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Wang Y, Ding C. Effect of Electrohydrodynamic Drying on Drying Characteristics and Physicochemical Properties of Carrot. Foods 2023; 12:4228. [PMID: 38231695 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying technology on the drying kinetics, microstructure, quality, and nutritional components of carrots, along with conducting experiments on EHD drying under different voltage gradients. The experimental results showed that EHD drying technology could significantly increase the drying rate and the effective moisture diffusion coefficient. Within a certain range, the drying rate was directly proportional to the voltage. When the range was exceeded, the increase in voltage had a minimal effect on the drying rate. In terms of quality, the EHD drying group's color, shrinkage rate, and rehydration performance were superior to the control group, and different voltages had no significant effect on the shrinkage rate and rehydration performance. The retention of carotenoids in the EHD drying group was 1.58 to 2 times that of the control group. EHD drying had a negative impact on the total phenolic content and vitamin A content of dried carrot slices. Based on the results of infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the dehydrated carrot slices showed wrinkling due to water loss, with numerous pores, a generally intact structure, and retained functional groups. EHD drying had a significant impact on the secondary structure of proteins, where an increase in voltage led to an increase in disordered structure, with a smaller proportion of disordered structure in the lower voltage group compared to the control group, and a similar proportion of disordered structure between the higher voltage group and the control group. Results from low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) showed that EHD drying could retain more bound water compared to the control group, with the best retention of cellular bound water at a voltage of 26 kV and the best retention of cellular immobilized water at a voltage of 38 kV, indicating the superiority of EHD drying in preserving cellular structure. This study provided a theoretical basis and experimental foundation for the application of electrohydrodynamic drying technology to carrot drying, and promoted the practical application of EHD drying technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghong Wang
- College of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
| | - Changjiang Ding
- College of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
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Gassner C, Vongsvivut J, Ng SH, Ryu M, Tobin MJ, Juodkazis S, Morikawa J, Wood BR. Linearly Polarized Infrared Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Biological Materials. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:977-1008. [PMID: 37464791 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231180233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of biological samples with polarized infrared spectroscopy (p-IR) has long been a widely practiced method for the determination of sample orientation and structural properties. In contrast to earlier works, which employed this method to investigate the fundamental chemistry of biological systems, recent interests are moving toward "real-world" applications for the evaluation and diagnosis of pathological states. This focal point review provides an up-to-date synopsis of the knowledge of biological materials garnered through linearly p-IR on biomolecules, cells, and tissues. An overview of the theory with special consideration to biological samples is provided. Different modalities which can be employed along with their capabilities and limitations are outlined. Furthermore, an in-depth discussion of factors regarding sample preparation, sample properties, and instrumentation, which can affect p-IR analysis is provided. Additionally, attention is drawn to the potential impacts of analysis of biological samples with inherently polarized light sources, such as synchrotron light and quantum cascade lasers. The vast applications of p-IR for the determination of the structure and orientation of biological samples are given. In conclusion, with considerations to emerging instrumentation, findings by other techniques, and the shift of focus toward clinical applications, we speculate on the future directions of this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Gassner
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jitraporn Vongsvivut
- Infrared Microspectroscopy (IRM) Beamline, ANSTO-Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Australia
| | - Soon Hock Ng
- Optical Sciences Centre and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Meguya Ryu
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mark J Tobin
- Infrared Microspectroscopy (IRM) Beamline, ANSTO-Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Australia
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- Optical Sciences Centre and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Junko Morikawa
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bayden R Wood
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Biological matrix composites from cultured plant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2119523119. [PMID: 35377816 PMCID: PMC9169740 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2119523119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an approach to fabricate biological matrix composites made entirely from cultured plant cells. We utilize the cell’s innate ability to synthesize nanofibrillar cell walls, which serve as the composite’s fundamental building blocks. Following a controlled compression/dehydration process, the cells arrange into lamellar structures with hierarchical features. We demonstrate that the native cell wall nanofibrils tether adjacent cells together through fibrillar interlocking and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. These interactions facilitate intercellular adhesion and eliminate the need for other binders. Our fabrication process utilizes the entire plant cell, grown in an in vitro culture; requires no harsh chemical treatments or waste-generating extraction or selection processes; and leads to bulk biocomposites that can be produced in situ and biodegrade in soil. The final mechanical properties are comparable to commodity plastics and can be further modulated by introducing filler particles.
