1
|
Exploring the Biomaterial-Induced Secretome: Physical Bone Substitute Characteristics Influence the Cytokine Expression of Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094442. [PMID: 33923149 PMCID: PMC8123010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their chemical composition various physical properties of synthetic bone substitute materials have been shown to influence their regenerative potential and to influence the expression of cytokines produced by monocytes, the key cell-type responsible for tissue reaction to biomaterials in vivo. In the present study both the regenerative potential and the inflammatory response to five bone substitute materials all based on β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), but which differed in their physical characteristics (i.e., granule size, granule shape and porosity) were analyzed for their effects on monocyte cytokine expression. To determine the effects of the physical characteristics of the different materials, the proliferation of primary human osteoblasts growing on the materials was analyzed. To determine the immunogenic effects of the different materials on human peripheral blood monocytes, cells cultured on the materials were evaluated for the expression of 14 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, i.e., IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, VEGF, RANTES, IL-12p40, I-CAM, IL-4, V-CAM, TNF-α, GM-CSF, MIP-1α, Il-8 and MCP-1 using a Bio-Plex® Multiplex System. The granular shape of bone substitutes showed a significant influence on the osteoblast proliferation. Moreover, smaller pore sizes, round granular shape and larger granule size increased the expression of GM-CSF, RANTES, IL-10 and IL-12 by monocytes, while polygonal shape and the larger pore sizes increased the expression of V-CAM. The physical characteristics of a bone biomaterial can influence the proliferation rate of osteoblasts and has an influence on the cytokine gene expression of monocytes in vitro. These results indicate that the physical structure of a biomaterial has a significant effect of how cells interact with the material. Thus, specific characteristics of a material may strongly affect the regenerative potential in vivo.
Collapse
|
2
|
Stolberg NG, Verbsky JW. Autoinflammatory Disorders with Perinatal Onset. Clin Perinatol 2020; 47:41-52. [PMID: 32000928 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Autoinflammatory disorders are rare genetic defects that result in inflammation in the absence of an infectious or autoimmune disease. Although very rare, these disorders can occur in the perinatal period, and recognizing their presentation is important because there are often long-term complications and effective targeted therapies for these disorders. Most of these disorders present with rash, fevers, and laboratory evidence of inflammation. Importantly, these disorders can now be separated into their pathophysiologic mechanisms of action, which can also guide therapies. The article reviews the different mechanisms of autoinflammatory disorders and highlights those disorders that can present in the newborn period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nissim G Stolberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - James W Verbsky
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Cytokines and hematopoietic growth factors have traditionally been thought of as regulators of the development and function of immune and blood cells. However, an ever-expanding number of these factors have been discovered to have major effects on bone cells and the development of the skeleton in health and disease (Table 1). In addition, several cytokines have been directly linked to the development of osteoporosis in both animal models and in patients. In order to understand the mechanisms regulating bone cells and how this may be dysregulated in disease states, it is necessary to appreciate the diverse effects that cytokines and inflammation have on osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone mass. This chapter provides a broad overview of this topic with extensive references so that, if desired, readers can access specific references to delve into individual topics in greater detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lorenzo
- Departments of Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li H, Tang D, Qi C, Zhao X, Wang G, Zhang Y, Yu T. Forsythiaside inhibits bacterial adhesion on titanium alloy and attenuates Ti-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB signaling-mediated macrophage inflammation. J Orthop Surg Res 2018; 13:139. [PMID: 29866149 PMCID: PMC5987603 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-018-0834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are common causes of periprosthetic infection and loosening. Recently, we identified that forsythiaside is bacteriostatic for S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of forsythiaside on S. aureus and MRSA adhesion and biofilm formation on the surface of titanium alloy, which is a popular material for orthopedic joint prostheses. METHODS Two strains of S. aureus and MRSA were used for in vitro experiments. The spread plate method, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize antimicrobial activity of forsythiaside. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting were used to investigate the inhibitory level of forsythiaside required for titanium-associated inflammation. RESULTS Direct colony counting showed that 16 μg/mL forsythiaside significantly inhibited S. aureus and MRSA adhesion on titanium alloy discs in 2 h. CLSM and SEM showed that higher concentrations (> 30 mg/mL) of forsythiaside effectively inhibited the adhesion of S. aureus and MRSA on the surface of the titanium disc in 24 h. Forsythiaside was capable of attenuating Ti-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB signaling, targeting IκB kinase-α (IKKα) kinases of macrophages, and influencing the expression of NF-κB downstream cytokines. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that forsythiaside is a potential agent for the treatment of Ti implant-associated infection and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Dongmei Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Chao Qi
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Guangchao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Tengbo Yu
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Torre E. Molecular signaling mechanisms behind polyphenol-induced bone anabolism. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2017; 16:1183-1226. [PMID: 29200988 PMCID: PMC5696504 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-017-9529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
For millennia, in the different cultures all over the world, plants have been extensively used as a source of therapeutic agents with wide-ranging medicinal applications, thus becoming part of a rational clinical and pharmacological investigation over the years. As bioactive molecules, plant-derived polyphenols have been demonstrated to exert many effects on human health by acting on different biological systems, thus their therapeutic potential would represent a novel approach on which natural product-based drug discovery and development could be based in the future. Many reports have provided evidence for the benefits derived from the dietary supplementation of polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Polyphenols are able to protect the bone, thanks to their antioxidant properties, as well as their anti-inflammatory actions by involving diverse signaling pathways, thus leading to bone anabolic effects and decreased bone resorption. This review is meant to summarize the research works performed so far, by elucidating the molecular mechanisms of action of polyphenols in a bone regeneration context, aiming at a better understanding of a possible application in the development of medical devices for bone tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Torre
- Nobil Bio Ricerche srl, Via Valcastellana, 26, 14037 Portacomaro, AT Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Castillo LM, Guerrero CA, Acosta O. Expression of typical osteoclast markers by PBMCs after PEG-induced fusion as a model for studying osteoclast differentiation. J Mol Histol 2017; 48:169-185. [PMID: 28343338 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-017-9717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a metabolically active organ subjected to continuous remodeling process that involves resorption by osteoclast and subsequent formation by osteoblasts. Osteoclast involvement in this physiological event is regulated by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL). Fusion of mono-nuclear pre-osteoclasts is a critical event for osteoclast differentiation and for bone resorption. Here we show that PBMCs can be successfully fused with polyethylenglicol (PEG) in order to generated viable osteoclast-like cells that exhibit tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and bone resorptive activities. PEG-fused PBMCs expressed additional markers compatible with osteoclastogenic differentiation such as carbonic anhydrase II (CAII), calcitonin receptor (CR), cathepsin K (Cat K), vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) subunit C1 (V-ATPase), integrin β3, RANK and cell surface aminopeptidase N/CD13. Actin redistribution in PEG-fused cells was found to be affected by cell cycle synchronization at G0/G1 or G2/M phases. PEG-induced fusion also led to expression of tyrosine kinases c-Src and Syk in their phosphorylated state. Scanning electron microscopy images showed morphological features typical of osteoclast-like cells. The results here shown allow concluding that PEG-induced fusion of PBMCs provides a suitable model system for understanding the mechanisms involved in osteoclastogenesis and for assaying new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luz M Castillo
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos A Guerrero
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Orlando Acosta
