1
|
Bhalla D, Dinesh S, Sharma S, Sathisha GJ. Gut-Brain Axis Modulation of Metabolic Disorders: Exploring the Intertwined Neurohumoral Pathways and Therapeutic Prospects. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:847-871. [PMID: 38244132 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
A significant rise in metabolic disorders, frequently brought on by lifestyle choices, is alarming. A wide range of preliminary studies indicates the significance of the gut-brain axis, which regulates bidirectional signaling between the gastrointestinal tract and the cognitive system, and is crucial for regulating host metabolism and cognition. Intimate connections between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract provide a network of neurohumoral transmission that can transmit in both directions. The gut-brain axis successfully establishes that the wellness of the brain is always correlated with the extent to which the gut operates. Research on the gut-brain axis has historically concentrated on how psychological health affects how well the gastrointestinal system works. The latest studies, however, revealed that the gut microbiota interacts with the brain via the gut-brain axis to control phenotypic changes in the brain and in behavior. This study addresses the significance of the gut microbiota, the role of the gut-brain axis in management of various metabolic disorders, the hormonal and neural signaling pathways and the therapeutic treatments available. Its objective is to establish the significance of the gut-brain axis in metabolic disorders accurately and examine the link between the two while evaluating the therapeutic strategies to be incorporated in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diya Bhalla
- Faculty of Life and Allied Health Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Science, Bangalore, 560048, India
| | - Susha Dinesh
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bangalore, 560043, India
| | - Sameer Sharma
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bangalore, 560043, India.
| | - Gonchigar Jayanna Sathisha
- Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Jnanasahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga, 577451, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hernandez J, Goico E, Palacios C. Associations between ultraprocessed and minimally processed snacks consumption and overweight/obesity among college students in South Florida. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38498605 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2024.2325938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the association between ultraprocessed and minimally processed snack consumption and overweight/obesity among college students. PARTICIPANTS College students. METHODS Cross-sectional study. Participants completed an online survey with questions on socio-demographics, beverages and snacks consumption, and weight status. ANCOVA and logistic regression was used; analyses were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, physical activity, and sleep duration. RESULTS A total of 435 students completed all questions in the survey. Most students were female (73.3%), Hispanics (61.1%), had a mean age of 24.7-year old and 40% had overweight/obesity. Those with overweight/obesity also had higher odds of consuming soft drinks in higher frequency and quantity than those without overweight/obesity (p < .05). Never consuming unsweetened yogurt/cheese and lower frequency and consumption of fruits were associated with higher odds of overweight/obesity (p < .05). CONCLUSION Higher frequency and consumption of soft drinks while lower frequency and consumption of unsweetened yogurt/cottage cheese and fruits were associated with overweight/obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Hernandez
- Dietetics and Nutrition Department, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Elizabeth Goico
- Dietetics and Nutrition Department, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Cristina Palacios
- Dietetics and Nutrition Department, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Y, Zhao ZD, Xie G, Chen R, Zhang Y. A molecularly defined NAcSh D1 subtype controls feeding and energy homeostasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.02.27.530275. [PMID: 36909586 PMCID: PMC10002697 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.27.530275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Orchestrating complex behavioral states, such as approach and consumption of food, is critical for survival. In addition to hypothalamus neuronal circuits, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) also plays an important role in controlling appetite and satiety in responses to changing external stimuli. However, the specific neuronal subtypes of NAc involved as well as how the humoral and neuronal signals coordinate to regulate feeding remain incompletely understood. Here, we deciphered the spatial diversity of neuron subtypes of the NAc shell (NAcSh) and defined a dopamine receptor D1(Drd1)- and Serpinb2-expressing subtype located in NAcSh encoding food consumption. Chemogenetics- and optogenetics-mediated regulation of Serpinb2 + neurons bidirectionally regulates food seeking and consumption specifically. Circuitry stimulation revealed the NAcSh Serpinb2 →LH LepR projection controls refeeding and can overcome leptin-mediated feeding suppression. Furthermore, NAcSh Serpinb2 + neuron ablation reduces food intake and upregulates energy expenditure resulting in body weight loss. Together, our study reveals a neural circuit consisted of molecularly distinct neuronal subtype that bidirectionally regulates energy homeostasis, which can serve as a potential therapeutic target for eating disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiong Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Zheng-dong Zhao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Guoguang Xie
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Renchao Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, WAB-149G, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Min SH, Song DK, Lee CH, Roh E, Kim MS. Hypothalamic AMP-Activated Protein Kinase as a Whole-Body Energy Sensor and Regulator. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2024; 39:1-11. [PMID: 38356211 PMCID: PMC10901667 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2024.1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
5´-Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a cellular energy sensor, is an essential enzyme that helps cells maintain stable energy levels during metabolic stress. The hypothalamus is pivotal in regulating energy balance within the body. Certain neurons in the hypothalamus are sensitive to fluctuations in food availability and energy stores, triggering adaptive responses to preserve systemic energy equilibrium. AMPK, expressed in these hypothalamic neurons, is instrumental in these regulatory processes. Hypothalamic AMPK activity is modulated by key metabolic hormones. Anorexigenic hormones, including leptin, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide 1, suppress hypothalamic AMPK activity, whereas the hunger hormone ghrelin activates it. These hormonal influences on hypothalamic AMPK activity are central to their roles in controlling food consumption and energy expenditure. Additionally, hypothalamic AMPK activity responds to variations in glucose concentrations. It becomes active during hypoglycemia but is deactivated when glucose is introduced directly into the hypothalamus. These shifts in AMPK activity within hypothalamic neurons are critical for maintaining glucose balance. Considering the vital function of hypothalamic AMPK in the regulation of overall energy and glucose balance, developing chemical agents that target the hypothalamus to modulate AMPK activity presents a promising therapeutic approach for metabolic conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Se Hee Min
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Kyeong Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Eun Roh
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sato T, Ida T, Shiimura Y, Matsui K, Oishi K, Kojima M. Insights Into the Regulation of Offspring Growth by Maternally Derived Ghrelin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:852636. [PMID: 35250893 PMCID: PMC8894672 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.852636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of fetal development by bioactive substances such as hormones and neuropeptides derived from the gestational mother is considered to be essential for the development of the fetus. On the other hand, it has been suggested that changes in the physiological state of the pregnant mother due to various factors may alter the secretion of these bioactive substances and induce metabolic changes in the offspring, such as obesity, overeating, and inflammation, thereby affecting postnatal growth and health. However, our knowledge of how gestational maternal bioactive substances modulate offspring physiology remains fragmented and lacks a systematic understanding. In this mini-review, we focus on ghrelin, which regulates growth and energy metabolism, to advance our understanding of the mechanisms by which maternally derived ghrelin regulates the growth and health of the offspring. Understanding the regulation of offspring growth by maternally-derived ghrelin is expected to clarify the fetal onset of metabolic abnormalities and lead to a better understanding of lifelong health in the next generation of offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sato
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takahiro Sato, ; Masayasu Kojima,
| | - Takanori Ida
- Division for Identification and Analysis of Bioactive Peptides, Department of Bioactive Peptides, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Shiimura
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kazuma Matsui
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kanae Oishi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Masayasu Kojima
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takahiro Sato, ; Masayasu Kojima,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yoshida T, Shoji S, Shiraishi Y, Kawana M, Kohno T, Inoue K, Fukuda K, Heidenreich PA, Kohsaka S. Hospital meal intake in acute heart failure patients and its association with long-term outcomes. Open Heart 2020; 7:openhrt-2020-001248. [PMID: 32393659 PMCID: PMC7223464 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2020-001248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Risk prediction for hospitalised heart failure (HF, HHF) patients remains suboptimal. We aimed to determine the prognostic value of hospital food intake (FI) immediately before discharge among HHF patients. Method We analysed the data of 255 HHF patients extracted from the records of a single university hospital. The FI percentage of the three meals the day before hospital discharge was averaged. Patients were stratified into adequate FI (100% consumption) and inadequate FI (less than 100% consumption) groups. The primary outcome was the composite of all-cause mortality and/or HF readmission within 1 year. Results Only 49.3% of HHF patients consumed 100% of their meals. Patients with inadequate FI were older; predominantly women; and had a lower body mass index, higher brain natriuretic peptide levels and Clinical Frailty Scale scores at discharge than those with adequate FI. Inadequate FI was significantly associated with adverse outcomes after adjustments (HR 2.00; 95% CI 1.09 to 3.67; p=0.026). The effect of interaction by ejection fraction (EF) was highly significant: HF with preserved EF (≥40%) was significantly associated with inadequate FI with adverse outcomes (HR 4.95; 95% CI 1.71 to 14.36; p=0.003) but HF with reduced EF (<40%) was not (HR 0.77; 95% CI 0.31 to 1.95; p=0.590). Conclusions The hospital FI assessment might be a simple, useful tool for predicting and stratifying risk for HHF patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taizo Yoshida
