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Ferriere F, Percevault F, Plu N, Le Page Y, Pham TH, Lecomte S, Costet N, Surel C, Efstathiou T, Pakdel F. Natural glyceollin soybean extracts elicited with Aspergillus sojae reduce estrogen-dependent breast cancer growth in orally fed mice. J Food Sci 2024. [PMID: 39150682 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated antiestrogenic and antiproliferative effects of these molecules in breast cancer cells. Notably, we have reported that pure synthetic glyceollins I and II act through various pathways, including ERα, FOXM1, AhR, and HIF pathways to inhibit cell proliferation and migration. In this study, the potential antitumor activity of glyceollins enriched in crude soybean extracts, obtained by solid fermentation with Aspergillus sojae, was investigated in vivo on MCF-7 breast cancer cells implanted in the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick egg and on ovariectomized nude mice. The first trial showed a substantial reduction in the migration of MCF-7 cells treated with the natural extracts. However, the natural extracts significantly reduced the estrogen-dependent growth of transplanted tumors in orally fed nude mice. Our results showed that natural soybean extracts slightly but significantly reduced estrogen-dependent growth of the transplanted tumors in orally fed nude mice. These results were confirmed by immunohistochemistry of Ki-67 and histone H3S10 phosphorylation (H3S10P), revealing lower expression of these proliferation markers in the transplanted tumors from mice fed with the fermented extracts. Additionally, compared to the control animals, we observed a lower expression of angiogenesis markers such as CD31 and CD34. Surprisingly, transcriptomic analysis of RNA from transplanted MCF-7 cells revealed no differential gene expression. These results may suggest that orally consumed natural glyceollins exert biological effects throughout the body, acting indirectly to reduce tumor angiogenesis and consequently tumor volume. Overall, our results indicate that glyceollins, elicited components of the soy origin, hold potential therapeutic applications for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Ferriere
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Frederic Percevault
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Plu
- Olga, Pôle Développement, Noyal-sur-Vilaine, France
| | - Yann Le Page
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Tu-Ha Pham
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvain Lecomte
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Costet
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Claire Surel
- Olga, Pôle Développement, Noyal-sur-Vilaine, France
| | | | - Farzad Pakdel
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
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Yue Z, He S, Wang J, Jiang Q, Wang H, Wu J, Li C, Wang Z, He X, Jia N. Glyceollins from soybean: Their pharmacological effects and biosynthetic pathways. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21874. [PMID: 38034638 PMCID: PMC10682181 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a highly abundant class of secondary metabolites present in plants. Isoflavonoids, in particular, are primarily synthesized in leguminous plants within the subfamily Papilionoideae. Numerous reports have established the favorable role of isoflavonoids in preventing a range of human diseases. Among the isoflavonoid components, glyceollins are synthesized specifically in soybean plants and have displayed promising effects in mitigating the occurrence and progression of breast and ovarian cancers as well as other diseases. Consequently, glyceollins have become a sought-after natural component for promoting women's health. In recent years, extensive research has focused on investigating the molecular mechanism underlying the preventative properties of glyceollins against various diseases. Substantial progress has also been made toward elucidating the biosynthetic pathway of glyceollins and exploring potential regulatory factors. Herein, we provide a review of the research conducted on glyceollins since their discovery five decades ago (1972-2023). We summarize their pharmacological effects, biosynthetic pathways, and advancements in chemical synthesis to enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of their function and the genes involved in their biosynthetic pathway. Such knowledge may facilitate improved glyceollin synthesis and the creation of health products based on glyceollins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yue
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Shanhong He
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Jinpei Wang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Hanping Wang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Jia Wu
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Zixian Wang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Xuan He
- School of Engineering, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Nannan Jia
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
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Pham TH, Lecomte S, Le Guevel R, Lardenois A, Evrard B, Chalmel F, Ferriere F, Balaguer P, Efstathiou T, Pakdel F. Characterization of Glyceollins as Novel Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligands and Their Role in Cell Migration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041368. [PMID: 32085612 PMCID: PMC7072876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies strongly support the use of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) as a therapeutic target in breast cancer. Glyceollins, a group of soybean phytoalexins, are known to exert therapeutic effects in chronic human diseases and also in cancer. To investigate the interaction between glyceollin I (GI), glyceollin II (GII) and AhR, a computational docking analysis, luciferase assays, immunofluorescence and transcriptome analyses were performed with different cancer cell lines. The docking experiments predicted that GI and GII can enter into the AhR binding pocket, but their interactions with the amino acids of the binding site differ, in part, from those interacting with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Both GI and GII were able to weakly and partially activate AhR, with GII being more potent. The results from the transcriptome assays showed that approximately 10% of the genes regulated by TCDD were also modified by both GI and GII, which could have either antagonistic or synergistic effects upon TCDD activation. In addition, we report here, on the basis of phenotype, that GI and GII inhibit the migration of triple-negative (ER-, PgR-, HER2NEU-) MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, and that they inhibit the expression of genes which code for important regulators of cell migration and invasion in cancer tissues. In conclusion, GI and GII are AhR ligands that should be further investigated to determine their usefulness in cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Ha Pham
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) -UMR_S1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; (T.H.P.); (S.L.); (A.L.); (B.E.); (F.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Sylvain Lecomte
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) -UMR_S1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; (T.H.P.); (S.L.); (A.L.); (B.E.); (F.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Remy Le Guevel
- ImPACcell platform (SFR Biosit), Univ Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France;
| | - Aurélie Lardenois
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) -UMR_S1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; (T.H.P.); (S.L.); (A.L.); (B.E.); (F.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Bertrand Evrard
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) -UMR_S1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; (T.H.P.); (S.L.); (A.L.); (B.E.); (F.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Frédéric Chalmel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) -UMR_S1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; (T.H.P.); (S.L.); (A.L.); (B.E.); (F.C.); (F.F.)
