acid (OPDA) is a primary precursor of (-)-jasmonic acid (JA), able to trigger autonomous signaling pathways that regulate a unique subset of jasmonate-responsive genes, activating and fine-tuning defense responses, as well as growth processes in plants. Recently, a number of studies have illuminated the physiol-molecular activities of OPDA signaling in plants, which interconnect the regulatory loop of photosynthesis, cellular redox homeostasis, and transcriptional regulatory networks, together shedding new light on (i) the underlying modes of cellular interfaces between growth and defense responses (e.g., fitness trade-offs or balances) and (ii) vital information in genetic engineering or molecular breeding approaches to upgrade own survival capacities of plants. However, our current knowledge regarding its mode of actions is still far from complete. This review will briefly revisit recent progresses on the roles and mechanisms of OPDA and information gaps within, which help in understanding the phenotypic and environmental plasticity of plants.
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12
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Domokos E, Bíró-Janka B, Bálint J, Molnár K, Fazakas C, Jakab-Farkas L, Domokos J, Albert C, Mara G, Balog A. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Rhizophagus irregularis Influences Artemisia annua Plant Parameters and Artemisinin Content under Different Soil Types and Cultivation Methods. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E899. [PMID: 32549234 PMCID: PMC7356791 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin extracted from Artemisia annua has been used efficiently in malaria treatment since 2005. In this study, the variations in plant parameters (plant biomass, glandular trichome density, essential oil total chemical content, artemisinin production, and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity) were tested under different soil types (Luvisol, Gleysol, Anthrosol and sterile peat) and cultivation conditions (potted plants in semi-open field, and open field experiments) for plants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Rizophagus irregularis. Under semi-open field conditions, the AMF colonization of A. annua plant roots varied, and presented the highest percentage in Luvisol and sterile peat. The increase in the root colonization rate positively influenced some plant parameters (biomass, glandular trichome density, artemisinin concentration, essential oil quantity and composition), but no effects on PPO enzyme activity were detected. AMF fungus R. irregularis significantly increased the artemisinin content and essential oil yield of plants cultivated in Luvisol, Gleysol, Anthrosol and in peat. These soil types can offer appropriate conditions for A. annua cultivation and artemisinin production even on a smaller scale. Under open field conditions, low (about 5%) AMF colonization was observed. No differences in artemisin contents were detected, but essential oil yield significantly increased compared to control plants. AMF treatment increased beta-farnesene and germacrene D concentrations in Artemisia plants in the open field experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Domokos
- Department of Horticulture, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Sighisoarei Street 1/C, 540485 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (B.B.-J.); (J.B.); (K.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Béla Bíró-Janka
- Department of Horticulture, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Sighisoarei Street 1/C, 540485 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (B.B.-J.); (J.B.); (K.M.); (C.F.)
| | - János Bálint
- Department of Horticulture, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Sighisoarei Street 1/C, 540485 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (B.B.-J.); (J.B.); (K.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Katalin Molnár
- Department of Horticulture, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Sighisoarei Street 1/C, 540485 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (B.B.-J.); (J.B.); (K.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Csaba Fazakas
- Department of Horticulture, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Sighisoarei Street 1/C, 540485 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (B.B.-J.); (J.B.); (K.M.); (C.F.)
| | - László Jakab-Farkas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Sighisoarei Street 1/C, 540485 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - József Domokos
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Sighisoarei Street 1/C, 540485 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Csilla Albert
- Department of Food Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Piaţa Libertăţii 1, 530104 Miercurea Ciuc, Romania;
| | - Gyöngyvér Mara
- Department of Bioengineering, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Piaţa Libertăţii 1, 530104 Miercurea Ciuc, Romania;
| | - Adalbert Balog
- Department of Horticulture, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Sighisoarei Street 1/C, 540485 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (B.B.-J.); (J.B.); (K.M.); (C.F.)
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13
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Jafarbeigi F, Samih MA, Alaei H, Shirani H. Induced Tomato Resistance Against Bemisia tabaci Triggered by Salicylic Acid, β-Aminobutyric Acid, and Trichoderma. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:456-467. [PMID: 32361943 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-020-00771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype B is a key pest of Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae) throughout the world. In this study, we examined the induction of resistance on tomato plants treated with SA, BABA, and Trichoderma either individually or in combination against B. tabaci biotype B through the assessment of some biological and behavioral aspects of this insect pest. Also, to understand the mode of action of these inducers, we correlated and analyzed the biochemical basis of plant resistance, by measuring levels of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and phenolic content in leaves of treated tomato plants. The longest development time of whitefly immature stages was recorded for plants treated with root β-aminobutyric acid application (RBABA) + root Trichoderma application (RT), root salicylic acid application (RSA) + RT, and RT. In a free-choice assay, B. tabaci adults showed a significantly lower preference for settling and oviposition in RBABA + RT, RSA + RT, and RT in comparison with control. In a no-choice assay, B. tabaci females laid significantly fewer eggs on treatments than those in control, with better results observed in RBABA + RT. Plants responded to different treatments and showed higher induction of PPO, POD, and PAL activities, besides the higher accumulation of phenols in RBABA + RT, RSA + RT, and RT treatments. These results suggest that RBABA + RT, RSA + RT, and RT could be utilized for the induction of effective plant defense against B. tabaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jafarbeigi
- Dept of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr Univ of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - M A Samih
- Dept of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr Univ of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - H Alaei
- Dept of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr Univ of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - H Shirani
- Dept of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr Univ of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
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14