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shoji
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Shiraishi
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Kawana
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Takashi Kohno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Inoue
- Department of Cardiology, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Paul A Heidenreich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shun Kohsaka
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Suarez AN, Noble EE, Kanoski SE. Regulation of Memory Function by Feeding-Relevant Biological Systems: Following the Breadcrumbs to the Hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:101. [PMID: 31057368 PMCID: PMC6482164 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus (HPC) controls fundamental learning and memory processes, including memory for visuospatial navigation (spatial memory) and flexible memory for facts and autobiographical events (declarative memory). Emerging evidence reveals that hippocampal-dependent memory function is regulated by various peripheral biological systems that are traditionally known for their roles in appetite and body weight regulation. Here, we argue that these effects are consistent with a framework that it is evolutionarily advantageous to encode and recall critical features surrounding feeding behavior, including the spatial location of a food source, social factors, post-absorptive processing, and other episodic elements of a meal. We review evidence that gut-to-brain communication from the vagus nerve and from feeding-relevant endocrine systems, including ghrelin, insulin, leptin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), promote hippocampal-dependent spatial and declarative memory via neurotrophic and neurogenic mechanisms. The collective literature reviewed herein supports a model in which various stages of feeding behavior and hippocampal-dependent memory function are closely linked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Suarez
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Emily E Noble
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Poretti MB, Frautschi C, Luque E, Bianconi S, Martini AC, Stutz G, Vincenti L, Santillán ME, Ponzio M, Schiöth HB, Fiol de Cuneo M, Carlini VP. Reproductive performance of male mice after hypothalamic ghrelin administration. Reproduction 2018; 156:121-132. [PMID: 29794024 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that food intake and reproductive physiology are both simultaneously modulated to optimize reproductive success under fluctuating metabolic conditions. Ghrelin (GHRL) is an orexigenic peptide identified as the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor that is being investigated for its potential role on reproduction. Considering that data available so far are still limited and characterization of GHRL action mechanism on the reproductive system has not been fully elucidated, we studied the participation of hypothalamus in GHRL effects on sperm functional activity, plasma levels of gonadotropins and histological morphology in mice testes after hypothalamic infusion of 0.3 or 3.0 nmol/day GHRL or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) at different treatment periods. We found that GHRL 3.0 nmol/day administration for 42 days significantly reduced sperm concentration (GHRL 3.0 nmol/day = 14.05 ± 2.44 × 106/mL vs ACSF = 20.33 ± 1.35 × 106/mL, P < 0.05) and motility (GHRL 3.0 nmol/day = 59.40 ± 4.20% vs ACSF = 75.80 ± 1.40%, P < 0.05). In addition, histological studies showed a significant decrease percentage of spermatogonia (GHRL 3.0 nmol/day = 6.76 ± 0.68% vs ACSF = 9.56 ± 0.41%, P < 0.05) and sperm (GHRL 3.0 nmol/day = 24.24 ± 1.92% vs ACSF = 31.20 ± 3.06%, P < 0.05). These results were associated with a significant reduction in luteinizing hormone and testosterone plasma levels (P < 0.05). As GHRL is an orexigenic peptide, body weight and food intake were measured. Results showed that GHRL increases both parameters; however, the effect did not last beyond the first week of treatment. Results presented in this work confirm that central GHRL administration impairs spermatogenesis and suggest that this effect is mediated by inhibition of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Poretti
- INICSAFacultad de Ciencias Médicas (CONICET-FCM), Instituto de Fisiología, Córdoba, Argentina .,Department of NeuroscienceFunctional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camila Frautschi
- Facultad de Ciencias MédicasUniversidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Luque
- INICSAFacultad de Ciencias Médicas (CONICET-FCM), Instituto de Fisiología, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Santiago Bianconi
- Department of NeuroscienceFunctional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Facultad de Ciencias MédicasUniversidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana Carolina Martini
- INICSAFacultad de Ciencias Médicas (CONICET-FCM), Instituto de Fisiología, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Graciela Stutz
- Facultad de Ciencias MédicasUniversidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Vincenti
- Facultad de Ciencias MédicasUniversidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria Emilia Santillán
- Facultad de Ciencias MédicasUniversidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marina Ponzio
- INICSAFacultad de Ciencias Médicas (CONICET-FCM), Instituto de Fisiología, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of NeuroscienceFunctional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marta Fiol de Cuneo
- Facultad de Ciencias MédicasUniversidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Valeria Paola Carlini
- INICSAFacultad de Ciencias Médicas (CONICET-FCM), Instituto de Fisiología, Córdoba, Argentina.,Department of NeuroscienceFunctional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hopkins M, Beaulieu K, Myers A, Gibbons C, Blundell JE. Mechanisms responsible for homeostatic appetite control: theoretical advances and practical implications. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2017; 12:401-415. [PMID: 30063436 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2017.1395693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Homeostatic appetite control is part of a psychobiological system that has evolved to maintain an adequate supply of nutrients for growth and maintenance. The system links the physiological needs for energy with the behaviour that satisfies these needs (feeding), and is shaped by excitatory and inhibitory signals. Owing to rapid shifts in the food environment, homeostatic appetite control is not well adapted for modern-day human functioning. Areas covered: Homeostatic appetite control has two divisions. Tonic processes exert stable and enduring influences, with signals arising from bodily tissues and metabolism. Episodic processes fluctuate rapidly and are related to nutrient ingestion and the composition of foods consumed. Research in these areas incorporates potent endocrine signals that can influence behaviour. Expert commentary: The regulation of adipose tissue, and its impact on appetite (energy) homeostasis, has been heavily researched. More recently however, it has been demonstrated that fat-free mass has the potential to act as a tonic driver of food intake. A challenging issue is to determine how the post-prandial action of episodic satiety hormones and gastrointestinal mechanisms can effectively brake the metabolic drive to eat, in order to keep food intake under control and prevent a positive energy balance and fat accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hopkins
- a School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - Kristine Beaulieu
- b School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - Anna Myers
- b School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - Catherine Gibbons
- b School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - John E Blundell
- b School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nakahashi-Ouchida R, Yuki Y, Kiyono H. Development of a nanogel-based nasal vaccine as a novel antigen delivery system. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:1231-1240. [PMID: 29053938 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1395702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nasal vaccination is one of the most effective immunization methods because it can induce effective antigen-specific immune responses not only at the mucosal site of administration but also at distant mucosal surfaces, as well as in the systemic compartment. Based on this advantage, many nasal vaccines are being developed and some have been licensed and marketed for clinical use. However, some have been withdrawn because of unacceptable adverse events such as inactivated influenza vaccine administrated with a heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli as an adjuvant. Thus, it is important to consider both the efficacy and safety of nasal vaccines. Areas covered: This review describes the benefits of cholesteryl group-bearing pullulan (CHP) nanogels for nasal vaccine delivery and vaccine development identified on Pubmed database with the term 'Nanogel-based nasal vaccine'. Expert commentary: CHP nanogels have been developed as novel drug delivery system, and a cationic CHP nanogels have been demonstrated to induce effective immunity as a nasal vaccine antigen carrier. Since vaccine antigens incorporated into CHP nanogels have exhibited no brain deposition after nasal administration in mice and nonhuman primates, the vaccine seems safe, and could be a promising new delivery system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rika Nakahashi-Ouchida
- a Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science , University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Yuki
- a Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science , University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- a Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science , University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan.,b International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, The Institute of Medical Science , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan.,c Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine , Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Atractylodin Induces Myosin Light Chain Phosphorylation and Promotes Gastric Emptying through Ghrelin Receptor. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:2186798. [PMID: 28883883 PMCID: PMC5572613 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2186798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atractylodin is one of the main constituents in the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea Thunb., being capable of treating cancer cachexia-anorexia and age-related diseases as an agonist of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). GHSR was herein expressed in human gastric smooth muscle cells (HGSMCs) and activated by ghrelin receptor agonist L-692,585. Like L-692,585, atractylodin also increased Ca2+ and enhanced the phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) through GHSR in HGSMCs. In addition, atractylodin promoted gastric emptying and MLC phosphorylation in the gastric antrum of mice also through GHSR. Collectively, atractylodin can activate GHSR in gastric smooth muscle, as a potential target in clinical practice.