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bolon B, Campagnuolo G, Zhu L, Duryea D, Zack D, Feige U. Interleukin-1β and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Produce Distinct, Time-dependent Patterns of Acute Arthritis in the Rat Knee. Vet Pathol 2016; 41:235-43. [PMID: 15133172 DOI: 10.1354/vp.41-3-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) synergistically induce and sustain arthritis. Two competing hypotheses of arthritis induction are 1) that TNF preferentially mediates inflammation, whereas IL-1 impels bone destruction, or 2) that either cytokine controls the entire process. In this study, these propositions were tested in two experiments by instilling IL-1β or TNF-α into one knee of Lewis rats ( n = 6/group) to incite arthritis, after which semiquantitative scores for inflammation, bone resorption, osteoclasts, and cartilage integrity were acquired. In the induction study, IL-1β or TNF-α (3, 10, or 30 μg) was given once to incite arthritis. After 2 days, IL-1β induced significant, dose-dependent increases in inflammation (mild to marked), bone resorption (minimal to moderate), and osteoclasts (minimal to moderate). In contrast, TNF-α induced minimal to mild inflammation but had little impact on resorption or osteoclasts. Both IL-1 and TNF (≥10 μg) yielded mild cartilage degeneration. Most lesion scores in TNF-treated rats were significantly lower than those in animals given the same dose of IL-1β. In the persistence study, rats were injected once with IL-1 or TNF (10 μg) and maintained for 2, 3, or 7 days. IL-1β significantly enhanced inflammation (all 3 days), bone resorption (days 2 and 3), osteoclasts (days 2 and 3), and cartilage matrix loss (days 2 and 3), whereas TNF-α augmented inflammation (days 2 and 3) and cartilage degeneration (day 2) but not bone resorption or osteoclasts. Thus, both IL-1β and TNF-α can launch inflammation, but IL-1β drives skeletal destruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Bolon
- Department of Pathology, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, M/S 29-M-B, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guo C, Yang XG, Wang F, Ma XY. IL-1α induces apoptosis and inhibits the osteoblast differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells through the JNK and p38 MAPK pathways. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:319-27. [PMID: 27220839 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1 is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays important roles in inflammation and host responses to infection. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of IL-1α on the apoptosis and differentiation of osteoblasts, and to elucidate the mechanism responsible for these effects in the osteoblast‑like cell line MC3T3-E1. The MC3T3-E1 cells were non-treated or treated with IL-1α. Following treatment, cell viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and caspase-3 activity were evaluated. The expression of osteoblast-specific genes as well as Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The protein levels of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs, also known as MAP kinases) were evaluated using western blot analysis. The MAPK signaling pathway was blocked by pre-treatment with MAPK inhibitors SB203580, PD98059 and SP600125. IL-1α treatment induced a significant decrease in cell viability and ALP activity in the MC3T3-E1 cells. IL-1α also significantly decreased the mRNA expression and protein levels of osteoblast-related genes in the MC3T3-E1 cells. On the other hand, IL-1α significantly upregulated the mRNA expression and protein levels of Bax and caspase-3 as well as caspase-3 activity, whereas Bcl-2 expression was decreased in the MC3T3-E1 cells. Furthermore, IL-1α activated the apoptotic signaling pathway by increasing the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38-MAPK, whereas it inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Moreover, pre-treatment with MAPK inhibitors attenuated the phosphorylation of JNK, p38 and Bax expression enhanced by IL-1α. However, MAPK inhibitors markedly increased the protein expression of osteoblast-related genes and Bcl-xL in the MC3T3-E1 cells downregulated by IL-1α. Taken together, these findings suggest that IL-1α induces the apoptosis of osteoblasts and inhibits osteoblast differentiation by activating the JNK and the p38 MAPK pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Guo
- Department of Medicine, Luohe Medical College, Luohe, Henan 462002, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Guang Yang
- Department of Medicine, Luohe Medical College, Luohe, Henan 462002, P.R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Luohe Medical College, Luohe, Henan 462002, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Yuan Ma
- Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Phipps MC, Huang Y, Yamaguchi R, Kamiya N, Adapala NS, Tang L, Kim HKW. In vivo monitoring of activated macrophages and neutrophils in response to ischemic osteonecrosis in a mouse model. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:307-13. [PMID: 26016440 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic osteonecrosis (IO) is caused by disruption of the blood supply to bone. It is a debilitating condition with pathological healing characterized by excessive bone resorption and delayed osteogenesis. Although the majority of research has focused on the role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the disease progression, we hypothesize that innate immune cells, macrophages and neutrophils, play a significant role. With the recent development of real-time imaging probes for neutrophils and macrophages, the purpose of this study was to investigate the kinetic immune cell response in a mouse model of IO. Our results show that induction of IO leads to a significant accumulation of activated neutrophils and macrophages at the affected tissue by 48 h after surgery. Additionally, the accumulation of these immune cells remained elevated in comparison to sham controls for up to 6 weeks, indicative of chronic inflammation. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the immune cell infiltration into the necrotic bone marrow and the increased presence of TNFα-positive cells, demonstrating, for the first time, a direct response of these cells to ischemia induced necrotic bone. These new findings support a hypothesis that IO is an osteoimmunologic condition where innate immune cells play a significant role in the chronic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Phipps
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Welborn Street, Dallas, Texas, 75219
| | - YiHui Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019
| | - Ryosuke Yamaguchi
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Welborn Street, Dallas, Texas, 75219
| | - Nobuhiro Kamiya
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Welborn Street, Dallas, Texas, 75219.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390
| | - Naga S Adapala
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Welborn Street, Dallas, Texas, 75219.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390
| | - Liping Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019.,Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Harry K W Kim
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Welborn Street, Dallas, Texas, 75219.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sasaki H, Hirai K, Martins CM, Furusho H, Battaglino R, Hashimoto K. Interrelationship Between Periapical Lesion and Systemic Metabolic Disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2016; 22:2204-15. [PMID: 26881444 PMCID: PMC4856634 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666160216145107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periapical periodontitis, also known as periapical lesion, is a common dental disease, along with periodontitis (gum disease). Periapical periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease, caused by endodontic infection, and its development is regulated by the host immune/inflammatory response. Metabolic disorders, which are largely dependent on life style such as eating habits, have been interpreted as a "metabolically-triggered" low-grade systemic inflammation and may interact with periapical periodontitis by triggering immune modulation. The host immune system is therefore considered the common fundamental mechanism of both disease conditions. METHOD We have reviewed >200 articles to discuss the interrelationship between periapical lesions and metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD), and their common pathological background in immunology/osteoimmunology and cytokine biology. RESULTS An elevated inflammatory state caused by metabolic disorders can impact the clinical outcome of periapical lesions and interfere with wound healing after endodontic treatment. Although additional well-designed clinical studies are needed, periapical lesions appear to affect insulin sensitivity and exacerbate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. CONCLUSION Immune regulatory cytokines produced by various cell types, including immune cells and adipose tissue, play an important role in this interrelationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Sasaki
- Department of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02494, U.S.A.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Effects of Abutment Removal and Reconnection on Inflammatory Cytokine Production Around Dental Implants. IMPLANT DENT 2015; 24:730-4. [DOI: 10.1097/id.0000000000000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
12
|
The role of IL-1β in the bone loss during rheumatic diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:782382. [PMID: 25954061 PMCID: PMC4410538 DOI: 10.1155/2015/782382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several inflammatory diseases have been associated with increased bone resorption and fracture rates and different studies supported the relation between inflammatory cytokines and osteoclast activity. The main factor required for osteoclast activation is the stimulation by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) expressed on osteoblasts. In this context, interleukin- (IL-) 1β, one of the most powerful proinflammatory cytokines, is a strong stimulator of in vitro and in vivo bone resorption via upregulation of RANKL that stimulates the osteoclastogenesis. The resulting effects lead to an imbalance in bone metabolism favouring bone resorption and osteoporosis. In this paper, we review the available literature on the role of IL-1β in the pathogenesis of bone loss. Furthermore, we analysed the role of IL-1β in bone resorption during rheumatic diseases and, when available, we reported the efficacy of anti-IL-1β therapy in this field.
Collapse
|
13
|
Martin TJ. Historically significant events in the discovery of RANK/RANKL/OPG. World J Orthop 2013; 4:186-197. [PMID: 24147254 PMCID: PMC3801238 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v4.i4.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After it was suggested 30 years ago that the osteoblast lineage controlled the formation of osteoclasts, methods were developed that established this to be the case, but the molecular controls were elusive. Over more than a decade much evidence was obtained for signaling mechanisms that regulated the production of a membrane - bound regulator of osteoclastogenesis, in the course of which intercellular communication in bone was revealed in its complexity. The discovery of regulation by tumor necrosis factor ligand and receptor families was made in the last few years of the twentieth century, leading since then to a new physiology of bone, and to exciting drug development.