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Al-Zahrani W, Bafeel SO, El-Zohri M. Jasmonates mediate plant defense responses to Spodoptera exigua herbivory in tomato and maize foliage. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1746898. [PMID: 32290765 PMCID: PMC7238883 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1746898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants evolve diverse strategies to cope with herbivorous insects, in which the lipid-derived phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) plays a crucial role. This study was conducted to investigate the differential responses of tomato and maize plants to Spodoptera exiguaherbivory and to clarify the role played by JA, methyl-jasmonate (MeJA) and jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-L-Ile) in their defense responses. JA, MeJA and JA-L-Ile were quantified using HPLC-MS/MS. The results showed that maize plant was more tolerant toS. exiguaherbivory than tomato. Spodopteraexigua attack induced JA, MeJA, and JA-L-Ile to high levels after 2 h of infestation in both test plants. Then, all studied JAsconcentration decreased gradually by increasing infestation time up to 1 week. JA concentration in infested maize was much higher than that in infested tomato leaves. However, MeJA concentration in infested tomato leaves was higher than that in maize. In control plants, JA was not recorded, while MeJA was recorded in comparable values both in tomato and maize. Our results showed that JA plays the main role in increasing defense responses to S. exigua infestation in the studied plants as a direct signaling molecule; however, MeJA could play an indirect role by inducing JA accumulation. JA-L-Ile indicated a less efficient role in defense responses to S. exigua attack in both test plants where its level is much lower than JA and MeJA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa Al-Zahrani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameera O. Bafeel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal El-Zohri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- CONTACT Manal El-Zohri Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Reichardt S, Piepho HP, Stintzi A, Schaller A. Peptide signaling for drought-induced tomato flower drop. Science 2020; 367:1482-1485. [PMID: 32217727 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The premature abscission of flowers and fruits limits crop yield under environmental stress. Drought-induced flower drop in tomato plants was found to be regulated by phytosulfokine (PSK), a peptide hormone previously known for its growth-promoting and immune-modulating activities. PSK formation in response to drought stress depends on phytaspase 2, a subtilisin-like protease of the phytaspase subtype that generates the peptide hormone by aspartate-specific processing of the PSK precursor in the tomato flower pedicel. The mature peptide acts in the abscission zone where it induces expression of cell wall hydrolases that execute the abscission process. Our results provide insight into the molecular control of abscission as regulated by proteolytic processing to generate a small plant peptide hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Reichardt
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - H-P Piepho
- Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - A Stintzi
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - A Schaller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
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16
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Zhang J, Zhang X, Ye M, Li XW, Lin SB, Sun XL. The Jasmonic Acid Pathway Positively Regulates the Polyphenol Oxidase-Based Defense against Tea Geometrid Caterpillars in the Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis). J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:308-316. [PMID: 32016775 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) as inducible defense proteins, contribute to tea (Camellia sinensis) resistance against tea geometrid larvae (Ectropis grisescens), and this resistance has been associated with the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling by testing geometrid performance in our previous work. However, the regulation of PPO-based defense by JA and other hormone signaling underlying these defense responses is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of phytohormones in regulating the PPO response to tea geometrids. We profiled levels of defense hormones, PPO activity and CsPPO genes in leaves infested with tea geometrids. Then, hormone levels were manipulated by exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), gibberellin acid (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA), JA biosynthesis inhibitors (sodium diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate, DIECA and salicylhydroxamic acid, SHAM) and GA inhibitor (uniconazole, UNI). Upon geometrid attack, JA levels significantly increased, whereas GA levels notably decreased and ABA level was slightly decreased. And the PPO activity significantly increased in line with the transcript levels of CsPPO2 and CsPPO4 but not CsPPO1. There were an obvious antagonistic cross-talk between JA and GA signals and an association among JA signals, PPO response and herbivore resistance in tea plants. Pretreatment with MeJA increased PPO activity by activating the transcripts of CsPPO2 and CsPPO4, whereas application of JA inhibitor DIECA suppressed PPO activity. GA3 strongly enhanced PPO activity, but ABA did not alter PPO activity. These findings strongly suggest that JA is a central player in PPO-mediated tea resistance against tea geometrids in a manner that prioritizes defense over growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng Ye
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi-Wang Li
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Song-Bo Lin
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China.
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17
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Chen G, Kim HK, Klinkhamer PG, Escobar-Bravo R. Site-dependent induction of jasmonic acid-associated chemical defenses against western flower thrips in Chrysanthemum. PLANTA 2019; 251:8. [PMID: 31776674 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Local and systemic induction of JA-associated chemical defenses and resistance to western flower thrips in Chrysanthemum are spatially variable and dependent on the site of the JA application. Plants have evolved numerous inducible defense traits to resist or tolerate herbivory, which can be activated locally at the site of the damage, or systemically through the whole plant. Here we investigated how activation of local and systemic chemical responses upon exogenous application of the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) varies along the plant canopy in Chrysanthemum, and how these responses correlate with resistance to thrips. Our results showed that JA application reduced thrips damage per plant when applied to all the plant leaves or when locally applied to apical leaves, but not when only basal leaves were locally treated. Local application of JA to apical leaves resulted in a strong reduction in thrips damage in new leaves developed after the JA application. Yet, activation of a JA-associated defensive protein marker, polyphenol oxidase, was only locally induced. Untargeted metabolomic analysis further showed that JA increased the concentrations of sugars, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and some amino acids in locally induced basal and apical leaves. However, local application of JA to basal leaves marginally affected the metabolomic profiles of systemic non-treated apical leaves, and vice versa. Our results suggest that JA-mediated activation of systemic chemical defense responses is spatially variable and depends on the site of the application of the hormone in Chrysanthemum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Research Group Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Cluster Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Hye Kyong Kim
- Research Group Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Cluster Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Gl Klinkhamer
- Research Group Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Cluster Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rocío Escobar-Bravo
- Research Group Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Cluster Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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18
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An R1R2R3 MYB Transcription Factor, MnMYB3R1, Regulates the Polyphenol Oxidase Gene in Mulberry ( Morus notabilis). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102602. [PMID: 31137877 PMCID: PMC6567046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine how the mulberry (Morus notabilis) polyphenol oxidase 1 gene (MnPPO1) is regulated during plant stress responses by exploring the interaction between its promoter region and regulatory transcription factors. First, we analyzed the cis-acting elements in the MnPPO1 promoter. Then, we used the MnPPO1 promoter region [(1268 bp, including an MYB3R-binding cis-element (MSA)] as a probe to capture proteins in DNA pull-down assays. These analyses revealed that the MYB3R1 transcription factor in M. notabilis (encoded by MnMYB3R1) binds to the MnPPO1 promoter region. We further explored the interaction between the MnPPO1 promoter and MYB3R1 with the dual luciferase reporter, yeast one-hybrid, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. These analyses verified that MnMYB3R1 binds to the MSA in the MnPPO1 promoter region. The overexpression of MnMYB3R1 in tobacco upregulated the expression of the tobacco PPO gene. This observation as well as the quantitative real-time PCR results implied that MnMYB3R1 and PPO are involved in the abscisic acid-responsive stress response pathway.