Collapse
|
12
|
Dore R, Levata L, Lehnert H, Schulz C. Nesfatin-1: functions and physiology of a novel regulatory peptide. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:R45-R65. [PMID: 27754932 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nesfatin-1 was identified in 2006 as a potent anorexigenic peptide involved in the regulation of homeostatic feeding. It is processed from the precursor-peptide NEFA/nucleobindin 2 (NUCB2), which is expressed both in the central nervous system as well as in the periphery, from where it can access the brain via non-saturable transmembrane diffusion. In hypothalamus and brainstem, nesfatin-1 recruits the oxytocin, the melancortin and other systems to relay its anorexigenic properties. NUCB2/nesfatin-1 peptide expression in reward-related areas suggests that nesfatin-1 might also be involved in hedonic feeding. Besides its initially discovered anorexigenic properties, over the last years, other important functions of nesfatin-1 have been discovered, many of them related to energy homeostasis, e.g. energy expenditure and glucose homeostasis. Nesfatin-1 is not only affecting these physiological processes but also the alterations of the metabolic state (e.g. fat mass, glycemic state) have an impact on the synthesis and release of NUCB2 and/or nesfatin-1. Furthermore, nesfatin-1 exerts pleiotropic actions at the level of cardiovascular and digestive systems, as well as plays a role in stress response, behavior, sleep and reproduction. Despite the recent advances in nesfatin-1 research, a putative receptor has not been identified and furthermore potentially distinct functions of nesfatin-1 and its precursor NUCB2 have not been dissected yet. To tackle these open questions will be the major objectives of future research to broaden our knowledge on NUCB2/nesfatin-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Dore
- Department of Internal Medicine ICenter of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Luka Levata
- Department of Internal Medicine ICenter of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- Department of Internal Medicine ICenter of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Carla Schulz
- Department of Internal Medicine ICenter of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Elliott JA, Reynolds JV, le Roux CW, Docherty NG. Physiology, pathophysiology and therapeutic implications of enteroendocrine control of food intake. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2016; 11:475-499. [PMID: 30058920 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2016.1245140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of obesity and its associated comorbidities, strides to improve treatment strategies have enhanced our understanding of the function of the gut in the regulation of food intake. The most successful intervention for obesity to date, bariatric surgery effectively manipulates enteroendocrine physiology to enhance satiety and reduce hunger. Areas covered: In the present article, we provide a detailed overview of the physiology of enteroendocrine control of food intake, and discuss its pathophysiologic correlates and therapeutic implications in both obesity and gastrointestinal disease. Expert commentary: Ongoing research in the field of nutrient sensing by L-cells, as well as understanding the role of the microbiome and bile acid signaling may facilitate the development of novel strategies to combat the rising population health threat associated with obesity. Further refinement of post-prandial satiety gut hormone based therapies, including the development of chimeric peptides exploiting the pleiotropic nature of the gut hormone response, and identification of novel methods of delivery may hold the key to optimization of therapeutic modulation of gut hormone physiology in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessie A Elliott
- a Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
- b Department of Surgery, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences , Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - John V Reynolds
- b Department of Surgery, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences , Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Carel W le Roux
- a Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
- c Gastrosurgical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Neil G Docherty
- a Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
- c Gastrosurgical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ma JH, Wang ZG, Zhu B. Ghrelin Resistance: A Possible Mechanism Underlying Antidepressant-Induced Obesity? J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2016; 26:760-761. [PMID: 27111057 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2016.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hong Ma
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Wang
- 2 Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- 3 Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hypothalamic AMPK as a Regulator of Energy Homeostasis. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:2754078. [PMID: 27547453 PMCID: PMC4980534 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2754078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated in energy depletion conditions, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) acts as a cellular energy sensor and regulator in both central nervous system and peripheral organs. Hypothalamic AMPK restores energy balance by promoting feeding behavior to increase energy intake, increasing glucose production, and reducing thermogenesis to decrease energy output. Besides energy state, many hormones have been shown to act in concert with AMPK to mediate their anorexigenic and orexigenic central effects as well as thermogenic influences. Here we explore the factors that affect hypothalamic AMPK activity and give the underlying mechanisms for the role of central AMPK in energy homeostasis together with the physiological effects of hypothalamic AMPK on energy balance restoration.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kouno T, Akiyama N, Ito T, Okuda T, Nanchi I, Notoya M, Oka S, Yukioka H. Ghrelin O-acyltransferase knockout mice show resistance to obesity when fed high-sucrose diet. J Endocrinol 2016; 228:115-25. [PMID: 26645250 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is an appetite-stimulating hormone secreted from stomach. Since the discovery that acylation of the serine-3 residue by ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) is essential for exerting its functions, GOAT has been regarded as an therapeutic target for attenuating appetite, and thus for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. However, contrary to the expectations, GOAT-knockout (KO) mice have not shown meaningful body weight reduction, under high-fat diet. Here, in this study, we sought to determine whether GOAT has a role in body weight regulation and glucose metabolism with a focus on dietary sucrose, because macronutrient composition of diet is important for appetite regulation. We found that peripherally administered acylated-ghrelin, but not unacylated one, stimulated sucrose consumption in a two-bottle-drinking test. The role of acylated-ghrelin in sucrose preference was further supported by the finding that GOAT KO mice consumed less sucrose solution compared with WT littermates. Then, we investigated the effect of dietary composition of sucrose on food intake and body weight in GOAT KO and WT mice. As a result, when fed on high-fat diet, food intake and body weight were similar between GOAT KO and WT mice. However, when fed on high-fat, high-sucrose diet, GOAT KO mice showed significantly reduced food intake and marked resistance to obesity, leading to amelioration of glucose metabolism. These results suggest that blockade of acylated-ghrelin production offers therapeutic potential for obesity and metabolic disorders caused by overeating of palatable food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Kouno
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier MedicinesShionogi and Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, JapanDiscovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi and Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, JapanDepartment of Biological ChemistryHuman Health Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier MedicinesShionogi and Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, JapanDiscovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi and Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, JapanDepartment of Biological ChemistryHuman Health Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nobuteru Akiyama
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier MedicinesShionogi and Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, JapanDiscovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi and Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, JapanDepartment of Biological ChemistryHuman Health Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takahito Ito
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier MedicinesShionogi and Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, JapanDiscovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi and Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, JapanDepartment of Biological ChemistryHuman Health Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Okuda
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier MedicinesShionogi and Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, JapanDiscovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi and Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, JapanDepartment of Biological ChemistryHuman Health Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Isamu Nanchi
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier MedicinesShionogi and Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, JapanDiscovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi and Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, JapanDepartment of Biological ChemistryHuman Health Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Notoya
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier MedicinesShionogi and Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, JapanDiscovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi and Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, JapanDepartment of Biological ChemistryHuman Health Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shogo Oka
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier MedicinesShionogi and Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, JapanDiscovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi and Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, JapanDepartment of Biological ChemistryHuman Health Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hideo Yukioka
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier MedicinesShionogi and Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, JapanDiscovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi and Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, JapanDepartment of Biological ChemistryHuman Health Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Larson-Meyer DE, Schueler J, Kyle E, Austin KJ, Hart AM, Alexander BM. Do Lactation-Induced Changes in Ghrelin, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1, and Peptide YY Influence Appetite and Body Weight Regulation during the First Postpartum Year? J Obes 2016; 2016:7532926. [PMID: 27313876 PMCID: PMC4893568 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7532926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether fasting and meal-induced appetite-regulating hormones are altered during lactation and associated with body weight retention after childbearing, we studied 24 exclusively breastfeeding women (BMI = 25.2 ± 3.6 kg/m(2)) at 4-5 weeks postpartum and 20 never-pregnant controls (BMI = 24.0 ± 3.1 kg/m(2)). Ghrelin, PYY, GLP-1, and appetite ratings were measured before/and 150 minutes after a standardized breakfast and 60 minutes after an ad libitum lunch. Body weight/composition were measured at 6 and 12 months. Fasting and area under-the-curve responses for appetite-regulating hormones did not differ between lactating and control groups; ghrelinacyl, however, tended to track higher after the standardized breakfast in lactating women and was higher (p < 0.05) after the ad libitum lunch despite a 24% higher energy intake (p < 0.05). By 12 months, lactating women lost 5.3 ± 2.2 kg (n = 18), whereas control women (n = 15) remained weight stable (p = 0.019); fifteen of the lactating women returned to within ±2.0 kg of prepregnancy weight but three retained >6.0 kg. The retainers had greater (p < 0.05) postmeal ghrelin rebound responses following breakfast. Overall these studies do not support the hypothesis that appetite-regulating hormones are altered during lactation and associated with postpartum weight retention. Altered ghrelin responses, however, deserve further exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. Enette Larson-Meyer
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences (Human Nutrition), University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
- *D. Enette Larson-Meyer:
| | - Jessica Schueler
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences (Human Nutrition), University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
- St. Charles Medical Center, Bend, OR 97701, USA
| | - Erin Kyle
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences (Human Nutrition), University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
- Department of Campus Recreation, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Kathleen J. Austin
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Ann Marie Hart
- School of Nursing, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Posovszky C, Wabitsch M. Regulation of appetite, satiation, and body weight by enteroendocrine cells. Part 1: characteristics of enteroendocrine cells and their capability of weight regulation. Horm Res Paediatr 2015; 83:1-10. [PMID: 25471008 DOI: 10.1159/000368898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the gateway for food in our body. Food ingestion and the ensuing digestive processes depend on the composition and amount of ingested nutrients. This complex process of nutrient digestion and absorption is effectively regulated by the enteroendocrine system. Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) reside scattered throughout the intestinal epithelium. They express nutrient receptors that face the lumen and secrete peptide hormones in response to food. Besides regulating digestion, gastrointestinal endocrine cells are involved in the regulation of appetite and satiety. The first part of this review describes the anatomical and biological characteristics of EECs and discusses the capability of their hormones to influence appetite, satiety, and body weight. In the second part, we then discuss the therapeutic potential of EECs in the treatment of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Posovszky
- University Outpatient Clinic for Pediatric Gastroenterology, and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hatef A, Yufa R, Unniappan S. Ghrelin O-Acyl Transferase in Zebrafish Is an Evolutionarily Conserved Peptide Upregulated During Calorie Restriction. Zebrafish 2015; 12:327-38. [PMID: 26226634 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2014.1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a multifunctional orexigenic hormone with a unique acyl modification enabled by ghrelin O-acyl transferase (GOAT). Ghrelin is well-characterized in nonmammals, and GOAT sequences of several fishes are available in the GenBank. However, endogenous GOAT in non-mammals remains poorly understood. In this research, GOAT sequence comparison, tissue-specific GOAT expression, and its regulation by nutrient status and exogenous ghrelin were studied. It was found that the bioactive core of zebrafish GOAT amino acid sequence share high identity with that of mammals. GOAT mRNA was most abundant in the gut. GOAT-like immunoreactivity (i.r.) was found colocalized with ghrelin in the gastric mucosa. Food deprivation increased, and feeding decreased GOAT and preproghrelin mRNA expression in the brain and gut. GOAT and ghrelin peptides in the gut and brain showed corresponding decrease in food-deprived state. Intraperitoneal injection of acylated fish ghrelin caused a significant decrease in GOAT mRNA expression, suggesting a feedback mechanism regulating its abundance. Together, these results provide the first in-depth characterization of GOAT in a non-mammal. Our results demonstrate that endogenous GOAT expression is responsive to metabolic status and availability of acylated ghrelin, providing further evidences for GOAT in the regulation of feeding in teleosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Hatef
- 1 Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Roman Yufa
- 2 Department of Biology, York University , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suraj Unniappan
- 1 Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cvijanovic N, Feinle-Bisset C, Young RL, Little TJ. Oral and intestinal sweet and fat tasting: impact of receptor polymorphisms and dietary modulation for metabolic disease. Nutr Rev 2015; 73:318-334. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuu026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
|
21
|
Koopmann A, Bez J, Lemenager T, Hermann D, Dinter C, Reinhard I, Hoffmann H, Wiedemann K, Winterer G, Kiefer F. Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Plasma Concentration of the Appetite-Regulating Peptide Ghrelin. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2015; 66:155-161. [PMID: 25896493 DOI: 10.1159/000381834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight gain is a common but only a partially understood consequence of smoking cessation. Existing data suggest modulating effects of the orexigenic peptide ghrelin on food intake. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of tobacco withdrawal on plasma concentration of acetylated and total ghrelin. METHODS Fifty four normal-weighted smokers and 30 non-smoking healthy controls were enrolled in our study. Concentrations of acetylated and total ghrelin were measured in blood plasma drawn two hours after a standardized meal and three hours after the smokers smoked their last cigarette. The severity of tobacco addiction was assessed based on cotinine plasma concentration, the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the number of cigarettes smoked per day. RESULTS The plasma concentration of acetylated ghrelin, but not total ghrelin, was significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers. Moreover, we found significant negative correlations between acetylated ghrelin and all measures of the severity of nicotine dependence. CONCLUSIONS Early abstinence from tobacco smoking seems to be associated with increased plasma concentration of the orexigenic peptide acetylated ghrelin. This could be one reason for increased food craving during nicotine withdrawal and subsequent weight gain. Smokers might compensate these effects by increasing tobacco intake.