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Saffer AM. Expanding roles for pectins in plant development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:910-923. [PMID: 29727062 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pectins are complex cell wall polysaccharides important for many aspects of plant development. Recent studies have discovered extensive physical interactions between pectins and other cell wall components, implicating pectins in new molecular functions. Pectins are often localized in spatially-restricted patterns, and some of these non-uniform pectin distributions contribute to multiple aspects of plant development, including the morphogenesis of cells and organs. Furthermore, a growing number of mutants affecting cell wall composition have begun to reveal the distinct contributions of different pectins to plant development. This review discusses the interactions of pectins with other cell wall components, the functions of pectins in controlling cellular morphology, and how non-uniform pectin composition can be an important determinant of developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Saffer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, OML260, 266 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06520-8104, USA
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Gierlinger N. New insights into plant cell walls by vibrational microspectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY REVIEWS 2017; 53:517-551. [PMID: 30057488 PMCID: PMC6050719 DOI: 10.1080/05704928.2017.1363052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy provides non-destructively the molecular fingerprint of plant cells in the native state. In combination with microscopy, the chemical composition can be followed in context with the microstructure, and due to the non-destructive application, in-situ studies of changes during, e.g., degradation or mechanical load are possible. The two complementary vibrational microspectroscopic approaches, Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Microspectroscopy and Confocal Raman spectroscopy, are based on different physical principles and the resulting different drawbacks and advantages in plant applications are reviewed. Examples for FT-IR and Raman microscopy applications on plant cell walls, including imaging as well as in-situ studies, are shown to have high potential to get a deeper understanding of structure-function relationships as well as biological processes and technical treatments. Both probe numerous different molecular vibrations of all components at once and thus result in spectra with many overlapping bands, a challenge for assignment and interpretation. With the help of multivariate unmixing methods (e.g., vertex components analysis), the most pure components can be revealed and their distribution mapped, even tiny layers and structures (250 nm). Instrumental as well as data analysis progresses make both microspectroscopic methods more and more promising tools in plant cell wall research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Notburga Gierlinger
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Rhamnose-Containing Cell Wall Polymers Suppress Helical Plant Growth Independently of Microtubule Orientation. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2248-2259.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sorieul M, Dickson A, Hill SJ, Pearson H. Plant Fibre: Molecular Structure and Biomechanical Properties, of a Complex Living Material, Influencing Its Deconstruction towards a Biobased Composite. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9080618. [PMID: 28773739 PMCID: PMC5509024 DOI: 10.3390/ma9080618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls form an organic complex composite material that fulfils various functions. The hierarchical structure of this material is generated from the integration of its elementary components. This review provides an overview of wood as a composite material followed by its deconstruction into fibres that can then be incorporated into biobased composites. Firstly, the fibres are defined, and their various origins are discussed. Then, the organisation of cell walls and their components are described. The emphasis is on the molecular interactions of the cellulose microfibrils, lignin and hemicelluloses in planta. Hemicelluloses of diverse species and cell walls are described. Details of their organisation in the primary cell wall are provided, as understanding of the role of hemicellulose has recently evolved and is likely to affect our perception and future study of their secondary cell wall homologs. The importance of the presence of water on wood mechanical properties is also discussed. These sections provide the basis for understanding the molecular arrangements and interactions of the components and how they influence changes in fibre properties once isolated. A range of pulping processes can be used to individualise wood fibres, but these can cause damage to the fibres. Therefore, issues relating to fibre production are discussed along with the dispersion of wood fibres during extrusion. The final section explores various ways to improve fibres obtained from wood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Dickson
- Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand.