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Simsa-Maziel S, Zaretsky J, Reich A, Koren Y, Shahar R, Monsonego-Ornan E. IL-1RI participates in normal growth plate development and bone modeling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E15-21. [PMID: 23592480 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00335.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) signals through IL-1 receptor type I (IL-1RI) and induces osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption mainly during pathological conditions. Little is known about the effect of excess or absence of IL-1 signaling on the physiological development of the growth plate and bone. In this study, we examine growth plate morphology, bone structure, and mechanical properties as well as osteoclast number in IL-1RI knockout mice to evaluate the role of IL-1RI in the normal development of the growth plate and bone. We show for the first time that IL-1RI knockout mice have narrower growth plates due to a smaller hypertrophic zone, suggesting a role for this cytokine in hypertrophic differentiation, together with higher proteoglycan content. The bones of theses mice exhibit higher trabecular and cortical mass, increased mineral density, and superior mechanical properties. In addition, IL-1RI knockout mice have significantly reduced osteoclast numbers in the chondro-osseous junction, trabecular bone, and cortical bone. These results suggest that IL-1RI is involved in normal growth plate development and ECM homeostasis and that it is significant in the physiological process of bone modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stav Simsa-Maziel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
M-CSF potently augments RANKL-induced resorption activation in mature human osteoclasts. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21462. [PMID: 21738673 PMCID: PMC3126821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-CSF (M-CSF) is critical for osteoclast (OC) differentiation and is reported to enhance mature OC survival and motility. However, its role in the regulation of bone resorption, the main function of OCs, has not been well characterised. To address this we analysed short-term cultures of fully differentiated OCs derived from human colony forming unit-granulocyte macrophages (CFU-GM). When cultured on dentine, OC survival was enhanced by M-CSF but more effectively by receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL). Resorption was entirely dependent on the presence of RANKL. Co-treatment with M-CSF augmented RANKL-induced resorption in a concentration-dependent manner with a (200-300%) stimulation at 25 ng/mL, an effect observed within 4-6 h. M-CSF co-treatment also increased number of resorption pits and F-actin sealing zones, but not the number of OCs or pit size, indicating stimulation of the proportion of OCs activated. M-CSF facilitated RANKL-induced activation of c-fos and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation, but not NFκB nor nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic-1 (NFATc1). The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) 1 inhibitor PD98059 partially blocked augmentation of resorption by M-CSF. Our results reveal a previously unidentified role of M-CSF as a potent stimulator of mature OC resorbing activity, possibly mediated via ERK upstream of c-fos.
Collapse
|
17
|
Schulze J, Bickert T, Beil FT, Zaiss MM, Albers J, Wintges K, Streichert T, Klaetschke K, Keller J, Hissnauer TN, Spiro AS, Gessner A, Schett G, Amling M, McKenzie ANJ, Horst AK, Schinke T. Interleukin-33 is expressed in differentiated osteoblasts and blocks osteoclast formation from bone marrow precursor cells. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:704-17. [PMID: 20939024 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Since the hematopoetic system is located within the bone marrow, it is not surprising that recent evidence has demonstrated the existence of molecular interactions between bone and immune cells. While interleukin 1 (IL-1) and IL-18, two cytokines of the IL-1 family, have been shown to regulate differentiation and activity of bone cells, the role of IL-33, another IL-1 family member, has not been addressed yet. Since we observed that the expression of IL-33 increases during osteoblast differentiation, we analyzed its possible influence on bone formation and observed that IL-33 did not affect matrix mineralization but enhanced the expression of Tnfsf11, the gene encoding RANKL. This finding led us to analyze the skeletal phenotype of Il1rl1-deficient mice, which lack the IL-33 receptor ST2. Unexpectedly, these mice displayed normal bone formation but increased bone resorption, thereby resulting in low trabecular bone mass. Since this finding suggested a negative influence of IL-33 on osteoclastogenesis, we next analyzed osteoclast differentiation from bone marrow precursor cells and observed that IL-33 completely abolished the generation of TRACP(+) multinucleated osteoclasts, even in the presence of RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Although our molecular studies revealed that IL-33 treatment of bone marrow cells caused a shift toward other hematopoetic lineages, we further observed a direct negative influence of IL-33 on the osteoclastogenic differentiation of RAW264.7 macrophages, where IL-33 repressed the expression of Nfatc1, which encodes one of the key transciption factors of osteoclast differentiation. Taken together, these findings have uncovered a previously unknown function of IL-33 as an inhibitor of bone resorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Schulze
- Institute of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lee YM, Fujikado N, Manaka H, Yasuda H, Iwakura Y. IL-1 plays an important role in the bone metabolism under physiological conditions. Int Immunol 2010; 22:805-16. [PMID: 20679512 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxq431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that IL-1 is involved in bone resorption under pathological conditions. The role of this cytokine in bone remodeling under physiological conditions, however, remains obscure. In this study, we addressed the role of IL-1 in physiological bone metabolism through analyses of IL-1α-deficient (KO), IL-1β KO and IL-1α/β double KO mice that were housed under specific pathogen free conditions. The femur mineral density, trabecular bone mass and cortical thickness significantly increased in all KO mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. The number of osteoclasts in trabecular bones decreased, suggesting that IL-1 regulates bone metabolism through regulation of osteoclast formation. When differentiation of bone marrow (BM) cells into osteoclasts was induced by parathyroid hormone in co-cultures of osteoblasts and BM cells from WT and IL-1α/β KO mice, IL-1α/β KO BM cell co-cultures failed to undergo efficient osteoclast-like multinucleated cell (OCL) differentiation, although high levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) was induced. In contrast, efficient OCL differentiation was observed in IL-1α/β KO osteoblast/WT BM cell co-cultures, in which high levels of IL-1α/β and low levels of RANKL were produced. Addition of IL-1α to IL-1α/β KO BM-derived macrophage cultures markedly enhanced OCL differentiation induced by soluble RANKL, and the downstream molecules of receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) including c-Jun N-terminal factor, extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Fos were less activated in the absence of IL-1 upon treatment with RANKL. Taken together, these results indicate that IL-1 directly activates RANK signaling other than inducing RANKL to promote osteoclastogenesis and plays an important role in physiological bone metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Lee
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bone Disease and Idiopathic Hypercalciuria. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-008-9023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
20
|
Abstract
It has become clear that complex interactions underlie the relationship between the skeletal and immune systems. This is particularly true for the development of immune cells in the bone marrow as well as the functions of bone cells in skeletal homeostasis and pathologies. Because these two disciplines developed independently, investigators with an interest in either often do not fully appreciate the influence of the other system on the functions of the tissue that they are studying. With these issues in mind, this review will focus on several key areas that are mediated by crosstalk between the bone and immune systems. A more complete appreciation of the interactions between immune and bone cells should lead to better therapeutic strategies for diseases that affect either or both systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seoung-Hoon Lee
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Tae-Soo Kim
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Yongwon Choi
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Joseph Lorenzo
- The Department of Medicine and the Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lorenzo J, Horowitz M, Choi Y. Osteoimmunology: interactions of the bone and immune system. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:403-40. [PMID: 18451259 PMCID: PMC2528852 DOI: 10.1210/er.2007-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone and the immune system are both complex tissues that respectively regulate the skeleton and the body's response to invading pathogens. It has now become clear that these organ systems often interact in their function. This is particularly true for the development of immune cells in the bone marrow and for the function of bone cells in health and disease. Because these two disciplines developed independently, investigators in each don't always fully appreciate the significance that the other system has on the function of the tissue they are studying. This review is meant to provide a broad overview of the many ways that bone and immune cells interact so that a better understanding of the role that each plays in the development and function of the other can develop. It is hoped that an appreciation of the interactions of these two organ systems will lead to better therapeutics for diseases that affect either or both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lorenzo
- Department of Medicine, The University of Connecticut Health Center, N4054, MC5456, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-5456, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Substance P increases production of proinflammatory cytokines and formation of osteoclasts in dental pulp fibroblasts in patients with severe orthodontic root resorption. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008; 133:690-8. [PMID: 18456142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which substance P (SP) increases proinflammatory cytokine production and osteoclast formation of human dental pulp fibroblasts (HDPF) in patients with severe orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR). METHODS HDPF were obtained from 5 patients with severe apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were determined after 24 hours by using ELISA kits. Furthermore, culture supernatants were added to cultured human osteoclasts, and osteoclast formation was observed after tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and the formation of resorption cavities. RESULTS Stimulation with SP increased the levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha, in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, although the increase was greater in the severe root resorption (SRR) group than in the nonresorption (NR) group (P < 0.001, 3-way repeated measures ANOVA). As for osteoclast formation, the numbers of TRAP-positive multinucleate cells and resorptive pits were significantly increased in the SRR group compared with the NR group (P < 0.001, 2-way repeated measures ANOVA). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that HDPF stimulated with SP might be deeply involved in the progress of inflammation in pulp tissue and the incidence of SRR during orthodontic treatment.
