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Uyehara AN, Diep BN, Allsman LA, Gayer SG, Martinez SE, Kim JJ, Agarwal S, Rasmussen CG. De Novo TANGLED1 Recruitment to Aberrant Cell Plate Fusion Sites in Maize. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.07.583939. [PMID: 38496554 PMCID: PMC10942460 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.07.583939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Division plane positioning is critical for proper growth and development in many organisms. In plants, the division plane is established before mitosis, by accumulation of a cytoskeletal structure called the preprophase band (PPB). The PPB is thought to be essential for recruitment of division site localized proteins, which remain at the division site after the PPB disassembles. Here, we show that a division site localized protein, TANGLED1 (TAN1), is recruited independently of the PPB to the cell cortex at sites, by the plant cytokinetic machinery, the phragmoplast. TAN1 recruitment to de novo sites on the cortex is partially dependent on intact actin filaments and the myosin XI motor protein OPAQUE1 (O1). These data imply a yet unknown role for TAN1 and possibly other division site localized proteins during the last stages of cell division when the phragmoplast touches the cell cortex to complete cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee N. Uyehara
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA 92521
| | - Beatrice N. Diep
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA 92521
- Current address: Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA 53706
| | - Lindy A. Allsman
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA 92521
| | - Sarah G. Gayer
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA 92521
| | - Stephanie E. Martinez
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA 92521
| | - Janice J. Kim
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA 92521
| | - Shreya Agarwal
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA 92521
| | - Carolyn G. Rasmussen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA 92521
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2
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Sahgal A, Uversky V, Davé V. Microproteins transitioning into a new Phase: Defining the undefined. Methods 2023; 220:38-54. [PMID: 37890707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in omics technologies have unveiled a hitherto unknown group of short polypeptides called microproteins (miPs). Despite their size, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that miPs exert varied and potent biological functions. They act in paracrine, juxtracrine, and endocrine fashion, maintaining cellular physiology and driving diseases. The present study focuses on biochemical and biophysical analysis and characterization of twenty-four human miPs using distinct computational methods, including RIDAO, AlphaFold2, D2P2, FuzDrop, STRING, and Emboss Pep wheel. miPs often lack well-defined tertiary structures and may harbor intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that play pivotal roles in cellular functions. Our analyses define the physicochemical properties of an essential subset of miPs, elucidating their structural characteristics and demonstrating their propensity for driving or participating in liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and intracellular condensate formation. Notably, miPs such as NoBody and pTUNAR revealed a high propensity for LLPS, implicating their potential involvement in forming membrane-less organelles (MLOs) during intracellular LLPS and condensate formation. The results of our study indicate that miPs have functionally profound implications in cellular compartmentalization and signaling processes essential for regulating normal cellular functions. Taken together, our methodological approach explains and highlights the biological importance of these miPs, providing a deeper understanding of the unusual structural landscape and functionality of these newly defined small proteins. Understanding their functions and biological behavior will aid in developing targeted therapies for diseases that involve miPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayushi Sahgal
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States; Biotechnology Graduate Program, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Vladimir Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States; USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Vrushank Davé
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States; Biotechnology Graduate Program, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States; Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States.
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3
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Narayan JA, Manoj VM, Nerkar G, Chakravarthi M, Dharshini S, Subramonian N, Premachandran MN, Valarmathi R, Kumar RA, Gomathi R, Surendar KK, Hemaprabha G, Appunu C. Transgenic sugarcane with higher levels of BRK1 showed improved drought tolerance. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:1611-1628. [PMID: 37578541 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Transgenic sugarcane overexpressing BRK1 showed improved tolerance to drought stress through modulation of actin polymerization and formation of interlocking marginal lobes in epidermal leaf cells, a typical feature associated with BRK1 expression under drought stress. BRICK1 (BRK1) genes promote leaf epidermal cell morphogenesis and division in plants that involves local actin polymerization. Although the changes in actin filament organization during drought have been reported, the role of BRK in stress tolerance remains unknown. In our previous work, the drought-tolerant Erianthus arundinaceus exhibited high levels of the BRK gene expression under drought stress. Therefore, in the present study, the drought-responsive gene, BRK1 from Saccharum spontaneum, was transformed into sugarcane to test if it conferred drought tolerance in the commercial sugarcane cultivar Co 86032. The transgenic lines were subjected to drought stress, and analyzed using physiological parameters for drought stress. The drought-induced BRK1-overexpressing lines of sugarcane exhibited significantly higher transgene expression compared with the wild-type control and also showed improved physiological parameters. In addition, the formation of interlocking marginal lobes in the epidermal leaf cells, a typical feature associated with BRK1 expression, was observed in all transgenic BRK1 lines during drought stress. This is the first report to suggest that BRK1 plays a role in sugarcane acclimation to drought stress and may prove to be a potential candidate in genetic engineering of plants for enhanced biomass production under drought stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ashwin Narayan
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - V M Manoj
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - Gauri Nerkar
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - M Chakravarthi
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, CEP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - S Dharshini
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - N Subramonian
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - M N Premachandran
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - R Valarmathi
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - R Arun Kumar
- Division of Crop Production, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - R Gomathi
- Division of Crop Production, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - K Krisha Surendar
- Deprtament of Plant Physiology, Paddy Breeding Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - G Hemaprabha
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - C Appunu
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India.
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Nan Q, Liang H, Mendoza J, Liu L, Fulzele A, Wright A, Bennett EJ, Rasmussen CG, Facette MR. The OPAQUE1/DISCORDIA2 myosin XI is required for phragmoplast guidance during asymmetric cell division in maize. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:2678-2693. [PMID: 37017144 PMCID: PMC10291028 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Formative asymmetric divisions produce cells with different fates and are critical for development. We show the maize (Zea mays) myosin XI protein, OPAQUE1 (O1), is necessary for asymmetric divisions during maize stomatal development. We analyzed stomatal precursor cells before and during asymmetric division to determine why o1 mutants have abnormal division planes. Cell polarization and nuclear positioning occur normally in the o1 mutant, and the future site of division is correctly specified. The defect in o1 becomes apparent during late cytokinesis, when the phragmoplast forms the nascent cell plate. Initial phragmoplast guidance in o1 is normal; however, as phragmoplast expansion continues o1 phragmoplasts become misguided. To understand how O1 contributes to phragmoplast guidance, we identified O1-interacting proteins. Maize kinesins related to the Arabidopsis thaliana division site markers PHRAGMOPLAST ORIENTING KINESINs (POKs), which are also required for correct phragmoplast guidance, physically interact with O1. We propose that different myosins are important at multiple steps of phragmoplast expansion, and the O1 actin motor and POK-like microtubule motors work together to ensure correct late-stage phragmoplast guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Nan
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Hong Liang
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Janette Mendoza
- Department of Botany, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Le Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Amit Fulzele
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amanda Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Eric J Bennett
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92093, USA
| | - Carolyn G Rasmussen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Michelle R Facette
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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5
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Mubarak A, Burgess A, Pyke K, Quick W, Murchie E. Mass screening of rice mutant populations at low CO 2 for identification of lowered photorespiration and respiration rates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1125770. [PMID: 36938057 PMCID: PMC10020370 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1125770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Identifying rice (Oryza sativa) germplasm with improved efficiency of primary metabolism is of utmost importance in order to increase yields. One such approach can be attained through screening genetically diverse populations under altered environmental conditions. Growth or treatment under low carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations can be used as a means of revealing altered leaf photorespiration, respiration and other metabolic variants. METHODS We developed a pipeline for very high throughput treatment of gamma- and ethyl methanesulfonate- (EMS) induced mutant populations of IR64 rice seedlings at very low CO2 for 7 days. 1050 seedlings per batch at 5th leaf stage were exposed to 60 ppm CO2 for the first day and 30 ppm for the remaining three days. Following this, putative candidates were identified by measuring chlorophyll depletion using SPAD. Screening results showed a distinct difference between the mutants and the WTs. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The mean chlorophyll loss in WTs ranged from 65% to 11% respectively, whereas in the mutant lines chlorophyll loss ranged from 0 to 100%, suggesting considerable phenotypic variation. Rice mutants with a reduced chlorophyll reduction (<10%) were identified as 'Chlorophyll retention mutants' (CRMs) under low CO2 stress. In total, 1909 mutant lines (14,000 seedlings) were screened for chlorophyll content under 30 ppm CO2, with 26 lines selected for detailed screening. These 26 putative candidates were self-seeded to produce an M5 generation, used to determine the genetic control of the altered response to low CO2. Gas exchange of light and CO2 response revealed that there were significant variations among photosynthetic properties in two selected rice mutants. The CO2 compensation points in the absence of photorespiration and leaf respiration rates were lower than the WTs and anatomical analyses showed that CRM 29 had improved mesophyll cell area. We propose that this approach is useful for generating new material for breeding rice with improved primary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.N.M. Mubarak