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Smith-Moritz AM, Hao Z, Fernández-Niño SG, Fangel JU, Verhertbruggen Y, Holman HYN, Willats WGT, Ronald PC, Scheller HV, Heazlewood JL, Vega-Sánchez ME. Structural characterization of a mixed-linkage glucan deficient mutant reveals alteration in cellulose microfibril orientation in rice coleoptile mesophyll cell walls. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:628. [PMID: 26347754 PMCID: PMC4539472 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE F6 (CslF6) gene was previously shown to mediate the biosynthesis of mixed-linkage glucan (MLG), a cell wall polysaccharide that is hypothesized to be tightly associated with cellulose and also have a role in cell expansion in the primary cell wall of young seedlings in grass species. We have recently shown that loss-of-function cslf6 rice mutants do not accumulate MLG in most vegetative tissues. Despite the absence of a structurally important polymer, MLG, these mutants are unexpectedly viable and only show a moderate growth compromise compared to wild type. Therefore these mutants are ideal biological systems to test the current grass cell wall model. In order to gain a better understanding of the role of MLG in the primary wall, we performed in-depth compositional and structural analyses of the cell walls of 3 day-old rice seedlings using various biochemical and novel microspectroscopic approaches. We found that cellulose content as well as matrix polysaccharide composition was not significantly altered in the MLG deficient mutant. However, we observed a significant change in cellulose microfibril bundle organization in mesophyll cell walls of the cslf6 mutant. Using synchrotron source Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared (FTM-IR) Spectromicroscopy for high-resolution imaging, we determined that the bonds associated with cellulose and arabinoxylan, another major component of the primary cell walls of grasses, were in a lower energy configuration compared to wild type, suggesting a slightly weaker primary wall in MLG deficient mesophyll cells. Taken together, these results suggest that MLG may influence cellulose deposition in mesophyll cell walls without significantly affecting anisotropic growth thus challenging MLG importance in cell wall expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia M. Smith-Moritz
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Berkeley, CAUSA
| | - Zhao Hao
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology Program, Berkeley, CAUSA
| | - Susana G. Fernández-Niño
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Berkeley, CAUSA
| | - Jonatan U. Fangel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Yves Verhertbruggen
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Berkeley, CAUSA
| | - Hoi-Ying N. Holman
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology Program, Berkeley, CAUSA
| | - William G. T. Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Pamela C. Ronald
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Berkeley, CAUSA
- Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CAUSA
- *Correspondence: Pamela C. Ronald, Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, One Shield Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA, ; Miguel E. Vega-Sanchez Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Joint BioEnergy Institute, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 978-4121, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA,
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Berkeley, CAUSA
| | - Joshua L. Heazlewood
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Berkeley, CAUSA
| | - Miguel E. Vega-Sánchez
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Berkeley, CAUSA
- *Correspondence: Pamela C. Ronald, Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, One Shield Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA, ; Miguel E. Vega-Sanchez Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Joint BioEnergy Institute, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 978-4121, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA,
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Wang L, Lv X, Li H, Zhang M, Wang H, Jin B, Chen T. Inhibition of apoplastic calmodulin impairs calcium homeostasis and cell wall modeling during Cedrus deodara pollen tube growth. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55411. [PMID: 23405148 PMCID: PMC3566176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is one of the most well-studied Ca(2+) transducers in eukaryotic cells. It is known to regulate the activity of numerous proteins with diverse cellular functions; however, the functions of apoplastic CaM in plant cells are still poorly understood. By combining pharmacological analysis and microscopic techniques, we investigated the involvement of apoplastic CaM in pollen tube growth of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud. It was found that the tip-focused calcium gradient was rapidly disturbed as one of the early events after application of pharmacological agents, while the cytoplasmic organization was not significantly affected. The deposition and distribution of acidic pectins and esterified pectins were also dramatically changed, further perturbing the normal modeling of the cell wall. Several protein candidates from different functional categories may be involved in the responses to inhibition of apoplastic CaM. These results revealed that apoplastic CaM functions to maintain the tip-focused calcium gradient and to modulate the distribution/transformation of pectins during pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Jin