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Varsani S, Grover S, Zhou S, Koch KG, Huang PC, Kolomiets MV, Williams WP, Heng-Moss T, Sarath G, Luthe DS, Jander G, Louis J. 12-Oxo-Phytodienoic Acid Acts as a Regulator of Maize Defense against Corn Leaf Aphid. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1402-1415. [PMID: 30643012 PMCID: PMC6446797 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The corn leaf aphid (CLA; Rhopalosiphum maidis) is a phloem sap-sucking insect that attacks many cereal crops, including maize (Zea mays). We previously showed that the maize inbred line Mp708, which was developed by classical plant breeding, provides enhanced resistance to CLA. Here, using electrophysiological monitoring of aphid feeding behavior, we demonstrate that Mp708 provides phloem-mediated resistance to CLA. Furthermore, feeding by CLA on Mp708 plants enhanced callose deposition, a potential defense mechanism utilized by plants to limit aphid feeding and subsequent colonization. In maize, benzoxazinoids (BX) or BX-derived metabolites contribute to enhanced callose deposition by providing heightened resistance to CLA. However, BX and BX-derived metabolites were not significantly altered in CLA-infested Mp708 plants, indicating BX-independent defense against CLA. Evidence presented here suggests that the constitutively higher levels of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) in Mp708 plants contributed to enhanced callose accumulation and heightened CLA resistance. OPDA enhanced the expression of ethylene biosynthesis and receptor genes, and the synergistic interactions of OPDA and CLA feeding significantly induced the expression of the transcripts encoding Maize insect resistance1-Cysteine Protease, a key defensive protein against insect pests, in Mp708 plants. Furthermore, exogenous application of OPDA on maize jasmonic acid-deficient plants caused enhanced callose accumulation and heightened resistance to CLA, suggesting that the OPDA-mediated resistance to CLA is independent of the jasmonic acid pathway. We further demonstrate that the signaling function of OPDA, rather than a direct toxic effect, contributes to enhanced CLA resistance in Mp708.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Varsani
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
| | - Sajjan Grover
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
| | - Shaoqun Zhou
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
- School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Kyle G Koch
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
| | - Pei-Cheng Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - W Paul Williams
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
| | - Tiffany Heng-Moss
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
| | - Gautam Sarath
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
| | - Dawn S Luthe
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
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Chen X, Yang B, Huang W, Wang T, Li Y, Zhong Z, Yang L, Li S, Tian J. Comparative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Elevated Capacity for Photosynthesis in Polyphenol Oxidase Expression-Silenced Clematis terniflora DC. Leaves. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3897. [PMID: 30563128 PMCID: PMC6321541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) catalyzes the o-hydroxylation of monophenols and oxidation of o-diphenols to quinones. Although the effects of PPO on plant physiology were recently proposed, little has been done to explore the inherent molecular mechanisms. To explore the in vivo physiological functions of PPO, a model with decreased PPO expression and enzymatic activity was constructed on Clematis terniflora DC. using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology. Proteomics was performed to identify the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the model (VC) and empty vector-carrying plants (VV) untreated or exposed to high levels of UV-B and dark (HUV-B+D). Following integration, it was concluded that the DEPs mainly functioned in photosynthesis, glycolysis, and redox in the PPO silence plants. Mapman analysis showed that the DEPs were mainly involved in light reaction and Calvin cycle in photosynthesis. Further analysis illustrated that the expression level of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, the content of chlorophyll, and the photosynthesis rate were increased in VC plants compared to VV plants pre- and post HUV-B+D. These results indicate that the silence of PPO elevated the plant photosynthesis by activating the glycolysis process, regulating Calvin cycle and providing ATP for energy metabolism. This study provides a prospective approach for increasing crop yield in agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Bingxian Yang
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Tantan Wang
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Yaohan Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Zhuoheng Zhong
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- Zhuhai Weilan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519030, China.
| | - Shouxin Li
- Changshu Qiushi Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215500, China.
| | - Jingkui Tian
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Center for Traditional Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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21
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Zhu F, Heinen R, van der Sluijs M, Raaijmakers C, Biere A, Bezemer TM. Species-specific plant-soil feedbacks alter herbivore-induced gene expression and defense chemistry in Plantago lanceolata. Oecologia 2018; 188:801-811. [PMID: 30109421 PMCID: PMC6208702 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plants actively interact with antagonists and beneficial organisms occurring in the above- and belowground domains of terrestrial ecosystems. In the past decade, studies have focused on the role of plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) in a broad range of ecological processes. However, PSF and its legacy effects on plant defense traits, such as induction of defense-related genes and production of defensive secondary metabolites, have not received much attention. Here, we study soil legacy effects created by twelve common grassland plant species on the induction of four defense-related genes, involved in jasmonic acid signaling, related to chewing herbivore defense (LOX2, PPO7), and in salicylic acid signaling, related to pathogen defense (PR1 and PR2) in Plantago lanceolata in response to aboveground herbivory by Mamestra brassicae. We also assessed soil legacy and herbivory effects on the production of terpenoid defense compounds (the iridoid glycosides aucubin and catalpol) in P. lanceolata. Our results show that both soil legacy and herbivory influence phenotypes of P. lanceolata in terms of induction of Pl PPO7 and Pl LOX2, whereas the expression of Pl PR1 and Pl PR2-1 is not affected by soil legacies, nor by herbivory. We also find species-specific soil legacy effects on the production of aucubin. Moreover, P. lanceolata accumulates more catalpol when they are grown in soils conditioned by grass species. Our study highlights that PSF can influence aboveground plant-insect interactions through the impacts on plant defense traits and suggests that aboveground plant defense responses can be determined, at least partly, by plant-specific legacy effects induced by belowground organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Robin Heinen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Biology, Section Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Martijn van der Sluijs
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ciska Raaijmakers
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Biere
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - T Martijn Bezemer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology, Section Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Kundu A, Mishra S, Vadassery J. Spodoptera litura-mediated chemical defense is differentially modulated in older and younger systemic leaves of Solanum lycopersicum. PLANTA 2018; 248:981-997. [PMID: 29987372 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2953-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Metabolite profiling, biochemical assays, and transcript analysis revealed differential modulation of specific induced defense responses in local, older, and younger systemic leaves in Solanum lycopersicum upon Spodoptera litura herbivory. Plants reconfigure their metabolome upon herbivory to induce production of defense metabolites involved in both direct and indirect defenses against insect herbivores. Herbivory mediated leaf-to-leaf systemic induction pattern of primary and non-volatile secondary metabolites is not well studied in tomato. Here, we show that, in cultivated tomato Solanum lycopersicum herbivory by generalist insect, Spodoptera litura results in differential alteration of primary metabolites, majorly sugars and amino acids and specific secondary metabolites in local, younger, and older systemic leaves. Cluster analysis of 55 metabolites identified by GC-MS showed correlation between local and younger systemic leaves. Re-allocation of primary metabolites like glucose and amino acids from the local to systemic leaf was observed. Secondary metabolites chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and catechin were significantly induced during herbivory in systemic leaves. Among specific secondary metabolites, chlorogenic acid and catechin significantly inhibits S. litura larval growth in all stages. Local leaf exhibited increased lignin accumulation upon herbivory. Differential alteration of induced defense responses like reactive oxygen species, polyphenol oxidase activity, proteinase inhibitor, cell wall metabolites, and lignin accumulation was observed in systemic leaves. The metabolite alteration also resulted in increased defense in systemic leaves. Thus, comparative analysis of metabolites in local and systemic leaves of tomato revealed a constant re-allocation of primary metabolites to systemic leaves and differential induction of secondary metabolites and induced defenses upon herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Kundu
