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Valcárcel-Hernández V, Mayerl S, Guadaño-Ferraz A, Remaud S. Thyroid hormone action in adult neurogliogenic niches: the known and unknown. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1347802. [PMID: 38516412 PMCID: PMC10954857 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1347802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, thyroid hormones (THs) signaling has been established as a key signaling cue for the proper maintenance of brain functions in adult mammals, including humans. One of the most fascinating roles of THs in the mature mammalian brain is their ability to regulate adult neurogliogenic processes. In this respect, THs control the generation of new neuronal and glial progenitors from neural stem cells (NSCs) as well as their final differentiation and maturation programs. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the cellular organization of adult rodent neurogliogenic niches encompassing well-established niches in the subventricular zone (SVZ) lining the lateral ventricles, the hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ), and the hypothalamus, but also less characterized niches in the striatum and the cerebral cortex. We then discuss critical questions regarding how THs availability is regulated in the respective niches in rodents and larger mammals as well as how modulating THs availability in those niches interferes with lineage decision and progression at the molecular, cellular, and functional levels. Based on those alterations, we explore the novel therapeutic avenues aiming at harnessing THs regulatory influences on neurogliogenic output to stimulate repair processes by influencing the generation of either new neurons (i.e. Alzheimer's, Parkinson's diseases), oligodendrocytes (multiple sclerosis) or both (stroke). Finally, we point out future challenges, which will shape research in this exciting field in the upcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Valcárcel-Hernández
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Department Adaptations of Life, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Steffen Mayerl
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ana Guadaño-Ferraz
- Department of Neurological Diseases and Aging, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sylvie Remaud
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Department Adaptations of Life, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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Salas-Lucia F, Escamilla S, Bianco AC, Dumitrescu A, Refetoff S. Impaired T3 uptake and action in MCT8-deficient cerebral organoids underlie Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e174645. [PMID: 38376950 PMCID: PMC11128209 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.174645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with mutations in the thyroid hormone (TH) cell transporter monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) gene develop severe neuropsychomotor retardation known as Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS). It is assumed that this is caused by a reduction in TH signaling in the developing brain during both intrauterine and postnatal developmental stages, and treatment remains understandably challenging. Given species differences in brain TH transporters and the limitations of studies in mice, we generated cerebral organoids (COs) using human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from MCT8-deficient patients. MCT8-deficient COs exhibited (i) altered early neurodevelopment, resulting in smaller neural rosettes with thinner cortical units, (ii) impaired triiodothyronine (T3) transport in developing neural cells, as assessed through deiodinase-3-mediated T3 catabolism, (iii) reduced expression of genes involved in cerebral cortex development, and (iv) reduced T3 inducibility of TH-regulated genes. In contrast, the TH analogs 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid and 3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid triggered normal responses (induction/repression of T3-responsive genes) in MCT8-deficient COs, constituting proof of concept that lack of T3 transport underlies the pathophysiology of AHDS and demonstrating the clinical potential for TH analogs to be used in treating patients with AHDS. MCT8-deficient COs represent a species-specific relevant preclinical model that can be utilized to screen drugs with potential benefits as personalized therapeutics for patients with AHDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Salas-Lucia
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sergio Escamilla
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Miguel Hernández-CSIC University, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Antonio C. Bianco
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexandra Dumitrescu
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, and Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Alcaide Martin A, Mayerl S. Local Thyroid Hormone Action in Brain Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12352. [PMID: 37569727 PMCID: PMC10418487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper brain development essentially depends on the timed availability of sufficient amounts of thyroid hormone (TH). This, in turn, necessitates a tightly regulated expression of TH signaling components such as TH transporters, deiodinases, and TH receptors in a brain region- and cell-specific manner from early developmental stages onwards. Abnormal TH levels during critical stages, as well as mutations in TH signaling components that alter the global and/or local thyroidal state, result in detrimental consequences for brain development and neurological functions that involve alterations in central neurotransmitter systems. Thus, the question as to how TH signaling is implicated in the development and maturation of different neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems has gained increasing attention. In this review, we first summarize the current knowledge on the regulation of TH signaling components during brain development. We then present recent advances in our understanding on how altered TH signaling compromises the development of cortical glutamatergic neurons, inhibitory GABAergic interneurons, cholinergic and dopaminergic neurons. Thereby, we highlight novel mechanistic insights and point out open questions in this evolving research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steffen Mayerl
- Department of Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Hernandez A, Martinez ME, Chaves C, Anselmo J. Epigenetic developmental programming and intergenerational effects of thyroid hormones. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 122:23-49. [PMID: 36863795 PMCID: PMC10938172 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence is showing that altered signaling through the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily can cause abnormal, long-term epigenetic changes which translate into pathological modifications and susceptibility to disease. These effects seem to be more prominent if the exposure occurs early in life, when transcriptomic profiles are rapidly changing. At this time, the coordination of the complex coordinated processes of cell proliferation and differentiation that characterize mammalian development. Such exposures may also alter the epigenetic information of the germ line, potentially leading to developmental changes and abnormal outcomes in subsequent generations. Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling is mediated by specific nuclear receptors, which have the ability to markedly change chromatin structure and gene transcription, and can also regulate other determinants of epigenetic marks. TH exhibits pleiotropic effects in mammals, and during development, its action is regulated in a highly dynamic manner to suit the rapidly evolving needs of multiple tissues. Their molecular mechanisms of action, timely developmental regulation and broad biological effects place THs in a central position to play a role in the developmental epigenetic programming of adult pathophysiology and, through effects on the germ line, in inter- and trans-generational epigenetic phenomena. These areas of epigenetic research are in their infancy, and studies regarding THs are limited. In the context of their characteristics as epigenetic modifiers and their finely tuned developmental action, here we review some of the observations underscoring the role that altered TH action may play in the developmental programming of adult traits and in the phenotypes of subsequent generations via germ line transmission of altered epigenetic information. Considering the relatively high prevalence of thyroid disease and the ability of some environmental chemicals to disrupt TH action, the epigenetic effects of abnormal levels of TH action may be important contributors to the non-genetic etiology of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Hernandez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, Scarborough, ME, United States; Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States; Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - M Elena Martinez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, Scarborough, ME, United States
| | - Carolina Chaves
- Serviço de Endocrinologia e Nutrição, Hospital Divino Espírito Santo, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal
| | - Joao Anselmo
- Serviço de Endocrinologia e Nutrição, Hospital Divino Espírito Santo, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal
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Thyroid Hormone Transporters MCT8 and OATP1C1 Are Expressed in Pyramidal Neurons and Interneurons in the Adult Motor Cortex of Human and Macaque Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043207. [PMID: 36834621 PMCID: PMC9965431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) and organic anion transporter polypeptide 1C1 (OATP1C1) are thyroid hormone (TH) transmembrane transporters that play an important role in the availability of TH for neural cells, allowing their proper development and function. It is important to define which cortical cellular subpopulations express those transporters to explain why MCT8 and OATP1C1 deficiency in humans leads to dramatic alterations in the motor system. By means of immunohistochemistry and double/multiple labeling immunofluorescence in adult human and monkey motor cortices, we demonstrate the presence of both transporters in long-projection pyramidal neurons and in several types of short-projection GABAergic interneurons in both species, suggesting a critical position of these transporters for modulating the efferent motor system. MCT8 is present at the neurovascular unit, but OATP1C1 is only present in some of the large vessels. Both transporters are expressed in astrocytes. OATP1C1 was unexpectedly found, only in the human motor cortex, inside the Corpora amylacea complexes, aggregates linked to substance evacuation towards the subpial system. On the basis of our findings, we propose an etiopathogenic model that emphasizes these transporters' role in controlling excitatory/inhibitory motor cortex circuits in order to understand some of the severe motor disturbances observed in TH transporter deficiency syndromes.