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
- Department of Biosystems Technology, Faculty of Technology, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, University Park, Oluvil, Sri Lanka
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - A.J. Burgess
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - K. Pyke
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - W.P. Quick
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - E.H. Murchie
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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6
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Nan Q, Char SN, Yang B, Bennett EJ, Yang B, Facette MR. Polarly localized WPR proteins interact with PAN receptors and the actin cytoskeleton during maize stomatal development. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:469-487. [PMID: 36227066 PMCID: PMC9806561 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polarization of cells prior to asymmetric cell division is crucial for correct cell divisions, cell fate, and tissue patterning. In maize (Zea mays) stomatal development, the polarization of subsidiary mother cells (SMCs) prior to asymmetric division is controlled by the BRICK (BRK)-PANGLOSS (PAN)-RHO FAMILY GTPASE (ROP) pathway. Two catalytically inactive receptor-like kinases, PAN2 and PAN1, are required for correct division plane positioning. Proteins in the BRK-PAN-ROP pathway are polarized in SMCs, with the polarization of each protein dependent on the previous one. As most of the known proteins in this pathway do not physically interact, possible interactors that might participate in the pathway are yet to be described. We identified WEAK CHLOROPLAST MOVEMENT UNDER BLUE LIGHT 1 (WEB1)/PLASTID MOVEMENT IMPAIRED 2 (PMI2)-RELATED (WPR) proteins as players during SMC polarization in maize. WPRs physically interact with PAN receptors and polarly accumulate in SMCs. The polarized localization of WPR proteins depends on PAN2 but not PAN1. CRISPR-Cas9-induced mutations result in division plane defects in SMCs, and ectopic expression of WPR-RFP results in stomatal defects and alterations to the actin cytoskeleton. We show that certain WPR proteins directly interact with F-actin through their N-terminus. Our data implicate WPR proteins as potentially regulating actin filaments, providing insight into their molecular function. These results demonstrate that WPR proteins are important for cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Nan
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Si Nian Char
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- University of CaliforniaUniversity of California, San Diego, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Eric J Bennett
- University of CaliforniaUniversity of California, San Diego, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Michelle R Facette
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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7
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Yi P, Goshima G. Division site determination during asymmetric cell division in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2120-2139. [PMID: 35201345 PMCID: PMC9134084 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
During development, both animals and plants exploit asymmetric cell division (ACD) to increase tissue complexity, a process that usually generates cells dissimilar in size, morphology, and fate. Plants lack the key regulators that control ACD in animals. Instead, plants have evolved two unique cytoskeletal structures to tackle this problem: the preprophase band (PPB) and phragmoplast. The assembly of the PPB and phragmoplast and their contributions to division plane orientation have been extensively studied. However, how the division plane is positioned off the cell center during asymmetric division is poorly understood. Over the past 20 years, emerging evidence points to a critical role for polarly localized membrane proteins in this process. Although many of these proteins are species- or cell type specific, and the molecular mechanism underlying division asymmetry is not fully understood, common features such as morphological changes in cells, cytoskeletal dynamics, and nuclear positioning have been observed. In this review, we provide updates on polarity establishment and nuclear positioning during ACD in plants. Together with previous findings about symmetrically dividing cells and the emerging roles of developmental cues, we aim to offer evolutionary insight into a common framework for asymmetric division-site determination and highlight directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gohta Goshima
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Toba 517-0004, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya Aichi 464-8602, Japan
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8
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Riddled with holes: Understanding air space formation in plant leaves. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001475. [PMID: 34871299 PMCID: PMC8675916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants use energy from sunlight to transform carbon dioxide from the air into complex organic molecules, ultimately producing much of the food we eat. To make this complex chemistry more efficient, plant leaves are intricately constructed in 3 dimensions: They are flat to maximise light capture and contain extensive internal air spaces to increase gas exchange for photosynthesis. Many years of work has built up an understanding of how leaves form flat blades, but the molecular mechanisms that control air space formation are poorly understood. Here, I review our current understanding of air space formation and outline how recent advances can be harnessed to answer key questions and take the field forward. Increasing our understanding of plant air spaces will not only allow us to understand a fundamental aspect of plant development, but also unlock the potential to engineer the internal structure of crops to make them more efficient at photosynthesis with lower water requirements and more resilient in the face of a changing environment. Leaves are interwoven with large air spaces to increase the efficiency of photosynthesis; however, how these air spaces form and how different patterns have evolved is almost unknown. This Unsolved Mystery article discusses the existing evidence and poses new avenues of research to answer this question.
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9
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Chatterjee D, Wittmeyer K, Lee TF, Cui J, Yennawar NH, Yennawar HP, Meyers BC, Chopra S. Maize unstable factor for orange1 is essential for endosperm development and carbohydrate accumulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1932-1950. [PMID: 33905500 PMCID: PMC8331166 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) Ufo1-1 is a spontaneous dominant mutation of the unstable factor for orange1 (ufo1). We recently cloned ufo1, which is a Poaceae-specific gene highly expressed during seed development in maize. Here, we have characterized Ufo1-1 and a loss-of-function Ds insertion allele (ufo1-Dsg) to decipher the role of ufo1 in maize. We found that both ufo1 mutant alleles impact sugars and hormones, and have defects in the basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL) and adjacent cell types. The Ufo1-1 BETL had reduced cell elongation and cell wall ingrowth, resulting in cuboidal shaped transfer cells. In contrast, the ufo1-Dsg BETL cells showed a reduced overall size with abnormal wall ingrowth. Expression analysis identified the impact of ufo1 on several genes essential for BETL development. The overexpression of Ufo1-1 in various tissues leads to ectopic phenotypes, including abnormal cell organization and stomata subsidiary cell defects. Interestingly, pericarp and leaf transcriptomes also showed that as compared with wild type, Ufo1-1 had ectopic expression of endosperm development-specific genes. This study shows that Ufo1-1 impacts the expression patterns of a wide range of genes involved in various developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debamalya Chatterjee
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Kameron Wittmeyer
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Tzuu-fen Lee
- The Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Jin Cui
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Neela H Yennawar
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Hemant P Yennawar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Blake C Meyers
- The Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201, USA
| | - Surinder Chopra
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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10
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Best NB, Addo-Quaye C, Kim BS, Weil CF, Schulz B, Johal G, Dilkes BP. Mutation of the nuclear pore complex component, aladin1, disrupts asymmetric cell division in Zea mays (maize). G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2021; 11:6300521. [PMID: 36351283 PMCID: PMC8495933 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) regulates the movement of macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Dysfunction of many components of the NPC results in human genetic diseases, including triple A syndrome (AAAS) as a result of mutations in ALADIN. Here, we report a nonsense mutation in the maize ortholog, aladin1 (ali1-1), at the orthologous amino acid residue of an AAAS allele from humans, alters plant stature, tassel architecture, and asymmetric divisions of subsidiary mother cells (SMCs). Crosses with the stronger nonsense allele ali1-2 identified complex allele interactions for plant height and aberrant SMC division. RNA-seq analysis of the ali1-1 mutant identified compensatory transcript accumulation for other NPC components as well as gene expression consequences consistent with conservation of ALADIN1 functions between humans and maize. These findings demonstrate that ALADIN1 is necessary for normal plant development, shoot architecture, and asymmetric cell division in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman B Best
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Charles Addo-Quaye
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Natural Sciences and Mathematics Division, Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, ID 83501, USA
| | - Bong-Suk Kim
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Clifford F Weil
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Burkhard Schulz
- Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Guri Johal
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Brian P Dilkes
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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11
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Xie Q, Gao Y, Li J, Yang Q, Qu X, Li H, Zhang J, Wang T, Ye Z, Yang C. The HD-Zip IV transcription factor SlHDZIV8 controls multicellular trichome morphology by regulating the expression of Hairless-2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7132-7145. [PMID: 32930788 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are specialized epidermal appendages that serve as excellent models to study cell morphogenesis. Although the molecular mechanism underlying trichome morphogenesis in Arabidopsis has been well characterized, most of the regulators essential for multicellular trichome morphology remain unknown in tomato. In this study, we determined that the recessive hairless-2 (hl-2) mutation in tomato causes severe distortion of all trichome types, along with increased stem fragility. Using map-based cloning, we found that the hl-2 phenotype was associated with a 100 bp insertion in the coding region of Nck-associated protein 1, a component of the SCAR/WAVE complex. Direct protein-protein interaction was detected between Hl-2 and Hl (SRA1, specifically Rac1-associated protein) using yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays, suggesting that these proteins may work together during trichome formation. In addition, knock-down of a HD-Zip IV transcription factor, HDZIPIV8, distorted trichomes similar to the hl-2 mutant. HDZIPIV8 regulates the expression of Hl-2 by binding to the L1-box in the Hl-2 promoter region, and is involved in organizing actin filaments. The brittleness of hl-2 stems was found to result from decreased cellulose content. Taken together, these findings suggest that the Hl-2 gene plays an important role in controlling multicellular trichome morphogenesis and mechanical properties of stems in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanna Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qihong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Taotao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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12
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Genome-wide association studies in tropical maize germplasm reveal novel and known genomic regions for resistance to Northern corn leaf blight. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21949. [PMID: 33319847 PMCID: PMC7738672 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Northern Corn Leaf Blight (NCLB) caused by Setosphaeria turcica, is one of the most important diseases of maize world-wide, and one of the major reasons behind yield losses in maize crop in Asia. In the present investigation, a high-resolution genome wide association study (GWAS) was conducted for NCLB resistance in three association mapping panels, predominantly consisting of tropical lines adapted to different agro-ecologies. These panels were phenotyped for disease severity across three locations with high disease prevalence in India. High density SNPs from Genotyping-by-sequencing were used in GWAS, after controlling for population structure and kinship matrices, based on single locus mixed linear model (MLM). Twenty-two SNPs were identified, that revealed a significant association with NCLB in the three mapping panels. Haplotype regression analysis revealed association of 17 significant haplotypes at FDR ≤ 0.05, with two common haplotypes across three maize panels. Several of the significantly associated SNPs/haplotypes were found to be co-located in chromosomal bins previously reported for major genes like Ht2, Ht3 and Htn1 and QTL for NCLB resistance and multiple foliar disease resistance. Phenotypic variance explained by these significant SNPs/haplotypes ranged from low to moderate, suggesting a breeding strategy of combining multiple resistance alleles towards resistance for NCLB.
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13
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Groves NR, Biel A, Moser M, Mendes T, Amstutz K, Meier I. Recent advances in understanding the biological roles of the plant nuclear envelope. Nucleus 2020; 11:330-346. [PMID: 33161800 PMCID: PMC7746247 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2020.1846836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional organization of the plant nuclear envelope is gaining increasing attention through new connections made between nuclear envelope-associated proteins and important plant biological processes. Animal nuclear envelope proteins play roles in nuclear morphology, nuclear anchoring and movement, chromatin tethering and mechanical signaling. However, how these roles translate to functionality in a broader biological context is often not well understood. A surprising number of plant nuclear envelope-associated proteins are plant-unique, suggesting that separate functionalities evolved after the split of Opisthokonta and Streptophyta. Significant progress has now been made in discovering broader biological roles of plant nuclear envelope proteins, increasing the number of known plant nuclear envelope proteins, and connecting known proteins to chromatin organization, gene expression, and the regulation of nuclear calcium. The interaction of viruses with the plant nuclear envelope is another emerging theme. Here, we survey the recent developments in this still relatively new, yet rapidly advancing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Reid Groves
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alecia Biel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Morgan Moser
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tyler Mendes
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Katelyn Amstutz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Iris Meier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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14
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Ma Z, Miao Y. Review: F-Actin remodelling during plant signal transduction via biomolecular assembly. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 301:110663. [PMID: 33218630 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During signal transduction, multivalent interactions establish dynamic molecular connectivities that propagate molecular cascades throughout the entire signaling pathway. Such multivalent interactions include the initial activation, cascade signal transduction, and the amplification and assembly of structural machinery. For example, plants rapidly remodel the actin cytoskeleton during signal transduction by perceiving a wide range of mechanical and chemical cues from developmental and defense pathways. Actin treadmilling is stepwise-regulated by interactions between actin and actin-binding proteins (ABPs). Emerging evidence shows that intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) enable flexible and promiscuous interactions that serve as the functional hub for generating cellular interactomes underlying various signaling events. Though IDRs are present in a majority of ABPs, few of the functional roles of IDR in the interaction and functions of ABPs have been defined. The distinct features of IDRs create diverse and dynamic molecular interactions that introduce a new paradigm to our understanding of the structure-function relationships for actin assembly. In this review, we will create a snapshot of recent advances in IDR-mediated plant actin remodeling and discuss future research directions in studying the complexity of actin assembly via multifaceted biomolecular assembly during signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
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15
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Abstract
Cell polarity in plants operates across a broad range of spatial and temporal scales to control processes from acute cell growth to systemic hormone distribution. Similar to other eukaryotes, plants generate polarity at both the subcellular and tissue levels, often through polarization of membrane-associated protein complexes. However, likely due to the constraints imposed by the cell wall and their extremely plastic development, plants possess novel polarity molecules and mechanisms highly tuned to environmental inputs. Considerable progress has been made in identifying key plant polarity regulators, but detailed molecular understanding of polarity mechanisms remains incomplete in plants. Here, we emphasize the striking similarities in the conceptual frameworks that generate polarity in both animals and plants. To this end, we highlight how novel, plant-specific proteins engage in common themes of positive feedback, dynamic intracellular trafficking, and posttranslational regulation to establish polarity axes in development. We end with a discussion of how environmental signals control intrinsic polarity to impact postembryonic organogenesis and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Muroyama
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020, USA; .,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020, USA
| | - Dominique Bergmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020, USA; .,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020, USA
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16
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Tello-Ruiz MK, Marco CF, Hsu FM, Khangura RS, Qiao P, Sapkota S, Stitzer MC, Wasikowski R, Wu H, Zhan J, Chougule K, Barone LC, Ghiban C, Muna D, Olson AC, Wang L, Ware D, Micklos DA. Double triage to identify poorly annotated genes in maize: The missing link in community curation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224086. [PMID: 31658277 PMCID: PMC6816542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The sophistication of gene prediction algorithms and the abundance of RNA-based evidence for the maize genome may suggest that manual curation of gene models is no longer necessary. However, quality metrics generated by the MAKER-P gene annotation pipeline identified 17,225 of 130,330 (13%) protein-coding transcripts in the B73 Reference Genome V4 gene set with models of low concordance to available biological evidence. Working with eight graduate students, we used the Apollo annotation editor to curate 86 transcript models flagged by quality metrics and a complimentary method using the Gramene gene tree visualizer. All of the triaged models had significant errors–including missing or extra exons, non-canonical splice sites, and incorrect UTRs. A correct transcript model existed for about 60% of genes (or transcripts) flagged by quality metrics; we attribute this to the convention of elevating the transcript with the longest coding sequence (CDS) to the canonical, or first, position. The remaining 40% of flagged genes resulted in novel annotations and represent a manual curation space of about 10% of the maize genome (~4,000 protein-coding genes). MAKER-P metrics have a specificity of 100%, and a sensitivity of 85%; the gene tree visualizer has a specificity of 100%. Together with the Apollo graphical editor, our double triage provides an infrastructure to support the community curation of eukaryotic genomes by scientists, students, and potentially even citizen scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela K. Tello-Ruiz
- Plant Biology Program, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Cristina F. Marco
- DNA Learning Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Fei-Man Hsu
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Rajdeep S. Khangura
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Pengfei Qiao