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Öhman D, Demedts B, Kumar M, Gerber L, Gorzsás A, Goeminne G, Hedenström M, Ellis B, Boerjan W, Sundberg B. MYB103 is required for FERULATE-5-HYDROXYLASE expression and syringyl lignin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis stems. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 73:63-76. [PMID: 22967312 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor MYB103 was previously identified as a member of the transcriptional network regulating secondary wall biosynthesis in xylem tissues of Arabidopsis, and was proposed to act on cellulose biosynthesis. It is a direct transcriptional target of the transcription factor SECONDARY WALL ASSOCIATED NAC DOMAIN PROTEIN 1 (SND1), and 35S-driven dominant repression or over-expression of MYB103 modifies secondary wall thickness. We identified two myb103 T-DNA insertion mutants and chemically characterized their lignocellulose by pyrolysis/GC/MS, 2D NMR, FT-IR microspectroscopy and wet chemistry. The mutants developed normally but exhibited a 70-75% decrease in syringyl (S) lignin. The level of guaiacyl (G) lignin was co-ordinately increased, so that total Klason lignin was not affected. The transcript abundance of FERULATE-5-HYDROXYLASE (F5H), the key gene in biosynthesis of S lignin, was strongly decreased in the myb103 mutants, and the metabolomes of the myb103 mutant and an F5H null mutant were very similar. Other than modification of the lignin S to G ratio, there were only very minor changes in the composition of secondary cell-wall polymers in the inflorescence stem. In conclusion, we demonstrate that F5H expression and hence biosynthesis of S lignin are dependent on MYB103.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Öhman
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Brecht Demedts
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Universiteit Gent, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lorenz Gerber
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - András Gorzsás
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Geert Goeminne
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Universiteit Gent, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Brian Ellis
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Universiteit Gent, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Björn Sundberg
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183, Umeå, Sweden
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Dobrowolska I, Majchrzak O, Baldwin TC, Kurczynska EU. Differences in protodermal cell wall structure in zygotic and somatic embryos of Daucus carota (L.) cultured on solid and in liquid media. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:117-29. [PMID: 21424614 PMCID: PMC3249540 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The ultrastructure, cuticle, and distribution of pectic epitopes in outer periclinal walls of protodermal cells of Daucus carota zygotic and somatic embryos from solid and suspension culture were investigated. Lipid substances were present as a continuous layer in zygotic and somatic embryos cultured on solid medium. Somatic embryos from suspension cultures were devoid of cuticle. The ultrastructure of the outer walls of protodermis of embryos was similar in zygotic and somatic embryos from solid culture. Fibrillar material was observed on the surface of somatic embryos. In zygotic embryos, in cotyledons and root pectic epitopes recognised by the antibody JIM5 were observed in all cell walls. In hypocotyls of these embryos, these pectic epitopes were not present in the outer periclinal and anticlinal walls of the protodermis. In somatic embryos from solid media, distribution of pectic epitopes recognised by JIM5 was similar to that described for their zygotic counterparts. In somatic embryos from suspension culture, pectic epitopes recognised by JIM5 were detected in all cell walls. In the cotyledons and hypocotyls, a punctate signal was observed on the outside of the protodermis. Pectic epitopes recognised by JIM7 were present in all cell walls independent of embryo organs. In zygotic embryos, this signal was punctate; in somatic embryos from both cultures, this signal was uniformly distributed. In embryos from suspension cultures, a punctate signal was detected outside the surface of cotyledon and hypocotyl. These data are discussed in light of current models for embryogenesis and the influence of culture conditions on cell wall structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Dobrowolska
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Silesian University, Katowice, Poland.
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Karoui R, Downey G, Blecker C. Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics: A Tool for the Analysis of Intact Food Systems and the Exploration of Their Molecular Structure−Quality Relationships − A Review. Chem Rev 2010; 110:6144-68. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100090k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Romdhane Karoui
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Department of Food Technology, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium, and Teagasc, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Gerard Downey
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Department of Food Technology, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium, and Teagasc, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Christophe Blecker
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Department of Food Technology, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium, and Teagasc, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
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14