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Wenzek C, Boelen A, Westendorf AM, Engel DR, Moeller LC, Führer D. The interplay of thyroid hormones and the immune system - where we stand and why we need to know about it. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 186:R65-R77. [PMID: 35175936 PMCID: PMC9010816 DOI: 10.1530/eje-21-1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, growing evidence suggests direct crosstalk between thyroid hormones (THs) and the immune system. Components of the immune system were proposed to interfere with the central regulation of systemic TH levels. Conversely, THs regulate innate and adaptive immune responses as immune cells are direct target cells of THs. Accordingly, they express different components of local TH action, such as TH transporters or receptors, but our picture of the interplay between THs and the immune system is still incomplete. This review provides a critical overview of current knowledge regarding the interaction of THs and the immune system with the main focus on local TH action within major innate and adaptive immune cell subsets. Thereby, this review aims to highlight open issues which might help to infer the clinical relevance of THs in host defence in the context of different types of diseases such as infection, ischemic organ injury or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wenzek
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anita Boelen
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Astrid M Westendorf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel R Engel
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lars C Moeller
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to D Führer;
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Ariyani W, Miyazaki W, Amano I, Koibuchi N. Involvement of integrin αvβ3 in thyroid hormone-induced dendritogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:938596. [PMID: 36072926 PMCID: PMC9441609 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.938596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation and/or modulation of the membrane-associated receptors plays a critical role in brain development. Thyroid hormone (TH) acts on both nuclear receptors (thyroid hormone receptor, TR) and membrane-associated receptors, particularly integrin αvβ3 in neurons and glia. Integrin αvβ3-mediated signal transduction mediates various cellular events during development including morphogenesis, migration, synaptogenesis, and intracellular metabolism. However, the involvement of integrin αvβ3-mediated TH action during brain development remains poorly understood. Thus, we examined the integrin αvβ3-mediated effects of TH (T3, T4, and rT3) in the neurons and astrocytes using primary cerebellar culture, astrocyte-enriched culture, Neuro-2A clonal cells, and co-culture of neurons and astrocytes. We found that TH augments dendrite arborization of cerebellar Purkinje cells. This augmentation was suppressed by knockdown of integrin αvβ3, as well as TRα and TRβ. A selective integrin αvβ3 antagonist, LM609, was also found to suppress TH-induced arborization. However, whether this effect was a direct action of TH on Purkinje cells or due to indirect actions of other cells subset such as astrocytes was not clarified. To further study neuron-specific molecular mechanisms, we used Neuro-2A clonal cells and found TH also induces neurite growth. TH-induced neurite growth was reduced by co-exposure with LM609 or knockdown of TRα, but not TRβ. Moreover, co-culture of Neuro-2A and astrocytes also increased TH-induced neurite growth, indicating astrocytes may be involved in neuritogenesis. TH increased the localization of synapsin-1 and F-actin in filopodia tips. TH exposure also increased phosphorylation of FAK, Akt, and ERK1/2. Phosphorylation was suppressed by co-exposure with LM609 and TRα knockdown. These results indicate that TRs and integrin αvβ3 play essential roles in TH-induced dendritogenesis and neuritogenesis. Furthermore, astrocytes-neuron communication via TR-dependent and TR-independent signaling through membrane receptors and F-actin are required for TH-induced neuritogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winda Ariyani
- International Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- *Correspondence: Winda Ariyani, ; Noriyuki Koibuchi,
| | - Wataru Miyazaki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Science, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Izuki Amano
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- *Correspondence: Winda Ariyani, ; Noriyuki Koibuchi,
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Ishii S, Amano I, Koibuchi N. The Role of Thyroid Hormone in the Regulation of Cerebellar Development. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2021; 36:703-716. [PMID: 34365775 PMCID: PMC8419606 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2021.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper organized expression of specific genes in time and space is responsible for the organogenesis of the central nervous system including the cerebellum. The epigenetic regulation of gene expression is tightly regulated by an intrinsic intracellular genetic program, local stimuli such as synaptic inputs and trophic factors, and peripheral stimuli from outside of the brain including hormones. Some hormone receptors are expressed in the cerebellum. Thyroid hormones (THs), among numerous circulating hormones, are well-known major regulators of cerebellar development. In both rodents and human, hypothyroidism during the postnatal developmental period results in abnormal morphogenesis or altered function. THs bind to the thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) in the nuclei and with the help of transcriptional cofactors regulate the transcription of target genes. Gene regulation by TR induces cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, which are necessary for brain development and plasticity. Thus, the lack of TH action mediators may directly cause aberrant cerebellar development. Various kinds of animal models have been established in a bid to study the mechanism of TH action in the cerebellum. Interestingly, the phenotypes differ greatly depending on the models. Herein we summarize the actions of TH and TR particularly in the developing cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiyasu Ishii
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Izuki Amano
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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Dardente H, Migaud M. Thyroid hormone and hypothalamic stem cells in seasonal functions. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 116:91-131. [PMID: 33752829 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal rhythms are a pervasive feature of most living organisms, which underlie yearly timeliness in breeding, migration, hibernation or weight gain and loss. To achieve this, organisms have developed inner timing devices (circannual clocks) that endow them with the ability to predict then anticipate changes to come, usually using daylength as the proximate cue. In Vertebrates, daylength interpretation involves photoperiodic control of TSH production by the pars tuberalis (PT) of the pituitary, which governs a seasonal switch in thyroid hormone (TH) availability in the neighboring hypothalamus. Tanycytes, specialized glial cells lining the third ventricle (3V), are responsible for this TH output through the opposite, PT-TSH-driven, seasonal control of deiodinases 2/3 (Dio 2/3). Tanycytes comprise a photoperiod-sensitive stem cell niche and TH is known to play major roles in cell proliferation and differentiation, which suggests that seasonal control of tanycyte proliferation may be involved in the photoperiodic synchronization of seasonal rhythms. Here we review our current knowledge of the molecular and neuroendocrine pathway linking photoperiodic information to seasonal changes in physiological functions and discuss the potential implication of tanycytes, TH and cell proliferation in seasonal timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Dardente
- PRC, INRAE, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France.
| | - Martine Migaud
- PRC, INRAE, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
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McNerney C, Johnston RJ. Thyroid hormone signaling specifies cone photoreceptor subtypes during eye development: Insights from model organisms and human stem cell-derived retinal organoids. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 116:51-90. [PMID: 33752828 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Cones are the color-detecting photoreceptors of the vertebrate eye. Cones are specialized into subtypes whose functions are determined by the expression of color-sensitive opsin proteins. Organisms differ greatly in the number and patterning of cone subtypes. Despite these differences, thyroid hormone is an important regulator of opsin expression in most vertebrates. In this chapter, we outline how the timing of thyroid hormone signaling controls cone subtype fates during retinal development. We first examine our current understanding of cone subtype specification in model organisms and then describe advances in human stem cell-derived organoid technology that identified mechanisms controlling development of the human retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina McNerney
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robert J Johnston
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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Wang TC, Chiu CJ, Chen PC, Chang TY, Tyler RS, Rojas-Roncancio E, Coelho CB, Mancini PC, Lin CL, Lin CD, Tsai MH. Increased Incidence of Tinnitus Following a Hyperthyroidism Diagnosis: A Population-Based Longitudinal Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:741719. [PMID: 34803911 PMCID: PMC8595298 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.741719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association between thyroid disease and tinnitus has been described previously but further longitudinal, population-based studies are limited. OBJECTIVE To investigate the incidence of tinnitus in patients with hyperthyroidism in a national sample, and to identify risk level and associated factors for tinnitus in hyperthyroidism patients. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. Patient data were collected from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database (LHID 2000), which includes national claims data of patient expenditures for admissions or ambulatory care from 1996 to 2011. SETTING Taiwan hospitals and clinics providing healthcare nationwide. PARTICIPANTS Patients aged 20 years and older with newly diagnosed hyperthyroidism (ICD-9-CM code 242) between 2000-2010 were selected as the study cohort. Hyperthyroidism patient cohort were identified from the LHID2000. Those with tinnitus history (ICD-9-CM code 388.3) before the index date (first hyperthyroidism diagnosis), younger than 20 years, and with incomplete demographic data were excluded. The non-hyperthyroidism cohort included patients with no history of hyperthyroidism and no documented tinnitus. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Incidence of tinnitus was the primary outcome. Baseline demographic factors and comorbidities possibly associated with tinnitus, including age, sex, and comorbidities of hearing loss, vertigo, insomnia and anxiety, were retrieved from the LHID 2000. Patients were followed until end of 2011. RESULTS During the study period, 780 (4.9%) hyperthyroidism patients and 2007 (3.2%) non-hyperthyroidism controls developed tinnitus. Incidence rate of tinnitus in the hyperthyroidism cohort was significantly higher in hyperthyroidism cohort (7.86 vs. 5.05 per 1000 person-years) than that in non-hyperthyroidism cohort. A higher proportion of patients with hyperthyroidism had comorbid insomnia (45.1% vs. 30.9%) and anxiety (14.0% vs. 5.73%) than those without hyperthyroidism. After adjusting for age, gender and comorbidities (vertigo, insomnia, anxiety, hearing loss), hyperthyroidism patients had 1.38-fold higher risk of tinnitus (95% CI = 1.27-1.50) than those without hyperthyroidism. CONCLUSIONS This large population-based study suggests patients with diagnosed hyperthyroidism was more prone to develop tinnitus. Our findings suggest evaluation for comorbid vertigo, insomnia, anxiety and/or hearing loss may identify patients who are at high risk of developing tinnitus in patients with hyperthyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang-Chuan Wang
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Jen Chiu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Chen
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Yuan Chang
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Ta-Yuan Chang,
| | - Richard S. Tyler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Eveling Rojas-Roncancio
- Otorrinolaringóloga, Universidad Nacional-Universidad Militar, Miembro Asociación Colombiana de Otorrinolaringología, Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello, Maxilofacial y Estética Facial (ACORL), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Claudia Barros Coelho
- College of Medicine, University of Vale do Taquari (UNIVATES), Center of Medical Sciences, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Patricia C. Mancini
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cheng-Li Lin
- Management Office for Health Data (DryLab), Clinical Trial Center (CTC), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Der Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsui Tsai
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Marcelino CP, McAninch EA, Fernandes GW, Bocco BMLC, Ribeiro MO, Bianco AC. Temporal Pole Responds to Subtle Changes in Local Thyroid Hormone Signaling. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa136. [PMID: 33123655 PMCID: PMC7575126 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To study thyroid hormone (TH) signaling in the human brain, we analyzed published microarray data sets of the temporal pole (Brodmann area 38) of 19 deceased donors. An index of TH signaling built on the expression of 19 well known TH-responsive genes in mouse brains (T3S+) varied from 0.92 to 1.1. After Factor analysis, T3S+ correlated independently with the expression of TH transporters (MCT8, LAT2), TH receptor (TR) beta and TR coregulators (CARM1, MED1, KAT2B, SRC2, SRC3, NCOR2a). Unexpectedly, no correlation was found between T3S+ vs DIO2, DIO3, SRC1, or TRα. An unbiased systematic analysis of the entire transcriptome identified a set of 1649 genes (set #1) with strong positive correlation with T3S+ (r > 0.75). Factor analysis of set #1 identified 2 sets of genes that correlated independently with T3S+, sets #2 (329 genes) and #3 (191 genes). When processed through the Molecular Signatures Data Base (MSigDB), both sets #2 and #3 were enriched with Gene Ontology (GO)-sets related to synaptic transmission and metabolic processes. Ranking individual human brain donors according to their T3S+ led us to identify 1262 genes (set #4) with >1.3-fold higher expression in the top half. The analysis of the overlapped genes between sets #1 and #4 resulted in 769 genes (set #5), which have a very similar MSigDB signature as sets #2 and #3. In conclusion, gene expression in the human temporal pole can be assessed through T3S+ and fluctuates with subtle variations in local TH signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cícera P Marcelino