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Sirjan Sapkota
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michelle C. Stitzer
- Department of Plant Sciences and Center for Population Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Rachael Wasikowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hao Wu
- Genetics, Development & Cell Biology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Junpeng Zhan
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kapeel Chougule
- Plant Biology Program, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Lindsay C. Barone
- DNA Learning Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Cornel Ghiban
- DNA Learning Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Demitri Muna
- Plant Biology Program, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew C. Olson
- Plant Biology Program, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Liya Wang
- Plant Biology Program, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Doreen Ware
- Plant Biology Program, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - David A. Micklos
- DNA Learning Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
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17
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Wang H, Guo S, Qiao X, Guo J, Li Z, Zhou Y, Bai S, Gao Z, Wang D, Wang P, Galbraith DW, Song CP. BZU2/ZmMUTE controls symmetrical division of guard mother cell and specifies neighbor cell fate in maize. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008377. [PMID: 31465456 PMCID: PMC6738654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication in adjacent cell layers determines cell fate and polarity, thus orchestrating tissue specification and differentiation. Here we use the maize stomatal apparatus as a model to investigate cell fate determination. Mutations in ZmBZU2 (bizui2, bzu2) confer a complete absence of subsidiary cells (SCs) and normal guard cells (GCs), leading to failure of formation of mature stomatal complexes. Nuclear polarization and actin accumulation at the interface between subsidiary mother cells (SMCs) and guard mother cells (GMCs), an essential pre-requisite for asymmetric cell division, did not occur in Zmbzu2 mutants. ZmBZU2 encodes a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, which is an ortholog of AtMUTE in Arabidopsis (BZU2/ZmMUTE). We found that a number of genes implicated in stomatal development are transcriptionally regulated by BZU2/ZmMUTE. In particular, BZU2/ZmMUTE directly binds to the promoters of PAN1 and PAN2, two early regulators of protodermal cell fate and SMC polarization, consistent with the low levels of transcription of these genes observed in bzu2-1 mutants. BZU2/ZmMUTE has the cell-to-cell mobility characteristic similar to that of BdMUTE in Brachypodium distachyon. Unexpectedly, BZU2/ZmMUTE is expressed in GMC from the asymmetric division stage to the GMC division stage, and especially in the SMC establishment stage. Taken together, these data imply that BZU2/ZmMUTE is required for early events in SMC polarization and differentiation as well as for the last symmetrical division of GMCs to produce the two GCs, and is a master determinant of the cell fate of its neighbors through cell-to-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Siyi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jianfei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zuliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yusen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shenglong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Daojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - David W. Galbraith
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- School of Plant Sciences, the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Chun-Peng Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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18
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Bellinger M, Sidhu S, Rasmussen C. Staining Maize Epidermal Leaf Peels with Toluidine Blue O. Bio Protoc 2019. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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19
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Apostolakos P, Livanos P, Giannoutsou E, Panteris E, Galatis B. The intracellular and intercellular cross-talk during subsidiary cell formation in Zea mays: existing and novel components orchestrating cell polarization and asymmetric division. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:679-696. [PMID: 29346521 PMCID: PMC6215039 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Formation of stomatal complexes in Poaceae is the outcome of three asymmetric and one symmetric cell division occurring in particular leaf protodermal cells. In this definite sequence of cell division events, the generation of subsidiary cells is of particular importance and constitutes an attractive model for studying local intercellular stimulation. In brief, an induction stimulus emitted by the guard cell mother cells (GMCs) triggers a series of polarization events in their laterally adjacent protodermal cells. This signal determines the fate of the latter cells, forcing them to divide asymmetrically and become committed to subsidiary cell mother cells (SMCs). Scope This article summarizes old and recent structural and molecular data mostly derived from Zea mays, focusing on the interplay between GMCs and SMCs, and on the unique polarization sequence occurring in both cell types. Recent evidence suggests that auxin operates as an inducer of SMC polarization/asymmetric division. The intercellular auxin transport is facilitated by the distribution of a specific transmembrane auxin carrier and requires reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, the local differentiation of the common cell wall between SMCs and GMCs is one of the earliest features of SMC polarization. Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases, Rho-like plant GTPases as well as the SCAR/WAVE regulatory complex also participate in the perception of the morphogenetic stimulus and have been implicated in certain polarization events in SMCs. Moreover, the transduction of the auxin signal and its function are assisted by phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and the products of the catalytic activity of phospholipases C and D. Conclusion In the present review, the possible role(s) of each of the components in SMC polarization and asymmetric division are discussed, and an overall perspective on the mechanisms beyond these phenomena is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Apostolakos
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - P Livanos
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Giannoutsou
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - B Galatis
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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20
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Hsu PY, Benfey PN. Small but Mighty: Functional Peptides Encoded by Small ORFs in Plants. Proteomics 2017; 18:e1700038. [PMID: 28759167 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Peptides encoded by small open reading frames (sORFs, usually <100 codons) play critical regulatory roles in plant development and environmental responses. Despite their importance, only a small number of these peptides have been identified and characterized. Genomic studies have revealed that many plant genomes contain thousands of possible sORFs, which could potentially encode small peptides. The challenge is to distinguish translated sORFs from nontranslated ones. Here, we highlight advances in methodologies for identifying these hidden sORFs in plant genomes, including ribosome profiling and proteomics. We also examine the evidence for new peptides arising from sORFs and discuss their functions in plant development, environmental responses, and translational control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip N Benfey
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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21
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Abstract
A large body of evidence indicates that genome annotation pipelines have biased our view of coding sequences because they generally undersample small proteins and peptides. The recent development of genome-wide translation profiling reveals the prevalence of small/short open reading frames (smORFs or sORFs), which are scattered over all classes of transcripts, including both mRNAs and presumptive long noncoding RNAs. Proteomic approaches further confirm an unexpected variety of smORF-encoded peptides (SEPs), representing an overlooked reservoir of bioactive molecules. Indeed, functional studies in a broad range of species from yeast to humans demonstrate that SEPs can harbor key activities for the control of development, differentiation, and physiology. Here we summarize recent advances in the discovery and functional characterization of smORF/SEPs and discuss why these small players can no longer be ignored with regard to genome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Plaza
- Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France; .,CNRS, UMR5546, Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Gerben Menschaert
- Department of Mathematical Modeling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, University of Ghent, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - François Payre
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France;
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22
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Akita K, Kobayashi M, Sato M, Kutsuna N, Ueda T, Toyooka K, Nagata N, Hasezawa S, Higaki T. Cell wall accumulation of fluorescent proteins derived from a trans-Golgi cisternal membrane marker and paramural bodies in interdigitated Arabidopsis leaf epidermal cells. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:367-377. [PMID: 26960821 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0955-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In most dicotyledonous plants, leaf epidermal pavement cells develop jigsaw puzzle-like shapes during cell expansion. The rapid growth and complicated cell shape of pavement cells is suggested to be achieved by targeted exocytosis that is coordinated with cytoskeletal rearrangement to provide plasma membrane and/or cell wall materials for lobe development during their morphogenesis. Therefore, visualization of membrane trafficking in leaf pavement cells should contribute an understanding of the mechanism of plant cell morphogenesis. To reveal membrane trafficking in pavement cells, we observed monomeric red fluorescent protein-tagged rat sialyl transferases, which are markers of trans-Golgi cisternal membranes, in the leaf epidermis of Arabidopsis thaliana. Quantitative fluorescence imaging techniques and immunoelectron microscopic observations revealed that accumulation of the red fluorescent protein occurred mostly in the curved regions of pavement cell borders and guard cell ends during leaf expansion. Transmission electron microscopy observations revealed that apoplastic vesicular membrane structures called paramural bodies were more frequent beneath the curved cell wall regions of interdigitated pavement cells and guard cell ends in young leaf epidermis. In addition, pharmacological studies showed that perturbations in membrane trafficking resulted in simple cell shapes. These results suggested possible heterogeneity of the curved regions of plasma membranes, implying a relationship with pavement cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Akita
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan.