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Using Spatial Structure Analysis of Hyperspectral Imaging Data and Fourier Transformed Infrared Analysis to Determine Bioactivity of Surface Pesticide Treatment. REMOTE SENSING 2010. [DOI: 10.3390/rs2040908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Tominaga-Wada R, Iwata M, Sugiyama J, Kotake T, Ishida T, Yokoyama R, Nishitani K, Okada K, Wada T. The GLABRA2 homeodomain protein directly regulates CESA5 and XTH17 gene expression in Arabidopsis roots. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 60:564-74. [PMID: 19619157 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis root hair formation is determined by the patterning genes CAPRICE (CPC), GLABRA3 (GL3), WEREWOLF (WER) and GLABRA2 (GL2), but little is known about the later changes in cell wall material during root hair formation. A combined Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy-principal components analysis (FTIR-PCA) method was used to detect subtle differences in the cell wall material between wild-type and root hair mutants in Arabidopsis. Among several root hair mutants, only the gl2 mutation affected root cell wall polysaccharides. Five of the 10 genes encoding cellulose synthase (CESA1-10) and 4 of 33 xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XTH1-33) genes in Arabidopsis are expressed in the root, but only CESA5 and XTH17 were affected by the gl2 mutation. The L1-box sequence located in the promoter region of these genes was recognized by the GL2 protein. These results indicate that GL2 directly regulates cell wall-related gene expression during root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Tominaga-Wada
- Plant Science Center, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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17
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Intracellular Organization: A Prerequisite for Root Hair Elongation and Cell Wall Deposition. PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-79405-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Lee Y, Derbyshire P, Knox JP, Hvoslef-Eide AK. Sequential cell wall transformations in response to the induction of a pedicel abscission event in Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 54:993-1003. [PMID: 18298669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the detection of cell wall polysaccharides during an induced abscission event in the pedicel of Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia) have been determined using monoclonal antibodies and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy. Concurrent with the appearance of a morphologically distinct abscission zone (AZ) on day 5 after induction, a reduction in the detection of the LM5 (1-->4)-beta-D-galactan and LM6 (1-->5)-alpha-L-arabinan epitopes in AZ cell walls was observed. Prior to AZ activation, a loss of the (1-->4)-beta-D-galactan and (1-->5)-alpha-L-arabinan epitopes was detected in cell walls distal to the AZ, i.e. in the to-be-shed organ. The earliest detected change, on day 2 after induction, was a specific loss of the LM5 (1-->4)-beta-D-galactan epitope from epidermal cells distal to the region where the AZ would form. Such alteration in the cell walls was an early, pre-AZ activation event. An AZ-associated de-esterification of homogalacturonan (HG) was detected in the AZ and distal area on day 7 after induction. The FT-IR analysis indicated that lignin and xylan were abundant in the AZ and that lower levels of cellulose, arabinose and pectin were present. Xylan and xyloglucan epitopes were detected in the cell walls of both the AZ and also the primary cell walls of the distal region at a late stage of the abscission process, on day 7 after induction. These observations indicate that the induction of an abscission event results in a temporal sequence of cell wall modifications involving the spatially regulated loss, appearance and/or remodelling of distinct sets of cell wall polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonkyeong Lee
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Aas, Norway
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Bonaventure G, Gfeller A, Rodríguez VM, Armand F, Farmer EE. The fou2 gain-of-function allele and the wild-type allele of Two Pore Channel 1 contribute to different extents or by different mechanisms to defense gene expression in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 48:1775-1789. [PMID: 17981874 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcm151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The fatty acid oxygenation up-regulated 2 (fou2) mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana creates a gain-of-function allele in a non-selective cation channel encoded by the Two Pore Channel 1 (TPC1) gene. This mutant genetically implicates cation fluxes in the control of the positive feedback loop whereby jasmonic acid (JA) stimulates its own synthesis. In this study we observed extensive transcriptome reprogramming in healthy fou2 leaves closely resembling that induced by treatment with methyl jasmonate, biotic stresses and the potassium starvation response. Proteomic analysis of fou2 leaves identified increased levels of seven biotic stress- and JA-inducible proteins. In agreement with these analyses, epistasis studies performed by crossing fou2 with aos indicated that elevated levels of JA in fou2 are the major determinant of the mutant phenotype. In addition, generation of fou2 aba1-5, fou2 etr1-1 and fou2 npr1-1 double mutants showed that the fou2 phenotype was only weakly affected by ABA levels and unaffected by mutations in NPR1 and ETR1. The results now suggest possible mechanisms whereby fou2 could induce JA synthesis/signaling early in the wound response. In contrast to fou2, transcriptome analysis of a loss-of-function allele of TPC1, tpc1-2, revealed no differential expression of JA biosynthesis genes in resting leaves. However, the analysis disclosed reduced mRNA levels of the pathogenesis-related genes PDF1.2a and THI2.1 in healthy and diseased tpc1-2 leaves. The results suggest that wild-type TPC1 contributes to their expression by mechanisms somewhat different from those affecting their expression in fou2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Bonaventure