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, P.O. Box 10531, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shruti Mishra
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, P.O. Box 10531, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jyothilakshmi Vadassery
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, P.O. Box 10531, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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23
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Huang C, Zhang J, Zhang X, Yu Y, Bian W, Zeng Z, Sun X, Li X. Two New Polyphenol Oxidase Genes of Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis) Respond Differentially to the Regurgitant of Tea Geometrid, Ectropis obliqua. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082414. [PMID: 30115844 PMCID: PMC6121673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) have been reported to play an important role in protecting plants from attacks by herbivores. Though PPO genes in other plants have been extensively studied, research on PPO genes in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is lacking. In particular, which members of the PPO gene family elicit the defense response of the tea plant are as yet unknown. Here, two new PPO genes, CsPPO1 and CsPPO2, both of which had high identity with PPOs from other plants, were obtained from tea leaves. The full length of CsPPO1 contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 1740 bp that encoded a protein of 579 amino acids, while CsPPO2 contained an ORF of 1788 bp that encoded a protein of 595 amino acids. The deduced CsPPO1 and CsPPO2 proteins had calculated molecular masses of 64.6 and 65.9 kDa; the isoelectric points were 6.94 and 6.48, respectively. The expression products of recombinant CsPPO1 and CsPPO2 in Escherichia coli were about 91 and 92 kDa, respectively, but the recombinant proteins existed in the form of an inclusion body. Whereas CsPPO1 is highly expressed in stems, CsPPO2 is highly expressed in roots. Further results showed that the expression of CsPPO1 and CsPPO2 was wound- and Ectropis obliqua-induced, and that regurgitant, unlike treatment with wounding plus deionized water, significantly upregulated the transcriptional expression of CsPPO2 but not of CsPPO1. The difference between regurgitant and wounding indicates that CsPPO2 may play a more meaningful defensive role against E. obliqua than CsPPO1. Meanwhile, we found the active component(s) of the regurgitant elicited by the expression of CsPPO may contain small molecules (under 3-kDa molecular weight). These conclusions advance the understanding of the biological function of two new PPO genes and show that one of these, CsPPO2, may be a promising gene for engineering tea plants that are resistant to E. obliqua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
- Tea Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Yongchen Yu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Wenbo Bian
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Zhongping Zeng
- Tea Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xiaoling Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Xinghui Li
- Tea Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Reichardt S, Repper D, Tuzhikov AI, Galiullina RA, Planas-Marquès M, Chichkova NV, Vartapetian AB, Stintzi A, Schaller A. The tomato subtilase family includes several cell death-related proteinases with caspase specificity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10531. [PMID: 30002392 PMCID: PMC6043521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28769-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytaspases are Asp-specific subtilisin-like plant proteases that have been likened to animal caspases with respect to their regulatory function in programmed cell death (PCD). We identified twelve putative phytaspase genes in tomato that differed widely in expression level and tissue-specific expression patterns. Most phytaspase genes are tandemly arranged on tomato chromosomes one, four, and eight, and many belong to taxon-specific clades, e.g. the P69 clade in the nightshade family, suggesting that these genes evolved by gene duplication after speciation. Five tomato phytaspases (SlPhyts) were expressed in N. benthamiana and purified to homogeneity. Substrate specificity was analyzed in a proteomics assay and with a panel of fluorogenic peptide substrates. Similar to animal caspases, SlPhyts recognized an extended sequence motif including Asp at the cleavage site. Clear differences in cleavage site preference were observed implying different substrates in vivo and, consequently, different physiological functions. A caspase-like function in PCD was confirmed for five of the seven tested phytaspases. Cell death was triggered by ectopic expression of SlPhyts 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 in tomato leaves by agro-infiltration, as well as in stably transformed transgenic tomato plants. SlPhyts 3, 4, and 5 were found to contribute to cell death under oxidative stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Reichardt
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dagmar Repper
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander I Tuzhikov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Raisa A Galiullina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Marc Planas-Marquès
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Nina V Chichkova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey B Vartapetian
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Ke SW, Chen GH, Chen CT, Tzen JTC, Yang CY. Ethylene signaling modulates contents of catechin and ability of antioxidant in Camellia sinensis. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2018; 59:11. [PMID: 29616373 PMCID: PMC5882471 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-018-0226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world. There are many secondary metabolites can be found in tea such as anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavonols and catechins. These secondary metabolites in plants are proved to act protective components for human health effect. Plant hormone ethylene is considered to have an important role in regulation of plant development and signal transduction. This study evaluated the effect of ethylene signaling regulation in phenolic compounds in tea plants. The ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) enhanced contents of total catechin in treated oolong tea seedlings. RESULTS The degree of epigallocatechin and epicatechin galloylation was increased after ACC treatment in oolong tea seedlings by high performance liquid chromatography determination. The contents of anthocyanins, flavonoids, and total polyphenol were higher after ACC treatment in comparison with control. Antioxidant enzyme such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and total peroxidase decreased their antioxidant activities after ACC treatment, yet the activity of ascorbate peroxidase is increased. The ability of oxygen radical absorption and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity, which was enhanced by ACC treatment. CONCLUSIONS Taken together the results of this study demonstrate that the ethylene signaling is involved in modulation of secondary metabolites accumulation and antioxidant ability that to enhance the benefit of human health in tea products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Wun Ke
- Department of Agronomy, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Guan-Heng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Chung-Tse Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Jason T. C. Tzen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Chin-Ying Yang
- Department of Agronomy, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