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences - CCBS, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth A McAninch
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gustavo W Fernandes
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barbara M L C Bocco
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences - CCBS, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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13
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Uter JC, Krämer UM, Schöls L, Rodriguez-Fornells A, Göbel A, Heldmann M, Lichtner P, Brabant G, Münte TF. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Thyroid Hormone Transporter Genes MCT8, MCT10 and Deiodinase DIO2 Contribute to Inter-Individual Variance of Executive Functions and Personality Traits. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 128:573-581. [PMID: 31820424 DOI: 10.1055/a-1065-1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are modulators of cognitive functions, and changes in hormone levels affect intelligence, memory, attention and executive function. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of transporter proteins MCT8, MCT10 and deiodinase 2 (DIO2) influence thyroid metabolism and could therefore contribute to inter-individual variance of cognitive functions. This study investigates the influence of these SNPs using an extensive neuropsychological test battery. 656 healthy participants aged 18-39 years were genotyped for four SNPs: MCT8 (rs5937843 and rs6647476), MCT10 (rs14399) and DIO2 (rs225014) and underwent eleven different neuropsychological tests as well as four personality questionnaires. Test results were compared between homo- and heterozygous carriers and for the X-linked MCT8 additionally between men and women. Personality questionnaires revealed that Risk Seeking was reduced in homozygous T carriers and highest in homozygous C carriers of the DIO2 SNP and that both polymorphisms of MCT8 had an additive effect on Physical Aggression in men. Neuropsychological testing indicated that MCT10 affects nonverbal reasoning abilities, DIO2 influences working memory and verbal fluency and MCT8 influences attention, alertness and planning. This pilot study suggests an influence of polymorphisms in thyroid hormone transporter genes and deiodinase on cognitive domains and personality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrike M Krämer
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Antoni Rodriguez-Fornells
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anna Göbel
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Georg Brabant
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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14
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Stohn JP, Martinez ME, St Germain DL, Hernandez A. Adult onset of type 3 deiodinase deficiency in mice alters brain gene expression and increases locomotor activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 110:104439. [PMID: 31561084 PMCID: PMC7259167 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Constitutive loss of the type 3 deiodinase (DIO3) causes abnormally increased levels of thyroid hormone action in the developing and adult brain, leading to an array of behavioral abnormalities. To determine to what extent those phenotypes derive from a lack of DIO3 in the adult brain, versus developmental consequences, we created a mouse model of conditional DIO3 inactivation. Mice carrying "floxed" Dio3 alleles and a tamoxifen-inducible cre transgene were injected with tamoxifen at two months of age. Compared to oil-injected controls, the brain tissue of these mice showed a 75-80% decrease in DIO3 activity and 85-95% Dio3 mRNA was expressed from recombinant alleles. Mice with adult DIO3 deficiency did not show significant differences in growth, serum thyroid hormone parameters or behaviors related to anxiety and depression. However, female mice exhibited elevated locomotor activity and increased marble-burying behavior. They also manifested relatively modest alterations in the expression of T3-dependent genes and genes related to hyperactivity in a sex- and region-specific manner. Upon thyroid hormone treatment, the expression response of T3-regulated genes was generally more pronounced in DIO3-deficient female mice than in female controls, while the opposite effect of altered genotype was noticed in males. The extent of the molecular and behavioral phenotypes of adult-onset DIO3 deficiency suggests that a substantial proportion of the neurological abnormalities caused by constitutive DIO3 deficiency has a developmental origin. However, our results show that DIO3 in the adult brain also influences behavior and sensitivity to thyroid hormone action in a sexually dimorphic fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Patrizia Stohn
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - M Elena Martinez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Donald L St Germain
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Arturo Hernandez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA; Graduate School for Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA; Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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Talhada D, Santos CRA, Gonçalves I, Ruscher K. Thyroid Hormones in the Brain and Their Impact in Recovery Mechanisms After Stroke. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1103. [PMID: 31681160 PMCID: PMC6814074 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are of fundamental importance for brain development and essential factors to warrant brain functions throughout life. Their actions are mediated by binding to specific intracellular and membranous receptors regulating genomic and non-genomic mechanisms in neurons and populations of glial cells, respectively. Among others, mechanisms include the regulation of neuronal plasticity processes, stimulation of angiogenesis and neurogenesis as well modulating the dynamics of cytoskeletal elements and intracellular transport processes. These mechanisms overlap with those that have been identified to enhance recovery of lost neurological functions during the first weeks and months after ischemic stroke. Stimulation of thyroid hormone signaling in the postischemic brain might be a promising therapeutic strategy to foster endogenous mechanisms of repair. Several studies have pointed to a significant association between thyroid hormones and outcome after stroke. With this review, we will provide an overview on functions of thyroid hormones in the healthy brain and summarize their mechanisms of action in the developing and adult brain. Also, we compile the major thyroid-modulated molecular pathways in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke that can enhance recovery, highlighting thyroid hormones as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Talhada
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
- LUBIN Lab-Lunds Laboratorium för Neurokirurgisk Hjärnskadeforskning, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecília Reis Alves Santos
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- LUBIN Lab-Lunds Laboratorium för Neurokirurgisk Hjärnskadeforskning, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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16
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Walter KM, Dach K, Hayakawa K, Giersiefer S, Heuer H, Lein PJ, Fritsche E. Ontogenetic expression of thyroid hormone signaling genes: An in vitro and in vivo species comparison. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221230. [PMID: 31513589 PMCID: PMC6742404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for brain development. While disruption of TH signaling by environmental chemicals has been discussed as a mechanism of developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) for more than a decade, there remains a paucity of information linking specific TH disrupting chemicals to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. This data gap reflects, in part, the fact that the molecular machinery of TH signaling is complex and varies according to cell type and developmental time. Thus, establishing a baseline of the ontogenetic profile of expression of TH signaling molecules in relevant cell types is critical for developing in vitro and alternative systems-based models for screening TH disrupting chemicals for DNT. Here, we characterize the transcriptomic profile of molecules critical to TH signaling across three species-human, rat, and zebrafish-in vitro and in vivo across different stages of neurodevelopment. Our data indicate that while cultured human and rat neural progenitor cells, primary cultures of rat cortical cells, and larval zebrafish all express a fairly comprehensive transcriptome of TH signaling molecules, the spatiotemporal expression profiles as well as the responses to TH vary across species and developmental stages. The data presented here provides a roadmap for identifying appropriate in vitro and in simpler systems-based models for mechanistic studies and screening of chemicals that alter neurodevelopment via interference with TH action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla M. Walter
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Katharina Dach
- IUF–Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Keri Hayakawa
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Susanne Giersiefer
- IUF–Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Heike Heuer
- IUF–Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
- Dept. Endocrinology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PJL); (EF)
| | - Ellen Fritsche
- IUF–Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail: (PJL); (EF)
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Bianco AC, Dumitrescu A, Gereben B, Ribeiro MO, Fonseca TL, Fernandes GW, Bocco BMLC. Paradigms of Dynamic Control of Thyroid Hormone Signaling. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1000-1047. [PMID: 31033998 PMCID: PMC6596318 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) molecules enter cells via membrane transporters and, depending on the cell type, can be activated (i.e., T4 to T3 conversion) or inactivated (i.e., T3 to 3,3'-diiodo-l-thyronine or T4 to reverse T3 conversion). These reactions are catalyzed by the deiodinases. The biologically active hormone, T3, eventually binds to intracellular TH receptors (TRs), TRα and TRβ, and initiate TH signaling, that is, regulation of target genes and other metabolic pathways. At least three families of transmembrane transporters, MCT, OATP, and LAT, facilitate the entry of TH into cells, which follow the gradient of free hormone between the extracellular fluid and the cytoplasm. Inactivation or marked downregulation of TH transporters can dampen TH signaling. At the same time, dynamic modifications in the expression or activity of TRs and transcriptional coregulators can affect positively or negatively the intensity of TH signaling. However, the deiodinases are the element that provides greatest amplitude in dynamic control of TH signaling. Cells that express the activating deiodinase DIO2 can rapidly enhance TH signaling due to intracellular buildup of T3. In contrast, TH signaling is dampened in cells that express the inactivating deiodinase DIO3. This explains how THs can regulate pathways in development, metabolism, and growth, despite rather stable levels in the circulation. As a consequence, TH signaling is unique for each cell (tissue or organ), depending on circulating TH levels and on the exclusive blend of transporters, deiodinases, and TRs present in each cell. In this review we explore the key mechanisms underlying customization of TH signaling during development, in health and in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alexandra Dumitrescu
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center of Biologic Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana L Fonseca
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gustavo W Fernandes
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barbara M L C Bocco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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18
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Carmody C, Ogawa-Wong AN, Martin C, Luongo C, Zuidwijk M, Sager B, Petersen T, Roginski Guetter A, Janssen R, Wu EY, Bogaards S, Neumann NM, Hau K, Marsili A, Boelen A, Silva JE, Dentice M, Salvatore D, Wagers AJ, Larsen PR, Simonides WS, Zavacki AM. A Global Loss of Dio2 Leads to Unexpected Changes in Function and Fiber Types of Slow Skeletal Muscle in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1205-1222. [PMID: 30951174 PMCID: PMC6482039 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The type 2 iodothyronine-deiodinase (D2) enzyme converts T4 to T3, and mice deficient in this enzyme [D2 knockout (D2KO) mice] have decreased T3 derived from T4 in skeletal muscle despite normal circulating T3 levels. Because slow skeletal muscle is particularly susceptible to changes in T3 levels, we expected D2 inactivation to result in more pronounced slow-muscle characteristics in the soleus muscle, mirroring hypothyroidism. However, ex vivo studies of D2KO soleus revealed higher rates of twitch contraction and relaxation and reduced resistance to fatigue. Immunostaining of D2KO soleus showed that these properties were associated with changes in muscle fiber type composition, including a marked increase in the number of fast, glycolytic type IIB fibers. D2KO soleus muscle fibers had a larger cross-sectional area, and this correlated with increased myonuclear accretion in myotubes formed from D2KO skeletal muscle precursor cells differentiated in vitro. Consistent with our functional findings, D2KO soleus gene expression was markedly different from that in hypothyroid wild-type (WT) mice. Comparison of gene expression between euthyroid WT and D2KO mice indicated that PGC-1α, a T3-dependent regulator of slow muscle fiber type, was decreased by ∼50% in D2KO soleus. Disruption of Dio2 in the C2C12 myoblast cell line led to a significant decrease in PGC-1α expression and a faster muscle phenotype upon differentiation. These results indicate that D2 loss leads to significant changes in soleus contractile function and fiber type composition that are inconsistent with local hypothyroidism and suggest that reduced levels of PCG-1α may contribute to the observed phenotypical changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cristina Luongo
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- University of Naples “Federico II,” Napoli, Italy
| | - Marian Zuidwijk
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Rob Janssen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Sylvia Bogaards
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Kaman Hau