Collapse
|
23
|
Hikiji H, Takato T, Shimizu T, Ishii S. The roles of prostanoids, leukotrienes, and platelet-activating factor in bone metabolism and disease. Prog Lipid Res 2008; 47:107-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
24
|
Oikawa A, Kobayashi M, Okamatsu Y, Shinki T, Kamijo R, Yamamoto M, Hasegawa K. Mitogen-activated protein kinases mediate interleukin-1?-induced receptor activator of nuclear factor-?B ligand expression in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res 2007; 42:367-76. [PMID: 17559635 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Interleukin-1beta-stimulated receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) expression in human periodontal ligament cells is partially mediated by endogenous prostaglandin E2, whereas mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are implicated in regulating various interleukin-1-responsive genes. We investigated herein the involvement of MAPKs in interleukin-1beta-stimulated RANKL expression in human periodontal ligament cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human periodontal ligament cells were pretreated separately with specific inhibitors of MAPKs, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and subsequently treated with interleukin-1beta. Following each treatment, the phosphorylation of each MAPK, the expression of RANKL, and the production of prostaglandin E2 were determined. RANKL activity was evaluated using an assay to determine the survival of prefusion osteoclasts. RESULTS Interleukin-1beta induced RANKL expression at the mRNA and protein levels, as well as RANKL activity in human periodontal ligament cells. Interleukin-1beta also activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38 MAPK, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Pretreatment with each MAPK inhibitor partially, but significantly, suppressed interleukin-1beta-induced RANKL expression and its activity, as well as prostaglandin E2 production. CONCLUSION In human periodontal ligament cells, three types of MAPK inhibitor may abrogate RANKL expression and activity induced by interleukin-1beta, directly or indirectly through partial suppression of prostaglandin E2 synthesis. In addition, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38 MAPK, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signals may co-operatively mediate interleukin-1beta-stimulated RANKL expression and its activity in those cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Oikawa
- Department of Periodontology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Irie A, Takami M, Kubo H, Sekino-Suzuki N, Kasahara K, Sanai Y. Heparin enhances osteoclastic bone resorption by inhibiting osteoprotegerin activity. Bone 2007; 41:165-74. [PMID: 17560185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.04.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan and has been shown to activate osteoclastic bone resorption though how is not yet clear. Here we investigate the molecule involved in heparin-induced activation of osteoclasts using an in vitro osteoclast culture assay. The formation and activation of osteoclasts are induced by receptor activator of NFkappaB ligand (RANKL) on osteoblasts, and inhibited by osteoprotegerin (OPG), a decoy receptor of RANKL, which is secreted from osteoblasts. In a coculture of mouse bone marrow cells and osteoblasts treated with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and prostaglandin E(2) on dentin slices, the bone marrow cells differentiate into osteoclasts, and resorption pits are formed on the dentin slices. Addition of heparin, various glycosaminoglycans, and chemically modified heparins to the coculture reveals that heparin enhances the pit-forming activity of osteoclasts, and this effect of heparin on the activation of osteoclasts is dependent on its sugar chain structure. By contrast, mRNA expression levels of RANKL, RANK, and OPG in the coculture are not altered by heparin treatment. Furthermore, neither RANK nor RANKL binds to heparin, suggesting that heparin does not directly interact with these proteins. Instead, heparin specifically binds to OPG and prevents OPG-mediated inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption in the coculture. Heparin treatment does not enhance osteoclastic bone resorption in a monoculture of osteoclasts derived from bone marrow cells, and in the coculture using osteoblasts from OPG-deficient mice. A (125)I-OPG binding assay showed that OPG binds to osteoblasts and that this binding is inhibited by the addition of heparin, suggesting that OPG binds to RANKL on the osteoblast membrane and that heparin blocks this interaction. These results demonstrate that heparin enhances osteoclastic bone resorption by inhibiting OPG activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Irie
- Biomembrane Signaling Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nakamura I, Duong LT, Rodan SB, Rodan GA. Involvement of alpha(v)beta3 integrins in osteoclast function. J Bone Miner Metab 2007; 25:337-44. [PMID: 17968485 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-007-0773-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric adhesion receptors that mediate cell-matrix interaction. Osteoclast exhibits high expression of the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin, which binds to a variety of extracellular matrix proteins including vitronectin, osteopontin, and bone sialoprotein. Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-containing peptides, RGD-mimetics, and blocking antibodies to alpha(v)beta(3) integrin were shown to inhibit bone resorption in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that this integrin may play an important role in regulating osteoclast function. Several lines of evidence have demonstrated that a number of signaling molecules are involved in the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin-dependent signaling pathway, including c-Src, Pyk2, c-Cbl, and p130(Cas). In this article, we review the history of "alpha(v)beta(3) integrin and osteoclasts" and discuss the involvement of alpha(v)beta(3) integrins in osteoclast function at tissue, cellular, and molecular levels. A better understanding of the role of alpha(v)beta(3) integrin in osteoclastic bone resorption would provide opportunities for developing new therapeutics to treat human bone diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, and periodontal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Nakamura
- Department of Rheumatology, Yugawara Kosei-nenkin Hospital, 438 Miyakami, Yugawara, Ashigara-shimo, Kanagawa 259-0314, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The osteoclast is the principal bone-resorbing cell. Because of its unique ability to efficiently remove both the mineral and the organic matrix of bone, the osteoclast is an important element of the homeostatic mechanisms that maintain skeletal integrity and serum calcium levels. Over the past 30 years, a number of immune cell modulators have been shown to have effects on osteoclast formation and function. This review will briefly summarize the roles that cytokines have in osteoclast regulation. RECENT FINDINGS A large number of cytokines have been shown to regulate osteoclast formation and function. In addition, a number of additional cytokines are now known to have a major influence on the ability of osteoclasts to resorb bone. Interactions of the immune system with bone, which has been recently labeled 'osteoimmunology', appear to be mediated mainly by cytokine signals. Cytokines are known to regulate many of the responses of bone to inflammatory conditions; however, they also may regulate physiologic responses of bone. SUMMARY In the future it is hoped that therapies that target cytokine actions may be used to reduce the effects of inflammatory diseases on bone, as well as to regulate normal bone physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-5456, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
HAAPASALO MARKUS, ENDAL UNNI. Internal inflammatory root resorption: the unknown resorption of the tooth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-1546.2008.00226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
29
|