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Basu S, Varsani S, Louis J. Altering Plant Defenses: Herbivore-Associated Molecular Patterns and Effector Arsenal of Chewing Herbivores. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:13-21. [PMID: 28840787 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0183-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chewing herbivores, such as caterpillars and beetles, while feeding on the host plant, cause extensive tissue damage and release a wide array of cues to alter plant defenses. Consequently, the cues can have both beneficial and detrimental impacts on the chewing herbivores. Herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs) are molecules produced by herbivorous insects that aid them to elicit plant defenses leading to impairment of insect growth, while effectors suppress plant defenses and contribute to increased susceptibility to subsequent feeding by chewing herbivores. Besides secretions that originate from glands (e.g., saliva) and fore- and midgut regions (e.g., oral secretions) of chewing herbivores, recent studies have shown that insect frass and herbivore-associated endosymbionts also play a critical role in modulating plant defenses. In this review, we provide an update on a growing body of literature that discusses the chewing insect HAMPs and effectors and the mechanisms by which they modulate host defenses. Novel "omic" approaches and availability of new tools will help researchers to move forward this discipline by identifying and characterizing novel insect HAMPs and effectors and how these herbivore-associated cues are perceived by host plant receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joe Louis
- 1 Department of Entomology; and
- 2 Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
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27
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Oligosaccharide elicitor prepared from Salecan triggers the defense responses of Arabidopsis thaliana Col0 against Botrytis cinerea infection. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:165. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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28
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Cai F, Watson BS, Meek D, Huhman DV, Wherritt DJ, Ben C, Gentzbittel L, Driscoll BT, Sumner LW, Bede JC. Medicago truncatula Oleanolic-Derived Saponins Are Correlated with Caterpillar Deterrence. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:712-724. [PMID: 28744732 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0863-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant resistance mechanisms to insect herbivory can potentially be bred into crops as an important strategy for integrated pest management. Medicago truncatula ecotypes inoculated with the rhizobium Ensifer medicae (Sinorhizobium medica) WSM419 were screened for resistance to herbivory by caterpillars of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, through leaf and whole plant choice studies; TN1.11 and F83005.5 are identified as the least and most deterrent ecotypes, respectively. In response to caterpillar herbivory, both ecotypes mount a robust burst of plant defensive jasmonate phytohormones. Restriction of caterpillars to either of these ecotypes does not adversely affect pest performance. This argues for an antixenosis (deterrence) resistance mechanism associated with the F83005.5 ecotype. Unbiased metabolomic profiling identified strong ecotype-specific differences in metabolite profile, particularly in the content of oleanolic-derived saponins that may act as antifeedants. Compared to the more susceptible ecotype, F83005.5 has higher levels of oleanolic-type zanhic acid- and medicagenic acid-derived compounds. Together, these data support saponin-mediated deterrence as a resistance mechanism of the F83005.5 ecotype and implicates these compounds as potential antifeedants that could be used in agricultural sustainable pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanping Cai
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Bonnie S Watson
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - David Meek
- Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - David V Huhman
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Daniel J Wherritt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Cecile Ben
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Institute National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Gentzbittel
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Institute National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Brian T Driscoll
- Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Lloyd W Sumner
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jacqueline C Bede
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
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Li W, Li C, Sun J, Peng M. Metabolomic, Biochemical, and Gene Expression Analyses Reveal the Underlying Responses of Resistant and Susceptible Banana Species during Early Infection with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. PLANT DISEASE 2017; 101:534-543. [PMID: 30677364 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-16-1245-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Banana (Musa spp.) is an important staple and economic fruit crop, especially in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. The wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, especially F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense strain TR4, is disastrous for banana production. Banana plants infected by F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense TR4 gradually die from leaf blight or vascular rot. There is no efficient method to control this disease, and the underlying response of banana plants to F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense remains unknown. In this study, the responses of an economically important banana cultivar, the F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense-susceptible 'BX', and a wild banana relative, the F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense-resistant Musa yunnanensis ('YN'), to F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense infection were investigated using metabolomic, biochemical, and molecular biological methods. Numerous metabolomic compounds, including defense-responsive signaling molecules, phytohormones, phenolics, and antioxidants, were identified through metabolomic analysis. Changes in salicylic acid (SA), methyl-jasmonic acid, abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin, 3-indoleacetic acid, gibberellic acid, and total phenolic levels were detected using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The expression levels of genes involved in the biosynthesis of some defense-responsive compounds were studied through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results revealed that the resistant YN had a larger change in SA content and a lower ABA level throughout the early infection period, compared with the levels in BX. The susceptible BX had a lower phenolic content. The resistant YN also expressed pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, especially PR1, PR4, PR5-1, and PDF2.2, at higher levels than the susceptible BX. These dynamic metabolic and gene-expression profiles from susceptible and resistant banana during the early stage of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense infection increase our understanding of the complex interaction response between this crop and its pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Chunqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Jianbo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Ming Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
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30
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Acquiring nutrients from tree leaves: effects of leaf maturity and development type on a generalist caterpillar. Oecologia 2017; 184:59-73. [PMID: 28342011 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The rapid growth and prolific reproduction of many insect herbivores depend on the efficiencies and rates with which they acquire nutrients from their host plants. However, little is known about how nutrient assimilation efficiencies are affected by leaf maturation or how they vary between plant species. Recent work showed that leaf maturation can greatly decrease the protein assimilation efficiency (PAE) of Lymantria dispar caterpillars on some tree species, but not on species in the willow family (Salicaceae). One trait of many species in the Salicaceae that potentially affects PAE is the continuous (or "indeterminate") development of leaves throughout the growing season. To improve our understanding of the temporal and developmental patterns of nutrient availability for tree-feeding insects, this study tested two hypotheses: nutrients (protein and carbohydrate) are more efficiently assimilated from immature than mature leaves, and, following leaf maturation, nutrients are more efficiently assimilated from indeterminate than determinate tree species. The nutritional physiology and growth of a generalist caterpillar (L. dispar) were measured on five determinate and five indeterminate tree species while their leaves were immature and again after they were mature. In support of the first hypothesis, caterpillars that fed on immature leaves had significantly higher PAE and carbohydrate assimilation efficiency (CAE), as well as higher protein assimilation rates and growth rates, than larvae that fed on mature leaves. Contrary to the second hypothesis, caterpillars that fed on mature indeterminate tree leaves did not have higher PAE than those that fed on mature determinate leaves, while CAE differed by only 3% between tree development types. Instead, "high-PAE" and "low-PAE" tree species were found across taxonomic and development categories. The results of this study emphasize the importance of physiological mechanisms, such as nutrient assimilation efficiency, to explain the large variation in host plant quality for insect herbivores.