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Anita Boelen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J Enrique Silva
- Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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19
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Huang X, Zhang H, Qu C, Liu Y, Bian C, Xu Y. Depression and Insomnia Are Closely Associated with Thyroid Hormone Levels in Chronic Hepatitis B. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:2672-2678. [PMID: 30973843 PMCID: PMC6475122 DOI: 10.12659/msm.914444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depression and insomnia in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients affect the quality of life, disease diagnosis, and mortality. CHB patients are more likely to have psychological disorders, but the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. This study investigated the incidence of depression in patients with CHB and sought to identify risk factors for depression and insomnia in these patients, focusing on changes in liver function and thyroid hormone levels. Material/Methods This cross-sectional cohort study used the Hamilton Depression Scale and Athens Insomnia Scale to assess the depressive and insomnia states, respectively, of 209 CHB patients. Liver function, thyroid hormone levels, hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B e-antigen, and hepatitis B virus-deoxyribonucleic acid load were evaluated. Liver cirrhosis was assessed by imaging (color Doppler ultrasound and computed tomography). A multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the correlation among various factors and depression and insomnia. Results Subclinical and clinical depressive states were found in 23.9% and 5.3% and subclinical and clinical insomnia in 11% and 35.4% of patients, respectively. Depression and insomnia severity were significantly correlated with low FT3 (<3.5 mol/L). The odds ratios of low FT3 for subclinical and clinical depression and clinical insomnia were 3.07 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.248–7.568), 7.85 (95% CI, 1.839–33.547), and 3.91 (95% CI, 1.417–10.789), respectively. Conclusions CHB patients are prone to depression and insomnia. FT3 reduction may be a risk factor for depression and insomnia. In clinical settings, more attention needs to be paid to the mental state of patients with FT3 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Huaying Zhang
- Department of Digestive Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Chao Qu
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Cheng Bian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yonghong Xu
- Department of Digestive Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
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20
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Malagola E, Chen R, Bombardo M, Saponara E, Dentice M, Salvatore D, Reding T, Myers S, Hills AP, Graf R, Sonda S. Local hyperthyroidism promotes pancreatic acinar cell proliferation during acute pancreatitis. J Pathol 2019; 248:217-229. [PMID: 30714146 DOI: 10.1002/path.5247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proliferation of pancreatic acinar cells is a critical process in the pathophysiology of pancreatic diseases, because limited or defective proliferation is associated with organ dysfunction and patient morbidity. In this context, elucidating the signalling pathways that trigger and sustain acinar proliferation is pivotal to develop therapeutic interventions promoting the regenerative process of the organ. In this study we used genetic and pharmacological approaches to manipulate both local and systemic levels of thyroid hormones to elucidate their role in acinar proliferation following caerulein-mediated acute pancreatitis in mice. In addition, molecular mechanisms mediating the effects of thyroid hormones were identified by genetic and pharmacological inactivation of selected signalling pathways.In this study we demonstrated that levels of the thyroid hormone 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) transiently increased in the pancreas during acute pancreatitis. Moreover, by using genetic and pharmacological approaches to manipulate both local and systemic levels of thyroid hormones, we showed that T3 was required to promote proliferation of pancreatic acinar cells, without affecting the extent of tissue damage or inflammatory infiltration.Finally, upon genetic and pharmacological inactivation of selected signalling pathways, we demonstrated that T3 exerted its mitogenic effect on acinar cells via a tightly controlled action on different molecular effectors, including histone deacetylase, AKT, and TGFβ signalling.In conclusion, our data suggest that local availability of T3 in the pancreas is required to promote acinar cell proliferation and provide the rationale to exploit thyroid hormone signalling to enhance pancreatic regeneration. Copyright © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermanno Malagola
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rong Chen
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta Bombardo
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Enrica Saponara
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Theresia Reding
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Myers
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Andrew P Hills
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Rolf Graf
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Sonda
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.,School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Xu X, Fan S, Guo Y, Tan R, Zhang J, Zhang W, Pan BX, Kato N. The effects of perinatal bisphenol A exposure on thyroid hormone homeostasis and glucose metabolism in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of rats. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01225. [PMID: 30761779 PMCID: PMC6422808 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor widely used to manufacture consumer goods. Although the thyroid hormone (TH) disrupting potential of BPA has been thought to be responsible for the neuropsychiatric deficits in the animals that experienced perinatal BPA exposure, the TH availability change at the level of specific brain structures has not been subject to systematic investigation. METHODS In the present study the impacts of perinatal BPA exposure (0.1 mg/L in drinking water) spanning gestation and lactation on TH homeostasis in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus were assessed in male Sprague-Dawley rats at postnatal day 21 (PND21) and PND90. As TH regulates brain glucose metabolism at multiple levels,the effects of BPA treatment on glucose metabolism in the brain tissues were also assessed in adult rats. RESULTS The results showed heterogeneous changes in TH concentration induced by BPA between serum and brain tissues, additionally, in the BPA-treated pups, up-regulated expression of the TH transporter monocarboxylate 8 mRNA at PND21 and increased type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase mRNA expressions at PND21 and PND90 were observed. Meanwhile, decreased glucose metabolism was seen in the PFC and hippocampus, while deficits in locomotor activity, spatial memory and social behaviors occurred in BPA-treated groups. CONCLUSION These data support the concept that the developing brain possesses potent mechanisms to compensate for a small reduction in serum TH, such as serum hypothyrodism induced by BPA exposure, however, the long-term negative effect of BPA treatment on TH homeostasis and glucose metabolism may be attributable to neuropsychiatric deficits after mature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Xu
- Laboratory of Fear and Anxiety Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shijun Fan
- Laboratory of Fear and Anxiety Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuanqiao Guo
- School of Statistics, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Ruei Tan
- Tan Clinic, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Junyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Fear and Anxiety Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- Laboratory of Fear and Anxiety Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bing-Xing Pan
- Laboratory of Fear and Anxiety Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Nobumasa Kato
- Medical Institute of Developmental Disorders Research, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Stepien BK, Huttner WB. Transport, Metabolism, and Function of Thyroid Hormones in the Developing Mammalian Brain. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:209. [PMID: 31001205 PMCID: PMC6456649 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of thyroid hormone deficiency as the primary cause of cretinism in the second half of the 19th century, the crucial role of thyroid hormone (TH) signaling in embryonic brain development has been established. However, the biological understanding of TH function in brain formation is far from complete, despite advances in treating thyroid function deficiency disorders. The pleiotropic nature of TH action makes it difficult to identify and study discrete roles of TH in various aspect of embryogenesis, including neurogenesis and brain maturation. These challenges notwithstanding, enormous progress has been achieved in understanding TH production and its regulation, their conversions and routes of entry into the developing mammalian brain. The endocrine environment has to adjust when an embryo ceases to rely solely on maternal source of hormones as its own thyroid gland develops and starts to produce endogenous TH. A number of mechanisms are in place to secure the proper delivery and action of TH with placenta, blood-brain interface, and choroid plexus as barriers of entry that need to selectively transport and modify these hormones thus controlling their active levels. Additionally, target cells also possess mechanisms to import, modify and bind TH to further fine-tune their action. A complex picture of a tightly regulated network of transport proteins, modifying enzymes, and receptors has emerged from the past studies. TH have been implicated in multiple processes related to brain formation in mammals-neuronal progenitor proliferation, neuronal migration, functional maturation, and survival-with their exact roles changing over developmental time. Given the plethora of effects thyroid hormones exert on various cell types at different developmental periods, the precise spatiotemporal regulation of their action is of crucial importance. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about TH delivery, conversions, and function in the developing mammalian brain. We also discuss their potential role in vertebrate brain evolution and offer future directions for research aimed at elucidating TH signaling in nervous system development.
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Nascimento BPP, Bocco BMLC, Fernandes GW, Fonseca TL, McAninch EA, Cardoso CV, Bondan EF, Nassif RJ, Cysneiros RM, Bianco AC, Ribeiro MO. Induction of Type 2 Iodothyronine Deiodinase After Status Epilepticus Modifies Hippocampal Gene Expression in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3090-3104. [PMID: 29905787 PMCID: PMC6669821 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is an abnormally prolonged seizure that results from either a failure of mechanisms that terminate seizures or from initiating mechanisms that inherently lead to prolonged seizures. Here we report that mice experiencing a 3 hours of SE caused by pilocarpine exhibit a rapid increase in expression of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase gene (Dio2) and a decrease in the expression of type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase gene in hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase in hippocampal sections was seen concentrated in the neuronal nuclei, typical of ischemic injury of the brain. An unbiased analysis of the hippocampal transcriptome of mice undergoing 3 hours of SE revealed a number of genes, including those involved with response to oxidative stress, cellular homeostasis, cell signaling, and mitochondrial structure. In contrast, in mice with targeted disruption of Dio2 in astrocytes (Astro D2KO mouse), the highly induced genes in the hippocampus were related to inflammation, apoptosis, and cell death. We propose that Dio2 induction caused by SE accelerates production of T3 in different areas of the central nervous system and modifies the hippocampal gene expression profile, affecting the balance between adaptive and maladaptive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna P P Nascimento
- Graduate Program of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Barbara M L C Bocco
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gustavo W Fernandes
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tatiana L Fonseca
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elizabeth A McAninch
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Carolina V Cardoso
- Department of Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Bondan
- Department of Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Renata J Nassif
- Neuroscience Sector, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta M Cysneiros
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Graduate Program of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
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Hernandez A, Stohn JP. The Type 3 Deiodinase: Epigenetic Control of Brain Thyroid Hormone Action and Neurological Function. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061804. [PMID: 29921775 PMCID: PMC6032375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) influence multiple processes in the developing and adult central nervous system, and their local availability needs to be maintained at levels that are tailored to the requirements of their biological targets. The local complement of TH transporters, deiodinase enzymes, and receptors is critical to ensure specific levels of TH action in neural cells. The type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO3) inactivates THs and is highly present in the developing and adult brain, where it limits their availability and action. DIO3 deficiency in mice results in a host of neurodevelopmental and behavioral abnormalities, demonstrating the deleterious effects of TH excess, and revealing the critical role of DIO3 in the regulation of TH action in the brain. The fact the Dio3 is an imprinted gene and that its allelic expression pattern varies across brain regions and during development introduces an additional level of control to deliver specific levels of hormone action in the central nervous system (CNS). The sensitive epigenetic nature of the mechanisms controlling the genomic imprinting of Dio3 renders brain TH action particularly susceptible to disruption due to exogenous treatments and environmental exposures, with potential implications for the etiology of human neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Hernandez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA.
- Graduate School for Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - J Patrizia Stohn
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA.