| | - François Ferriere
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) -UMR_S1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; (T.H.P.); (S.L.); (A.L.); (B.E.); (F.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, ICM, Univ. Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France;
| | - Theo Efstathiou
- Laboratoire Nutrinov, Technopole Atalante Champeaux, 8 Rue Jules Maillard de la Gournerie, 35012 Rennes CEDEX, France;
| | - Farzad Pakdel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) -UMR_S1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; (T.H.P.); (S.L.); (A.L.); (B.E.); (F.C.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)22-323-5132
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Caudell DL, Michalson KT, Andrews RN, Snow WW, Bourland JD, DeBo RJ, Cline JM, Sempowski GD, Register TC. Transcriptional Profiling of Non-Human Primate Lymphoid Organ Responses to Total-Body Irradiation. Radiat Res 2019; 192:40-52. [PMID: 31059377 PMCID: PMC6699496 DOI: 10.1667/rr15100.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The global threat of exposure to radiation and its subsequent outcomes require the development of effective strategies to mitigate immune cell injury. In this study we explored transcriptional and immunophenotypic characteristics of lymphoid organs of a non-human primate model after total-body irradiation (TBI). Fifteen middle-aged adult, ovariectomized, female cynomolgus macaques received a single dose of 0, 2 or 5 Gy gamma radiation. Thymus, spleen and lymph node from three controls and 2 Gy (n = 2) and 5 Gy (n = 2) exposed animals were assessed for molecular responses to TBI through microarray-based transcriptional profiling at day 5 postirradiation, and cellular changes through immunohistochemical (IHC) characterization of markers for B and T lymphocytes and macrophages across all 15 animals at time points up to 6 months postirradiation. Irradiated macaques developed acute hematopoietic syndrome. Analysis of array data at day 5 postirradiation identified transcripts with ≥2-fold difference from control and a false discovery rate (FDR) of Padj < 0.05 in lymph node (n = 666), spleen (n = 493) and thymus (n=3,014). Increasing stringency of the FDR to P < 0.001 reduced the number of genes to 71 for spleen and 379 for thymus. IHC and gene expression data demonstrated that irradiated animals had reduced numbers of T and B lymphocytes along with relative elevations of macrophages. Transcriptional analysis revealed unique patterns in primary and secondary lymphoid organs of cynomolgus macaques. Among the many differentially regulated transcripts, upregulation of noncoding RNAs [MIR34A for spleen and thymus and NEAT1 (NCRNA00084) for thymus] showed potential as biomarkers of radiation injury and targets for mitigating the effects of radiation-induced hematopoietic syndrome-impaired lymphoid reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Caudell
- Departments of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kristofer T. Michalson
- Departments of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Rachel N. Andrews
- Departments of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - William W. Snow
- Departments of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - J. Daniel Bourland
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ryne J. DeBo
- Departments of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - J. Mark Cline
- Departments of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Gregory D. Sempowski
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas C. Register
- Departments of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
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Oh J, Jang CH, Kim JS. Soy-derived phytoalexins: mechanism of in vivo biological effectiveness in spite of their low bioavailability. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 28:1-6. [PMID: 30815288 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The well-demonstrated bioefficacy of phytochemicals in spite of their paradoxically low bioavailability has long puzzled scientists. Glyceollins, a family of soy-derived phytoalexins, have been reported to exert a variety of biological effects in vitro and in vivo systems in spite of poor systemic bioavailability after oral administration, suggesting that secondary messengers generated in gastrointestinal tract would transfer signals to target organs and tissues to manifest any effect. This review focuses on the potential mechanisms of how the poorly bioavailable glyceollins could still exert in vivo biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Oh
- 1School of Food Science and Biotechnology (BK21 PLUS Program), Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Ho Jang
- 1School of Food Science and Biotechnology (BK21 PLUS Program), Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sang Kim
- 1School of Food Science and Biotechnology (BK21 PLUS Program), Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566 Republic of Korea.,2Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566 Republic of Korea
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Pham TH, Lecomte S, Efstathiou T, Ferriere F, Pakdel F. An Update on the Effects of Glyceollins on Human Health: Possible Anticancer Effects and Underlying Mechanisms. Nutrients 2019; 11:E79. [PMID: 30609801 PMCID: PMC6357109 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologically active plant-based compounds, commonly referred to as phytochemicals, can influence the expression and function of various receptors and transcription factors or signaling pathways that play vital roles in cellular functions and are then involved in human health and diseases. Thus, phytochemicals may have a great potential to prevent and treat chronic diseases. Glyceollins, a group of phytoalexins that are isolated from soybeans, have attracted attention because they exert numerous effects on human functions and diseases, notably anticancer effects. In this review, we have presented an update on the effects of glyceollins in relation to their potential beneficial roles in human health. Despite a growing number of studies suggesting that this new family of phytochemicals can be involved in critical cellular pathways, such as estrogen receptor, protein kinase, and lipid kinase signaling pathways, future investigations will be needed to better understand their molecular mechanisms and their specific significance in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Ha Pham
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Sylvain Lecomte
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Theo Efstathiou
- Laboratoire Nutrinov, Technopole Atalante Champeaux, 8 rue Jules Maillard de la Gournerie, 35012 Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Francois Ferriere
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Farzad Pakdel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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Boué S, Fortgang I, Levy RJ, Bhatnagar D, Burow M, Fahey G, Heiman ML. A novel gastrointestinal microbiome modulator from soy pods reduces absorption of dietary fat in mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:87-95. [PMID: 26584538 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Simplification of diets, low in variety but high in energy, contributes to the loss in diversity observed in the obese gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome. A novel GI microbiome modulator (GIMM) as a dietary intervention was developed. METHODS Mice were fed either an obesogenic diet (ObD) or an ObD containing 15% activated soy pod fiber (ObD-ASPF) for 30 days. The diets were isocaloric and balanced for macronutrient content. ASPF is a novel fiber preparation from whole soy pods that is activated to produce glyceollins. RESULTS Mice fed ObD-ASPF did not gain body fat. This was associated with decreased absorption of calories (P < 0.05) and increased fecal excretion of triglycerides, which may be attributed to decreased bile acid secretion (P < 0.05). A shift (P < 0.05) in abundances of microbiota in 10 genera was observed. Mice fed ObD-ASPF had elevated plasma concentrations of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 (P < 0.05) and decreased (P < 0.05) plasma concentrations of the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL1. CONCLUSIONS A novel dietary intervention derived from soy pods that acts to hinder absorption of dietary fat and glucose in mice was developed. More studies with this GIMM in animal models of diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases, type 2 diabetes, and autism are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Boué
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ilana Fortgang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ronald J Levy
- Louisiana State University Agriculture Center, Louisiana State University College of Agriculture, Alexandria, Louisiana, USA
| | - Deepak Bhatnagar
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Matthew Burow
- Tulane Center for Bioenvironmental Research, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - George Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark L Heiman