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Chen T, Teng N, Wu X, Wang Y, Tang W, Samaj J, Baluska F, Lin J. Disruption of actin filaments by latrunculin B affects cell wall construction in Picea meyeri pollen tube by disturbing vesicle trafficking. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 48:19-30. [PMID: 17118947 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcl036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of actin filaments (AFs) in vesicle trafficking, cell wall construction and tip growth was investigated during pollen tube development of Picea meyeri. Pollen germination and tube elongation were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the latrunculin B (LatB) treatment. The fine AFs were broken down into disorganized fragments showing a tendency to aggregate. FM4-64 labeling revealed that the dynamic balance of vesicle trafficking was perturbed due to F-actin disruption and the fountain-like cytoplasmic pattern changed into disorganized Brownian movement. The configuration and/or distribution of cell wall components, such as pectins, callose and cellulose, as well as arabinogalactan proteins changed in obvious ways after the LatB application. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis further established significant changes in the chemical composition of the wall material. Our results indicate that depolymerization of AFs affects the distribution and configuration of cell wall components in Picea meyeri pollen tube by disturbing vesicle trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
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21
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Lautner S, Ehlting B, Windeisen E, Rennenberg H, Matyssek R, Fromm J. Calcium nutrition has a significant influence on wood formation in poplar. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 173:743-752. [PMID: 17286823 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.01972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To test the effects of calcium on wood formation, Populus tremula x Populus tremuloides clones were supplied with Hoagland solution modified in its calcium contents. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) revealed an increase in calcium in the phloem, the cambium and the xylem elongation zone with increasing Ca(2+) supply in the nutrient solution. Using light and electron microscopy, a strong impact was shown on the cambial and the elongation zones under calcium starvation. Using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy on wood and bark cells formed under calcium starvation, we detected a reduction of some absorptions, such as carbonyl and methoxy groups from S-lignin. Also, a significant reduction in fiber length was detected with decreasing calcium supply in the nutrient solution. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed a large increase in sugar concentrations in the leaves, but reduced concentrations in the bark under Ca(2+) deficiency. In conclusion, our results show a significant influence of calcium on the structure, chemistry and physiology of wood formation. Thus, efficient Ca(2+) supply has to be considered a decisive factor in wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Lautner
- Department for Wood Biology, TU München, Winzerer Strasse 45, 80797 München, Germany
| | - Barbara Ehlting
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee, 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Windeisen
- Department for Wood Biology, TU München, Winzerer Strasse 45, 80797 München, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee, 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Matyssek
- Chair of Plant Ecophysiology, TU München, Am Hochanger 13, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jörg Fromm
- Department for Wood Biology, TU München, Winzerer Strasse 45, 80797 München, Germany
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22
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Abidi N, Hequet E, Cabrales L, Gannaway J, Wilkins T, Wells LW. Evaluating cell wall structure and composition of developing cotton fibers using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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MacKinnon IM, Sturcová A, Sugimoto-Shirasu K, His I, McCann MC, Jarvis MC. Cell-wall structure and anisotropy in procuste, a cellulose synthase mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2006; 224:438-48. [PMID: 16404578 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In dark-grown hypocotyls of the Arabidopsis procuste mutant, a mutation in the CesA6 gene encoding a cellulose synthase reduces cellulose synthesis and severely inhibits elongation growth. Previous studies had left it uncertain why growth was inhibited, because cellulose synthesis was affected before, not during, the main phase of elongation. We characterised the quantity, structure and orientation of the cellulose remaining in the walls of affected cells. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy and infrared microscopy showed that the residual cellulose did not differ in structure from that of the wild type, but the cellulose content of the prc-1 cell walls was reduced by 28%. The total mass of cell-wall polymers per hypocotyl was reduced in prc-1 by about 20%. Therefore, the fourfold inhibition of elongation growth in prc-1 does not result from aberrant cellulose structure, nor from uniform reduction in the dimensions of the cell-wall network due to reduced cellulose or cell-wall mass. Cellulose orientation was quantified by two quantitative methods. First, the orientation of newly synthesised microfibrils was measured in field-emission scanning electron micrographs of the cytoplasmic face of the inner epidermal cell wall. The ordered transverse orientation of microfibrils at the inner face of the cell wall was severely disrupted in prc-1 hypocotyls, particularly in the early growth phase. Second, cellulose orientation distributions across the whole cell-wall thickness, measured by polarised infrared microscopy, were much broader. Analysis of the microfibril orientations according to the theory of composite materials showed that during the initial growth phase, their anisotropy at the plasma membrane was sufficient to explain the anisotropy of subsequent growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain M MacKinnon
- Chemistry Department, Glasgow University, G12 8QQ Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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24