Collapse
|
22
|
Lauritzen ES, Voss T, Kampmann U, Mengel A, Vendelbo MH, Jørgensen JOL, Møller N, Vestergaard ET. Circulating acylghrelin levels are suppressed by insulin and increase in response to hypoglycemia in healthy adult volunteers. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 172:357-62. [PMID: 25599708 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ghrelin has glucoregulatory and orexigenic actions, but its role in acute hypoglycemia remains uncertain. We aimed to investigate circulating levels of acylghrelin (AG) and unacylated ghrelin (UAG) in response to hyperinsulinemia and to hypoglycemia. DESIGN A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study including 3 study days was performed at a university hospital clinical research center. METHODS Nine healthy men completed 3 study days: i) saline control (CTR), ii) hyperinsulinemic euglycemia (HE) (bolus insulin 0.1 IE/kg i.v. and glucose 20% i.v. for 105 min, plasma glucose ≈5 mmol/l), and iii) hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HH) (bolus insulin 0.1 IE/kg i.v.). RESULTS HH and HE suppressed AG concentrations at t=45-60 min as compared with CTR (P<0.05). At t=90 min, a rebound increase in AG was observed in response to HH as compared with both HE and CTR (P<0.05). UAG also decreased during HH and HE at t=45 min (P<0.05), whereas the AG-to-UAG ratio remained unaffected. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that AG and UAG are directly suppressed by hyperinsulinemia and that AG concentrations increase after a latency of ≈1 h in response to hypoglycemia, suggesting a potential counterregulatory role of AG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esben S Lauritzen
- Medical Research LaboratoryAarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 3B, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 2A, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Voss
- Medical Research LaboratoryAarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 3B, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 2A, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ulla Kampmann
- Medical Research LaboratoryAarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 3B, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 2A, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark Medical Research LaboratoryAarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 3B, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 2A, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Annette Mengel
- Medical Research LaboratoryAarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 3B, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 2A, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel H Vendelbo
- Medical Research LaboratoryAarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 3B, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 2A, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens O L Jørgensen
- Medical Research LaboratoryAarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 3B, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 2A, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark Medical Research LaboratoryAarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 3B, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 2A, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Niels Møller
- Medical Research LaboratoryAarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 3B, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 2A, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark Medical Research LaboratoryAarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 3B, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 2A, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Esben T Vestergaard
- Medical Research LaboratoryAarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 3B, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 2A, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu AG, Puyau RS, Han H, Johnson WD, Greenway FL, Dhurandhar NV. The effect of an egg breakfast on satiety in children and adolescents: a randomized crossover trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2015; 34:185-90. [PMID: 25748830 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2014.942471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of an egg breakfast on lunchtime energy intake in children (age 4-6 years) and adolescents (age 14-17 years). METHODS In 2 randomized crossover trials, participants received either an egg breakfast or an isocaloric bagel breakfast. In both trials, subsequent lunchtime energy intake was the primary outcome. The trial with adolescents also measured each participant's serum ghrelin, serum peptide YY (PYY), and self-assessment of appetite rated using a visual analog scale. RESULTS Lunchtime food intakes after egg and bagel breakfasts were not significantly different for either age group. Visual analog scale ratings of hunger and satiety were also not different between the 2 treatments in adolescents. Consumption of the egg breakfast led to a significant increase in serum PYY levels (p = 0.0001) in adolescents. However, increased levels of PYY were not correlated with reduced food intake. CONCLUSION Short-term food intake in children and adolescents is not differentially altered by an egg breakfast compared to a bagel breakfast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann G Liu
- a Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Louisiana State University System , Baton Rouge , Louisiana
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Satou M, Nishi Y, Hishinuma A, Hosoda H, Kangawa K, Sugimoto H. Identification of activated protein C as a ghrelin endopeptidase in bovine plasma. J Endocrinol 2015; 224:61-73. [PMID: 25349251 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a natural GH secretagogue first identified in the stomach. The ghrelin peptide is 28 amino acids long with an octanoic acid attached to Ser(3) near the N-terminus. This lipid modification is essential for the interaction between ghrelin and the ghrelin-specific receptor GH secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHSR1a), whereas the five or more residues of the N-terminus seem to be sufficient to activate GHSR1a to the same level as those of full-length ghrelin. In this study, we found that ghrelin was converted into smaller fragments during incubation with animal plasma in vitro and in a mouse model. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed that both acyl and desacyl ghrelin were hydrolyzed at the peptide bond between Arg(15) and Lys(16), generating an N-terminal peptide consisting of the first 15 residues. Next, we partially purified a ghrelin endopeptidase from bovine plasma and identified the enzyme as an anticoagulant serine protease-activated protein C. Octanoyl-truncated ghrelin(1-15) activated GHSR1a-dependent signaling similar to the full-length peptide, as assayed using the cell-based early-growth factor 1 reporter system. Moreover, administration of the protein C-activating agent, ProTac, to mice enhanced the production of octanoyl ghrelin(1-15) in circulation. These results indicate that ghrelin is processed into shorter peptides in circulation under thrombotic and inflammatory conditions, although high doses of the short-form or full-length ghrelin did not have any obvious effects on thromboplastin time or platelet aggregation in human plasma. Truncation of ghrelin might be responsible for altering structural characteristics such as stability, hydrophobicity, and affinity with circulating macromolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motoyasu Satou
- Department of BiochemistryDokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, JapanDepartment of PhysiologyKurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011 JapanDepartment of Infection Control and Clinical Laboratory MedicineDokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, JapanDepartment of BiochemistryNational Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishi
- Department of BiochemistryDokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, JapanDepartment of PhysiologyKurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011 JapanDepartment of Infection Control and Clinical Laboratory MedicineDokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, JapanDepartment of BiochemistryNational Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Akira Hishinuma
- Department of BiochemistryDokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, JapanDepartment of PhysiologyKurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011 JapanDepartment of Infection Control and Clinical Laboratory MedicineDokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, JapanDepartment of BiochemistryNational Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hosoda
- Department of BiochemistryDokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, JapanDepartment of PhysiologyKurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011 JapanDepartment of Infection Control and Clinical Laboratory MedicineDokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, JapanDepartment of BiochemistryNational Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of BiochemistryDokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, JapanDepartment of PhysiologyKurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011 JapanDepartment of Infection Control and Clinical Laboratory MedicineDokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, JapanDepartment of BiochemistryNational Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugimoto
- Department of BiochemistryDokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, JapanDepartment of PhysiologyKurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011 JapanDepartment of Infection Control and Clinical Laboratory MedicineDokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, JapanDepartment of BiochemistryNational Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Angelino E, Reano S, Ferrara M, Agosti E, Graziani A, Filigheddu N. Antifibrotic activity of acylated and unacylated ghrelin. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:385682. [PMID: 25960743 PMCID: PMC4415458 DOI: 10.1155/2015/385682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis can affect almost all tissues and organs, it often represents the terminal stage of chronic diseases, and it is regarded as a major health issue for which efficient therapies are needed. Tissue injury, by inducing necrosis/apoptosis, triggers inflammatory response that, in turn, promotes fibroblast activation and pathological deposition of extracellular matrix. Acylated and unacylated ghrelin are the main products of the ghrelin gene. The acylated form, through its receptor GHSR-1a, stimulates appetite and growth hormone (GH) release. Although unacylated ghrelin does not bind or activate GHSR-1a, it shares with the acylated form several biological activities. Ghrelin peptides exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiapoptotic activities, suggesting that they might represent an efficient approach to prevent or reduce fibrosis. The aim of this review is to summarize the available evidence regarding the effects of acylated and unacylated ghrelin on different pathologies and experimental models in which fibrosis is a predominant characteristic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elia Angelino
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Simone Reano
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Michele Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Emanuela Agosti
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Graziani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Filigheddu
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
- *Nicoletta Filigheddu:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang Y, Liu J, Yao J, Ji G, Qian L, Wang J, Zhang G, Tian J, Nie Y, Zhang YE, Gold MS, Liu Y. Obesity: pathophysiology and intervention. Nutrients 2014; 6:5153-83. [PMID: 25412152 PMCID: PMC4245585 DOI: 10.3390/nu6115153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity presents a major health hazard of the 21st century. It promotes co-morbid diseases such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. Excessive energy intake, physical inactivity, and genetic susceptibility are main causal factors for obesity, while gene mutations, endocrine disorders, medication, or psychiatric illnesses may be underlying causes in some cases. The development and maintenance of obesity may involve central pathophysiological mechanisms such as impaired brain circuit regulation and neuroendocrine hormone dysfunction. Dieting and physical exercise offer the mainstays of obesity treatment, and anti-obesity drugs may be taken in conjunction to reduce appetite or fat absorption. Bariatric surgeries may be performed in overtly obese patients to lessen stomach volume and nutrient absorption, and induce faster satiety. This review provides a summary of literature on the pathophysiological studies of obesity and discusses relevant therapeutic strategies for managing obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China.