- MicroBiome Therapeutics, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Bratton MR, Martin EC, Elliott S, Rhodes LV, Collins-Burow BM, McLachlan JA, Wiese TE, Boue SM, Burow ME. Glyceollin, a novel regulator of mTOR/p70S6 in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 150:17-23. [PMID: 25771071 PMCID: PMC4424142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An estimated 70% of breast cancer tumors utilize estrogen receptor (ER) signaling to maintain tumorigenesis and targeting of the estrogen receptor is a common method of treatment for these tumor types. However, ER-positive (+) breast cancers often acquire drug resistant or altered ER activity in response to anti-estrogens. Here we demonstrate glyceollin, an activated soy compound, has anti-estrogen effects in breast cancers. We demonstrate through estrogen response element luciferase and phosphorylation-ER mutants that the effects of glyceollin arise from mechanisms distinct from conventional endocrine therapies. We show that glyceollin suppresses estrogen response element activity; however, it does not affect ER-alpha (α) phosphorylation levels. Additionally we show that glyceollin suppresses the phosphorylation of proteins known to crosstalk with ER signaling, specifically we demonstrate an inhibition of ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70 kDa (p70S6) phosphorylation following glyceollin treatment. Our data suggests a mechanism for glyceollin inhibition of ERα through the induced suppression of p70S6 and demonstrates novel mechanisms for ER inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melyssa R Bratton
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Martin
- Department of Medicine-Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Steven Elliott
- Department of Medicine-Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Lyndsay V Rhodes
- Department of Medicine-Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Bridgette M Collins-Burow
- Department of Medicine-Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - John A McLachlan
- Department of Medicine-Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; The Center for Bioenvironmental Research, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Thomas E Wiese
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Stephen M Boue
- Southern Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Matthew E Burow
- Department of Medicine-Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; The Center for Bioenvironmental Research, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States.
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DeBo RJ, Register TC, Caudell DL, Sempowski GD, Dugan G, Gray S, Owzar K, Jiang C, Bourland JD, Chao NJ, Cline JM. Molecular and cellular profiling of acute responses to total body radiation exposure in ovariectomized female cynomolgus macaques. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:510-8. [PMID: 25786585 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.1028597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The threat of radiation exposure requires a mechanistic understanding of radiation-induced immune injury and recovery. The study objective was to evaluate responses to ionizing radiation in ovariectomized (surgically post-menopausal) female cynomolgus macaques. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals received a single total-body irradiation (TBI) exposure at doses of 0, 2 or 5 Gy with scheduled necropsies at 5 days, 8 weeks and 24 weeks post-exposure. Blood and lymphoid tissues were evaluated for morphologic, cellular, and molecular responses. RESULTS Irradiated animals developed symptoms of acute hematopoietic syndrome, and reductions in thymus weight, thymopoiesis, and bone marrow cellularity. Acute, transient increases in plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) were observed in 5 Gy animals along with dose-dependent alterations in messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) signatures in thymus, spleen, and lymph node. Expression of T cell markers was lower in thymus and spleen, while expression of macrophage marker CD68 (cluster of differentiation 68) was relatively elevated in lymphoid tissues from irradiated animals. CONCLUSIONS Ovariectomized female macaques exposed to moderate doses of radiation experienced increased morbidity, including acute, dose-dependent alterations in systemic and tissue-specific biomarkers, and increased macrophage/T cell ratios. The effects on mortality exceeded expectations based on previous studies in males, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryne J DeBo
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, NC , USA
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Quadri S, Stratford RE, Boué SM, Cole RB. Identification of glyceollin metabolites derived from conjugation with glutathione and glucuronic acid in male ZDSD rats by online liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2692-700. [PMID: 24617284 PMCID: PMC3983382 DOI: 10.1021/jf403498f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Glyceollin-related metabolites produced in rats following oral glyceollin administration were screened in plasma, feces, and urine, and these metabolites were identified by precursor and product ion scanning using liquid chromatography coupled online with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Precursor ion scanning in the negative ion (NI) mode was used to identify all glyceollin metabolites based on production of a diagnostic radical product ion (m/z 148) upon decomposition. Using this approach, precursor peaks of interest were found at m/z 474 and 531. Tandem mass spectra of these two peaks allowed us to characterize them as byproducts of glutathione conjugation. The peak at m/z 474 was identified as the deprotonated cysteinyl conjugate of glyceollins with an addition of an oxygen atom, whereas m/z 531 was identified as the deprotonated cysteinylglyceine glyceollin conjugate plus an oxygen. These results were confirmed by positive ion (PI) mode analyses. Mercapturic acid conjugates of glyceollins were also identified in NI mode. In addition, glucuronidation of glyceollins was observed, giving a peak at m/z 513 corresponding to the deprotonated conjugate. Production of glucuronic acid conjugates of glyceollins was confirmed in vitro in rat liver microsomes. Neither glutathione conjugation byproducts nor glucuronic acid conjugates of glyceollins have been previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda
S. Quadri
- Department
of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Dr., New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, United States
| | - Robert E. Stratford
- College
of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Dr., New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Stephen M. Boué
- Southern Regional
Research Center, U.S.D.A., 1100 Robert
E. Lee Blvd. New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - Richard B. Cole
- Department
of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Dr., New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, United States
- Institut
Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR 8232), Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
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12
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Choi JH, Nguyen MP, Jung SY, Kwon SM, Jee JG, Bae JS, Lee S, Lee MY, Lee YM. Inhibitory effect of glyceollins on vasculogenesis through suppression of endothelial progenitor cell function. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1762-71. [PMID: 23784812 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are derived from hematopoietic stem cells, and have the ability to differentiate into mature endothelial cells and contribute to neovascularization. Glyceollins are a type of phytoalexin produced in soybeans under stress conditions. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of glyceollin treatment on EPCs during early tumor vasculogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that glyceollin treatment significantly decreased the number of EPC colony-forming units in human cord blood-derived AC133⁺ cells and mouse bone-marrow-derived c-Kit⁺/Sca-1⁺/Lin⁻ cells. Glyceollin treatment diminished the number of lineage-committed EPC cells in a dose-dependent manner (1-20 μM). Glyceollin treatment inhibited EPC migration, tube formation and the mRNA expression of angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), Tie-2, stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), C-X-C-chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in cultured EPCs. Glyceollin treatment suppressed activation of Akt, Erk, and eNOS induced by SDF-1α or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Treatment with 10 mg/kg glyceollins significantly reduced the number of tumor-induced circulating EPCs and the incorporation of EPCs into neovessels in bone marrow transplanted mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that glyceollins inhibit the function of EPCs in tumor neovascularization. Glyceollins from soybean elicitation could be beneficial in prevention of cancer development via vasculogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hwa Choi