| | - Megumi Kobayashi
- Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Mayuko Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Sciences, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Natsumaro Kutsuna
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
- Research and Development Division, LPixel Inc., Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 150-0002, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Sciences, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Noriko Nagata
- Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
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23
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Higaki T, Takigawa-Imamura H, Akita K, Kutsuna N, Kobayashi R, Hasezawa S, Miura T. Exogenous Cellulase Switches Cell Interdigitation to Cell Elongation in an RIC1-dependent Manner in Arabidopsis thaliana Cotyledon Pavement Cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:106-119. [PMID: 28011873 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Pavement cells in cotyledons and true leaves exhibit a jigsaw puzzle-like morphology in most dicotyledonous plants. Among the molecular mechanisms mediating cell morphogenesis, two antagonistic Rho-like GTPases regulate local cell outgrowth via cytoskeletal rearrangements. Analyses of several cell wall-related mutants suggest the importance of cell wall mechanics in the formation of interdigitated patterns. However, how these factors are integrated is unknown. In this study, we observed that the application of exogenous cellulase to hydroponically grown Arabidopsis thaliana cotyledons switched the interdigitation of pavement cells to the production of smoothly elongated cells. The cellulase-induced inhibition of cell interdigitation was not observed in a RIC1 knockout mutant. This gene encodes a Rho-like GTPase-interacting protein important for localized cell growth suppression via microtubule bundling on concave cell interfaces. Additionally, to characterize pavement cell morphologies, we developed a mathematical model that considers the balance between cell and cell wall growth, restricted global cell growth orientation, and regulation of local cell outgrowth mediated by a Rho-like GTPase-cytoskeleton system. Our computational simulations fully support our experimental observations, and suggest that interdigitated patterns form because of mechanical buckling in the absence of Rho-like GTPase-dependent regulation of local cell outgrowth. Our model clarifies the cell wall mechanics influencing pavement cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Higaki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hisako Takigawa-Imamura
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kae Akita
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Natsumaro Kutsuna
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- Research and Development Division, LPixel Inc., Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Kobayashi
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Miura
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Han SK, Torii KU. Lineage-specific stem cells, signals and asymmetries during stomatal development. Development 2016; 143:1259-70. [PMID: 27095491 DOI: 10.1242/dev.127712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stomata are dispersed pores found in the epidermis of land plants that facilitate gas exchange for photosynthesis while minimizing water loss. Stomata are formed from progenitor cells, which execute a series of differentiation events and stereotypical cell divisions. The sequential activation of master regulatory basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors controls the initiation, proliferation and differentiation of stomatal cells. Cell-cell communication mediated by secreted peptides, receptor kinases, and downstream mitogen-activated kinase cascades enforces proper stomatal patterning, and an intrinsic polarity mechanism ensures asymmetric cell divisions. As we review here, recent studies have provided insights into the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that control stomatal development. These findings have also highlighted striking similarities between plants and animals with regards to their mechanisms of specialized cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Ki Han
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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25
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Zhou W, Wang Y, Wu Z, Luo L, Liu P, Yan L, Hou S. Homologs of SCAR/WAVE complex components are required for epidermal cell morphogenesis in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4311-23. [PMID: 27252469 PMCID: PMC5301933 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous actins (F-actins) play a vital role in epidermal cell morphogenesis. However, a limited number of studies have examined actin-dependent leaf epidermal cell morphogenesis events in rice. In this study, two recessive mutants were isolated: less pronounced lobe epidermal cell2-1 (lpl2-1) and lpl3-1, whose leaf and stem epidermis developed a smooth surface, with fewer serrated pavement cell (PC) lobes, and decreased papillae. The lpl2-1 also exhibited irregular stomata patterns, reduced plant height, and short panicles and roots. Molecular genetic studies demonstrated that LPL2 and LPL3 encode the PIROGI/Specifically Rac1-associated protein 1 (PIR/SRA1)-like and NCK-associated protein 1 (NAP1)-like proteins, respectively, two components of the suppressor of cAMP receptor/Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein-family verprolin-homologous protein (SCAR/WAVE) regulatory complex involved in actin nucleation and function. Epidermal cells exhibited abnormal arrangement of F-actins in both lpl2 and lpl3 expanding leaves. Moreover, the distorted trichomes of Arabidopsis pir could be partially restored by an overexpression of LPL2 A yeast two-hybrid assay revealed that LPL2 can directly interact with LPL3 in vitro Collectively, the results indicate that LPL2 and LPL3 are two functionally conserved homologs of the SCAR/WAVE complex components, and that they play an important role in controlling epidermal cell morphogenesis in rice by organising F-actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhongliang Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Liang Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Longfeng Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Suiwen Hou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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26
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Augustine SM, Cherian AV, Syamaladevi DP, Subramonian N. Erianthus arundinaceus HSP70 (EaHSP70) Acts as a Key Regulator in the Formation of Anisotropic Interdigitation in Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) in Response to Drought Stress. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:2368-80. [PMID: 26423958 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth during abiotic stress is a long sought-after trait especially in crop plants in the context of global warming and climate change. Previous studies on leaf epidermal cells have revealed that during normal growth and development, adjacent cells interdigitate anisotropically to form cell morphological patterns known as interlocking marginal lobes (IMLs), involving the cell wall-cell membrane-cortical actin continuum. IMLs are growth-associated cell morphological changes in which auxin-binding protein (ABP), Rho GTPases and actin are known to play important roles. In the present study, we investigated the formation of IMLs under drought stress and found that Erianthus arundinaceus, a drought-tolerant wild relative of sugarcane, develops such growth-related cell morphological patterns under drought stress. Using confocal microscopy, we showed an increasing trend in cortical F-actin intensity in drought-tolerant plants with increasing soil moisture stress. In order to check the role of drought tolerance-related genes in IML formation under soil moisture stress, we adopted a structural data mining strategy and identified indirect connections between the ABPs and heat shock proteins (HSPs). Initial experimental evidence for this connection comes from the high transcript levels of HSP70 observed in drought-stressed Erianthus, which developed anisotropic interdigitation, i.e. IMLs. Subsequently, by overexpressing the E. arundinaceus HSP70 gene (EaHSP70) in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid), we confirm the role of HSP70 in the formation of anisotropic interdigitation under drought stress. Taken together, our results suggest that EaHSP70 acts as a key regulator in the formation of anisotropic interdigitation in drought-tolerant plants (Erianthus and HSP70 transgenic sugarcane) under moisture stress in an actin-mediated pathway. The possible biological significance of the formation of drought-associated interlocking marginal lobes (DaIMLs) in sugarcane plants upon drought stress is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anoop V Cherian
- Present address: Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lungs Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
| | - Divya P Syamaladevi
- Sugarcane Breeding Institute, ICAR, Coimbatore 641007, India Present address: Indian Institute of Rice Research, ICAR, Hyderabad, India.
| | - N Subramonian
- Sugarcane Breeding Institute, ICAR, Coimbatore 641007, India
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Abstract
Maize has a long history of genetic and genomic tool development and is considered one of the most accessible higher plant systems. With a fully sequenced genome, a suite of cytogenetic tools, methods for both forward and reverse genetics, and characterized phenotype markers, maize is amenable to studying questions beyond plant biology. Major discoveries in the areas of transposons, imprinting, and chromosome biology came from work in maize. Moving forward in the post-genomic era, this classic model system will continue to be at the forefront of basic biological study. In this review, we outline the basics of working with maize and describe its rich genetic toolbox.