| | - Ju Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China.
| | - Jianliang Yao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China.
| | - Gang Ji
- Xijing Gastrointestinal Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Long Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China.
| | - Guansheng Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China.
| | - Jie Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China.
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- Xijing Gastrointestinal Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Yi Edi Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Yijun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds lowers postprandial blood glucose in overweight and obese individuals. J Nutr Metab 2014; 2014:964873. [PMID: 25276421 PMCID: PMC4167814 DOI: 10.1155/2014/964873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the effects of fenugreek on postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) and satiety among overweight and obese individuals. Fourteen subjects were studied in the morning after overnight fasts on four separate occasions. Glycaemic responses elicited by 50 g carbohydrate portions of white bread and jam with or without 5.5 g of fenugreek and fried rice with or without 5.5 g fenugreek were determined over 2 h. The primary endpoint was the incremental area under the plasma glucose response curve (IAUC). Adding fenugreek to both foods significantly reduced the IAUC compared to the food alone: white bread and jam, 180 ± 22 versus 271 ± 23 mmol × min/L (P = 0.001); fried rice, 176 ± 20 versus 249 ± 25 mmol × min/L (P = 0.001). Fenugreek also significantly reduced the area under the satiety curve for white bread with jam (134 ± 27 versus 232 ± 33 mm × hr, P = 0.01) and fried rice (280 ± 37 versus 379 ± 36 mm × hr, P = 0.01). It is concluded that fenugreek significantly decreased the PPG response and increased satiety among overweight and obese individuals.
Collapse
|
29
|
Intraportal infusion of ghrelin could inhibit glucose-stimulated GLP-1 secretion by enteric neural net in Wistar rat. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:923564. [PMID: 25247193 PMCID: PMC4160649 DOI: 10.1155/2014/923564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As a regulator of food intake and energy metabolism, the role of ghrelin in glucose metabolism is still not fully understood. In this study, we determined the in vivo effect of ghrelin on incretin effect. We demonstrated that ghrelin inhibited the glucose-stimulated release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) when infused into the portal vein of Wistar rat. Hepatic vagotomy diminished the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on glucose-stimulated GLP-1 secretion. In addition, phentolamine, a nonselective α receptor antagonist, could recover the decrease of GLP-1 release induced by ghrelin infusion. Pralmorelin (an artificial growth hormone release peptide) infusion into the portal vein could also inhibit the glucose-stimulated release of GLP-1. And growth hormone secretagogue receptor antagonist, [D-lys3]-GHRP-6, infusion showed comparable increases of glucose stimulated GLP-1 release compared to ghrelin infusion into the portal vein. The data showed that intraportal infusion of ghrelin exerted an inhibitory effect on GLP-1 secretion through growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1α (GHS1α receptor), which indicated that the downregulation of ghrelin secretion after food intake was necessary for incretin effect. Furthermore, our results suggested that the enteric neural net involved hepatic vagal nerve and sympathetic nerve mediated inhibition effect of ghrelin on incretin effect.
Collapse
|
30
|
Darzi Niarami M, Masoudi AA, Vaez Torshizi R. Association of single nucleotide polymorphism of GHSR and TGFB2 genes with growth and body composition traits in sire and dam lines of a broiler chicken. Anim Biotechnol 2014; 25:13-22. [PMID: 24299181 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2013.803478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) modulates many physiological processes by binding to its ligand, as well as transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGFB2) regulates cell growth and development in animals and, therefore, are candidate genes for performance in chickens. In the current study, single nucleotide polymorphisms of GHSR C3286 > T and TGFB2 T(-640) > C were genotyped in sire and dam lines of a broiler chicken to evaluate the association with the growth and body composition traits. Least squares means analysis showed that the GHSR C3286 > T SNP was significantly (P < 0.01) associated with growth (DFI and ADG) and body composition traits (AFW and %AFW). In addition, the TGFB2 T(-640) > C SNP was associated with ADG (P < 0.05) and DFI and body composition traits (DW, LBW, BAKWT, %BMW, %HNDWT and %CW) (P < 0.01). Significant associations of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the traits reported in the present study might be the distinct usage of codons in avian, or relating to an enhancer element and modulating the expression of the gene in chicken. The data indicated that these SNPs could be valuable genetic elements for selection of chickens for better performance in the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Darzi Niarami
- a Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Giordano C, Marchiò M, Timofeeva E, Biagini G. Neuroactive peptides as putative mediators of antiepileptic ketogenic diets. Front Neurol 2014; 5:63. [PMID: 24808888 PMCID: PMC4010764 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Various ketogenic diet (KD) therapies, including classic KD, medium chain triglyceride administration, low glycemic index treatment, and a modified Atkins diet, have been suggested as useful in patients affected by pharmacoresistant epilepsy. A common goal of these approaches is to achieve an adequate decrease in the plasma glucose level combined with ketogenesis, in order to mimic the metabolic state of fasting. Although several metabolic hypotheses have been advanced to explain the anticonvulsant effect of KDs, including changes in the plasma levels of ketone bodies, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and brain pH, direct modulation of neurotransmitter release, especially purinergic (i.e., adenosine) and γ-aminobutyric acidergic neurotransmission, was also postulated. Neuropeptides and peptide hormones are potent modulators of synaptic activity, and their levels are regulated by metabolic states. This is the case for neuroactive peptides such as neuropeptide Y, galanin, cholecystokinin, and peptide hormones such as leptin, adiponectin, and growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs). In particular, the GHRP ghrelin and its related peptide des-acyl ghrelin are well-known controllers of energy homeostasis, food intake, and lipid metabolism. Notably, ghrelin has also been shown to regulate the neuronal excitability and epileptic activation of neuronal networks. Several lines of evidence suggest that GHRPs are upregulated in response to starvation and, particularly, in patients affected by anorexia and cachexia, all conditions in which also ketone bodies are upregulated. Moreover, starvation and anorexia nervosa are accompanied by changes in other peptide hormones such as adiponectin, which has received less attention. Adipocytokines such as adiponectin have also been involved in modulating epileptic activity. Thus, neuroactive peptides whose plasma levels and activity change in the presence of ketogenesis might be potential candidates for elucidating the neurohormonal mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of KDs. In this review, we summarize the current evidence for altered regulation of the synthesis of neuropeptides and peripheral hormones in response to KDs, and we try to define a possible role for specific neuroactive peptides in mediating the antiepileptic properties of diet-induced ketogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Giordano
- Laboratory of Experimental Epileptology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maddalena Marchiò
- Laboratory of Experimental Epileptology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, Policlinico Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, NOCSAE Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Elena Timofeeva
- Département Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Biagini