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Nishimura K, Takeda M, Yamashita JK, Shiojima I, Toyoda N. Type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase is expressed in human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes. Life Sci 2018; 203:276-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Stohn JP, Martinez ME, Zafer M, López-Espíndola D, Keyes LM, Hernandez A. Increased aggression and lack of maternal behavior in Dio3-deficient mice are associated with abnormalities in oxytocin and vasopressin systems. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 17:23-35. [PMID: 28715127 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones regulate many aspects of brain development and function, and alterations in the levels of thyroid hormone action lead to abnormal anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. A complement of factors in the brain function independently of circulating levels of hormone to strictly controlled local thyroid hormone signaling. A critical factor is the type 3 deiodinase (DIO3), which is located in neurons and protects the brain from excessive thyroid hormone. Here, we examined whether a local increase in brain thyroid hormone action secondary to DIO3 deficiency is of consequence for social behaviors. Although we did not observe alterations in sociability, Dio3-/- mice of both sexes exhibited a significant increase in aggression-related behaviors and mild deficits in olfactory function. In addition, 85% of Dio3-/- dams manifested no pup-retrieval behavior and increased aggression toward the newborns. The abnormal social behaviors of Dio3-/- mice were associated with sexually dimorphic alterations in the physiology of oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), 2 neuropeptides with important roles in determining social interactions. These alterations included low adult serum levels of OXT and AVP, and an abnormal expression of Oxt, Avp and their receptors in the neonatal and adult hypothalamus. Our results demonstrate that DIO3 is essential for normal aggression and maternal behaviors, and indicate that abnormal local regulation of thyroid hormone action in the brain may contribute to the social deficits associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Stohn
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - M E Martinez
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - M Zafer
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - D López-Espíndola
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - L M Keyes
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - A Hernandez
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, Scarborough, ME, USA
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Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) have important contributions to the development of the mammalian brain, targeting its actions on both neurons and glial cells. Astrocytes, which constitute about half of the glial cells, characteristically undergo dramatic changes in their morphology during development and such changes become necessary for the proper development of the brain. Interestingly, a large number of studies have suggested that THs play a profound role in such morphological maturation of the astrocytes. This review discusses the present knowledge on the mechanisms by which THs elicit progressive differentiation and maturation of the astrocytes. As a prelude, information on astrocyte morphology during development and its regulations, the role of THs in the various functions of astrocyte shall be dealt with for a thorough understanding of the subject of this review.
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The thyroid hormone nuclear receptors and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway: An intriguing liaison. Dev Biol 2017; 422:71-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chatzitomaris A, Hoermann R, Midgley JE, Hering S, Urban A, Dietrich B, Abood A, Klein HH, Dietrich JW. Thyroid Allostasis-Adaptive Responses of Thyrotropic Feedback Control to Conditions of Strain, Stress, and Developmental Programming. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:163. [PMID: 28775711 PMCID: PMC5517413 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid feedback control is a dynamic, adaptive system. In situations of illness and deprivation of energy representing type 1 allostasis, the stress response operates to alter both its set point and peripheral transfer parameters. In contrast, type 2 allostatic load, typically effective in psychosocial stress, pregnancy, metabolic syndrome, and adaptation to cold, produces a nearly opposite phenotype of predictive plasticity. The non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) or thyroid allostasis in critical illness, tumors, uremia, and starvation (TACITUS), commonly observed in hospitalized patients, displays a historically well-studied pattern of allostatic thyroid response. This is characterized by decreased total and free thyroid hormone concentrations and varying levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) ranging from decreased (in severe cases) to normal or even elevated (mainly in the recovery phase) TSH concentrations. An acute versus chronic stage (wasting syndrome) of TACITUS can be discerned. The two types differ in molecular mechanisms and prognosis. The acute adaptation of thyroid hormone metabolism to critical illness may prove beneficial to the organism, whereas the far more complex molecular alterations associated with chronic illness frequently lead to allostatic overload. The latter is associated with poor outcome, independently of the underlying disease. Adaptive responses of thyroid homeostasis extend to alterations in thyroid hormone concentrations during fetal life, periods of weight gain or loss, thermoregulation, physical exercise, and psychiatric diseases. The various forms of thyroid allostasis pose serious problems in differential diagnosis of thyroid disease. This review article provides an overview of physiological mechanisms as well as major diagnostic and therapeutic implications of thyroid allostasis under a variety of developmental and straining conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Chatzitomaris
- Medical Department I, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Apostolos Chatzitomaris,
| | - Rudolf Hoermann
- Private Consultancy, Research and Development, Yandina, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Steffen Hering
- Department for Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Krankenhaus Bietigheim-Vaihingen, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany
| | - Aline Urban
- Department for Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Palliative Medicine, Eastern Allgäu-Kaufbeuren Hospitals, Kaufbeuren, Germany
| | | | - Assjana Abood
- Medical Department I, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Harald H. Klein
- Medical Department I, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Ruhr Center for Rare Diseases (CeSER), Ruhr University of Bochum and Witten/Herdecke University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Johannes W. Dietrich
- Medical Department I, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Ruhr Center for Rare Diseases (CeSER), Ruhr University of Bochum and Witten/Herdecke University, Bochum, Germany
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van Mullem AA, van Gucht ALM, Visser WE, Meima ME, Peeters RP, Visser TJ. Effects of thyroid hormone transporters MCT8 and MCT10 on nuclear activity of T3. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 437:252-260. [PMID: 27492966 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transport of thyroid hormone (TH) across the plasma membrane is necessary for the genomic action of T3 mediated by its nuclear T3 receptor. MCT8 and MCT10 have been identified as important TH transporters. Mutations in MCT8 result in severe psychomotor retardation. In addition to TH transport into the cell, MCT8 and MCT10 also facilitate TH efflux from cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine if MCT8 and MCT10 increase the availability of T3 for its nuclear receptor rather than generate a rapid equilibrium between cellular and serum T3. T3 action was investigated in JEG3 cells co-transfected with TRβ1 and a T3 response element-driven luciferase construct, and T3 metabolism was analyzed in cells transfected with type 3 deiodinase (D3). In addition, cells were transfected with MCT8 or MCT10 and/or the cytoplasmic T3-binding protein mu-crystallin (CRYM). Luciferase signal was markedly stimulated by incubating cells for 24 h with 1 nM T3, but this response was not augmented by MCT8 or MCT10 expression. Limiting the time of T3 exposure to 1-6 h and co-transfection with CRYM allowed for a modest increase in luciferase response to T3. In contrast, T3 metabolism by D3 was potently stimulated by MCT8 or MCT10 expression, but it was not affected by expression of CRYM. These results suggest that MCT8 and MCT10 by virtue of their bidirectional T3 transport have less effect on steady-state nuclear T3 levels than on T3 levels at the cell periphery where D3 is located. CRYM alters the dynamics of cellular TH transport but its exact function in the cellular distribution of TH remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alies A van Mullem
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anja L M van Gucht
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel E Meima
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
The activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT) is coordinated by hypophysiotropic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) neurons present in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Hypophysiotropic TRH neurons act as energy sensors. TRH controls the synthesis and release of thyrotropin, which activates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones; in target tissues, transporters and deiodinases control their local availability. Thyroid hormones regulate many functions, including energy homeostasis. This review discusses recent evidence that covers several aspects of TRH role in HPT axis regulation. Knowledge about the mechanisms of TRH signaling has steadily increased. New transcription factors engaged in TRH gene expression have been identified, and advances made on how they interact with signaling pathways and define the dynamics of TRH neurons response to acute and/or long-term influences. Albeit yet incomplete, the relationship of TRH neurons activity with positive energy balance has emerged. The importance of tanycytes as a central relay for the feedback control of the axis, as well as for HPT responses to alterations in energy balance, and other stimuli has been reinforced. Finally, some studies have started to shed light on the interference of prenatal and postnatal stress and nutrition on HPT axis programing, which have confirmed the axis susceptibility to early insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Joseph-Bravo
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 2001, 62250, Cuernavaca MOR, Morelos, México.
| | - Lorraine Jaimes-Hoy
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 2001, 62250, Cuernavaca MOR, Morelos, México
| | - Jean-Louis Charli
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 2001, 62250, Cuernavaca MOR, Morelos, México
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Houbrechts AM, Delarue J, Gabriëls IJ, Sourbron J, Darras VM. Permanent Deiodinase Type 2 Deficiency Strongly Perturbs Zebrafish Development, Growth, and Fertility. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3668-81. [PMID: 27580812 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Iodothyronine deiodinases are selenocysteine-containing enzymes that activate or inactivate thyroid hormones (THs). Deiodinase type 2 (Dio2) catalyzes the conversion of the prohormone T4 into the transcriptionally active T3 and is the predominant activating deiodinase in zebrafish. Using zinc finger nucleases, we generated two different dio2(-/-) mutant zebrafish lines to investigate the physiological function of this TH activator. The first line contains a deletion of 9 bp, resulting in an in-frame elimination of three conserved amino acids. The other line is characterized by an insertion of 4 bp, leading to the introduction of a premature stop-codon. Both lines completely lack Dio2 activity, resulting in a strong reduction of T3 abundancy in all tissues tested. Early development is clearly perturbed in these animals, as shown by a diverse set of morphometric parameters, defects in swim bladder inflation, and disturbed locomotor activity tested between 1 and 7 days after fertilization. Permanent Dio2 deficiency also provokes long-term effects because growth and especially fertility are severely hampered. Possible compensatory mechanisms were investigated in adult dio2(-/-) mutants, revealing a down-regulation of the inactivating deiodinase Dio3 and TH receptor transcript levels. As the first nonmammalian model with permanent Dio2 deficiency, these mutant zebrafish lines provide evidence that Dio2 is essential to assure normal development and to obtain a normal adult phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Houbrechts
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (A.M.H., J.D., I.J.G., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, and Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery (J.S.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie Delarue
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (A.M.H., J.D., I.J.G., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, and Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery (J.S.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle J Gabriëls
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (A.M.H., J.D., I.J.G., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, and Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery (J.S.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jo Sourbron
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (A.M.H., J.D., I.J.G., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, and Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery (J.S.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle M Darras