Vural P, Akgul C, Canbaz M. Effects of hormone replacement therapy on plasma pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and some bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women. Pharmacol Res 2006; 54:298-302. [PMID: 16879975 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2006.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Revised: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was undertaken to evaluate plasma TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-10; and urinary hydroxyproline (Hyp) and calcium (Ca) as bone resorption markers in postmenopausal women compared with premenopausal ones; and to assess the effects of HRT upon these cytokines and bone turnover markers. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study involved 50 healthy postmenopausal women, and 25 healthy premenopausal women (control group). Postmenopausal women were randomly divided into two subgroups: women receiving cycle HRT schedule (0.625 mg conjugated estrogen from days 1 to 28+5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate from days 18 to 28) for 2 months (n=25); and second subgroup consisted of women receiving continue HRT schedule (0.625 mg conjugated estrogen+2.5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate from days 1 to 28) for 2 months (n=25). Plasma TNFalpha, IL-1beta and IL-10 concentrations were measured with ELISA kits. Fasting urinary Hyp was measured by Ehrlich's spectrophotometric reaction. Ca was determined by oxalate precipitation and the redox titration procedure. Statistical significance was analysed by Kruskal-Wallis plus post hoc Mann-Whitney U-tests for multiple comparisons, Wilcoxon signed ranks test for paired data, and Pearson correlation test. RESULTS Compared with premenopausal individuals, postmenopausal women have increased plasma TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-10 (p<0.0001, p<0.0001, and p<0.001, respectively); and increased urinary Hyp and Ca concentrations (p<0.05). HRT (both cycle and continue schedules) lead to a significant decrease in TNFalpha, IL-1beta and urinary Hyp concentrations, and has no effect uppon IL-10 levels. HRT reverses increased urinary Hyp and Ca excretion to the premenopausal level. There is a significant positive correlation between pre- and post-HRT IL-1beta levels in both cycle and continue subgroups (r=0.437, p<0.05; and r=0.656, p<0.01, respectively), and between pre-HRT IL-1beta and urinary Ca (r=0.509, p<0.01; and r=0.415, p<0.05). There is a significant negative correlation between post-HRT IL-10 and TNFalpha levels in continue HRT receiving group (r=-0.446, p<0.05). Urinary Hyp in cycle and continue HRT received subgroups are correlated with post-treatment values (r=0.455, p<0.05; and r=0.776, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Plasma TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-10; and urinary Hyp and Ca increase with menopause. We suggest that the increase of IL-10 is secondary to the elevation of TNFalpha and IL-1beta and that the increase of IL-10 is a compensatory mechanism, by which this anti-inflammatory cytokine counteracts to pro-inflammatory TNFalpha and IL-1beta, and thus balances their osteoclast activating and oxidative stress-related effects. Two months duration HRT (cycle and continue schedule) lead to the significant decrease in plasma TNFalpha, IL-1beta and urinary Hyp concentrations. HRT reverses increased Hyp and Ca excretion to the premenopausal level. So, HRT, decreasing Th1 cytokines (TNFalpha, IL-1beta) probably improve the aberation of Th1/Th2 balance that is implicated in various pathological conditions. However, because of the relatively small number of participants and short duration of the therapy, further studies are necessary to establish a risk/benefit ratio for HRT to view effects on cytokine pattern and bone metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pervin Vural
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hughes FJ, Turner W, Belibasakis G, Martuscelli G. Effects of growth factors and cytokines on osteoblast differentiation. Periodontol 2000 2006; 41:48-72. [PMID: 16686926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2006.00161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis J Hughes
- Centre for Adult Oral Health, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Smith BJ, Lerner MR, Bu SY, Lucas EA, Hanas JS, Lightfoot SA, Postier RG, Bronze MS, Brackett DJ. Systemic bone loss and induction of coronary vessel disease in a rat model of chronic inflammation. Bone 2006; 38:378-86. [PMID: 16256450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clinically, osteopenia or low bone mass has been observed in a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases, and elevated proinflammatory mediators have implicated this process. The purpose of this study was to develop an in vivo model of bone loss induced by chronic systemic inflammation. Time-release pellets designed to deliver one of three doses of LPS: Low (3.3 microg/day), High (33.3 microg/day), or Placebo over 90 days, were implanted subcutaneously in 3-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8/group). Neutrophil counts, indicative of ongoing inflammation, were elevated (P < 0.05) in both LPS groups at 30 days post-implant and remained significantly elevated in the High dose throughout the 90-day study period. At the end of the study, bone loss occurred in the femur as indicated by decreased bone mineral density (BMD) in both LPS-treated groups, but vertebral BMD was reduced in the High dose animals only. Microcomputed tomography revealed that trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) of the proximal tibial metaphysis tended to be reduced in the High dose LPS group. Deleterious effects on trabecular number (TbN) and trabecular separation (TbSp) were observed in both LPS-treated groups, but only the High dose group reached statistical significance. These alterations in trabecular microarchitecture resulted in compromised biomechanical properties. No changes in cortical thickness, porosity, or area of the tibia midshaft were evident at either dose of LPS. Up-regulation of the proinflammatory mediators, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, interleukin (IL)-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was demonstrated in the metaphyseal region where the deleterious effects of LPS were observed. In addition to these alterations in bone, trichrome staining indicated changes in the coronary arterioles, consistent with vascular disease. Utilization of a LPS time-release pellet appears to provide an in vivo model of chronic inflammation-induced bone loss and a potentially novel system to study concurrent development of osteopenia and vascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B J Smith
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nakamura I, Jimi E. Regulation of osteoclast differentiation and function by interleukin-1. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2006; 74:357-70. [PMID: 17027523 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(06)74015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates various cellular and tissue functions. Among tissues, bone is the most sensitive to IL-1. IL-1 is a potent cytokine for bone resorption and participates in the multiple steps of osteoclast recruitment, such as differentiation, multinucleation, activation, and survival. On the other hand, considerable evidence has been accumulated over the past 10 years to indicate that this cytokine plays key roles in pathological bone destruction in a variety of human diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, and periodontal disease. In this chapter, we review the history of "IL-1 in bone" and the locus of this cytokine "from laboratory bench to bedside." A better understanding of the role of IL-1 in osteoclastic bone resorption would provide opportunities for developing new therapeutics to treat diseases of the bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Nakamura
- Department of Rheumatology, Yugawara Kosei-Nenkin Hospital, Ashigara-shimo, Kanagawa 259-0314, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Persson E, Lerner UH. The neuropeptide VIP potentiates IL-6 production induced by proinflammatory osteotropic cytokines in calvarial osteoblasts and the osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 335:705-11. [PMID: 16095565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal turnover is orchestrated by a complex network of regulatory factors. Lately, regulation of bone metabolism through neuro-osteological interactions has been proposed. Here, we address the question whether IL-6 production can be affected by interactions between the neuropeptide VIP and proinflammatory, bone-resorbing cytokines. By using calvarial osteoblasts, we showed that IL-1beta increased IL-6 production time- and concentration-dependently, and that these effects were potentiated by VIP. Furthermore, IL-1beta stimulated IL-6 promoter activity in the osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 stably transfected with a human IL-6 promoter/luciferase construct, and both VIP, and the related neuropeptide PACAP-38, increased the effect of IL-1beta in a synergistic manner. The IL-6 protein release from calvarial osteoblasts was also stimulated by the osteoclastogenic, proinflammatory cytokines IL-11, LIF, OSM, IL-17, TGF-beta, and TNF-alpha. All effects, except for that of TNF-alpha, were synergistically potentiated by VIP. These findings further support the role of neuropeptides, and the presence of neuro-immunological interactions, in bone metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Persson