- Laboratory of Experimental Epileptology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, NOCSAE Hospital, Modena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Although the stomach is often perceived as a crude, food-grinding, muscular bag, scientific breakthroughs have shown us that in the case of the stomach there is more than meets the eye. The endocrine function of the stomach is mainly exerted through the actions of ghrelin, an acylated peptide hormone that is the first known and so far most extensively studied endogenous orexigenic substance. The satiety-hunger balance is kept in check by many anorexigenic gut hormones among which is the deacylated form of ghrelin--desacyl ghrelin. The interplay of gut hormones affects the brain directly, as most gut hormones cross the blood-brain barrier and bind to their respective receptors in the central nervous system. Other hormones like obestatin and nesfatin are secreted from the stomach along with ghrelin, yet their physiological function is to be elucidated. The importance of the satiety-hunger balance can be seen in its most typical derangement--obesity. Some studies imply that ghrelin, along with other gut hormones, plays an important part in the pathophysiology of obesity. More importantly, it seems that the mechanisms by which bariatric surgery procedures induce weight loss are primarily based on changing the gut hormone levels, including ghrelin. If proven, ghrelin antagonists could be the renaissance of pharmacological obesity treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davor Štimac
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Suzuki Y, Nakahara K, Maruyama K, Okame R, Ensho T, Inoue Y, Murakami N. Changes in mRNA expression of arcuate nucleus appetite-regulating peptides during lactation in rats. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:97-109. [PMID: 24299740 PMCID: PMC3907180 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of hypothalamic appetite-regulating peptides to further hyperphagia accompanying the course of lactation in rats was investigated by using PCR array and real-time PCR. Furthermore, changes in the mRNA expression for appetite-regulating peptides in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) were analyzed at all stages of pregnancy and lactation, and also after weaning. Food intake was significantly higher during pregnancy, lactation, and after weaning than during non-lactation periods. During lactation, ARC expression of mRNAs for agouti-related protein (AgRP) and peptide YY was increased, whereas that of mRNAs for proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cholecystokinin (CCK) was decreased, in comparison with non-lactation periods. The increase in AgRP mRNA expression during lactation was especially marked. The plasma level of leptin was significantly decreased during the course of lactation, whereas that of acyl-ghrelin was unchanged. In addition, food intake was negatively correlated with the plasma leptin level during lactation. This study has clarified synchronous changes in the expression of many appetite-regulating peptides in ARC of rats during lactation. Our results suggest that hyperphagia during lactation in rats is caused by decreases in POMC and CCK expression and increases in AgRP expression in ARC, the latter being most notable. Together with the decrease in the blood leptin level, such changes in mRNA expression may explain the further hyperphagia accompanying the course of lactation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Suzuki
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Duca FA, Sakar Y, Covasa M. The modulatory role of high fat feeding on gastrointestinal signals in obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 24:1663-77. [PMID: 24041374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a specialized sensory system that detects and responds to constant changes in nutrient- and bacterial-derived intestinal signals, thus contributing to controls of food intake. Chronic exposure to dietary fat causes morphological, physiological and metabolic changes leading to disruptions in the regulatory feeding pathways promoting more efficient fat absorption and utilization, blunted satiation signals and excess adiposity. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that impaired gastrointestinal signals following long-term high fat consumption are, at least partially, responsible for increased caloric intake. This review focuses on the role of dietary fat in modulating oral and post-oral chemosensory signaling elements responsible for lipid detection and responses, including changes in sensitivity to satiation signals, such as GLP-1, PYY and CCK and their impact on food intake and weight gain. Furthermore, the influence of the gut microbiota on mechanisms controlling energy regulation in the face of excessive fat exposure will be explored. The profound influence of dietary fats on altering complex regulatory feeding pathways can result in dysregulation of body weight and development of obesity, while restoration or manipulation of satiation signaling may prove an effective tool in prevention and treatment of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Duca
- INRA, UMR 1319 Micalis, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParis Tech, UMR 1319, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France; University Pierre and Marie Curie, 75006 Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
El-Salhy M, Gilja OH, Gundersen D, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. Endocrine cells in the ileum of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:2383-91. [PMID: 24605036 PMCID: PMC3942842 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i9.2383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the ileal endocrine cell types in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients. METHODS Ninety-eight patients with IBS (77 females and 21 males; mean age 35 years, range 18-66 years) were included, of which 35 patients had diarrhea (IBS-D), 31 patients had a mixture of both diarrhea and constipation (IBS-M), and 32 patients had constipation (IBS-C) as the predominant symptoms. The controls were 38 subjects (26 females and 12 males; mean age 40 years, range 18-65 years) who had submitted to colonoscopy for the following reasons: gastrointestinal bleeding, where the source of bleeding was identified as hemorrhoids (n = 24) or angiodysplasia (n = 3), and health worries resulting from a relative being diagnosed with colon carcinoma (n = 11). The patients were asked to complete the: Birmingham IBS symptom questionnaire. Ileal biopsy specimens from all subjects were immunostained using the avidin-biotin-complex method for serotonin, peptide YY (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), enteroglucagon, and somatostatin cells. The cell densities were quantified by computerized image analysis, using Olympus cellSens imaging software. RESULTS The gender and age distributions did not differ significantly between the patients and the controls (P = 0.27 and P = 0.18, respectively). The total score of Birmingham IBS symptom questionnaire was 21 ± 0.8, and the three underlying dimensions: pain, diarrhea, and constipation were 7.2 ± 0.4, 6.6 ± 0.4, and 7.2 ± 0.4, respectively. The density of serotonin cells in the ileum was 40.6 ± 3.6 cells/mm² in the controls, and 11.5 ± 1.2, 10.7 ± 5.6, 10.0 ± 1.9, and 13.9 ± 1.4 cells/mm² in the all IBS patients (IBS-total), IBS-D, IBS-M, and IBS-C patients, respectively. The density in the controls differed significantly from those in the IBS-total, IBS-D, IBS-M, and IBS-C groups (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0001, P = 0.0001, and P < 0.0001, respectively). There was a significant inverse correlation between the serotonin cell density and the pain dimension of Birmingham IBS symptom questionnaire (r = -0.6, P = 0.0002). The density of PYY cells was 26.7 ± 1.6 cells/mm(2) in the controls, and 33.1 ± 1.4, 27.5 ± 1.4, 34.1 ± 2.5, and 41.7 ± 3.1 cells/mm² in the IBS-total, IBS-D, IBS-M, and IBS-C patients, respectively. This density differed significantly between patients with IBS-total and IBS-C and the controls (P = 0.03 and < 0.0001, respectively), but not between controls and, IBS-D, and IBS-M patients (P = 0.8, and P = 0.1, respectively). The density of PYY cells correlated significantly with the degree of constipation as recorded by the Birmingham IBS symptom questionnaire (r = 0.6, P = 0.0002). There were few PP-, enteroglucagon-, and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells in the biopsy material examined, which made it impossible to reliably quantify these cells. CONCLUSION The decrease of ileal serotonin cells is associated with the visceral hypersensitivity seen in all IBS subtypes. The increased density of PYY cells in IBS-C might contribute to the constipation experienced by these patients.