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea; School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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13
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Quadri SS, Stratford RE, Boué SM, Cole RB. Screening and identification of glyceollins and their metabolites by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with precursor ion scanning. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1727-33. [PMID: 23294002 PMCID: PMC3593975 DOI: 10.1021/ac3030398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A method has been developed for screening glyceollins and their metabolites based on precursor ion scanning. Under higher-energy collision conditions with the employment of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in the negative ion mode, deprotonated glyceollin precursors yield a diagnostic radical product ion at m/z 148. We propose this resonance-stabilized radical anion, formed in violation of the even-electron rule, to be diagnostic of glyceollins and glyceollin metabolites. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) established that scanning for precursors of m/z 148 can identify glyceollins and their metabolites from plasma samples originating from rats dosed with glyceollins. Precursor peaks of interest were found at m/z 337, 353, 355, 417, and 433. The peak at m/z 337 corresponds to deprotonated glyceollins, whereas the others represent metabolites of glyceollins. Accurate mass measurement confirmed m/z 417 to be a sulfated metabolite of glyceollins. The peak at m/z 433 is also sulfated, but it contains an additional oxygen, as confirmed by accurate mass measurement. The latter metabolite differs from the former likely by the replacement of a hydrogen with a hydroxyl moiety. The peaks at m/z 353 and 355 are proposed to correspond to hydroxylated metabolites of glyceollins, wherein the latter additionally undergoes a double bond reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda S Quadri
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, United States
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14
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Boué SM, Isakova IA, Burow ME, Cao H, Bhatnagar D, Sarver JG, Shinde KV, Erhardt PW, Heiman ML. Glyceollins, soy isoflavone phytoalexins, improve oral glucose disposal by stimulating glucose uptake. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:6376-82. [PMID: 22655912 DOI: 10.1021/jf301057d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Soy glyceollins, induced during stress, have been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we used prediabetic rats to examine the glyceollins effect on blood glucose. During an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), the blood glucose excursion was significantly decreased in the rats treated with oral administration of either 30 or 90 mg/kg glyceollins. Plasma analysis demonstrated that glyceollins are absorbed after oral administration, and duration of exposure extends from 20 min to at least 4 h postadministration. Exposure of 3T3-L1 adipocytes to glyceollins significantly increased both insulin-stimulated and basal glucose uptake. Basal glucose uptake was increased 1.5-fold by exposure to 5 μM glyceollin in a dose-response manner. Coincubation with insulin significantly stimulated maximal glucose uptake above basal uptake levels and tended to increase glucose uptake beyond the levels of either stimulus alone. On a molecular level, polymerase chain reaction showed significantly increased levels of glucose transporter GLUT4 mRNA in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, especially when the cells were exposed to 5 μM glyceollins for 3 h in vitro. It correlated with elevated protein levels of GLUT4 detected in the 5 μM glyceollin-treated cells. Thus, the simulative effect of the glyceollins on adipocyte glucose uptake was attributed to up-regulation of glucose transporters. These findings indicate potential benefits of the glyceollins as an intervention in prediabetic conditions as well as a treatment for type 1 and type 2 diabetes by increasing both the insulin-mediated and the basal, insulin-independent, glucose uptake by adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Boué
- Southern Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, USA.
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15
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Simons R, Gruppen H, Bovee TFH, Verbruggen MA, Vincken JP. Prenylated isoflavonoids from plants as selective estrogen receptor modulators (phytoSERMs). Food Funct 2012; 3:810-27. [PMID: 22684228 DOI: 10.1039/c2fo10290k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavonoids are a class of secondary metabolites, which comprise amongst others the subclasses of isoflavones, isoflavans, pterocarpans and coumestans. Isoflavonoids are abundant in Leguminosae, and many of them can bind to the human estrogen receptor (hER) with affinities similar to or lower than that of estradiol. Dietary intake of these so-called phytoestrogens has been associated with positive effects on menopausal complaints, hormone-related cancers, and osteoporosis. Therefore, phytoestrogens are used as nutraceuticals in functional foods or food supplements. Most of the isoflavonoids show agonistic activity towards both hERα and hERβ, the extent of which is modulated by the substitution pattern of their skeleton (i.e.-OH, -OCH(3)). Interestingly, substitutions consisting of a five-carbon prenyl group often seem to result in an antiestrogenic activity. There is growing evidence that the action of some of these prenylated isoflavonoids is tissue-specific, suggesting that they act like selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as the well-known chemically synthesized raloxifene and tamoxifen. These so-called phytoSERMS might have high potential for realizing new food and pharma applications. In this review, the structural features of isoflavonoids (i.e. the kind of skeleton and prenylation (e.g. chain or pyran), position of the prenyl group on the skeleton, and the extent of prenylation (single, double)) are discussed in relation to their estrogenic activity. Anti-estrogenic and SERM activity of isoflavonoids was always associated with prenylation, but these activities did not seem to be confined to one particular kind/position of prenylation or isoflavonoid subclass. Few estrogens with agonistic activity were prenylated, but these were not tested for antagonistic activity; possibly, these molecules will turn out to be phytoSERMs as well. Furthermore, the data on the dietary occurrence, bioavailability and metabolism of prenylated isoflavonoids are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Simons
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, the Netherlands
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16
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McLachlan JA, Tilghman SL, Burow ME, Bratton MR. Environmental signaling and reproduction: a comparative biological and chemical perspective. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 354:60-2. [PMID: 22178089 PMCID: PMC3641892 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Reproduction is a critical element of life. Self-propagation in all living organisms ranging from bacteria to humans involves numerous common strategies. Underlying all reproductive strategies is the essential need for signaling molecules to initiate and maintain the process. In this paper we use comparative biological and chemical approaches to explore the origins and distribution of estrogen signaling as a pathway common to many life forms. In the process we illuminate the mechanisms whereby environmental agents alter reproduction and development. These mechanisms involve altered signaling pathways within cells and shifts in the targets of the signaling pathways to include regulators of gene transcription normally associated with other pathways. We also stress the role of signal cross talk in mediating hormone action.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. McLachlan
- Environmental Signaling Laboratory, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70122, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, USA
| | - Syreeta L. Tilghman
- Environmental Signaling Laboratory, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70122, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, USA
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Matthew E. Burow
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Melyssa R. Bratton
- Environmental Signaling Laboratory, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70122, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University,
School of Medicine, USA. Tel.: +1 504 988 6623. (M.R. Bratton)
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17