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Fukushima H, Jimi E, Okamoto F, Motokawa W, Okabe K. IL-1-induced receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand in human periodontal ligament cells involves ERK-dependent PGE2 production. Bone 2005; 36:267-75. [PMID: 15780952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2004] [Revised: 09/17/2004] [Accepted: 09/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis, an inflammatory disorder of the supporting tissue of teeth, is one of the most common infectious diseases in humans. Periodontal pathogens promote inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), resulting in alveolar bone destruction. In the present study, we examined the cellular and molecular mechanisms of IL-1-induced osteoclastogenesis using a coculture system of human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and mouse spleen cells. IL-1alpha induced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positive (TRAP+) cell formation in a dose-dependent manner. IL-1alpha up-regulated receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and down-regulated osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA expression in PDL cells. The addition of cell-permeable PKI, an inhibitor of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway, to the cocultures 8 h after the IL-1alpha stimulation inhibited IL-1alpha-induced TRAP+ cell formation. IL-1alpha-induced TRAP+ cell formation was completely blocked by either NS398, a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, or PD98059, a specific inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Pretreatment with NS398 and PD98059 also inhibited both the up-regulation of RANKL and the down-regulation of OPG expression by IL-1alpha in PDL cells. IL-1alpha activated ERK phosphorylation and PD98059 greatly inhibited both COX-2 mRNA expression and PGE(2) production induced by IL-1alpha in PDL cells. In contrast, NEMO binding domain (NBD) peptide, a specific inhibitor of NF-kappaB signaling, did not affect COX2, RANKL, or OPG mRNA expression induced by IL-1alpha. These results suggest that IL-1alpha stimulates osteoclast formation by increasing the expression level of RANKL versus OPG via ERK-dependent PGE2 production in PDL cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Fukushima
- Department of Physiological Science and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Nukaga J, Kobayashi M, Shinki T, Song H, Takada T, Takiguchi T, Kamijo R, Hasegawa K. Regulatory effects of interleukin-1beta and prostaglandin E2 on expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontol 2004; 75:249-59. [PMID: 15068113 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.2.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL), which is expressed on the cell membrane of osteoblasts/stromal cells, stimulates osteoclastogenesis. We investigated the regulatory effects of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on expression of RANKL in human periodontal ligament (HPDL) cells and the mechanisms involved in the PGE2 effect. METHODS The HPDL cells were treated with IL-1beta, alone or in combination with indomethacin (INDO) or NS398, a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. The HPDL cells were also pretreated with H89, a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor or GF109203X, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor and subsequently treated with PGE2, PGE receptor (EP)2 agonist, EP4 agonist, forskolin, dibutyryl cAMP (db-cAMP), or 3-(isobutyl)-1-methylxantine (IBMX). After each treatment, expression of EP2, EP4, or RANKL mRNA was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Southern hybridization. Expression of RANKL protein was detected by Western blotting, and cAMP accumulation was determined using a cAMP enzyme immunoassay kit. RESULTS IL-1beta stimulated the expression of RANKL at messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels in HPDL cells. Endogenous PGE2 partially mediated the IL-1beta-induced RANKL mRNA expression. Exogenously added PGE2 also stimulated RANKL expression at mRNA and protein levels in the cells. The PGE2-stimulated RANKL expression was mediated by EP2/4 and cAMP-dependent PKA, while PKC was possibly involved in the PGE2 action. CONCLUSION Human periodontal ligament cells activated with inflammatory factors such as IL-1beta and PGE2 may directly stimulate osteoclastogenesis through RANKL, which is stimulated to express by these factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nukaga
- Department of Periodontology, Showa University Dental School, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Varghese S, Canalis E. Transcriptional regulation of collagenase-3 by interleukin-1 alpha in osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2003; 90:1007-14. [PMID: 14624460 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1)alpha is an autocrine/paracrine agent of the skeletal tissue and it regulates bone remodeling. Collagenase-3 or matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 is expressed in osteoblasts and its expression is modulated by several cytokines including IL-1alpha. Because the molecular mechanism of increased synthesis of collagenase-3 in bone cells by IL-1alpha is not known, we investigated if collagenase-3 expression by IL-1alpha in osteoblasts is mediated by transcriptional or post-transcriptional mechanisms. Exposure of rat osteoblastic cultures (Ob cells) to IL-1alpha at concentrations higher than 0.5 nM increased the synthesis of collagenase-3 mRNA up to eightfold and the secretion of immunoreactive protein up to 21-fold. The effects of IL-1alpha on collagenase-3 were time- and dose-dependent. Although prostaglandins stimulate collagenase-3 expression, stimulation of collagenase-3 in Ob cells by IL-1alpha was not mediated through increased biosynthesis of prostaglandins. The half-life of collagenase-3 mRNA from control and IL-1alpha-treated Ob cells was similar suggesting that the stabilization of collagenase-3 mRNA did not contribute to the increase in collagenase-3. However, IL-1alpha stimulated the rate of transcription of the collagenase-3 gene by twofold to fourfold indicating regulation of collagenase-3 expression in Ob cells at the transcriptional level. Stimulation of collagenase-3 by IL-1alpha in osteoblasts may in part mediate the effects of IL-1alpha in bone metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Varghese
- The Department of Research, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut 06105, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Santos FRL, Moysés RMA, Montenegro FLM, Jorgetti V, Noronha IL. IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, and bFGF expression in bone biopsies before and after parathyroidectomy. Kidney Int 2003; 63:899-907. [PMID: 12631070 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence pointing to an involvement of cytokines and growth factors in renal osteodystrophy. In this study, the expression of interleukin-l beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in bone biopsies taken from uremic patients before and 1 year after parathyroidectomy (PTX) was evaluated. Biochemical features and histomorphometric outcome were also studied. METHODS Iliac bone biopsies were taken before and 1 year after PTX in nine uremic patients with severe hyperparathyroidism (HPT). Immunohistochemical techniques were used to identify the expression of IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, and bFGF in these bone samples. RESULTS At the time of the second bone biopsy, the mean serum total alkaline phosphatase activity was normal, whereas mean serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) level was slightly above the upper limit of normal values. Histomorphometric analysis showed a decrease in resorption parameters and static bone formation parameters after PTX. Dynamically, mineral apposition rate (MAR) and mineralization surface (MS/BS) decreased significantly. There was a marked local expression of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, and bFGF in bone biopsies before PTX, particularly in fibrous tissue and resorption areas. One year after PTX, IL-1beta decreased from 23.6 +/- 7.5% to 9.9 +/- 3.1%, TNF-alpha from 4.5 +/- 1.5% to 0.7 +/- 0.8%, TGF-beta from 49.6 +/- 9.8% to 15.2 +/- 4.6%, and bFGF from 50.9 +/- 12.7% to 12.9 +/- 7.9% (P < 0.001). A significant correlation was documented between cytokines and growth factors expression in bone with iPTH levels before and after PTX (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, we suggest that IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, and bFGF are involved in bone remodeling regulation, acting as local effectors, possibly under the control of PTH.