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da Luz BR. Attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy of plant leaves: a tool for ecological and botanical studies. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 172:305-18. [PMID: 16995918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectra of plant leaves display complex absorption features related to organic constituents of leaf surfaces. The spectra can be recorded rapidly, both in the field and in the laboratory, without special sample preparation. This paper explores sources of ATR spectral variation in leaves, including compositional, positional and temporal variations. Interspecific variations are also examined, including the use of ATR spectra as a tool for species identification. Positional spectral variations generally reflected the abundance of cutin and the epicuticular wax thickness and composition. For example, leaves exposed to full sunlight commonly showed more prominent cutin- and wax-related absorption features compared with shaded leaves. Adaxial vs. abaxial leaf surfaces displayed spectral variations reflecting differences in trichome abundance and wax composition. Mature vs. young leaves showed changes in absorption band position and intensity related to cutin, polysaccharide, and possibly amorphous silica development on and near the leaf surfaces. Provided that similar samples are compared (e.g. adaxial surfaces of mature, sun-exposed leaves) same-species individuals display practically identical ATR spectra. Using spectral matching procedures to analyze an ATR database containing 117 individuals, including 32 different tree species, 83% of the individuals were correctly identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Ribeiro da Luz
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo. R. do Matão, Travessa 14, 321, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Ko JH, Kim JH, Jayanty SS, Howe GA, Han KH. Loss of function of COBRA, a determinant of oriented cell expansion, invokes cellular defence responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2006; 57:2923-36. [PMID: 16873454 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erl052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
An Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion mutant that results in complete loss-of-function of the COBRA gene has been identified. The COBRA gene encodes a putative glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein that modulates cellulose deposition and oriented cell expansion in roots. The loss-of-function mutant allele (named "cob-5") exhibits abnormal cell growth throughout the entire plant body and accumulates massive amounts of stress response chemicals such as anthocyanins and callose. To gain further insight into the mechanism by which COBRA affects cell growth and physiology, the whole-genome gene expression profile of cob-5 plants was compared with that of wild-type plants. Consistent with the mutant phenotype, many genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis were up-regulated in the cob-5 plants, whereas genes involved in cell elongation were down-regulated. The most striking feature of the gene expression profile of cob-5 was the massive and co-ordinate induction of defence- and stress-related genes, many of which are regulated by the plant stress signal jasmonic acid (JA). Indeed, the cob-5 plants over-accumulated JA by nearly 8-fold compared with wild-type plants. Furthermore, induction of cell elongation defects in conditional allele cob-3 plants triggers the expression of a defence-responsive gene. These results provide potential clues to the mechanisms by which plant cells initially perceive biotic stress at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Heung Ko
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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26
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Parre E, Geitmann A. Pectin and the role of the physical properties of the cell wall in pollen tube growth of Solanum chacoense. PLANTA 2005; 220:582-92. [PMID: 15449057 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall is one of the structural key players regulating pollen tube growth, since plant cell expansion depends on an interplay between intracellular driving forces and the controlled yielding of the cell wall. Pectin is the main cell wall component at the growing pollen tube apex. We therefore assessed its role in pollen tube growth and cytomechanics using the enzymes pectinase and pectin methyl esterase (PME). Pectinase activity was able to stimulate pollen germination and tube growth at moderate concentrations whereas higher concentrations caused apical swelling or bursting in Solanum chacoense Bitt. pollen tubes. This is consistent with a modification of the physical properties of the cell wall affecting its extensibility and thus the growth rate, as well as its capacity to withstand turgor. To prove that the enzyme-induced effects were due to the altered cell wall mechanics, we subjected pollen tubes to micro-indentation experiments. We observed that cellular stiffness was reduced and visco-elasticity increased in the presence of pectinase. These are the first mechanical data that confirm the influence of the amount of pectins in the pollen tube cell wall on the physical parameters characterizing overall cellular architecture. Cytomechanical data were also obtained to analyze the role of the degree of pectin methyl-esterification, which is known to exhibit a gradient along the pollen tube axis. This feature has frequently been suggested to result in a gradient of the physical properties characterizing the cell wall and our data provide, for the first time, mechanical support for this concept. The gradient in cell wall composition from apical esterified to distal de-esterified pectins seems to be correlated with an increase in the degree of cell wall rigidity and a decrease of visco-elasticity. Our mechanical approach provides new insights concerning the mechanics of pollen tube growth and the architecture of living plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Parre
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101, Rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, Québec, H1X 2B2, Canada