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YOON EUNKYUNG, KIM HYUNKYOUNG, CUI SONG, KIM YONGHOON, LEE SANGHAN. Soybean glyceollins mitigate inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression levels via suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 cells. Int J Mol Med 2012; 29:711-7. [PMID: 22246209 PMCID: PMC3573752 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyceollins, produced to induce disease resistance responses against specific species, such as an incompatible pathogen Phytophthora sojae in soybeans, have the potential to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in RAW 264.7 cells. To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of elicited glyceollins via a signaling pathway, we studied the glyceollin signaling pathway using several assays including RNA and protein expression levels. We found that soybean glyceollins significantly reduced LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, as well as the expression of inducible ΝΟ synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) via the suppression of NF-κB activation. Glyceollins also inhibited the phosphorylation of IκBα kinase (IKK), the degradation of IκBα, and the formation of NF-κB-DNA binding complex in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, they inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, but increased the generation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Collectively, the present data show that glyceollins elicit potential anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- EUN-KYUNG YOON
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701
- N&B Co., Ltd., Techno Building, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-832, Republic of Korea
| | - HYUN-KYOUNG KIM
- N&B Co., Ltd., Techno Building, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-832, Republic of Korea
| | - SONG CUI
- N&B Co., Ltd., Techno Building, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-832, Republic of Korea
| | - YONG-HOON KIM
- N&B Co., Ltd., Techno Building, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-832, Republic of Korea
| | - SANG-HAN LEE
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701
- Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701
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18
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Kim HJ, Lim JS, Kim WK, Kim JS. Soyabean glyceollins: biological effects and relevance to human health. Proc Nutr Soc 2012; 71:166-74. [PMID: 22054259 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665111003272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glyceollins, one family of phytoalexins, are de novo synthesised from daidzein in the soyabean upon exposure to some types of fungus. The efficiency of glyceollin production appears to be influenced by soyabean variety, fungal species, and the degree of physical damage to the soyabean. The compounds have been shown to have strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and to inhibit the proliferation and migration of human aortic smooth muscle cells, suggesting their potential to prevent atherosclerosis. It has also been reported that glyceollins have inhibited the growth of prostate and breast cancer cells in xenograft animal models, which is probably due to their anti-oestrogenic activity. In essence, glyceollins deserve further animal and clinical studies to confirm their health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jung Kim
- School of Applied Bioscience, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, BK21 Research Team for Developing Functional Health Food Materials, Kyungpook National University, Deagu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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19
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Wood CE, Boue SM, Collins-Burow BM, Rhodes LV, Register TC, Cline JM, Dewi FN, Burow ME. Glyceollin-elicited soy protein consumption induces distinct transcriptional effects as compared to standard soy protein. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:81-86. [PMID: 22126086 PMCID: PMC3750717 DOI: 10.1021/jf2034863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Glyceollins are stress-induced compounds in soybeans with bioactive properties distinct from parent soy isoflavones. The goals of this study were to evaluate the effects of dietary glyceollin-enriched and standard soy protein isolates and identify candidate target pathways of glyceollins on transcriptional profiles within mammary gland tissue. Thirty female postmenopausal cynomolgus monkeys were randomized to diets containing one of three protein sources for 3 weeks: (1) control casein/lactalbumin (C/L), (2) standard soy protein containing 194 mg/day isoflavones (SOY), and (3) glyceollin-enriched soy protein containing 189 mg/day isoflavones + 134 mg/day glyceollins (GLY). All diets contained a physiologic dose of estradiol (E2) (1 mg/day). All doses are expressed in human equivalents scaled by caloric intake. Relative to the control C/L diet, the GLY diet resulted in greater numbers of differentially regulated genes, which showed minimal overlap with those of SOY. Effects of GLY related primarily to pathways involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, adipocytokine expression, triglyceride synthesis, and lipase activity. Notable genes upregulated by the GLY diet included PPAR-γ, adiponectin, leptin, lipin 1, and lipoprotein lipase. The GLY diet also resulted in lower serum total cholesterol, specifically nonhigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased serum triglycerides as compared to the C/L diet. No effects of GLY or SOY were seen on serum insulin, adipocytokines, or vascular and bone turnover markers. These preliminary findings suggest that glyceollin-enriched soy protein has divergent effects from standard soy with some specificity for adipocyte activity and nutrient metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Wood
- Department of Pathology (Section on Comparative Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Stephen M. Boue
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, LA
| | | | | | - Thomas C. Register
- Department of Pathology (Section on Comparative Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - J. Mark Cline
- Department of Pathology (Section on Comparative Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Fitriya N. Dewi
- Department of Pathology (Section on Comparative Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Matthew E. Burow
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
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20
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Khupse RS, Sarver JG, Trendel JA, Bearss NR, Reese MD, Wiese TE, Boue SM, Burow ME, Cleveland TE, Bhatnagar D, Erhardt PW. Biomimetic Syntheses and Antiproliferative Activities of Racemic, Natural (−), and Unnnatural (+) Glyceollin I. J Med Chem 2011; 54:3506-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jm101619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S. Khupse
- University of Findlay, College of Pharmacy, Findlay, Ohio 45840, United States
| | - Jeffrey G. Sarver
- Center for Drug Design and Development, Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Jill A. Trendel
- Center for Drug Design and Development, Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Nicole R. Bearss
- Center for Drug Design and Development, Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Michael D. Reese
- Center for Drug Design and Development, Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Thomas E. Wiese
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Stephen M. Boue
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - Matthew E. Burow
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, and Center for Bioenvironmental Research, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Thomas E. Cleveland
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - Deepak Bhatnagar
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - Paul W. Erhardt
- Center for Drug Design and Development, Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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21
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Ng TB, Ye XJ, Wong JH, Fang EF, Chan YS, Pan W, Ye XY, Sze SCW, Zhang KY, Liu F, Wang HX. Glyceollin, a soybean phytoalexin with medicinal properties. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:59-68. [PMID: 21336922 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the biosynthesis of glyceollin and its biological activities including antiproliferative/antitumor action (toward B16 melanoma cells, LNCaP prostate cancer cells, and BG-1 ovarian cancer cells), anti-estrogenic action (through estrogen receptors α- and β-), antibacterial action (toward Erwinia carotovora, Escherichia coli, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Sinorhizobium fredii ), antinematode activity, and antifungal activity (toward Fusarium solani, Phakospora pachyrhizi, Diaporthe phaseolorum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Sclerotina sclerotiorum, Phytophthora sojae, Cercospora sojina, Phialophora gregata, and Rhizoctonia solani). Other activities include insulinotropic action and attenuation of vascular contractions in rat aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories Hong Kong, China.