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28
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Augustine SM, Narayan JA, Syamaladevi DP, Appunu C, Chakravarthi M, Ravichandran V, Subramonian N. Erianthus arundinaceus HSP70 (EaHSP70) overexpression increases drought and salinity tolerance in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 232:23-34. [PMID: 25617320 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) have a major role in stress tolerance mechanisms in plants. Our studies have shown that the expression of HSP70 is enhanced under water stress in Erianthus arundinaceus. In this paper, we evaluate the effects of overexpression of EaHSP70 driven by Port Ubi 2.3 promoter in sugarcane. The transgenic events exhibit significantly higher gene expression, cell membrane thermostability, relative water content, gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency. The overexpression of EaHSP70 transgenic sugarcane led to the upregulation of stress-related genes. The transformed sugarcane plants had better chlorophyll retention and higher germination ability than control plants under salinity stress. Our results suggest that EaHSP70 plays an important role in sugarcane acclimation to drought and salinity stresses and its potential for genetic engineering of sugarcane for drought and salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Ashwin Narayan
- Sugarcane Breeding Institute (ICAR), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Divya P Syamaladevi
- Indian Grass and Fodder Research Institute Regional Station, Avikanagar, Rajasthan, India
| | - C Appunu
- Sugarcane Breeding Institute (ICAR), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Chakravarthi
- Sugarcane Breeding Institute (ICAR), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Ravichandran
- Department of Rice, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Subramonian
- Sugarcane Breeding Institute (ICAR), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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29
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Serna L. Development: Early events in asymmetric division. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:15008. [PMID: 27246765 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Serna
- Facultad de Ciencias del Medio Ambiente y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, E-45071 Toledo, Spain
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30
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Facette MR, Park Y, Sutimantanapi D, Luo A, Cartwright HN, Yang B, Bennett EJ, Sylvester AW, Smith LG. The SCAR/WAVE complex polarizes PAN receptors and promotes division asymmetry in maize. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:14024. [PMID: 27246760 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2014.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pre-mitotic establishment of polarity is a key event in the preparation of mother cells for asymmetric cell divisions that produce daughters of distinct fates, and ensures correct cellular patterning of tissues and eventual organ function. Previous work has shown that two receptor-like kinases, PANGLOSS2 (PAN2) and PAN1, and the small GTPase RHO GTPASE OF PLANTS (ROP) promote mother cell polarity and subsequent division asymmetry in developing maize stomata. PAN proteins become polarized prior to asymmetric cell division, however, the mechanism of this polarization is unknown. Here we show that the SCAR/WAVE regulatory complex, which activates the actin-nucleating ARP2/3 complex, is the first known marker of polarity in this asymmetric division model and is required for PAN polarization. These findings implicate actin, and specifically branched actin networks, in PAN polarization and asymmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Facette
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Yeri Park
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Dena Sutimantanapi
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Anding Luo
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
| | - Heather N Cartwright
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Eric J Bennett
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Anne W Sylvester
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
| | - Laurie G Smith
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
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31
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Crappé J, Van Criekinge W, Menschaert G. Little things make big things happen: A summary of micropeptide encoding genes. EUPA OPEN PROTEOMICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euprot.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Marmiroli N, Maestri E. Plant peptides in defense and signaling. Peptides 2014; 56:30-44. [PMID: 24681437 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on plant peptides involved in defense against pathogen infection and those involved in the regulation of growth and development. Defense peptides, defensins, cyclotides and anti-microbial peptides are compared and contrasted. Signaling peptides are classified according to their major sites of activity. Finally, a network approach to creating an interactomic peptide map is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Marmiroli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Elena Maestri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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33
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Jacques E, Verbelen JP, Vissenberg K. Review on shape formation in epidermal pavement cells of the Arabidopsis leaf. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 41:914-921. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1071/fp13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal pavement cells appear with a fascinating irregular wavy shape in the Arabidopsis thaliana leaf. This review addresses the questions of why this particular shape is produced during leaf development and how this is accomplished. To answer the first question most probably waviness offers some biomechanical benefits over other organisations. Different positions of lobe-formation are therefore explored and discussed. At the moment, however, no hard evidence that favours any one morphology is available. The latter question comprises the biomechanical accomplishment of shape and refers to the cell wall and cytoskeletal involvement herein. A current model for pavement cell development is discussed but remaining questions and pitfalls are put forward. Moreover, an overview of the genetic and biochemical regulatory pathways that are described up to date in the literature is presented.
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Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD), a mechanism for cell-type diversification in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, is accomplished through highly coordinated cell-fate segregation, genome partitioning, and cell division. Whereas important paradigms have arisen from the study of animal embryonic divisions, the strategies for choreographing the dynamic subprocesses are, in fact, highly varied. This review examines divergent mechanisms of ACD across different kingdoms. Examples discussed show that there is no obligatory hierarchy among the dynamic events and that asymmetry can emerge from each event, but cell polarization more often occurs as the initial instructive process for patterning ACD especially in the multicellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.
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35
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Venkata BP, Lauter N, Li X, Chapple C, Krupke C, Johal G, Moose S. crw1--A novel maize mutant highly susceptible to foliar damage by the western corn rootworm beetle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71296. [PMID: 23951124 PMCID: PMC3739800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is the most destructive insect pest of corn (Zea mays L.) in the United States. The adult WCR beetles derive their nourishment from multiple sources including corn pollen and silks as well as the pollen of alternate hosts. Conversely, the corn foliage is largely neglected as a food source by WCR beetles, leading to a perception of a passive interaction between the two. We report here a novel recessive mutation of corn that was identified and named after its foliar susceptibility to corn rootworm beetles (crw1). The crw1 mutant under field conditions was exceptionally susceptible to foliar damage by WCR beetles in an age-specific manner. It exhibits pleiotropic defects on cell wall biochemistry, morphology of leaf epidermal cells and lower structural integrity via differential accumulation of cell wall bound phenolic acids. These findings indicate that crw1 is perturbed in a pathway that was not previously ascribed to WCR susceptibility, as well as implying the presence of an active mechanism(s) deterring WCR beetles from devouring corn foliage. The discovery and characterization of this mutant provides a unique opportunity for genetic analysis of interactions between maize and adult WCR beetles and identify new strategies to control the spread and invasion of this destructive pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bala Puchakayala Venkata
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Nick Lauter
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Xu Li
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Clint Chapple
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Christian Krupke
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Gurmukh Johal
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Stephen Moose
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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36
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37
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38
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Panteris E, Adamakis IDS, Tzioutziou NA. Abundance of actin filaments in the preprophase band and mitotic spindle of brick1 Zea mays mutant. PROTOPLASMA 2009; 236:103-106. [PMID: 19434475 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-009-0049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The preprophase band and mitotic spindle of dividing protodermal cells of wild-type Zea mays leaves include few actin filaments. Surprisingly, abundant actin filaments were observed in the above arrays, in dividing protodermal cells in the leaves of the brick1 mutant. The same abundance was observed in the spindle of Taxol-treated brick1 mitotic protodermal cells. Apart from the above difference, the relevant arrays displayed normal microtubule organization in both wild type and mutant cells, as far as can be discerned by immunofluorescence microscopy. Accordingly, the abundance of actin filaments in the preprophase band and spindle of brick1 mitotic cells seems not to influence the structure of the above arrays and might be a non-functional "side-effect" of defective F-actin organization in this mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, 541 24, Macedonia, Greece.
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39
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Brooks L, Strable J, Zhang X, Ohtsu K, Zhou R, Sarkar A, Hargreaves S, Elshire RJ, Eudy D, Pawlowska T, Ware D, Janick-Buckner D, Buckner B, Timmermans MCP, Schnable PS, Nettleton D, Scanlon MJ. Microdissection of shoot meristem functional domains. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000476. [PMID: 19424435 PMCID: PMC2673047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem (SAM) maintains a pool of indeterminate cells within the SAM proper, while lateral organs are initiated from the SAM periphery. Laser microdissection-microarray technology was used to compare transcriptional profiles within these SAM domains to identify novel maize genes that function during leaf development. Nine hundred and sixty-two differentially expressed maize genes were detected; control genes known to be upregulated in the initiating leaf (P0/P1) or in the SAM proper verified the precision of the microdissections. Genes involved in cell division/growth, cell wall biosynthesis, chromatin remodeling, RNA binding, and translation are especially upregulated in initiating leaves, whereas genes functioning during protein fate and DNA repair are more abundant in the SAM proper. In situ hybridization analyses confirmed the expression patterns of six previously uncharacterized maize genes upregulated in the P0/P1. P0/P1-upregulated genes that were also shown to be downregulated in leaf-arrested shoots treated with an auxin transport inhibitor are especially implicated to function during early events in maize leaf initiation. Reverse genetic analyses of asceapen1 (asc1), a maize D4-cyclin gene upregulated in the P0/P1, revealed novel leaf phenotypes, less genetic redundancy, and expanded D4-CYCLIN function during maize shoot development as compared to Arabidopsis. These analyses generated a unique SAM domain-specific database that provides new insight into SAM function and a useful platform for reverse genetic analyses of shoot development in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Brooks
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Josh Strable
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Plant Biology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kazuhiro Ohtsu
- Center for Plant Genomics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Ruilian Zhou
- Center for Plant Genomics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Ananda Sarkar
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah Hargreaves
- Center for Plant Genomics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Elshire
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Douglas Eudy
- Division of Science, Truman State University, Kirksville, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Teresa Pawlowska
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Doreen Ware
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
- Agriculture Research Service Department, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Diane Janick-Buckner
- Division of Science, Truman State University, Kirksville, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Brent Buckner
- Division of Science, Truman State University, Kirksville, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Patrick S. Schnable
- Center for Plant Genomics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Dan Nettleton
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Scanlon
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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40
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Wright AJ, Gallagher K, Smith LG. discordia1 and alternative discordia1 function redundantly at the cortical division site to promote preprophase band formation and orient division planes in maize. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:234-47. [PMID: 19168717 PMCID: PMC2648079 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.062810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, cell wall placement during cytokinesis is determined by the position of the preprophase band (PPB) and the subsequent expansion of the phragmoplast, which deposits the new cell wall, to the cortical division site delineated by the PPB. New cell walls are often incorrectly oriented during asymmetric cell divisions in the leaf epidermis of maize (Zea mays) discordia1 (dcd1) mutants, and this defect is associated with aberrant PPB formation in asymmetrically dividing cells. dcd1 was cloned and encodes a putative B'' regulatory subunit of the PP2A phosphatase complex highly similar to Arabidopsis thaliana FASS/TONNEAU2, which is required for PPB formation. We also identified alternative discordia1 (add1), a second gene in maize nearly identical to dcd1. While loss of add1 function does not produce a noticeable phenotype, knock down of both genes in add1(RNAi) dcd1(RNAi) plants prevents PPB formation and causes misorientation of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions. Immunolocalization studies with an antibody that recognizes both DCD1 and ADD1 showed that these proteins colocalize with PPBs and remain at the cortical division site through metaphase. Our results indicate that DCD1 and ADD1 function in PPB formation, that this function is more critical in asymmetrically dividing cells than in symmetrically dividing cells, and that DCD1/ADD1 may have other roles in addition to promoting PPB formation at the cortical division site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Wright
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA.