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (A.M.H., J.D., I.J.G., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, and Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery (J.S.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Stohn JP, Martinez ME, Matoin K, Morte B, Bernal J, Galton VA, St Germain D, Hernandez A. MCT8 Deficiency in Male Mice Mitigates the Phenotypic Abnormalities Associated With the Absence of a Functional Type 3 Deiodinase. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3266-77. [PMID: 27254003 PMCID: PMC4967121 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mice deficient in the type 3 deiodinase (D3KO mice) manifest impaired clearance of thyroid hormone (TH), leading to elevated levels of TH action during development. This alteration causes reduced neonatal viability, growth retardation, and central hypothyroidism. Here we examined how these phenotypes are affected by a deficiency in the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), which is a major contributor to the transport of the active thyroid hormone, T3, into the cell. MCT8 deficiency eliminated the neonatal lethality of type 3 deiodinase (D3)-deficient mice and significantly ameliorated their growth retardation. Double-mutant newborn mice exhibited similar peripheral thyrotoxicosis and increased brain expression of T3-dependent genes as mice with D3 deficiency only. Later in neonatal life and adulthood, double-mutant mice manifested central and peripheral TH status similar to mice with single MCT8 deficiency, with low serum T4, elevated serum TSH and T3, and decreased T3-dependent gene expression in the hypothalamus. In double-mutant adult mice, both thyroid gland size and the hypothyroidism-induced rise in TSH were greater than those in mice with single D3 deficiency but less than those in mice with MCT8 deficiency alone. Our results demonstrate that the marked phenotypic abnormalities observed in the D3-deficient mouse, including perinatal mortality, growth retardation, and central hypothyroidism in adult animals, require expression of MCT8, confirming the interdependent relationship between the TH transport into cells and the deiodination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Patrizia Stohn
- Center of Molecular Medicine (J.P.S., M.E.M., K.M., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas (B.M., J.B.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology (V.A.G.), Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - M Elena Martinez
- Center of Molecular Medicine (J.P.S., M.E.M., K.M., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas (B.M., J.B.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology (V.A.G.), Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - Kassey Matoin
- Center of Molecular Medicine (J.P.S., M.E.M., K.M., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas (B.M., J.B.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology (V.A.G.), Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - Beatriz Morte
- Center of Molecular Medicine (J.P.S., M.E.M., K.M., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas (B.M., J.B.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology (V.A.G.), Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - Juan Bernal
- Center of Molecular Medicine (J.P.S., M.E.M., K.M., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas (B.M., J.B.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology (V.A.G.), Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - Valerie Anne Galton
- Center of Molecular Medicine (J.P.S., M.E.M., K.M., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas (B.M., J.B.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology (V.A.G.), Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - Donald St Germain
- Center of Molecular Medicine (J.P.S., M.E.M., K.M., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas (B.M., J.B.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology (V.A.G.), Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - Arturo Hernandez
- Center of Molecular Medicine (J.P.S., M.E.M., K.M., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas (B.M., J.B.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology (V.A.G.), Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
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Lee JY, Petratos S. Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Oligodendrocytes: from Extracellular Transport to Intracellular Signal. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:6568-6583. [PMID: 27427390 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone plays an important role in central nervous system (CNS) development, including the myelination of variable axonal calibers. It is well-established that thyroid hormone is required for the terminal differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) into myelinating oligodendrocytes by inducing rapid cell-cycle arrest and constant transcription of pro-differentiation genes. This is well supported by the hypomyelinating phenotypes exhibited by patients with congenital hypothyroidism, cretinism. During development, myelinating oligodendrocytes only appear after the formation of neural circuits, indicating that the timing of oligodendrocyte differentiation is important. Since fetal and post-natal serum thyroid hormone levels peak at the stage of active myelination, it is suspected that the timing of oligodendrocyte development is finely controlled by thyroid hormone. The essential machinery for thyroid hormone signaling such as deiodinase activity (utilized by cells to auto-regulate the level of thyroid hormone), and nuclear thyroid hormone receptors (for gene transcription) are expressed on oligodendrocytes. In this review, we discuss the known and potential thyroid hormone signaling pathways that may regulate oligodendrocyte development and CNS myelination. Moreover, we evaluate the potential of targeting thyroid hormone signaling for white matter injury or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Lee
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, 3004, Australia.,ToolGen, Inc., #1204, Byucksan Digital Valley 6-cha, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, 3004, Australia.
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Genomic imprinting of DIO3, a candidate gene for the syndrome associated with human uniparental disomy of chromosome 14. Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 24:1617-1621. [PMID: 27329732 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with uniparental disomy of chromosome 14 (Temple and Kagami-Ogata syndromes) exhibit a number of developmental abnormalities originating, in part, from aberrant developmental expression of imprinted genes in the DLK1-DIO3 cluster. Although genomic imprinting has been reported in humans for some genes in the cluster, little evidence is available about the imprinting status of DIO3, which modulates developmental exposure to thyroid hormones. We used pyrosequencing to evaluate allelic expression of DLK1 and DIO3 in cDNAs prepared from neonatal foreskins carrying single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the exonic sequence of those genes, and hot-stop PCR to quantify DIO3 allelic expression in cDNA obtained from a skin specimen collected from an adult individual with known parental origin of the DIO3 SNP. In neonatal skin, DLK1 and DIO3 both exhibited a high degree of monoallelic expression from the paternal allele. In the adult skin sample, the allele preferentially expressed is that inherited from the mother, although a different, larger DIO3 mRNA transcript appears the most abundant at this stage. We conclude that DIO3 is an imprinted gene in humans, suggesting that alterations in thyroid hormone exposure during development may partly contribute to the phenotypes associated with uniparental disomy of chromosome 14.
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Tunc-Ozcan E, Harper KM, Graf EN, Redei EE. Thyroxine administration prevents matrilineal intergenerational consequences of in utero ethanol exposure in rats. Horm Behav 2016; 82:1-10. [PMID: 27090562 PMCID: PMC4902747 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The neurodevelopmental fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is characterized by cognitive and behavioral deficits in the offspring. Conferring the deficits to the next generation would increase overall FASD disease burden and prevention of this transmission could be highly significant. Prior studies showed the reversal of these behavioral deficits by low dose thyroxine (T4) supplementation to the ethanol-consuming mothers. Here we aim to identify whether prenatal ethanol (PE) exposure impairs hippocampus-dependent learning and memory in the second-generation (F2) progeny, and whether T4 administration to the ethanol-consuming dam can prevent it. Sprague-Dawley (S) dams received control diets (ad libitum and nutritional control) or ethanol containing liquid diet with and without simultaneous T4 (0.3mg/L diet) administration. Their offspring (SS F1) were mated with naive Brown Norway (B) males and females generating the SB F2 and BS F2 progeny. Hippocampus-dependent contextual fear memory and hippocampal expression of the thyroid hormone-regulated type 3 deiodinase, (Dio3) and neurogranin (Nrgn) were assessed. SS F1 PE-exposed females and their SB F2 progeny exhibited fear memory deficits. T4 administration to the mothers of F1 females reversed these deficits. Although SS F1 PE-exposed males also experienced fear memory deficit, this was neither transmitted to their BS F2 offspring nor reversed by prenatal T4 treatment. Hippocampal Dio3 and Nrgn expression showed similar pattern of changes. Grandmaternal ethanol consumption during pregnancy affects fear memory of the matrilineal second-generation progeny. Low dose T4 supplementation prevents this process likely via altering allele-specific and total expression of Dio3 in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Tunc-Ozcan
- The Asher Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Kathryn M Harper
- The Asher Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Evan N Graf
- The Asher Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Eva E Redei
- The Asher Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
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Zhong T, Jin PF, Zhao W, Wang LJ, Li L, Zhang HP. Type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase in neonatal goats: molecular cloning, expression, localization, and methylation signature. Funct Integr Genomics 2016; 16:419-28. [PMID: 27108114 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-016-0493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO3) is an important enzyme in the metabolism of thyroid hormones. It plays critical roles in fetal development and neonatal growth and is especially important for brain development in mammals. In the present study, we profiled the expression pattern and methylation signature of the DIO3 gene in goats. The complete coding sequence of caprine DIO3 encoded a protein of 301 amino acids and harbored an internal selenocysteine-encoding TGA codon. The DIO3 messenger RNA (mRNA) was predominantly expressed in the neonatal goat liver (P < 0.01), while expression in other tissues was quite low, with the lowest levels in the lung. In in situ hybridization, the DIO3 mRNA was predominantly localized in the liver and the lowest content was detected in the lung. The DIO3 transcript was widely localized in neurons and the neuropil. Methylation profiling of the DIO3 CpG island showed a significant difference between the 5' region (CpGs_1∼24) and the 3' region (CpG_25∼51) of the coding region. Furthermore, no significant difference in methylation status was observed among the six tested tissues with levels in the range of 29.11-33.12 %. The CpG islands in the intergenic-differentially methylated region (IG-DMR) showed significantly different methylated levels among tissues, and the highest methylated level was observed in lung (CpG island 1, 69.34 %) and longissimus dorsi (LD) (CpG island 2, 52.62 %) tissues. Our study lays a foundation for understanding DIO3 function and the diseases caused by altered methylation profiles of the DIO3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhong
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng-Fei Jin
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin-Jie Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Ping Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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Mohácsik P, Füzesi T, Doleschall M, Szilvásy-Szabó A, Vancamp P, Hadadi É, Darras VM, Fekete C, Gereben B. Increased Thyroid Hormone Activation Accompanies the Formation of Thyroid Hormone-Dependent Negative Feedback in Developing Chicken Hypothalamus. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1211-21. [PMID: 26779746 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is governed by hypophysiotropic TRH-synthesizing neurons located in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus under control of the negative feedback of thyroid hormones. The mechanisms underlying the ontogeny of this phenomenon are poorly understood. We aimed to determine the onset of thyroid hormone-mediated hypothalamic-negative feedback and studied how local hypothalamic metabolism of thyroid hormones could contribute to this process in developing chicken. In situ hybridization revealed that whereas exogenous T4 did not induce a statistically significant inhibition of TRH expression in the paraventricular nucleus at embryonic day (E)19, T4 treatment was effective at 2 days after hatching (P2). In contrast, TRH expression responded to T3 treatment in both age groups. TSHβ mRNA expression in the pituitary responded to T4 in a similar age-dependent manner. Type 2 deiodinase (D2) was expressed from E13 in tanycytes of the mediobasal hypothalamus, and its activity increased between E15 and P2 both in the mediobasal hypothalamus and in tanycyte-lacking hypothalamic regions. Nkx2.1 was coexpressed with D2 in E13 and P2 tanycytes and transcription of the cdio2 gene responded to Nkx2.1 in U87 glioma cells, indicating its potential role in the developmental regulation of D2 activity. The T3-degrading D3 enzyme was also detected in tanycytes, but its level was not markedly changed before and after the period of negative feedback acquisition. These findings suggest that increasing the D2-mediated T3 generation during E18-P2 could provide the sufficient local T3 concentration required for the onset of T3-dependent negative feedback in the developing chicken hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mohácsik
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (P.M., T.F., M.D., A.S.S., É.H., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai PhD School of Neurosciences (P.M., A.S.S.), Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (P.V., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - T Füzesi