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22
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Boué SM, Burow ME, Wiese TE, Shih BY, Elliott S, Carter-Wientjes CH, McLachlan JA, Bhatnagar D. Estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities of phytoalexins from red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:112-120. [PMID: 21133423 DOI: 10.1021/jf102255u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Legumes are the predominant source of isoflavones considered to be phytoestrogens that mimic the hormone 17β-estradiol (E2). Due to the risks associated with hormone replacement therapy, there is a growing need for alternative sources of estrogenic formulations for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Legume phytoalexins (induced isoflavones) are produced under conditions of stress that include insect damage, wounding, or application of elicitors. The estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities of methanolic extracts obtained from red kidney bean treated with the fungus Aspergillus sojae were compared with those of untreated controls using an estrogen responsive element-based (ERE) luciferase reporter assay. A. sojae-treated red kidney bean extracts displayed both estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities. Analysis of elicitor-treated red kidney bean extracts showed that A. sojae treatments achieved maximal levels of kievitone at 1199 ± 101 μg/g and phaseollin at 227.8 ± 44 μg/g. The phytoalexins kievitone and phaseollin were isolated from A. sojae-treated red kidney bean extracts and analyzed for estrogenic activity using ERα and ERβ binding, ERE luciferase assays in MCF-7 and HEK 293 cells, and MCF-7 cell proliferation. Kievitone showed the highest relative binding affinity to ERα with kievitone (0.48%) > phaseollin (0.21%), and phaseollin showed the highest relative binding affinity to ERβ with phaseollin (0.53%) > kievitone (0.42%). In an ERE luciferase assay in MCF-7 cells, kievitone displayed high ER transactivation at 10 μM; phaseollin displayed low ER transactivation. Both kievitone and phaseollin stimulated MCF-7 cell proliferation, with kievitone displaying agonist activity between 0.1 and 10 μM. Cotransfection reporter assays performed in HEK 293 demonstrated that phaseollin selectively increased ERE transcriptional activity of ERβ and kievitone selectively increased ERE transcriptional activity of ERα. Although phaseollin displayed attenuation of ER transactivation in the ERE luciferase assay in MCF-7 cells, both phytoalexins attenuated the effects of E2 in an MCF-7 cell colonial survival assay. This work provides evidence that the red kidney bean phytoalexins kievitone and phaseollin possess both estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Boué
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, Louisiana 70179, USA.
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23
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Kim HJ, Suh HJ, Kim JH, Kang SC, Park S, Lee CH, Kim JS. Estrogenic activity of glyceollins isolated from soybean elicited with Aspergillus sojae. J Med Food 2010; 13:382-90. [PMID: 20192844 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyceollins, which are synthesized from daidzein in soybeans cultured with fungi, have been shown to have antifungal effects and cancer preventive properties. Several studies have proposed that isoflavones and their metabolites act as a mixed agonist/antagonist for estrogen. Although glyceollins were reported to suppress some cancer cells via anti-estrogenic activity, it is not clear whether the compounds possess estrogenic potential. In contrast to the anti-estrogenic action reported thus far, we observed estrogenic effects of glyceollins using E-screen assay and pS2 expression, whereas glyceollins showed higher affinity for estrogen receptor (ER) beta than ERalpha. We also found that glyceollins were more efficiently produced de novo in minced than in half-sliced soybean, following infection with Aspergillus sojae. In conclusion, glyceollins may be useful in the prevention or amelioration of postmenopausal complications because they had strong estrogenic activity, and their production could be variable depending upon processing prior to fungal inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jung Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Park S, Ahn IS, Kim JH, Lee MR, Kim JS, Kim HJ. Glyceollins, one of the phytoalexins derived from soybeans under fungal stress, enhance insulin sensitivity and exert insulinotropic actions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:1551-7. [PMID: 20067288 DOI: 10.1021/jf903432b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glyceollins are a category of phytoalexins that are produced by soybeans under fungal stress, but their effects on glucose homeostasis remain unknown. We hypothesized that glyceollins play an important role in glucose homeostasis by regulating glucose utilization in adipocytes and improving beta-cell function and survival. Glyceollins improved insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes without activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist. They decreased triacylglycerol accumulation in adipocytes. In addition, glyceollins slightly improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion without palmitate treatment in Min6 cells, and they potentiated insulinotropic actions when 500 microM palmitate was used to induce beta-cell dysfunction. This was associated with decreased beta-cell apoptosis because of the attenuation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, as determined by mRNA levels of XBP-1, ATF-4, ATF-6, and CHOP. Glyceollins also potentiated GLP-1 secretion to enhance insulinotropic actions in enteroendocrine cells. In conclusion, glyceollins help normalize glucose homeostasis by potentiating beta-cell function and survival and improving glucose utilization in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunmin Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, College of Science, Natural Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Korea.