Collapse
|
38
|
Ataoglu H, Alptekin NO, Haliloglu S, Gursel M, Ataoglu T, Serpek B, Durmus E. Interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and neutrophil elastase activity in peri-implant crevicular fluid. Clin Oral Implants Res 2002; 13:470-6. [PMID: 12453123 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0501.2002.130505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels and neutrophil elastase (NE) activity in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) of smoker and nonsmoker patients, and to investigate their relationships with clinical parameters. A total of 42 endosseous root-form dental implants of 14 patients were clinically examined by modified Plaque index (PI), modified Gingival index (GI) and probing depth (PD). Smoking habits of the patients were recorded. PICF of implants were collected by Periopaper strips and IL-1beta, TNF-alpha levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). NE was analyzed with a neutrophil specific chromogenic substrate, N-methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-p-nitroanilide. The cytokine and enzyme levels in PICF were expressed as total amount/activity and as concentrations. NE activity in PICF significantly correlated with GI and PD, and IL-1beta levels with GI and PICF volume (P < 0.05). The correlations were stronger when the PICF levels were expressed as total IL-1beta amount and as total NE activity. The implants with inflamed gingiva (GI > 1) had higher levels of IL-1beta and NE activity than implants with noninflamed or slightly inflamed gingiva (GI <or= 1) (P < 0.05). Total NE activity in implants with deep pockets (PD > 3 mm) was greater than the implants with shallow pockets (PD <or= 3 mm) (P < 0.05). The implants of smoker patients had significantly lower PICF NE activity and IL-1beta levels, and significantly higher TNF-alpha levels than the implants of nonsmokers (P < 0.05). The findings of the present study indicate that NE activity and IL-1beta levels in PICF may be used to measure implant health status of patients who do not smoke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanife Ataoglu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dentistry Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Albertazzi P, Coupland K. Polyunsaturated fatty acids. Is there a role in postmenopausal osteoporosis prevention? Maturitas 2002; 42:13-22. [PMID: 12020975 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5122(02)00022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the effect of a diet supplemented with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on prevention or treatment of osteoporosis. METHODS MEDLINE (1966-April 2001), Allied Complementary Medicine (1985-2001), Cochrane Library and Database of Systematic Reviews (1st Quarter 2001) was searched. Five reviews and no systematic reviews were found on this topic in the Cochrane Library. Eleven relevant in-vivo studies were identified on the effect of these compounds on bone. Eight were animal studies and three were randomised control trials (RCT) in human. RESULTS There are two classes of PUFA designated as n-3 and n-6 with alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). These two different types of PUFA differently influence prostaglandin formation and hence modulate bone metabolism differently. These are several in vitro and animal data suggesting that diet with a low n-6/n-3 ratio may have beneficial effects on bone mineral density. Only three, short-term, small studies have been performed in human so far. Two studies, one performed with bone markers and one with bone density showed a positive effect of PUFA on bone. While a third study showed no effect. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary, data have suggested that a diet with a low n-6/n-3 ratio may have beneficial effects on bone mineral density. Further studies are, however, required to fully assess the dose and type of PUFA to be used for optimum bone effects. This may be useful particularly for the prevention of disease in the elderly, since a diet rich in n-3 PUFA has been shown to have additional benefit on the cardiovascular, central nervous system and joints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Albertazzi
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Disease, H. S Brocklehurst Building, Hull Royal Infirmary, 220-236 Anlaby Road, Hull, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nakamura I, Kadono Y, Takayanagi H, Jimi E, Miyazaki T, Oda H, Nakamura K, Tanaka S, Rodan GA, Duong LT. IL-1 regulates cytoskeletal organization in osteoclasts via TNF receptor-associated factor 6/c-Src complex. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:5103-9. [PMID: 11994463 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.10.5103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Targeted disruption of either c-Src or TNFR-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) in mice causes osteoclast dysfunction and an osteopetrotic phenotype, suggesting that both molecules play important roles in osteoclastic bone resorption. We previously demonstrated that IL-1 induces actin ring formation and osteoclast activation. In this study, we examined the relationship between IL-1/TRAF6-dependent and c-Src-mediated pathways in the activation of osteoclast-like cells (prefusion cells (pOCs); multinucleated cells) formed in the murine coculture system. In normal pOCs, IL-1 induces actin ring formation and tyrosine phosphorylation of p130(Cas), a known substrate of c-Src. However, in Src-deficient pOCs, p130(Cas) was not tyrosine phosphorylated following IL-1 treatment. In normal pOCs treated with IL-1, anti-TRAF6 Abs coprecipitate p130(Cas), protein tyrosine kinase 2, and c-Src. In Src-deficient pOCs, this molecular complex was not detected, suggesting that c-Src is required for formation of the TRAF6, p130(Cas), and protein tyrosine kinase 2 complex. Moreover, an immunocytochemical analysis revealed that in osteoclast-like multinucleated cells, IL-1 induced redistribution of TRAF6 to actin ring structures formed at the cell periphery, where TRAF6 also colocalized with c-Src. Taken together, these data suggest that IL-1 signals feed into the tyrosine kinase pathways through a TRAF6-Src molecular complex, which regulates the cytoskeletal reorganization essential for osteoclast activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ataoğlu T, Ungör M, Serpek B, Haliloğlu S, Ataoğlu H, Ari H. Interleukin-1beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels in periapical exudates. Int Endod J 2002; 35:181-5. [PMID: 11843974 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2591.2002.00467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to determine IL-1beta and TNF-alpha levels in periapical exudates and to evaluate their relationship with clinical and radiological findings. METHODOLOGY Periapical exudates were collected from root canals of 35 single-rooted teeth using absorbent paper points. IL-1beta and TNF-alpha levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The samples were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of clinical signs including swelling and/or fistula, pain on palpation and/or percussion, and pus discharge from canals. Periapical exudate samples were divided into two groups according to size of periapical radiolucent area. RESULTS The mean concentration of IL-1beta (72.79 ng mL-1) in periapical exudates was approximately 12-fold higher than TNF-alpha(6.17 ng mL-1). There was no significant correlation between these cytokines (P > 0.05). IL-1beta levels in canals with larger radiolucent areas (long axis > or =1 cm) were significantly higher than those with small areas (P < 0.05). There was a tendency toward higher levels of IL-1beta in groups with clinical signs, but the differences were not significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Periapical exudate levels of both cytokines failed to reflect periapical disease state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Ataoğlu
- Department of Periodontology, Dentistry Faculty, Selcuk University, 42079 Kampus, Konya, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nagy Z, Radeff J, Stern PH. Stimulation of interleukin-6 promoter by parathyroid hormone, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-1beta in UMR-106 osteoblastic cells is inhibited by protein kinase C antagonists. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16:1220-7. [PMID: 11450697 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.7.1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the level at which protein kinase C (PKC) regulates expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in osteoblastic cells, effects of several PKC antagonists and PKC down-regulation by phorbol ester were studied in UMR-106 osteoblastic cells that had been transiently transfected with a -224/+11-base pair (bp) IL-6 promoter coupled to a luciferase reporter. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) elicited a dose-dependent stimulation of the IL-6 promoter expression, with significant increases produced by 5 h of treatment with concentrations of PTH as low as 10(-14) M. The increase in IL-6 promoter expression was inhibited by the PKC antagonists GF109203X, 30 nM to 1 microM, and calphostin C, 250 nM. Prior down-regulation of PKC with 100 nM phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBU) for 48 h inhibited the PTH effect as well as the smaller stimulatory effects elicited by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), 10(-9)-10(-8) M, and by IL-1beta, 1-10 ng/ml. In contrast to these findings, the stimulatory effects of PTH, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta on the IL-6 promoter expression were enhanced by staurosporine. Treatment with GF109203X or down-regulation of PKC with PDBU prevented the stimulatory effects of staurosporine. PKC activity was increased by staurosporine. The findings with staurosporine are consistent with our earlier observations that this agent enhances the calcium signaling and bone resorption elicited by PTH. The studies support the role of PKC in the stimulatory effects of PTH, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta on IL-6 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Nagy
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Granchi D, Ciapetti G, Filippini F, Stea S, Cenni E, Pizzoferrato A, Toni A. In vitro cytokine production by mononuclear cells exposed to bone cement extracts. Biomaterials 2000; 21:1789-95. [PMID: 10905461 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(00)00070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The authors evaluated the ability of bone cement to modify the profile of pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted by the immune cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collected from healthy individuals were cultured with cement extracts and tested to assess the release of IL-1beta, TNFalpha, GM-CSF and IL-6 in both unstimulated and PHA-stimulated PBMC. The cytokine release of unstimulated PBMC was very poor, and in particular the IL-1beta was undetectable: the addition of cement extract increased both TNFalpha and GM-CSF release and decreased IL-6, sometimes significantly. The most recurrent observation in PHA-stimulated PBMCs exposed to bone cement extract was the increase in both IL-1beta and IL-6 release, while both the mean concentration and the index of release of TNFalpha and GM-CSF were changeable. In conclusion our results showed that leachable components of some bone cements can induce in vitro the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines which are known to be involved in the bone resorption associated with aseptic loosening of hip prostheses. These findings allowed us to identify materials endowed with the highest inflammatory power.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Granchi