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31
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Li C, Li D, Li J, Shao F, Lu S. Characterization of the polyphenol oxidase gene family reveals a novel microRNA involved in posttranscriptional regulation of PPOs in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44622. [PMID: 28304398 PMCID: PMC5356337 DOI: 10.1038/srep44622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza is a well-known material of traditional Chinese medicine. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of phenolic acid biosynthesis and metabolism are important for S. miltiorrhiza quality improvement. We report here that S. miltiorrhiza contains 19 polyphenol oxidases (PPOs), forming the largest PPO gene family in plant species to our knowledge. Analysis of gene structures and sequence features revealed the conservation and divergence of SmPPOs. SmPPOs were differentially expressed in plant tissues and eight of them were predominantly expressed in phloem and xylem, indicating that some SmPPOs are functionally redundant, whereas the others are associated with different physiological processes. Expression patterns of eighteen SmPPOs were significantly altered under MeJA treatment, and twelve were yeast extract and Ag+-responsive, suggesting the majority of SmPPOs are stress-responsive. Analysis of high-throughput small RNA sequences and degradome data showed that miR1444-mediated regulation of PPOs existing in P. trichocarpa is absent from S. miltiorrhiza. Instead, a subset of SmPPOs was posttranscriptionally regulated by a novel miRNA, termed Smi-miR12112. It indicates the specificity and significance of miRNA-mediated regulation of PPOs. The results shed light on the regulation of SmPPO expression and suggest the complexity of SmPPO-associated phenolic acid biosynthesis and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caili Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dongqiao Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fenjuan Shao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shanfa Lu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
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32
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Gémes K, Kim YJ, Park KY, Moschou PN, Andronis E, Valassaki C, Roussis A, Roubelakis-Angelakis KA. An NADPH-Oxidase/Polyamine Oxidase Feedback Loop Controls Oxidative Burst Under Salinity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1418-1431. [PMID: 27600815 PMCID: PMC5100782 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The apoplastic polyamine oxidase (PAO) catalyzes the oxidation of the higher polyamines spermidine and spermine, contributing to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation. However, it is yet unclear whether apoplastic PAO is part of a network that coordinates the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under salinity or if it acts independently. Here, we unravel that NADPH oxidase and apoplastic PAO cooperate to control the accumulation of H2O2 and superoxides (O2·-) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). To examine to what extent apoplastic PAO constitutes part of a ROS-generating network, we examined ROS accumulation in guard cells of plants overexpressing or down-regulating apoplastic PAO (lines S2.2 and A2, respectively) or down-regulating NADPH oxidase (line AS-NtRbohD/F). The H2O2-specific probe benzene sulfonyl-H2O2 showed that, under salinity, H2O2 increased in S2.2 and decreased in A2 compared with the wild type. Surprisingly, the O2·--specific probe benzene sulfonyl-So showed that O2·- levels correlated positively with that of apoplastic PAO (i.e. showed high and low levels in S2.2 and A2, respectively). By using AS-NtRbohD/F lines and a pharmacological approach, we could show that H2O2 and O2·- accumulation at the onset of salinity stress was dependent on NADPH oxidase, indicating that NADPH oxidase is upstream of apoplastic PAO. Our results suggest that NADPH oxidase and the apoplastic PAO form a feed-forward ROS amplification loop, which impinges on oxidative state and culminates in the execution of programmed cell death. We propose that the PAO/NADPH oxidase loop is a central hub in the plethora of responses controlling salt stress tolerance, with potential functions extending beyond stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Gémes
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, Heraklion 700 13, Greece (K.G., E.A., K.A.R.-A.)
- Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, 57922 Chonnam, South Korea (Y.J.K., K.Y.P.)
- Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Center of Plant Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCentrum, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (P.N.M.)
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Ilissia, Athens 118 55, Greece (C.V., A.R.); and
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary (K.G.)
| | - Yu Jung Kim
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, Heraklion 700 13, Greece (K.G., E.A., K.A.R.-A.)
- Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, 57922 Chonnam, South Korea (Y.J.K., K.Y.P.)
- Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Center of Plant Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCentrum, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (P.N.M.)
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Ilissia, Athens 118 55, Greece (C.V., A.R.); and
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary (K.G.)
| | - Ky Young Park
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, Heraklion 700 13, Greece (K.G., E.A., K.A.R.-A.);
- Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, 57922 Chonnam, South Korea (Y.J.K., K.Y.P.);
- Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Center of Plant Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCentrum, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (P.N.M.);
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Ilissia, Athens 118 55, Greece (C.V., A.R.); and
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary (K.G.)
| | - Panagiotis N Moschou
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, Heraklion 700 13, Greece (K.G., E.A., K.A.R.-A.);
- Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, 57922 Chonnam, South Korea (Y.J.K., K.Y.P.);
- Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Center of Plant Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCentrum, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (P.N.M.);
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Ilissia, Athens 118 55, Greece (C.V., A.R.); and
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary (K.G.)
| | - Efthimios Andronis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, Heraklion 700 13, Greece (K.G., E.A., K.A.R.-A.)
- Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, 57922 Chonnam, South Korea (Y.J.K., K.Y.P.)
- Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Center of Plant Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCentrum, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (P.N.M.)