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41
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Patel FB, Bernadskaya YY, Chen E, Jobanputra A, Pooladi Z, Freeman KL, Gally C, Mohler WA, Soto MC. The WAVE/SCAR complex promotes polarized cell movements and actin enrichment in epithelia during C. elegans embryogenesis. Dev Biol 2008; 324:297-309. [PMID: 18938151 PMCID: PMC2629559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The WAVE/SCAR complex promotes actin nucleation through the Arp2/3 complex, in response to Rac signaling. We show that loss of WVE-1/GEX-1, the only C. elegans WAVE/SCAR homolog, by genetic mutation or by RNAi, has the same phenotype as loss of GEX-2/Sra1/p140/PIR121, GEX-3/NAP1/HEM2/KETTE, or ABI-1/ABI, the three other components of the C. elegans WAVE/SCAR complex. We find that the entire WAVE/SCAR complex promotes actin-dependent events at different times and in different tissues during development. During C. elegans embryogenesis loss of CED-10/Rac1, WAVE/SCAR complex components, or Arp2/3 blocks epidermal cell migrations despite correct epidermal cell differentiation. 4D movies show that this failure occurs due to decreased membrane dynamics in specific epidermal cells. Unlike myoblasts in Drosophila, epidermal cell fusions in C. elegans can occur in the absence of WAVE/SCAR or Arp2/3. Instead we find that subcellular enrichment of F-actin in epithelial tissues requires the Rac-WAVE/SCAR-Arp2/3 pathway. Intriguingly, we find that at the same stage of development both F-actin and WAVE/SCAR proteins are enriched apically in one epithelial tissue and basolaterally in another. We propose that temporally and spatially regulated actin nucleation by the Rac-WAVE/SCAR-Arp2/3 pathway is required for epithelial cell organization and movements during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falshruti B. Patel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UMDNJ – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Yelena Y. Bernadskaya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UMDNJ – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Esteban Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UMDNJ – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Aesha Jobanputra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UMDNJ – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Zahra Pooladi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UMDNJ – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Kristy L. Freeman
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology and Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., MC-3301, Farmington, CT 06030-3301
| | - Christelle Gally
- IGBMC, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - William A. Mohler
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology and Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., MC-3301, Farmington, CT 06030-3301
| | - Martha C. Soto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UMDNJ – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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Apostolakos P, Panteris E, Galatis B. The involvement of phospholipases C and D in the asymmetric division of subsidiary cell mother cells of Zea mays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 65:863-75. [PMID: 18785264 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the involvement of phospholipase C and D (PLC and PLD) pathways in the asymmetric divisions that produce the stomatal complexes of Zea mays was investigated. In particular, the polar organization of microtubules (MTs) and actin filaments (AFs) and the process of asymmetric division were studied in subsidiary cell mother cells (SMCs) treated with PLC and PLD modulators. In SMCs treated with butanol-1 (but-1), which blocks phosphatidic acid (PA) production via PLDs, AF-patch formation laterally to the inducing guard cell mother cell (GMC) and the subsequent asymmetric division were inhibited. In these SMCs, cell division plane determination, as expressed by MT preprophase band (MT-PPB) formation, was not disturbed. Exogenously applied PA partially relieved the but-1 effects on SMCs. In contrast to SMCs, but-1 did not affect the symmetric GMC division. Inhibition of the PLC catalytic activity by neomycin or U73122 resulted in inhibition of asymmetric SMC division, while AF-patch and MT-PPB were organized as in control SMCs. These data show that the PLC and PLD signaling pathways are involved in the transduction and/or perception of the inductive stimulus that is emitted by the GMCs and induces the polar AF organization and asymmetric SMC division. In contrast, division plane determination in SMCs, as expressed by MT-PPB formation, does not depend on PLC and PLD signaling pathways.
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43
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Dyachok J, Shao MR, Vaughn K, Bowling A, Facette M, Djakovic S, Clark L, Smith L. Plasma membrane-associated SCAR complex subunits promote cortical F-actin accumulation and normal growth characteristics in Arabidopsis roots. MOLECULAR PLANT 2008; 1:990-1006. [PMID: 19825598 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssn059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The ARP2/3 complex, a highly conserved nucleator of F-actin polymerization, and its activator, the SCAR complex, have been shown to play important roles in leaf epidermal cell morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. However, the intracellular site(s) and function(s) of SCAR and ARP2/3 complex-dependent actin polymerization in plant cells remain unclear. We demonstrate that putative SCAR complex subunits BRK1 and SCAR1 are localized to the plasma membrane at sites of cell growth and wall deposition in expanding cells of leaves and roots. BRK1 localization is SCAR-dependent, providing further evidence of an association between these proteins in vivo. Consistent with plasma membrane localization of SCAR complex subunits, cortical F-actin accumulation in root tip cells is reduced in brk1 mutants. Moreover, mutations disrupting the SCAR or ARP2/3 complex reduce the growth rate of roots and their ability to penetrate semi-solid medium, suggesting reduced rigidity. Cell walls of mutant roots exhibit abnormal structure and composition at intercellular junctions where BRK1 and SCAR1 are enriched in the adjacent plasma membrane. Taken together, our results suggest that SCAR and ARP2/3 complex-dependent actin polymerization promotes processes at the plasma membrane that are important for normal growth and wall assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dyachok
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
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44
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Ringli C, Bigler L, Kuhn BM, Leiber RM, Diet A, Santelia D, Frey B, Pollmann S, Klein M. The modified flavonol glycosylation profile in the Arabidopsis rol1 mutants results in alterations in plant growth and cell shape formation. THE PLANT CELL 2008; 20:1470-81. [PMID: 18567791 PMCID: PMC2483361 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.107.053249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are secondary metabolites known to modulate plant growth and development. A primary function of flavonols, a subgroup of flavonoids, is thought to be the modification of auxin fluxes in the plant. Flavonols in the cell are glycosylated, and the repressor of lrx1 (rol1) mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana, affected in rhamnose biosynthesis, have a modified flavonol glycosylation profile. A detailed analysis of the rol1-2 allele revealed hyponastic growth, aberrant pavement cell and stomatal morphology in cotyledons, and defective trichome formation. Blocking flavonoid biosynthesis suppresses the rol1-2 shoot phenotype, suggesting that it is induced by the modified flavonol profile. The hyponastic cotyledons of rol1-2 are likely to be the result of a flavonol-induced increase in auxin concentration. By contrast, the pavement cell, stomata, and trichome formation phenotypes appear not to be induced by the modified auxin distribution. Together, these results suggest that changes in the composition of flavonols can have a tremendous impact on plant development through both auxin-induced and auxin-independent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Ringli
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
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45
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Perroud PF, Quatrano RS. BRICK1 is required for apical cell growth in filaments of the moss Physcomitrella patens but not for gametophore morphology. THE PLANT CELL 2008; 20:411-22. [PMID: 18263777 PMCID: PMC2276446 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.107.053256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
When BRK1, a member of the Wave/SCAR complex, is deleted in Physcomitrella patens (Deltabrk1), we report a striking reduction of filament growth resulting in smaller and fewer cells with misplaced cross walls compared with the normal protonemal cells. Using an inducible green fluorescent protein-talin to detect actin in living tissue, a characteristic broad accumulation of actin is observed at the tip of wild-type apical cells, whereas in Deltabrk1, smaller, more distinct foci of actin are present. Insertion of brk1-yfp into Deltabrk1 rescues the mutant phenotype and results in BRK1 being localized only in the tip of apical cells, the exclusive site of cell extension and division in the filament. Like BRK1, ARPC4 and At RABA4d are normally localized at the tip of apical cells and their localization is correlated with rapid tip growth in filaments. However, neither marker accumulates in apical cells of Deltabrk1 filaments. Although the Deltabrk1 phenotypes in protonema are severe, the leafy shoots or gametophores are normally shaped but stunted. These and other results suggest that BRK1 functions directly or indirectly in the selective accumulation/stabilization of actin and other proteins required for polar cell growth of filaments but not for the basic structure of the gametophore.