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Zimmermann MC, Tilghman SL, Boué SM, Salvo VA, Elliott S, Williams KY, Skripnikova EV, Ashe H, Payton-Stewart F, Vanhoy-Rhodes L, Fonseca JP, Corbitt C, Collins-Burow BM, Howell MH, Lacey M, Shih BY, Carter-Wientjes C, Cleveland TE, McLachlan JA, Wiese TE, Beckman BS, Burow ME. Glyceollin I, a novel antiestrogenic phytoalexin isolated from activated soy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 332:35-45. [PMID: 19797619 PMCID: PMC2802480 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.160382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyceollins, a group of novel phytoalexins isolated from activated soy, have recently been demonstrated to be novel antiestrogens that bind to the estrogen receptor (ER) and inhibit estrogen-induced tumor progression. Our previous publications have focused specifically on inhibition of tumor formation and growth by the glyceollin mixture, which contains three glyceollin isomers (I, II, and III). Here, we show the glyceollin mixture is also effective as a potential antiestrogenic, therapeutic agent that prevents estrogen-stimulated tumorigenesis and displays a differential pattern of gene expression from tamoxifen. By isolating the individual glyceollin isomers (I, II, and III), we have identified the active antiestrogenic component by using competition binding assays with human ERalpha and in an estrogen-responsive element-based luciferase reporter assay. We identified glyceollin I as the active component of the combined glyceollin mixture. Ligand-receptor modeling (docking) of glyceollin I, II, and III within the ERalpha ligand binding cavity demonstrates a unique type II antiestrogenic confirmation adopted by glyceollin I but not isomers II and III. We further compared the effects of glyceollin I to the antiestrogens, 4-hydroxytamoxifen and ICI 182,780 (fulvestrant), in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and BG-1 ovarian cancer cells on 17beta-estradiol-stimulated expression of progesterone receptor and stromal derived factor-1alpha. Our results establish a novel inhibition of ER-mediated gene expression and cell proliferation/survival. Glyceollin I may represent an important component of a phytoalexin-enriched food (activated) diet in terms of chemoprevention as well as a novel therapeutic agent for hormone-dependent tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carla Zimmermann
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Luniwal A, Khupse RS, Reese M, Fang L, Erhardt PW. Total syntheses of racemic and natural glycinol. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:2072-2075. [PMID: 19943626 DOI: 10.1021/np900509f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Total syntheses of racemic and (-)-glycinol (1) are described. A Wittig reaction produced the isoflav-3-ene from which a Sharpless dihydroxylation introduced either the racemic or enantiomeric 6a-hydroxy group. A 5.5% overall yield of racemic material was obtained after 12 steps. A method was devised for a one-pot switch of protecting groups masking a sensitive resorcinolic para-functionality, and conditions were optimized to prompt spontaneous closure of the pterocarpanolic dihydrofuran upon subsequent exposure of its ortho-functionality. These improvements eliminated two steps and increased the overall yield to 9.8% during production of the natural enantiomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarjit Luniwal
- Center for Drug Design and Development, Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, The University of Toledo College of Pharmacy, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, USA
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Cline JM, Wood CE. Estrogen/isoflavone interactions in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Am J Primatol 2009; 71:722-31. [PMID: 19322873 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Soy isoflavones are phytoestrogenic components of dietary soy, which are widely consumed for their potential health benefits. Soy isoflavones appear to decrease breast and endometrial cancer risk in human observational studies, but paradoxically stimulate growth of breast cancer cells in culture and uterine enlargement in rodents. We have shown that these compounds are not estrogenic in cynomolgus monkeys even at relatively high doses, but that they reduce estrogen-induced proliferative responses of the breast and endometrium. This effect may be mediated through estrogen receptor interactions and/or modulation of endogenous estrogen metabolism. Interindividual variation in isoflavone absorption and metabolism contributes to the degree of estrogen antagonistic effect. Our recent studies have also shown that individual isoflavone metabolites such as glyceollins may have unique selective estrogen receptor modulator-like activity, acting as tissue-specific antagonists without agonist activity. Rodent studies and human epidemiologic data suggest that timing of exposure and dose relative to endogenous estrogen concentrations are important determinants of effect, and studies of dietary soy on breast development and pubertal maturation are under way. Because soy isoflavones are both abundant in standard monkey chow diets and widely available as dietary supplements for human beings, these findings have broad relevance to the health of human and nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mark Cline
- Wake Forest University Primate Center, Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1040, USA.
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Rochester JR, Millam JR. Phytoestrogens and avian reproduction: Exploring the evolution and function of phytoestrogens and possible role of plant compounds in the breeding ecology of wild birds. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009; 154:279-88. [PMID: 19559809 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are secondary plant compounds, which can act to mimic estrogen and cause the disruption of estrogenic responses in organisms. Although there is a substantial body of research studying phytoestrogens, including their mechanisms of estrogenic effects, evolution, and detection in biological systems, little is known about their ecological significance. There is evidence, however, that an ecological relationship involving phytoestrogens exists between plants and animals-plants may produce phytoestrogens to reduce fecundity of organisms that eat them. Birds and other vertebrates may also exploit phytoestrogens to regulate their own reproduction-there are well known examples of phytoestrogens inhibiting reproduction in higher vertebrates, including birds. Also, common plant stressors (e.g., high temperature) increase the production of secondary plant compounds, and, as evidence suggests, also induce phytoestrogen biosynthesis. These observations are consistent with the single study ever done on phytoestrogens and reproduction in wild birds [Leopold, A.S., Erwin, M., Oh, J., Browning, B., 1976. Phytoestrogens adverse effects on reproduction in California quail. Science 191, 98-100.], which found that drought stress correlated with increased levels of phytoestrogens in plants, and that increased phytoestrogen levels correlated with decreased young. This review discusses the hypothesis that plants may have an effect on the reproduction of avian species by producing phytoestrogens as a plant defense against herbivory, and that birds may "use" changing levels of phytoestrogens in the vegetation to ensure that food resources will support potential young produced. Evidence from our laboratory and others appear to support this hypothesis.