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Ilissia, Athens 118 55, Greece (C.V., A.R.); and
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary (K.G.)
| | - Chryssanthi Valassaki
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, Heraklion 700 13, Greece (K.G., E.A., K.A.R.-A.)
- Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, 57922 Chonnam, South Korea (Y.J.K., K.Y.P.)
- Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Center of Plant Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCentrum, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (P.N.M.)
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Ilissia, Athens 118 55, Greece (C.V., A.R.); and
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary (K.G.)
| | - Andreas Roussis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, Heraklion 700 13, Greece (K.G., E.A., K.A.R.-A.)
- Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, 57922 Chonnam, South Korea (Y.J.K., K.Y.P.)
- Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Center of Plant Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCentrum, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (P.N.M.)
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Ilissia, Athens 118 55, Greece (C.V., A.R.); and
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary (K.G.)
| | - Kalliopi A Roubelakis-Angelakis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, Heraklion 700 13, Greece (K.G., E.A., K.A.R.-A.);
- Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, 57922 Chonnam, South Korea (Y.J.K., K.Y.P.);
- Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Center of Plant Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCentrum, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (P.N.M.);
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Ilissia, Athens 118 55, Greece (C.V., A.R.); and
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary (K.G.)
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33
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Chiangga S, Pornkaveerat W, Frank TD. Reaction kinetics of the jasmonate-isoleucine complex formation during wound-induced plant defense responses: A model-based re-analysis of published data. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 206:103-113. [PMID: 27769013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Three studies were considered in which jasmonate-isoleucine levels were observed for several hours after plant wounding. The data from these studies were fitted to a first order kinetical model describing jasmonate-isoleucine complex formation and dissociation. It was found that the model could explain up to 97 percent of the variations in the data sets. In general, the data re-analysis confirmed that the protein-protein interactions involved in the biosynthesis and dissociation of the jasmonate-isoleucine complex are fast relative to the dynamics of the jasmonate levels themselves. Moreover, the data re-analysis supported the notion that transgenic plant manipulations affecting the defense-responses in plants not only affect the jasmonate-isoleucine levels indirectly by affecting jasmonate levels during plant responses. Rather, it seems that transgenic plant manipulations affect kinetic rate parameters of the jasmonate-isoleucine complex formation and dissociation reactions. In addition to these general findings, several specific conclusions for the three experimental studies were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chiangga
- Department of Physics, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - W Pornkaveerat
- Department of Physics, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - T D Frank
- Center for the Ecological Study of Perception and Action, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, 2152 Hillside Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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34
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Wang Y, Shen Y, Shen Z, Zhao L, Ning D, Jiang C, Zhao R, Huang L. Comparative proteomic analysis of the response to silver ions and yeast extract in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root cultures. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 107:364-373. [PMID: 27372730 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biotic and abiotic stresses can inhibit plant growth, resulting in losses of crop productivity. However, moderate adverse stress can promote the accumulation of valuable natural products in medicinal plants. Elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms thus might help optimize the variety of available plant medicinal materials and improve their quality. In this study, Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root cultures were employed as an in vitro model of the Chinese herb Danshen. A comparative proteomic analysis using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF-MS was performed. By comparing the gel images of groups exposed to the stress of yeast extract (YE) combined with Ag(+) and controls, 64 proteins were identified that showed significant changes in protein abundance for at least one time point after treatment. According to analysis based on the KEGG and related physiological experimental verification, it was found that YE and Ag(+) stress induced a burst of reactive oxygen species and activated the Ca(2+)/calmodulin signaling pathway. Expression of immune-suppressive proteins increased. Epidermal cells underwent programmed cell death. Energy metabolism was enhanced and carbon metabolism shifted to favor the production of secondary metabolites such as lignin, tanshinone and salvianolic acids. The tanshinone and salvianolic acids were deposited on the collapsed epidermal cells forming a physicochemical barrier. The defense proteins and these natural products together enhanced the stress resistance of the plants. Since higher levels of natural products represent good quality in medicinal materials, this study sheds new light on quality formation mechanisms of medicinal plants and will hopefully encourage further research on how the planting environment affects the efficacy of herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Shen
- Key Lab Forest Tree Genet Improvement & Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China
| | - Le Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Deli Ning
- Key Lab Forest Tree Genet Improvement & Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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35
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Meyer M, Huttenlocher F, Cedzich A, Procopio S, Stroeder J, Pau-Roblot C, Lequart-Pillon M, Pelloux J, Stintzi A, Schaller A. The subtilisin-like protease SBT3 contributes to insect resistance in tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4325-38. [PMID: 27259555 PMCID: PMC5301937 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Subtilisin-like proteases (SBTs) constitute a large family of extracellular plant proteases, the function of which is still largely unknown. In tomato plants, the expression of SBT3 was found to be induced in response to wounding and insect attack in injured leaves but not in healthy systemic tissues. The time course of SBT3 induction resembled that of proteinase inhibitor II and other late wound response genes suggesting a role for SBT3 in herbivore defense. Consistent with such a role, larvae of the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta performed better on transgenic plants silenced for SBT3 expression (SBT3-SI). Supporting a contribution of SBT3 to systemic wound signaling, systemic induction of late wound response genes was attenuated in SBT3-SI plants. The partial loss of insect resistance may thus be explained by a reduction in systemic defense gene expression. Alternatively, SBT3 may play a post-ingestive role in plant defense. Similar to other anti-nutritive proteins, SBT3 was found to be stable and active in the insect's digestive system, where it may act on unidentified proteins of insect or plant origin. Finally, a reduction in the level of pectin methylesterification that was observed in transgenic plants with altered levels of SBT3 expression suggested an involvement of SBT3 in the regulation of pectin methylesterases (PMEs). While such a role has been described in other systems, PME activity and the degree of pectin methylesterification did not correlate with the level of insect resistance in SBT3-SI and SBT3 overexpressing plants and are thus unrelated to the observed resistance phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meyer
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Franziska Huttenlocher
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anna Cedzich
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Susanne Procopio
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jasper Stroeder
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Corinne Pau-Roblot
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Michelle Lequart-Pillon
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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36