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46
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Qurashi A, Sahin HB, Carrera P, Gautreau A, Schenck A, Giangrande A. HSPC300 and its role in neuronal connectivity. Neural Dev 2007; 2:18. [PMID: 17894861 PMCID: PMC2098765 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-2-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The WAVE/SCAR complex, consisting of CYFIP (PIR121 or Sra1), Kette (Nap1), Abi, SCAR (WAVE) and HSPC300, is known to regulate the actin nucleating Arp2/3 complex in a Rac1-dependent manner. While in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that CYFIP, Kette, Abi and SCAR work as subunits of the complex, the role of the small protein HSPC300 remains unclear. Results In the present study, we identify the HSPC300 gene and characterize its interaction with the WAVE/SCAR complex in the Drosophila animal model. On the basis of several lines of evidence, we demonstrate that HSPC300 is an indispensable component of the complex controlling axonal and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) growth. First, the Drosophila HSPC300 expression profile resembles that of other members of the WAVE/SCAR complex. Second, HSPC300 mutation, as well as mutations in the other complex subunits, results in identical axonal and NMJ growth defects. Third, like with other complex subunits, defects in NMJ architecture are rescued by presynaptic expression of the respective wild-type gene. Fourth, HSPC300 genetically interacts with another subunit of the WAVE/SCAR complex. Fifth, HSPC300 physically associates with CYFIP and SCAR. Conclusion Present data provide the first evidence for HSPC300 playing a role in nervous system development and demonstrate in vivo that this small protein works in the context of the WAVE/SCAR complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Qurashi
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch, CU de Strasbourg, France
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - H Bahar Sahin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch, CU de Strasbourg, France
| | - Pilar Carrera
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch, CU de Strasbourg, France
- Abteilung für Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Institut für Molekulare Physiologie und Entwicklungsbiologie, Universität Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexis Gautreau
- Laboratoire de Morphogenèse et Signalisation Cellulaires, UMR 144 CNRS/Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Annette Schenck
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch, CU de Strasbourg, France
- Department of Human Genetics (855), Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Giangrande
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch, CU de Strasbourg, France
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Uhrig JF, Mutondo M, Zimmermann I, Deeks MJ, Machesky LM, Thomas P, Uhrig S, Rambke C, Hussey PJ, Hülskamp M. The role of Arabidopsis SCAR genes in ARP2-ARP3-dependent cell morphogenesis. Development 2007; 134:967-77. [PMID: 17267444 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The actin-nucleating ARP2-ARP3 complex controls cell shape in plants in many different cell types. Its activity is controlled by a multimeric complex containing BRK1 (also known as HSPC300), NAP1, SRA1, ABI and SCAR/WAVE. In this study, we focus on the function of the five putative SCAR homologues in Arabidopsis and we provide biochemical evidence that AtSCAR2 can activate the ARP2-ARP3 complex in vitro. Among the single mutants, mutations in only AtSCAR2 result in a subtle or weak phenotype similar to ARP2, ARP3 and other `distorted' mutants. Double-mutant analysis revealed a redundancy with AtSCAR4. Systematic application of the yeast two-hybrid system and Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC)revealed a complex protein-interaction network between the ARP2-ARP3 complex and its genetically defined regulators. In addition to protein interactions known in other systems, we identified several new interactions, suggesting that SPIKE1 may be an integral component of the SCAR/WAVE complex and that SCAR proteins in plants might act as direct effectors of ROP GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim F Uhrig
- University of Köln, Botanical Institute III, Gyrhofstr. 15, 50931 Köln, Germany
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48
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Guimil S, Dunand C. Cell growth and differentiation in Arabidopsis epidermal cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2007; 58:3829-40. [PMID: 18162628 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erm253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant epidermal cells are morphologically diverse, differing in size, shape, and function. Their unique morphologies reflect the integral function each cell performs in the organ to which it belongs. Cell morphogenesis involves multiple cellular processes acting in concert to create specialized shapes. The Arabidopsis epidermis contains numerous cell types greatly differing in shape, size, and function. Work on three types of epidermal cells, namely trichomes, root hairs, and pavement cells, has made significant progress towards understanding how plant cells reach their final morphology. These three cell types have highly distinct morphologies and each has become a model cell for the study of morphological processes. A growing body of knowledge is creating a picture of how endoreduplication, cytoskeletal dynamics, vesicle transport, and small GTPase signalling, work in concert to create specialized shapes. Similar mechanisms that determine cell shape and polarity are shared between these cell types, while certain mechanisms remain specific to each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Guimil
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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49
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Panteris E, Apostolakos P, Galatis B. Cytoskeletal asymmetry inZea mayssubsidiary cell mother cells: A monopolar prophase microtubule half-spindle anchors the nucleus to its polar position. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 63:696-709. [PMID: 16986138 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Double labeling of microtubules and actin filaments revealed that in prophase subsidiary mother cells of Zea mays a monopolar prophase microtubule "half-spindle" is formed, which lines the nuclear hemisphere distal to the inducing guard mother cell. The nuclear hemisphere proximal to the guard mother cell is lined by an F-actin cap, consisting of a cortical F-actin patch and actin filaments originating from it. The microtubules of the "half-spindle" decline from the nuclear surface and terminate to the preprophase microtubule band. After disintegration of the latter, a bipolar metaphase spindle is organized. The polar F-actin cap persists during mitosis and early cytokinesis, extending to the chromosomes and the subsidiary cell daughter nucleus. In oryzalin treated subsidiary mother cells the prophase nuclei move away from the polar site. Cytochalasin B and latrunculin-B block the polar migration of subsidiary mother cell nuclei, but do not affect those already settled to the polar position. The prophase nuclei of latrunculin-B treated subsidiary mother cells are globally surrounded by microtubules, while the division plane of latrunculin-B treated subsidiary mother cells is misaligned. The prophase nuclei of brick 1 mutant Zea mays subsidiary mother cells without F-actin patch are also globally surrounded by microtubules. The presented data show that the prophase microtubule "half-spindle"-preprophase band complex anchors the subsidiary mother cell nucleus to the polar cell site, while the polar F-actin cap stabilizes the one metaphase spindle pole proximal to the inducing guard mother cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Panteris
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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50
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Müller S, Han S, Smith LG. Two kinesins are involved in the spatial control of cytokinesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Curr Biol 2006; 16:888-94. [PMID: 16682350 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Revised: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In plant cells, the plane of division is anticipated at the onset of mitosis by the presence of a preprophase band (PPB) of microtubules and F-actin at a cortical site that circumscribes the nucleus. During cytokinesis, the microtubule- and F-actin-based phragmoplast facilitates construction of a new cell wall and is guided to the forecast division site. Proper execution of this process is essential for establishing the cellular framework of plant tissues. The microtubule binding protein TANGLED1 (TAN1) of maize is a key player in the determination of division planes . Lack of TAN1 leads to misguided phragmoplasts and mispositioned cell walls in maize. In a yeast two-hybrid screen for TAN1-interacting proteins, a pair of related kinesins was identified that shares significant sequence homology with two kinesin-12 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana): PHRAGMOPLAST ORIENTING KINESIN 1 and 2 (POK1, POK2). POK1 and POK2 are expressed in tissues enriched for dividing cells. The phenotype of pok1;pok2 double mutants strongly resembles that of maize tan1 mutants, characterized by misoriented mitotic cytoskeletal arrays and misplaced cell walls. We propose that POK1 and POK2 participate in the spatial control of cytokinesis, perhaps via an interaction with the A. thaliana TAN1 homolog, ATN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Müller
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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