Collapse
|
36
|
Stadler M, Tomann L, Storka A, Wolzt M, Peric S, Bieglmayer C, Pacini G, Dickson SL, Brath H, Bech P, Prager R, Korbonits M. Effects of smoking cessation on β-cell function, insulin sensitivity, body weight, and appetite. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 170:219-7. [PMID: 24179100 DOI: 10.1530/eje-13-0590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To stop smoking is commonly associated with significant weight gain, but the mechanisms for this are poorly understood. We assessed the effects of smoking cessation on body weight, insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, and appetite. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Twenty-seven long-term smokers (n=27; nine females/18 males, 28±1 years, 22.9±0.6 kg/m(2)) attending an ambulatory smoking cessation program in a community hospital in Vienna, Austria were examined at baseline (Visit A; still smoking) and after a minimum of 3 months of smoking abstinence (Visit B; n=14); relapsed smokers were not followed up. Participants underwent 3-h oral glucose tolerance tests and body composition measurements at each study visit. Fasting (QUICKI) and dynamic (oral glucose insulin sensitivity (OGIS)) insulin sensitivity and β-cell secretion (insulinogenic index 140 (IGI40)) were calculated. Food intake was quantified with a free choice buffet. Fasting plasma concentrations of neuropeptide-Y (NPY), peptide-YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), leptin, ghrelin, and visfatin were measured. RESULTS AFTER 3 MONTHS' SMOKING ABSTINENCE, BODY WEIGHT, AND FAT MASS WERE INCREASED (+4 AND +22% RESPECTIVELY, P0.05) AND FASTING INSULIN SENSITIVITY DETERIORATED (QUICKI: post, 0.37±0.02 vs baseline, 0.41±0.2; P<0.05), while OGIS remained unchanged throughout. IGI40 increased by 31% after >3 months' smoking abstinence (P<0.01). Carbohydrate ingestion increased after stopping smoking (P<0.05). NPY fasting levels were increased after >3 months (P<0.05), PYY, GLP1, leptin, ghrelin, and visfatin were unchanged. CONCLUSION Smoking cessation is associated with transient metabolic changes including increased β-cell secretion in response to glucose and fasting insulin resistance. These alterations may be associated with or contribute to the body weight gain after smoking cessation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Stadler
- 3rd Medical Department of Metabolic Diseases and Nephrology, Hietzing Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Schneeberger M, Gomis R, Claret M. Hypothalamic and brainstem neuronal circuits controlling homeostatic energy balance. J Endocrinol 2014; 220:T25-46. [PMID: 24222039 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in adequate energy balance maintenance result in serious metabolic disturbances such as obesity. In mammals, this complex process is orchestrated by multiple and distributed neuronal circuits. Hypothalamic and brainstem neuronal circuits are critically involved in the sensing of circulating and local factors conveying information about the energy status of the organism. The integration of these signals culminates in the generation of specific and coordinated physiological responses aimed at regulating energy balance through the modulation of appetite and energy expenditure. In this article, we review current knowledge on the homeostatic regulation of energy balance, emphasizing recent advances in mouse genetics, electrophysiology, and optogenetic techniques that have greatly contributed to improving our understanding of this central process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schneeberger
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kaabi YA, Khalifa MA. Acute one-cigarette smoking decreases ghrelin hormone in saliva: a pilot study. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:575671. [PMID: 24808912 PMCID: PMC3997941 DOI: 10.1155/2014/575671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is commonly associated with weight loss and mechanisms for these weight changes are still elusive. Ghrelin is a peptide hormone that works in a neuroendocrine fashion to stimulate hunger and the desire for food intake. Ghrelin is also secreted in saliva, probably to enhance food taste. In the current study, we tested the direct impact of acute cigarette smoking on total ghrelin found in saliva. Methods. Blood and saliva samples were collected from 30 healthy nonsmoker male volunteers before and after one-cigarette smoke. Total ghrelin in serum and saliva was measured by ELISA based method. Results. Data showed a statistically significant reduction in salivary ghrelin after smoking (P < 0.0001). In serum, total ghrelin levels were not affected before and after smoking (P = 0.1362). Additionally, positive correlation was observed between serum and salivary ghrelin before smoking (r = 0.4143 and P = 0.0158); however, this correlation was lost after smoking (r = 0.1147 and P = 0.5461). Conclusion. Acute one-cigarette smoking can negatively affect ghrelin levels in saliva that might contribute to the dull food taste in smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yahia A. Kaabi
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Dammam, Al-Khobar 31441, Saudi Arabia
- *Yahia A. Kaabi:
| | - Mohiealdeen A. Khalifa
- College of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah 21423, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in physiological understanding of obesity have provided a new perspective on its origins and potential treatments. SOURCES OF DATA This review is based on published literature in the fields of gut hormone physiology and the neuroendocrinology of obesity. AREAS OF AGREEMENT The gut releases several hormones in response to changes in nutritional status. Changes in plasma concentration of these hormones are responded to by central nervous system circuits controlling appetite and energy expenditure. Modified gut hormone secretion is responsible, at least in part, for weight loss after certain forms of bariatric surgery. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY The extent to which modified gut hormone secretion is also responsible for remission of diabetes after bariatric surgery is contested, as severe calorie restriction alone can restore insulin secretion. GROWING POINTS Many gut hormone-based drugs are being developed for obesity. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH If suitable drugs receive marketing authorization, it will be important to discover whether their combined use, mimicking the hormonal milieu after bariatric surgery, can safely cause weight loss and metabolic benefits of similar magnitude to those resulting from bariatric surgery.
Collapse
|
40
|
Gahete MD, Rincón-Fernández D, Villa-Osaba A, Hormaechea-Agulla D, Ibáñez-Costa A, Martínez-Fuentes AJ, Gracia-Navarro F, Castaño JP, Luque RM. Ghrelin gene products, receptors, and GOAT enzyme: biological and pathophysiological insight. J Endocrinol 2014; 220:R1-24. [PMID: 24194510 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a 28-amino acid acylated hormone, highly expressed in the stomach, which binds to its cognate receptor (GHSR1a) to regulate a plethora of relevant biological processes, including food intake, energy balance, hormonal secretions, learning, inflammation, etc. However, ghrelin is, in fact, the most notorious component of a complex, intricate regulatory system comprised of a growing number of alternative peptides (e.g. obestatin, unacylated ghrelin, and In1-ghrelin, etc.), known (GHSRs) and, necessarily unknown receptors, as well as modifying enzymes (e.g. ghrelin-O-acyl-transferase), which interact among them as well as with other regulatory systems in order to tightly modulate key (patho)-physiological processes. This multiplicity of functions and versatility of the ghrelin system arise from a dual, genetic and functional, complexity. Importantly, a growing body of evidence suggests that dysregulation in some of the components of the ghrelin system can lead to or influence the development and/or progression of highly concerning pathologies such as endocrine-related tumors, inflammatory/cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegeneration, wherein these altered components could be used as diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic targets. In this context, the aim of this review is to integrate and comprehensively analyze the multiple components and functions of the ghrelin system described to date in order to define and understand its biological and (patho)-physiological significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel D Gahete
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Planta 3, University of Córdoba, 14014-Córdoba; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba; and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Paslakis G, Buchmann AF, Westphal S, Banaschewski T, Hohm E, Zimmermann US, Laucht M, Deuschle M. Intrauterine exposure to cigarette smoke is associated with increased ghrelin concentrations in adulthood. Neuroendocrinology 2014; 99:123-9. [PMID: 24821310 DOI: 10.1159/000363325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The appetite-stimulating hormone ghrelin is a fundamental regulator of human energy metabolism. A series of studies support the notion that long-term appetite and weight regulation may be already programmed in early life and it could be demonstrated that the intrauterine environment affects the ghrelin system of the offspring. Animal studies have also shown that intrauterine programming of orexigenic systems persists even until adolescence/adulthood. METHODS We hypothesized that plasma ghrelin concentrations in adulthood may be associated with the intrauterine exposure to cigarette smoke. We examined this hypothesis in a sample of 19-year-olds followed up since birth in the framework of the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, an ongoing epidemiological cohort study of the long-term outcome of early risk factors. RESULTS As a main finding, we found that ghrelin plasma concentrations in young adults who had been exposed to cigarette smoke in utero were significantly higher than in those without prenatal smoke exposure. Moreover, individuals with intrauterine nicotine exposure showed a significantly higher prevalence of own smoking habits and lower educational status compared to those in the group without exposure. CONCLUSION Smoking during pregnancy may be considered as an adverse intrauterine influence that may alter the endocrine-metabolic status of the offspring even until early adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Paslakis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sobrino Crespo C, Perianes Cachero A, Puebla Jiménez L, Barrios V, Arilla Ferreiro E. Peptides and food intake. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:58. [PMID: 24795698 PMCID: PMC4005944 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms for controlling food intake involve mainly an interplay between gut, brain, and adipose tissue (AT), among the major organs. Parasympathetic, sympathetic, and other systems are required for communication between the brain satiety center, gut, and AT. These neuronal circuits include a variety of peptides and hormones, being ghrelin the only orexigenic molecule known, whereas the plethora of other factors are inhibitors of appetite, suggesting its physiological relevance in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. Nutrients generated by food digestion have been proposed to activate G-protein-coupled receptors on the luminal side of enteroendocrine cells, e.g., the L-cells. This stimulates the release of gut hormones into the circulation such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin, pancreatic polypeptides, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, and cholecystokinin, which inhibit appetite. Ghrelin is a peptide secreted from the stomach and, in contrast to other gut hormones, plasma levels decrease after a meal and potently stimulate food intake. Other circulating factors such as insulin and leptin relay information regarding long-term energy stores. Both hormones circulate at proportional levels to body fat content, enter the CNS proportionally to their plasma levels, and reduce food intake. Circulating hormones can influence the activity of the arcuate nucleus (ARC) neurons of the hypothalamus, after passing across the median eminence. Circulating factors such as gut hormones may also influence the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) through the adjacent circumventricular organ. On the other hand, gastrointestinal vagal afferents converge in the NTS of the brainstem. Neural projections from the NTS, in turn, carry signals to the hypothalamus. The ARC acts as an integrative center, with two major subpopulations of neurons influencing appetite, one of them coexpressing neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein (AgRP) that increases food intake, whereas the other subpopulation coexpresses pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript that inhibits food intake. AgRP antagonizes the effects of the POMC product, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). Both populations project to areas important in the regulation of food intake, including the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, which also receives important inputs from other hypothalamic nuclei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Sobrino Crespo
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Perianes Cachero
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Lilian Puebla Jiménez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Arilla Ferreiro
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- *Correspondence: Eduardo Arilla Ferreiro, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid E-28871, Spain e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Obesity is one of the largest and fastest growing public health problems in the world. Last century social changes have set an obesogenic milieu that calls for micro and macro environment interventions for disease prevention, while treatment is mandatory for individuals already obese. The cornerstone of overweight and obesity treatment is diet and physical exercise. However, many patients find lifestyle modifications difficult to comply and prone to failure in the long-term; therefore many patients consider anti-obesity drugs an important adjuvant if not a better alternative to behavioral approach or obesity surgery. Since the pharmacological options for obesity treatment remain quite limited, this is an exciting research area, with new treatment targets and strategies on the horizon. This review discusses the development of innovative therapeutic agents, focusing in energy homeostasis regulation and the use of molecular vaccines, targeting hormones such as somatostatin, GIP and ghrelin, to reduce body weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P Monteiro
- Department of Anatomy; Unit for Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research (UMIB); Institute for Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS); University of Porto; Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, it has been established that hormones produced by the gut, pancreas, and adipose tissue are key players in the control of body weight. These hormones act through a complex neuroendocrine system, including the hypothalamus, to regulate metabolism and energy homeostasis. In obesity, this homeostatic balance is disrupted, either through alterations in the levels of these hormones or through resistance to their actions. Alterations in gut hormone secretion following gastric bypass surgery are likely to underlie the dramatic and persistent loss of weight following this procedure, as well as the observed amelioration in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Medications based on the gut hormone GLP-1 are currently in clinical use to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and have been shown to produce weight loss. Further therapies for obesity based on other gut hormones are currently in development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Scott
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity continues to increase and has reached epidemic proportions. Accumulating data over the past few decades have given us key insights and broadened our understanding of the peripheral and central regulation of energy homeostasis. Despite this, the currently available pharmacological treatments, reducing body weight, remain limited due to poor efficacy and side effects. The gastric peptide ghrelin has been identified as the only orexigenic hormone from the periphery to act in the hypothalamus to stimulate food intake. Recently, a role for ghrelin and its receptor at the interface between homeostatic control of appetite and reward circuitries modulating the hedonic aspects of food has also emerged. Nonhomeostatic factors such as the rewarding and motivational value of food, which increase with food palatability and caloric content, can override homeostatic control of food intake. This nonhomeostatic decision to eat leads to overconsumption beyond nutritional needs and is being recognized as a key component in the underlying causes for the increase in obesity incidence worldwide. In addition, the hedonic feeding behavior has been linked to food addiction and an important role for ghrelin in the development of addiction has been suggested. Moreover, plasma ghrelin levels are responsive to conditions of stress, and recent evidence has implicated ghrelin in stress-induced food-reward behavior. The prominent role of the ghrelinergic system in the regulation of feeding gives rise to it as an effective target for the development of successful antiobesity pharmacotherapies that not only affect satiety but also selectively modulate the rewarding properties of food and reduce the desire to eat.