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Wang J, Chung SH, Peiffer M, Rosa C, Hoover K, Zeng R, Felton GW. Herbivore Oral Secreted Bacteria Trigger Distinct Defense Responses in Preferred and Non-Preferred Host Plants. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:463-74. [PMID: 27294415 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Insect symbiotic bacteria affect host physiology and mediate plant-insect interactions, yet there are few clear examples of symbiotic bacteria regulating defense responses in different host plants. We hypothesized that plants would induce distinct defense responses to herbivore- associated bacteria. We evaluated whether preferred hosts (horsenettle) or non-preferred hosts (tomato) respond similarly to oral secretions (OS) from the false potato beetle (FPB, Leptinotarsa juncta), and whether the induced defense triggered by OS was due to the presence of symbiotic bacteria in OS. Both horsenettle and tomato damaged by antibiotic (AB) treated larvae showed higher polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity than those damaged by non-AB treated larvae. In addition, application of OS from AB treated larvae induced higher PPO activity compared with OS from non-AB treated larvae or water treatment. False potato beetles harbor bacteria that may provide abundant cues that can be recognized by plants and thus mediate corresponding defense responses. Among all tested bacterial isolates, the genera Pantoea, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, and Serratia were found to suppress PPO activity in tomato, while only Pantoea sp. among these four isolates was observed to suppress PPO activity in horsenettle. The distinct PPO suppression caused by symbiotic bacteria in different plants was similar to the pattern of induced defense-related gene expression. Pantoea inoculated FPB suppressed JA-responsive genes and triggered a SA-responsive gene in both tomato and horsenettle. However, Enterobacter inoculated FPB eliminated JA-regulated gene expression and elevated SA-regulated gene expression in tomato, but did not show evident effects on the expression levels of horsenettle defense-related genes. These results indicate that suppression of plant defenses by the bacteria found in the oral secretions of herbivores may be a more widespread phenomenon than previously indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China. .,Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Seung Ho Chung
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Michelle Peiffer
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Cristina Rosa
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Rensen Zeng
- Department of Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China.,Department of Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Gary W Felton
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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37
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Bandoly M, Grichnik R, Hilker M, Steppuhn A. Priming of anti-herbivore defence in Nicotiana attenuata by insect oviposition: herbivore-specific effects. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:848-59. [PMID: 26566692 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Oviposition by Spodoptera exigua on Nicotiana attenuata primes plant defence against its larvae that consequently suffer reduced performance. To reveal whether this is a general response of tobacco to insect oviposition or species-specific, we investigated whether also Manduca sexta oviposition primes N. attenuata's anti-herbivore defence. The plant response to M. sexta and S. exigua oviposition overlapped in the egg-primed feeding-induced production of the phenylpropanoid caffeoylputrescine. While M. sexta larvae were unaffected in their performance, they showed a novel response to the oviposition-mediated plant changes: a reduced antimicrobial activity in their haemolymph. In a cross-resistance experiment, S. exigua larvae suffered reduced performance on M. sexta-oviposited plants like they did on S. exigua-oviposited plants. The M. sexta oviposition-mediated plant effects on the S. exigua larval performance and on M. sexta larval immunity required expression of the NaMyb8 transcription factor that is governing biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids such as caffeoylputrescine. Thus, NaMyb8-dependent defence traits mediate the effects that oviposition by both lepidopteran species exerts on the plant's anti-herbivore defence. These results suggest that oviposition by lepidopteran species on N. attenuata leaves may generally prime the feeding-induced production of certain plant defence compounds but that different herbivore species show different susceptibility to egg-primed plant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bandoly
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Institute of Biology, Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Grichnik
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Institute of Biology, Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Hilker
- Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, DCPS, Institute of Biology, FU Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Institute of Biology, Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
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Lortzing T, Steppuhn A. Jasmonate signalling in plants shapes plant-insect interaction ecology. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 14:32-39. [PMID: 27436644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) regulates the induction of direct and indirect defences against herbivores. By now, the biochemical pathway of JA-signalling has been well resolved, allowing the use of an interdisciplinary toolbox and spurring the mechanistic investigation of plant-insect interactions. Recent advances show that JA-mediated plant responses are involved in the competitive and trophic interactions between various organisms throughout at least four trophic levels and therefore likely shape natural communities. Moreover, JA-mediated responses can be primed or suppressed by various environmental factors that are related to herbivory or not. Yet, to integrate the complex interactions at the physiological and ecological levels into community ecology, an examination of the often onetime discoveries for general rules and new bioinformatic approaches are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Lortzing
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology/Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, Berlin 12163, Germany.
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology/Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, Berlin 12163, Germany.
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Chiangga S, Pornkaveerat W, Frank T. On a Fitzhugh–Nagumo type model for the pulse-like jasmonate defense response in plants. Math Biosci 2016; 273:80-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Jia Y, Yao X, Zhao M, Zhao Q, Du Y, Yu C, Xie F. Comparison of Soybean Transformation Efficiency and Plant Factors Affecting Transformation during the Agrobacterium Infection Process. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:18522-43. [PMID: 26262617 PMCID: PMC4581258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160818522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The susceptibility of soybean genotype to Agrobacterium infection is a key factor for the high level of genetic transformation efficiency. The objective of this study is to evaluate the plant factors related to transformation in cotyledonary nodes during the Agrobacterium infection process. This study selected three genotypes (Williams 82, Shennong 9 and Bert) with high transformation efficiency, which presented better susceptibility to Agrobacterium infection, and three low transformation efficiency genotypes (General, Liaodou 16 and Kottman), which showed a relatively weak susceptibility. Gibberellin (GA) levels and soybean GA20ox2 and CYP707A2 transcripts of high-efficiency genotypes increased and were higher than those of low-efficiency genotypes; however, the opposite performance was shown in abscisic acid (ABA). Higher zeatin riboside (ZR) content and DNA quantity, and relatively higher expression of soybean IPT5, CYCD3 and CYCA3 were obtained in high-efficiency genotypes. High-efficiency genotypes had low methyl jasmonate (MeJA) content, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activity, and relatively lower expression of soybean OPR3, PPO1 and PRX71. GA and ZR were positive plant factors for Agrobacterium-mediated soybean transformation by facilitating germination and growth, and increasing the number of cells in DNA synthesis cycle, respectively; MeJA, PPO, POD and ABA were negative plant factors by inducing defence reactions and repressing germination and growth, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Jia
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Xingdong Yao
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Mingzhe Zhao
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Yanli Du
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Cuimei Yu
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Futi Xie
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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