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (P.M., T.F., M.D., A.S.S., É.H., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai PhD School of Neurosciences (P.M., A.S.S.), Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (P.V., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - M Doleschall
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (P.M., T.F., M.D., A.S.S., É.H., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai PhD School of Neurosciences (P.M., A.S.S.), Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (P.V., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - A Szilvásy-Szabó
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (P.M., T.F., M.D., A.S.S., É.H., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai PhD School of Neurosciences (P.M., A.S.S.), Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (P.V., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - P Vancamp
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (P.M., T.F., M.D., A.S.S., É.H., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai PhD School of Neurosciences (P.M., A.S.S.), Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (P.V., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - É Hadadi
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (P.M., T.F., M.D., A.S.S., É.H., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai PhD School of Neurosciences (P.M., A.S.S.), Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (P.V., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - V M Darras
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (P.M., T.F., M.D., A.S.S., É.H., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai PhD School of Neurosciences (P.M., A.S.S.), Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (P.V., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - C Fekete
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (P.M., T.F., M.D., A.S.S., É.H., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai PhD School of Neurosciences (P.M., A.S.S.), Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (P.V., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - B Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (P.M., T.F., M.D., A.S.S., É.H., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai PhD School of Neurosciences (P.M., A.S.S.), Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (P.V., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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Tamijani SMS, Karimi B, Amini E, Golpich M, Dargahi L, Ali RA, Ibrahim NM, Mohamed Z, Ghasemi R, Ahmadiani A. Thyroid hormones: Possible roles in epilepsy pathology. Seizure 2015; 31:155-64. [PMID: 26362394 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) L-thyroxine and L-triiodothyronine, primarily known as metabolism regulators, are tyrosine-derived hormones produced by the thyroid gland. They play an essential role in normal central nervous system development and physiological function. By binding to nuclear receptors and modulating gene expression, THs influence neuronal migration, differentiation, myelination, synaptogenesis and neurogenesis in developing and adult brains. Any uncorrected THs supply deficiency in early life may result in irreversible neurological and motor deficits. The development and function of GABAergic neurons as well as glutamatergic transmission are also affected by THs. Though the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain unknown, the effects of THs on inhibitory and excitatory neurons may affect brain seizure activity. The enduring predisposition of the brain to generate epileptic seizures leads to a complex chronic brain disorder known as epilepsy. Pathologically, epilepsy may be accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and eventually dysregulation of excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission. Based on the latest evidence on the association between THs and epilepsy, we hypothesize that THs abnormalities may contribute to the pathogenesis of epilepsy. We also review gender differences and the presumed underlying mechanisms through which TH abnormalities may affect epilepsy here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benyamin Karimi
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Elham Amini
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mojtaba Golpich
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Leila Dargahi
- NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raymond Azman Ali
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zahurin Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rasoul Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Werneck de Castro JP, Fonseca TL, Ueta CB, McAninch EA, Abdalla S, Wittmann G, Lechan RM, Gereben B, Bianco AC. Differences in hypothalamic type 2 deiodinase ubiquitination explain localized sensitivity to thyroxine. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:769-81. [PMID: 25555216 PMCID: PMC4319436 DOI: 10.1172/jci77588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current treatment for patients with hypothyroidism is levothyroxine (L-T4) along with normalization of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). However, normalization of serum TSH with L-T4 monotherapy results in relatively low serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and high serum thyroxine/T3 (T4/T3) ratio. In the hypothalamus-pituitary dyad as well as the rest of the brain, the majority of T3 present is generated locally by T4 deiodination via the type 2 deiodinase (D2); this pathway is self-limited by ubiquitination of D2 by the ubiquitin ligase WSB-1. Here, we determined that tissue-specific differences in D2 ubiquitination account for the high T4/T3 serum ratio in adult thyroidectomized (Tx) rats chronically implanted with subcutaneous L-T4 pellets. While L-T4 administration decreased whole-body D2-dependent T4 conversion to T3, D2 activity in the hypothalamus was only minimally affected by L-T4. In vivo studies in mice harboring an astrocyte-specific Wsb1 deletion as well as in vitro analysis of D2 ubiquitination driven by different tissue extracts indicated that D2 ubiquitination in the hypothalamus is relatively less. As a result, in contrast to other D2-expressing tissues, the hypothalamus is wired to have increased sensitivity to T4. These studies reveal that tissue-specific differences in D2 ubiquitination are an inherent property of the TRH/TSH feedback mechanism and indicate that only constant delivery of L-T4 and L-T3 fully normalizes T3-dependent metabolic markers and gene expression profiles in Tx rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Pedro Werneck de Castro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tatiana L. Fonseca
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cintia B. Ueta
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. McAninch
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sherine Abdalla
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Gabor Wittmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronald M. Lechan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Balazs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Antonio C. Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Guo C, Chen X, Song H, Maynard MA, Zhou Y, Lobanov AV, Gladyshev VN, Ganis JJ, Wiley D, Jugo RH, Lee NY, Castroneves LA, Zon LI, Scanlan TS, Feldman HA, Huang SA. Intrinsic expression of a multiexon type 3 deiodinase gene controls zebrafish embryo size. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4069-80. [PMID: 25004091 PMCID: PMC4164935 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is a master regulator of differentiation and growth, and its action is terminated by the enzymatic removal of an inner-ring iodine catalyzed by the selenoenzyme type 3 deiodinase (dio3). Our studies of the zebrafish reveal that the dio3 gene is duplicated in this species and that embryonic deiodination is an important determinant of embryo size. Although both dio3 paralogs encode enzymatically active proteins with high affinity for thyroid hormones, their anatomic patterns of expression are markedly divergent and only embryos with knockdown of dio3b, a biallelically expressed selenoenzyme expressed in the developing central nervous system, manifest severe thyroid hormone-dependent growth restriction at 72 hours post fertilization. This indicates that the embryonic deficiency of dio3, once considered only a placental enzyme, causes microsomia independently of placental physiology and raises the intriguing possibility that fetal abnormalities in human deiodination may present as intrauterine growth retardation. By mapping the gene structures and enzymatic properties of all four zebrafish deiodinases, we also identify dio3b as the first multiexon dio3 gene, containing a large intron separating its open reading frame from its selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics (C.G., X.C., H.S.), Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China; Thyroid Program of the Division of Endocrinology (C.G., X.C., H.S., M.A.M., R.H.J., N.Y.L., L.A.C., S.A.H.) and Clinical Research Center (H.A.F.), Boston Children's Hospital; Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology (Y.Z., J.J.G., D.W., L.I.Z.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Medicine (A.V.L., V.N.G., S.A.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Dana Farber Cancer Institute (V.N.G., L.I.Z., S.A.H.), Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (T.S.S.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
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Martinez ME, Charalambous M, Saferali A, Fiering S, Naumova AK, St Germain D, Ferguson-Smith AC, Hernandez A. Genomic imprinting variations in the mouse type 3 deiodinase gene between tissues and brain regions. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1875-86. [PMID: 25232934 PMCID: PMC4213365 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dio3 gene, which encodes for the type 3 deiodinase (D3), controls thyroid hormone (TH) availability. The lack of D3 in mice results in tissue overexposure to TH and a broad neuroendocrine phenotype. Dio3 is an imprinted gene, preferentially expressed from the paternally inherited allele in the mouse fetus. However, heterozygous mice with paternal inheritance of the inactivating Dio3 mutation exhibit an attenuated phenotype when compared with that of Dio3 null mice. To investigate this milder phenotype, the allelic expression of Dio3 was evaluated in different mouse tissues. Preferential allelic expression of Dio3 from the paternal allele was observed in fetal tissues and neonatal brain regions, whereas the biallelic Dio3 expression occurred in the developing eye, testes, and cerebellum and in the postnatal brain neocortex, which expresses a larger Dio3 mRNA transcript. The newborn hypothalamus manifests the highest degree of Dio3 expression from the paternal allele, compared with other brain regions, and preferential allelic expression of Dio3 in the brain relaxed in late neonatal life. A methylation analysis of two regulatory regions of the Dio3 imprinted domain revealed modest but significant differences between tissues, but these did not consistently correlate with the observed patterns of Dio3 allelic expression. Deletion of the Dio3 gene and promoter did not result in significant changes in the tissue-specific patterns of Dio3 allelic expression. These results suggest the existence of unidentified epigenetic determinants of tissue-specific Dio3 imprinting. The resulting variation in the Dio3 allelic expression between tissues likely explains the phenotypic variation that results from paternal Dio3 haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elena Martinez
- Department of Molecular Medicine (M.E.M., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Centre for Endocrinology (M.C.), William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 1BB, United Kingdom; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Human Genetics (A.S., A.K.N.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9; Department of Microbiology and Immunology (S.F.), Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; and Department of Genetics (A.C.F.-S.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
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43
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Kilburn-Watt E, Banati RB, Keay KA. Rats with altered behaviour following nerve injury show evidence of centrally altered thyroid regulation. Brain Res Bull 2014; 107:110-8. [PMID: 25069097 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The co-morbidity of mood disturbance, in a proportion of patients, is now described across a wide range of chronic disease states. Similarly, a 'Low Thyroid Syndrome' is also reported in a proportion of individuals with chronic diseases. Here, we report on central changes in an animal model of inflammatory stress in which altered social behaviour, representing social disability, persists in a sub-group of rats following injury. We showed in an earlier study that rats with social disability following injury have significantly decreased peripheral thyroid hormones, with no increase in Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). Only rats identified by behavioural change showed changes in hypothalamic gene expression. In whole hypothalamus extracted RNA, relative expression of mRNA for Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) was significantly down-regulated in disabled rats (p=0.039) and deiodinase 3 up-regulated (p=0.006) compared to controls. Specifically in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), numbers of immunoreactive cells for deiodinase 3-like and thyroid hormone receptor beta-like proteins were decreased in the sub-group with disability compared to the control group (p=0.031 and p=0.011 respectively). In rats with behavioural change post-injury, down-regulation of TRH provides an explanation for the failure of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis to respond to the post-injury decrease in thyroxine. Decreased local expression of deiodinase 3 protein, resulting in a local increase in T3, offers an explanation for down regulation of TRH in the hypophysiotrophic TRH neurons. It is possible that, in a sub-group of animals identified behaviourally, a mechanism resulting in hypothalamic down-regulation of the HPT axis persists following inflammatory injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kilburn-Watt
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - R B Banati
- Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Australia.