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Boué SM, Tilghman SL, Elliott S, Zimmerman MC, Williams KY, Payton-Stewart F, Miraflor AP, Howell MH, Shih BY, Carter-Wientjes CH, Segar C, Beckman BS, Wiese TE, Cleveland TE, McLachlan JA, Burow ME. Identification of the potent phytoestrogen glycinol in elicited soybean (Glycine max). Endocrinology 2009; 150:2446-53. [PMID: 19116342 PMCID: PMC2671905 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The primary induced isoflavones in soybean, the glyceollins, have been shown to be potent estrogen antagonists in vitro and in vivo. The discovery of the glyceollins' ability to inhibit cancer cell proliferation has led to the analysis of estrogenic activities of other induced isoflavones. In this study, we investigated a novel isoflavone, glycinol, a precursor to glyceollin that is produced in elicited soy. Sensitive and specific in vitro bioassays were used to determine that glycinol exhibits potent estrogenic activity. Estrogen-based reporter assays were performed, and glycinol displayed a marked estrogenic effect on estrogen receptor (ER) signaling between 1 and 10 microM, which correlated with comparable colony formation of MCF-7 cells at 10 microM. Glycinol also induced the expression of estrogen-responsive genes (progesterone receptor and stromal-cell-derived factor-1). Competitive binding assays revealed a high affinity of glycinol for both ER alpha (IC(50) = 13.8 nM) and ER beta (IC(50) = 9.1 nM). In addition, ligand receptor modeling (docking) studies were performed and glycinol was shown to bind similarly to both ER alpha and ER beta. Taken together, these results suggest for the first time that glycinol is estrogenic and may represent an important component of the health effects of soy-based foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Boué
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, Louisiana 70179, USA.
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Boue SM, Cleveland TE, Carter-Wientjes C, Shih BY, Bhatnagar D, McLachlan JM, Burow ME. Phytoalexin-enriched functional foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:2614-2622. [PMID: 19334749 DOI: 10.1021/jf8040403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Functional foods have been a developing area of food science research for the past decade. Many foods are derived from plants that naturally contain compounds beneficial to human health and can often prevent certain diseases. Plants containing phytochemicals with potent anticancer and antioxidant activities have spurred development of many new functional foods. This has led to the creation of functional foods to target health problems such as obesity and inflammation. More recent research into the use of plant phytoalexins as nutritional components has opened up a new area of food science. Phytoalexins are produced by plants in response to stress, fungal attack, or elicitor treatment and are often antifungal or antibacterial compounds. Although phytoalexins have been investigated for their possible role in plant defense, until recently they have gone unexplored as nutritional components in human foods. These underutilized plant compounds may possess key beneficial properties including antioxidant activity, anti-inflammation activity, cholesterol-lowering ability, and even anticancer activity. For these reasons, phytoalexin-enriched foods would be classified as functional foods. These phytoalexin-enriched functional foods would benefit the consumer by providing "health-enhanced" food choices and would also benefit many underutilized crops that may produce phytoalexins that may not have been considered to be beneficial health-promoting foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Boue
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, Louisiana 70179, USA. sboue@ srrc.ars.usda.gov
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Franke AA, Halm BM, Kakazu K, Li X, Custer LJ. Phytoestrogenic isoflavonoids in epidemiologic and clinical research. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:14-21. [PMID: 20355154 PMCID: PMC4439247 DOI: 10.1002/dta.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones (IFLs) are natural products to which humans have been traditionally exposed predominantly through soy foods; more recently humans are also exposed to them through soy protein addition to processed foods or through supplements. They are structurally similar to steroidal estrogens and can exert estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects depending on their concentrations and on the tissue considered. These properties qualify IFLs to be classified as phytoestrogens and are believed to account for many of the biological effects observed for soy and/or IFL exposure including benefits for bone and heart health or prevention of menopausal symptoms and certain types of cancer. In order to evaluate the function of IFLs, alone or when exposure happens through soy intake, pharmacokinetics and bioavailability are critical issues to be considered in epidemiologic and clinical research. For this purpose precise, accurate, robust, fast, and affordable techniques for IFL analyses are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A Franke
- Cancer Research Center of Hawai'i, Natural Products and Cancer Biology Program, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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Feng S, Saw CL, Lee YK, Huang D. Novel process of fermenting black soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] yogurt with dramatically reduced flatulence-causing oligosaccharides but enriched soy phytoalexins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:10078-84. [PMID: 18831591 DOI: 10.1021/jf801905y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Black soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] were germinated under fungal stress with food grade R. oligosporus for 3 days and were homogenized and fermented with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to produce soy yogurt. Fungal stress led to the generation of oxylipins [oxooctadecadienoic acids (KODES) isomers and their respective glyceryl esters] and glyceollins--a type of phytoalexins unique to soybeans. In soy yogurt, the concentrations of total KODES and total glyceollins were 0.678 mg/g (dry matter) and 0.953 mg/g, respectively. The concentrations of other isoflavones (mainly genistein and daidzein and their derivatives) in soy yogurt remained largely unchanged after the processes compared with the control soy yogurt. Germination of black soybean under fungal stress for 3 days was sufficient to reduce stachyose and raffinose (which cause flatulence) by 92 and 80%, respectively. With a pH value of 4.42, a lactic acid content of 0.262%, and a maximum viable cell count of 2.1 x 10 (8) CFU/mL in the final soy yogurt, soy milk from germinated soybeans under fungal stress was concluded to be a suitable medium for yogurt-making. The resulting soy yogurt had significantly altered micronutrient profiles with significantly reduced oligosaccharides and enriched glyceollins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbao Feng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543.
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Comparative effects of oral conjugated equine estrogens and micronized 17β-estradiol on breast proliferation. Menopause 2008; 15:890-8. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e318168f0ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Rochfort S, Panozzo J. Phytochemicals for health, the role of pulses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:7981-94. [PMID: 17784726 DOI: 10.1021/jf071704w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Pulses are the seeds of legumes that are used for human consumption and include peas, beans, lentils, chickpeas, and fava beans. Pulses are an important source of macronutrients, containing almost twice the amount of protein compared to cereal grains. In addition to being a source of macronutrients and minerals, pulses also contain plant secondary metabolites that are increasingly being recognised for their potential benefits for human health. The best-studied legume is the soybean, traditionally regarded as an oilseed crop rather than a pulse. The potential health benefits of soy, particularly with respect to isoflavone content, have been the subject of much research and the focus of several reviews. By comparison, less is known about pulses. This review investigates the health potential of pulses, examining the bioactivity of pulse isoflavones, phytosterols, resistant starch, bioactive carbohydrates, alkaloids and saponins. The evidence for health properties is considered, as is the effect of processing and cooking on these potentially beneficial phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Rochfort
- Department of Primary Industries, Werribee Centre, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
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