- Laboratorio di Fisiopatologia degli Impianti Ortopedici, Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Fox SW, Fuller K, Chambers TJ. Activation of osteoclasts by interleukin-1: divergent responsiveness in osteoclasts formed in vivo and in vitro. J Cell Physiol 2000; 184:334-40. [PMID: 10911364 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4652(200009)184:3<334::aid-jcp7>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it has been found that osteoclasts are induced and activated by osteoblastic cells through expression of receptor activator NF-kB ligand (RANKL), and that soluble recombinant RANKL, with M-CSF, can replace the need for osteoblastic cells in osteoclast formation. We exploited this opportunity to compare the responsiveness of osteoclast-like cells (OCL) formed in vitro in the absence of osteoblasts, with that of osteoclasts ex vivo. We found that while OCL responded to several hormones and cytokines like ex vivo osteoclasts, their responsiveness to interleukin-1 (IL-1) was fundamentally different: IL1 directly stimulated actin ring formation in OCL, but had no effect on actin rings or survival in osteoclasts ex vivo unless osteoblastic cells were present. This difference could not be attributed to the use of plastic culture substrates for OCL formation, nor to osteoblastic contamination, and did not seem to be mediated by the macrophages that form in OCL cultures. To understand the mechanisms by which IL-1 induces bone loss, it will need to be determined whether or not IL-1-responsive OCLs have a counterpart in vivo. Whichever is the case, our data suggest that the behavior of osteoclasts formed in culture will not always predict that of osteoclasts in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S W Fox
- Department of Histopathology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Jimi E, Nakamura I, Duong LT, Ikebe T, Takahashi N, Rodan GA, Suda T. Interleukin 1 induces multinucleation and bone-resorbing activity of osteoclasts in the absence of osteoblasts/stromal cells. Exp Cell Res 1999; 247:84-93. [PMID: 10047450 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1998.4320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is one of the most potent bone-resorbing factors involved in bone loss associated with inflammation. We previously reported that IL-1 prolonged the survival of multinucleated osteoclast-like cells (OCLs) formed in cocultures of murine osteoblasts/stromal cells and bone marrow cells via the prevention of spontaneously occurring apoptosis. It was reported that macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF/CSF-1) prolongs the survival of OCLs without the help of osteoblasts/stromal cells. The present study was conducted to determine whether IL-1 also directly induces the multinucleation and activation of OCLs. Mononuclear osteoclast-like cells (prefusion osteoclasts; pOCs) were purified using the "disintegrin" echistatin from cocultures of murine osteoblastic cells (MB 1.8 cells) and bone marrow cells. Both IL-1 and M-CSF prolonged the survival and induced the multinucleation of pOCs through their respective receptors. However, actin ring formation (a functional marker of osteoclasts) by multinucleated cells was observed in the pOC cultures treated with IL-1, but not those treated with M-CSF. We previously reported that enriched multinucleated OCLs as well as pOCs placed on bone/dentine slices formed few resorption pits, but their pit-forming activity was greatly increased by the addition of osteoblasts/stromal cells. Here, pit-forming activity of both pOCs and enriched OCLs placed on dentine slices was induced by adding IL-1, even in the absence of osteoblasts/stromal cells. M-CSF failed to induce pit-forming activity in pOC and enriched OCL cultures. These results indicate that IL-1 induces the multinucleation and bone-resorbing activity of osteoclasts even in the absence of osteoblasts/stromal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Jimi
- School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Stashenko P, Teles R, D'Souza R. Periapical inflammatory responses and their modulation. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1998; 9:498-521. [PMID: 9825224 DOI: 10.1177/10454411980090040701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Periapical inflammatory responses occur as a consequence of bacterial infection of the dental pulp, as a result of caries, trauma, or iatrogenic insult. Periapical inflammation stimulates the formation of granulomas and cysts, with the destruction of bone. These inflammatory responses are complex and consist of diverse elements. Immediate-type responses--including vasodilatation, increased vascular permeability, and leukocyte extravasation--are mediated by endogenous mediators, including prostanoids, kinins, and neuropeptides. Non-specific immune responses--including polymorphonuclear leukocyte and monocyte migration and activation, and cytokine production--are elicited in response to bacteria and their products. Interleukin-1 and prostaglandins in particular have been implicated as central mediators of periapical bone resorption. Chronic periapical inflammation further involves specific T- and B-cell-mediated anti-bacterial responses, and activates a network of regulatory cytokines which are produced by Th1- and Th2-type T-lymphocytes. Various naturally occurring and genetically engineered models of immunodeficiency are beginning to help elucidate those components of the immune system which protect the pulpal/periapical complex. Both specific and non-specific responses interface with and are regulated by the neural system. The modulation of these responses by immune response modifies, cytokine antagonists, and other novel therapeutic agents is discussed. As an experimental model, periapical inflammation has many advantages which permit it to be used in studies of microbial ecology and pathogenesis, host response, neuroimmunology, and bone resorption and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Stashenko
- Department of Cytokine Biology, Forsyth Dental Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Estrogen and Bone Loss. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2590(08)60146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
48
|
Koniaris SG, Fisher SE, Rubin CT, Chawla A. Experimental colitis impairs linear bone growth independent of nutritional factors. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1997; 25:137-41. [PMID: 9252898 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-199708000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor linear growth frequently complicates chronic inflammatory bowel disease in children. Circulating inflammatory mediators may play a role in this growth delay. We evaluated the effect of experimental colitis on bone growth in a nutritionally controlled rat model. METHODS Experimental colitis was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats (125-150 g) by enema with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid in 50% ethanol on day 1 and 11 of a 14-day protocol. Control animals were pair-fed and all animals received a liquid rat diet (1 kcal/ml). Twenty-four-hour urine, collected on days 2 and 12 and serum samples, collected at death, were analyzed for calcium, zinc, and magnesium. Serum samples from a separate set of animals were studied for serial interleukin-6 levels. Right proximal tibias were processed for growth-plate histomorphometry, in which linear growth is proportional to the heights of the proliferative zone, and terminal hypertrophic chondrocyte, but inversely proportional to the height of the resting zone. RESULTS Histology confirmed active inflammation in the animals given trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Weight gain and both urinary excretion and serum levels of zinc, calcium, and magnesium did not differ between treatment and nontreatment groups. Histologically, there was impaired linear bone growth. The resting zone was greater in the colitis group (94.5 +/- 32.6 microns versus 3.9 +/- 5.4 microns; p < 0.05); the proliferative zone was smaller in the colitis group (123.7 +/- 18.2 microns versus 78.9 +/- 11.2; p < 0.05 micron); the terminal hypertrophic chondrocyte was reduced in the colitis group (19.5 +/- 1.4 microns versus 28.8 +/- 3.6 microns; p < 0.05). At 6 and 24 hours after induction, the level of interleukin-6 was elevated in the colitis group. CONCLUSIONS Experimental colitis results in a decreased linear bone growth, independent of nutritional intake. Circulating cytokines derived from intestinal inflammation may contribute to the suppression of bone growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S G Koniaris
- Department of Pediatrics, North Shore University Hospital-New York University School of Medicine, Manhasset, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kimble RB, Bain S, Pacifici R. The functional block of TNF but not of IL-6 prevents bone loss in ovariectomized mice. J Bone Miner Res 1997; 12:935-41. [PMID: 9169353 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.6.935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Considerable evidence supports the hypothesis that estrogen prevents bone loss by blocking the bone marrow cell production of pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines. However, controversy remains on the role of candidate factors, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). To investigate the contribution of these cytokines to the pathogenesis of ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss, OVX mice were treated with either TNF binding protein (TNFbp), an inhibitor of TNF, the anti-(IL-6) antibody (Ab) 20F3, or estrogen for the first 2 weeks after surgery. OVX caused a rapid decrease in trabecular bone volume (TBV) and an increase in in vivo bone resorption, as assessed by bone histomorphometry. Treatment with TNFbp completely prevented bone loss and the increase in both osteoclast formation and bone resorption induced by OVX, but had no effects in sham-operated controls. In contrast, treatment with anti-IL-6 antibody failed to prevent bone loss, and the increase in bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis induced by OVX. These data demonstrate that in nongenetically manipulated mice, the estrogen-regulated cytokine that plays a central role in the mechanism by which estrogen deficiency causes bone loss is not IL-6, but rather TNF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B Kimble
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Schwartz Z, Goultschin J, Dean DD, Boyan BD. Mechanisms of alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 1997; 14:158-72. [PMID: 9567970 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z Schwartz
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|