| | - K A Keay
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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Bhumika S, Darras VM. Role of thyroid hormones in different aspects of nervous system regeneration in vertebrates. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 203:86-94. [PMID: 24681191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous functional recovery from injury in the adult human nervous system is rare and trying to improve recovery remains a clinical challenge. Nervous system regeneration is a complicated sequence of events involving cell death or survival, cell proliferation, axon extension and remyelination, and finally reinnervation and functional recovery. Successful recovery depends on the cell-specific and time-dependent activation and repression of a wide variety of growth factors and guidance molecules. Thyroid hormones (THs), well known for their regulatory role in neurodevelopment, have recently emerged as important modulators of neuroregeneration. This review focuses on the endogenous changes in the proteins regulating TH availability and action in different cell types of the adult mammalian nervous system during regeneration as well as the impact of TH supplementation on the consecutive steps in this process. It also addresses possible differences in TH involvement between different vertebrate classes, early or late developmental stages and peripheral or central nervous system. The available data show that THs are able to stimulate many signaling pathways necessary for successful neurogeneration. They however also suggest that supplementation with T4 and/or T3 may have beneficial or detrimental influences depending on the dose and more importantly on the specific phase of the regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stitipragyan Bhumika
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Division Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle M Darras
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Division Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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45
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Dardente H, Hazlerigg DG, Ebling FJP. Thyroid hormone and seasonal rhythmicity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:19. [PMID: 24616714 PMCID: PMC3935485 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms show seasonality in a wide array of functions such as reproduction, fattening, hibernation, and migration. At temperate latitudes, changes in photoperiod maintain the alignment of annual rhythms with predictable changes in the environment. The appropriate physiological response to changing photoperiod in mammals requires retinal detection of light and pineal secretion of melatonin, but extraretinal detection of light occurs in birds. A common mechanism across all vertebrates is that these photoperiod-regulated systems alter hypothalamic thyroid hormone (TH) conversion. Here, we review the evidence that a circadian clock within the pars tuberalis of the adenohypophysis links photoperiod decoding to local changes of TH signaling within the medio-basal hypothalamus (MBH) through a conserved thyrotropin/deiodinase axis. We also focus on recent findings which indicate that, beyond the photoperiodic control of its conversion, TH might also be involved in longer-term timing processes of seasonal programs. Finally, we examine the potential implication of kisspeptin and RFRP3, two RF-amide peptides expressed within the MBH, in seasonal rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Dardente
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA, UMR085, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
- Institut français du cheval et de l’équitation, Nouzilly, France
- *Correspondence: Hugues Dardente, INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, CNRS, UMR7247, Université François Rabelais de Tours, IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France e-mail:
| | - David G. Hazlerigg
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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Morte B, Bernal J. Thyroid hormone action: astrocyte-neuron communication. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:82. [PMID: 24910631 PMCID: PMC4038973 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) action is exerted mainly through regulation of gene expression by binding of T3 to the nuclear receptors. T4 plays an important role as a source of intracellular T3 in the central nervous system via the action of the type 2 deiodinase (D2), expressed in the astrocytes. A model of T3 availability to neural cells has been proposed and validated. The model contemplates that brain T3 has a double origin: a fraction is available directly from the circulation, and another is produced locally from T4 in the astrocytes by D2. The fetal brain depends almost entirely on the T3 generated locally. The contribution of systemic T3 increases subsequently during development to account for approximately 50% of total brain T3 in the late postnatal and adult stages. In this article, we review the experimental data in support of this model, and how the factors affecting T3 availability in the brain, such as deiodinases and transporters, play a decisive role in modulating local TH action during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Morte
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Morte and Juan Bernal, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain e-mail: ;
| | - Juan Bernal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Morte and Juan Bernal, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain e-mail: ;
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Tunc-Ozcan E, Ullmann TM, Shukla PK, Redei EE. Low-dose thyroxine attenuates autism-associated adverse effects of fetal alcohol in male offspring's social behavior and hippocampal gene expression. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:1986-95. [PMID: 23763370 PMCID: PMC3805686 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is characterized by neurodevelopmental anomalies manifesting in cognitive and behavioral deficits in the offspring with diverse severities. Social behavior is affected in FASD, and these deficits overlap with those of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Identifying some of the molecular characteristics related to ASD in an animal model of FASD could ultimately provide details on the underlying molecular mechanisms of both disorders that could lead to novel treatments. METHODS Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received the following diets: control (C; ad libitum standard laboratory chow), nutritional control pair-fed (PF), ethanol (EtOH), or an EtOH diet supplemented with 0.3, 1.5, or 7.5 mg thyroxine (T4)/l in the diet. Social behavior and memory were tested in the adult offspring. Plasma total T4, free T3 (fT3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were measured. Hippocampal expression of Gabrb3, Ube3a, Nr2b, Rasgrf1, and Dio3 were measured by RT-qPCR and protein levels of Mecp2 and Slc25a12 by Western blotting. RESULTS Adult male offspring of EtOH dams showed elevated fT3 and low TSH levels. Adult male, but not female, offspring of EtOH dams exhibited social behavior and memory deficits. Expression of autism candidates, Gabrb3, Ube3a, Mecp2, and Slc25a12, was significantly increased in the hippocampus of male offspring of EtOH dams. Hippocampal Nr2b and Dio3 were also increased, while Rasgrf1 was decreased in the same population. Peripheral thyroid function, social behavioral deficits, and altered expression of the above genes were normalized by simultaneous administration of 0.3 mg/l T4 in the EtOH diet. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that social interaction deficits of FASD share molecular mechanism with ASD by showing altered hippocampal expression of several ASD candidate genes. Social interaction deficits as well as the gene expression changes in the offspring of EtOH-consuming dams can be reversed by low dose of thyroid hormone supplementation to the mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pradeep K. Shukla
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Asher Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Eva E. Redei
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Asher Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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Peeters RP, Hernandez A, Ng L, Ma M, Sharlin DS, Pandey M, Simonds WF, St Germain DL, Forrest D. Cerebellar abnormalities in mice lacking type 3 deiodinase and partial reversal of phenotype by deletion of thyroid hormone receptor α1. Endocrinology 2013; 154:550-61. [PMID: 23161871 PMCID: PMC3529370 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone serves many functions throughout brain development, but the mechanisms that control the timing of its actions in specific brain regions are poorly understood. In the cerebellum, thyroid hormone controls formation of the transient external germinal layer, which contains proliferative granule cell precursors, subsequent granule cell migration, and cerebellar foliation. We report that the thyroid hormone-inactivating type 3 deiodinase (encoded by Dio3) is expressed in the mouse cerebellum at embryonic and neonatal stages, suggesting a need to protect cerebellar tissues from premature stimulation by thyroid hormone. Dio3(-/-) mice displayed reduced foliation, accelerated disappearance of the external germinal layer, and premature expansion of the molecular layer at juvenile ages. Furthermore, Dio3(-/-) mice exhibited locomotor behavioral abnormalities and impaired ability in descending a vertical pole. To ascertain that these phenotypes resulted from inappropriate exposure to thyroid hormone, thyroid hormone receptor α1 (TRα1) was removed from Dio3(-/-) mice, which substantially corrected the cerebellar and behavioral phenotypes. Deletion of TRα1 did not correct the previously reported small thyroid gland or deafness in Dio3(-/-) mice, indicating that Dio3 controls the activation of specific receptor isoforms in different tissues. These findings suggest that type 3 deiodinase constrains the timing of thyroid hormone action during cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin P Peeters
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, Room Ee502, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Sittig LJ, Redei EE. Novel polymorphisms within the Dlk1-Dio3 imprinted locus in rat: a putative genetic basis for strain-specific allelic gene expression. Front Genet 2012; 3:296. [PMID: 23248649 PMCID: PMC3522107 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The imprinted iodothyronine deiodinase-III (Dio3) thyroid hormone metabolizing gene exhibits paternal expression in most fetal tissues, yet exhibits aberrant, maternal expression in the hippocampus in F1 offspring of Sprague Dawley (SD) × Brown Norway (BN) rats. The maternal hippocampal expression is associated with lower Dio3 mRNA levels specifically in the hippocampus. Here, we tested the hypothesis that genetic polymorphisms between the SD and BN parent strains cause this aberrant allelic Dio3 expression and contribute to behavioral sequelae of higher thyroid hormone levels locally in the hippocampus, including anxiety-related behavior. We mapped and sequenced the Dio3 gene and several previously unmapped regions in the Dlk1-Dio3 locus that could regulate imprinting of the Dio3 gene. In the Dio3 promoter we identified four novel polymorphisms between the BN and SD strains. Next we took advantage of the fact that the Long Evans (LE) strain exhibits identical polymorphisms as the SD strain in the region 5' and including the Dio3 gene. By reciprocally crossing LE and BN strains we tested the relationship among Dio3 promoter region polymorphisms and Dio3 mRNA expression in the hippocampus. Aberrant strain-specific hippocampal Dio3 allelic expression replicated in the LE-BN reciprocal crosses, suggesting that hippocampal-specific imprinting of the Dio3 gene is not the result of a unique genetic or epigenetic characteristic of the SD rat strain, or a unique epistatic interaction between SD and BN. To our knowledge no other studies have reported a genetic × epigenetic interaction of genetic origin in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Sittig
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Asher Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, IL, USA
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50
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Dietz WH, Masterson K, Sittig LJ, Redei EE, Herzing LBK. Imprinting and expression of Dio3os mirrors Dio3 in rat. Front Genet 2012; 3:279. [PMID: 23230449 PMCID: PMC3515906 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting, the preferential expression of maternal or paternal alleles of imprinted genes, is often maintained through expression of imprinted long non-coding (lnc) “antisense” RNAs. These may overlap imprinted transcripts, and are expressed from the opposite allele. Previously we have described brain region-specific imprinted expression of the Dio3 gene in rat, which is preferentially modified by fetal ethanol exposure. The Dio3os (opposite strand) transcript is transcribed in opposite orientation to Dio3 in mouse and human, partially overlaps the Dio3 promoter, and mirrors total Dio3 developmental expression levels. Here, we present that the rat Dio3os transcript(s) exhibits brain region-specific imprinted expression patterns similar to those of Dio3. Rat Dio3os transcript expression is also similarly modified by fetal ethanol exposure. Uniquely, both Dio3 and Dio3os expression occur on the same, rather than opposite, alleles, as determined by strand-specific RT-PCR. Future studies will require direct manipulation of the Dio3os transcript to determine whether the novel paralleling of total and allele-specific expression patterns of this sense/antisense imprinted gene pair reflects an as-yet undefined regulatory mechanism for lncRNA mediated tissue-specific imprinted expression, or rather is a consequence of a more straightforward, but previously undescribed transcriptional coregulation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Dietz
- Program in Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, IL, USA
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