Collapse
|
46
|
Mora M, Granada ML, Palomera E, Serra-Prat M, Puig-Domingo M. Obestatin is associated to muscle strength, functional capacity and cognitive status in old women. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:2515-2523. [PMID: 23604919 PMCID: PMC3824982 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-013-9532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Obestatin has been proposed to have anorexigenic and anti-ghrelin actions. The objective was to study obestatin concentrations in relation to handgrip strength, functional capacity and cognitive state in old women. The prospective study included 110 women (age, 76.93 ± 6.32) from the Mataró Ageing Study. Individuals were characterized by anthropometric variables, grip strength, Barthel and assessment of cognitive impairment [Mini Cognoscitive Examination (MCE) Spanish version], depressive status by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and frailty by the Fried criteria. Obestatin was measured by IRMA. Obestatin showed negative correlation to handgrip at basal time point (r = -0.220, p = 0.023) and at 2-year follow-up (r = -0.344, p = 0.002). Obestatin, divided into quartiles, showed a negative lineal association with handgrip: 11.03 ± 4.88 kg in first, 8.75 ± 4.08 kg in second, 8.11 ± 3.66 kg in third and 7.61 ± 4.08 kg in fourth quartile (p = 0.018). Higher obestatin levels were associated to increased weakness (categorized by handgrip of frailty criteria): 2.24 ± 0.42 ng/ml in weak vs. 1.87 ± 0.57 ng/ml in non-weak (p = 0.01). The decrease of either MCE or Barthel scores at 2-year follow-up was significantly higher in individuals in the fourth quartile of obestatin in comparison with individuals in the first quartile (p = 0.046 and p = 0.019, respectively). No association was found between obestatin and GDS score and neither with frailty as a condition. Obestatin is associated to low muscle strength, and impaired functional and cognitive capacity in old women participating in the Mataró Ageing Study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Mora
- />Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínic i Universitari of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Luisa Granada
- />Department of Biochemistry, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | - Manel Puig-Domingo
- />Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. del Canyet, s/n, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Delporte C. Structure and physiological actions of ghrelin. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:518909. [PMID: 24381790 PMCID: PMC3863518 DOI: 10.1155/2013/518909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastric peptide hormone, discovered as being the endogenous ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide presenting a unique n-octanoylation modification on its serine in position 3, catalyzed by ghrelin O-acyl transferase. Ghrelin is mainly produced by a subset of stomach cells and also by the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and other tissues. Transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational processes generate ghrelin and ghrelin-related peptides. Homo- and heterodimers of growth hormone secretagogue receptor, and as yet unidentified receptors, are assumed to mediate the biological effects of acyl ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin, respectively. Ghrelin exerts wide physiological actions throughout the body, including growth hormone secretion, appetite and food intake, gastric secretion and gastrointestinal motility, glucose homeostasis, cardiovascular functions, anti-inflammatory functions, reproductive functions, and bone formation. This review focuses on presenting the current understanding of ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor biology, as well as the main physiological effects of ghrelin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Delporte
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, Bat G/E-CP611, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Xu L, Qu Z, Guo F, Pang M, Gao S, Zhu H, Gu F, Sun X. Effects of ghrelin on gastric distention sensitive neurons in the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus and gastric motility in diabetic rats. Peptides 2013; 48:137-46. [PMID: 23965296 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to observe the effects of ghrelin on the activity of gastric distention (GD) sensitive neurons in the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus (Arc) and on gastric motility in vivo in streptozocin (STZ) induced diabetes mellitus (DM) rats. Electrophysiological results showed that ghrelin could excite GD-excitatory (GD-E) neurons and inhibit GD-inhibitory (GD-I) neurons in the Arc. However, fewer GD-E neurons were excited by ghrelin and the excitatory effect of ghrelin on GD-E neurons was much weaker in DM rats. Gastric motility research in vivo showed that microinjection of ghrelin into the Arc could significantly promote gastric motility and it showed a dose-dependent manner. The effect of ghrelin promoting gastric motility in DM rats was weaker than that in normal rats. The effects induced by ghrelin could be blocked by growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) antagonist [d-Lys-3]-GHRP-6 or BIM28163. RIA and real-time PCR data showed that the levels of ghrelin in the plasma, stomach and ghrelin mRNA in the Arc increased at first but decreased later and the expression of GHSR-1a mRNA in the Arc maintained a low level in DM rats. The present findings indicate that ghrelin could regulate the activity of GD sensitive neurons and gastric motility via ghrelin receptors in the Arc. The reduced effects of promoting gastric motility induced by ghrelin could be connected with the decreased expression of ghrelin receptors in the Arc in diabetes. Our data provide new experimental evidence for the role of ghrelin in gastric motility disorder in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luo Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Many molecules are involved in the regulation of feeding behavior, and they and their receptors are located in the brain hypothalamus and adipocytes. On the basis of evidence suggesting an association between the brain and adipose tissue, we propose the concept of the brain-adipose axis. This model consists of (l) the expression of endogenous molecules and/or their receptors in the hypothalamus and peripheral adipose tissue, (2) the function of these molecules as appetite regulators in the brain, (3) their existence in the general circulation as secreted proteins and (4) the physiological affects of these molecules on fat cell size and number. These molecules can be divided into two anorexigenic and orexigenic classes. In adipose tissue, all orexigenic molecules possess adipogenic activity, and almost all anorexigenic molecules suppress fat cell proliferation. Although the manner, in which they present in the circulating blood connect the brain and peripheral adipocytes, remains to be well-organized, these observations suggest the positive feedback axis affecting molecules in the hypothalamus and adipose tissue. Analysis of the disturbance and dysregulation of this axis might promote the development of new anti-obesity drugs useful in treating the metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kroemer NB, Krebs L, Kobiella A, Grimm O, Pilhatsch M, Bidlingmaier M, Zimmermann US, Smolka MN. Fasting levels of ghrelin covary with the brain response to food pictures. Addict Biol 2013; 18:855-62. [PMID: 22974271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin figures prominently in the regulation of appetite in normal-weighed individuals. The apparent failure of this mechanism in eating disorders and the connection to addictive behavior in general demand a deeper understanding of the endogenous central-nervous processes related to ghrelin. Thus, we investigated processing of pictures showing palatable food after overnight fasting and following a standardized caloric intake (i.e. a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test) using functional magnetic resonance imaging and correlated it with blood plasma levels of ghrelin. Twenty-six healthy female and male volunteers viewed food and control pictures in a block design and rated their appetite after each block. Fasting levels of ghrelin correlated positively with food-cue reactivity in a bilateral network of visual processing-, reward- and taste-related regions, including limbic and paralimbic regions. Notably, among those regions were the hypothalamus and the midbrain where ghrelin receptors are densely concentrated. In addition, high fasting ghrelin levels were associated with stronger increases of subjective appetite during the food-cue-reactivity task. In conclusion, brain activation and subjective appetite ratings suggest that ghrelin elevates the hedonic effects of food pictures. Thereby, fasting ghrelin levels may generally enhance subjective craving when confronted with reward cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lena Krebs
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine; Central Institute of Mental Health; Mannheim; Germany
| | | | | | | | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit; Medizinische Klinik Campus Innenstadt, LMU Munich; Munich; Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden; Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|