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HEPWORTH DAVIDG, BRUCE DAVIDM. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PRIMARY PLANT CELL WALL ARCHITECTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR ONION BULB SCALE EPIDERMAL CELLS. J Texture Stud 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4603.2004.35511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Toole GA, Kacuráková M, Smith AC, Waldron KW, Wilson RH. FT-IR study of the Chara corallina cell wall under deformation. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:629-35. [PMID: 15013400 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2003.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Accepted: 11/14/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy was used to investigate both the chemical composition of, and the effects of an applied strain on, the structure of the Chara corallina cell wall. The inner layers of the cell wall are known to have a transverse cellulose orientation with a gradient through the thickness to longitudinal orientation in the older layers. In both the native state and following the removal of various biopolymers by a sequential extraction infrared dichroism was used to examine the orientation of different biopolymers in cell-wall samples subjected to longitudinal strain. In the Chara system, cellulose microfibrils were found to be aligned predominantly transverse to the long axis of the cell and became orientated increasingly transversely as longitudinal strain increased. Simultaneously, the pectic polysaccharide matrix underwent molecular orientation parallel to the direction of strain. Following extraction in CDTA, microfibrils were orientated transversely to the strain direction, and again the degree of transverse orientation increased with increasing strain. However, the pectic polysaccharides of the matrix were not detected in the dichroic difference spectra. After a full sequential extraction, the cellulose microfibrils, now with greatly reduced crystallinity, were detected in a longitudinal direction and they became orientated increasingly parallel to the direction of strain as it increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine A Toole
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
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29
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Hertzberg M, Aspeborg H, Schrader J, Andersson A, Erlandsson R, Blomqvist K, Bhalerao R, Uhlén M, Teeri TT, Lundeberg J, Sundberg B, Nilsson P, Sandberg G. A transcriptional roadmap to wood formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:14732-7. [PMID: 11724959 PMCID: PMC64750 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.261293398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The large vascular meristem of poplar trees with its highly organized secondary xylem enables the boundaries between different developmental zones to be easily distinguished. This property of wood-forming tissues allowed us to determine a unique tissue-specific transcript profile for a well defined developmental gradient. RNA was prepared from different developmental stages of xylogenesis for DNA microarray analysis by using a hybrid aspen unigene set consisting of 2,995 expressed sequence tags. The analysis revealed that the genes encoding lignin and cellulose biosynthetic enzymes, as well as a number of transcription factors and other potential regulators of xylogenesis, are under strict developmental stage-specific transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hertzberg
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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Schindelman G, Morikami A, Jung J, Baskin TI, Carpita NC, Derbyshire P, McCann MC, Benfey PN. COBRA encodes a putative GPI-anchored protein, which is polarly localized and necessary for oriented cell expansion in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev 2001; 15:1115-27. [PMID: 11331607 PMCID: PMC312689 DOI: 10.1101/gad.879101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2001] [Accepted: 03/07/2001] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To control organ shape, plant cells expand differentially. The organization of the cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall is a key determinant of differential expansion. Mutations in the COBRA (COB) gene of Arabidopsis, known to affect the orientation of cell expansion in the root, are reported here to reduce the amount of crystalline cellulose in cell walls in the root growth zone. The COB gene, identified by map-based cloning, contains a sequence motif found in proteins that are anchored to the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage. In animal cells, this lipid linkage is known to confer polar localization to proteins. The COB protein was detected predominately on the longitudinal sides of root cells in the zone of rapid elongation. Moreover, COB RNA levels are dramatically upregulated in cells entering the zone of rapid elongation. Based on these results, models are proposed for the role of COB as a regulator of oriented cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schindelman
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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31
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Wilson RH, Smith AC, Kacuráková M, Saunders PK, Wellner N, Waldron KW. The mechanical properties and molecular dynamics of plant cell wall polysaccharides studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 124:397-405. [PMID: 10982452 PMCID: PMC59152 DOI: 10.1104/pp.124.1.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2000] [Accepted: 05/24/2000] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polarized one- and two-dimensional infrared spectra were obtained from the epidermis of onion (Allium cepa) under hydrated and mechanically stressed conditions. By Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy, the orientation of macromolecules in single cell walls was determined. Cellulose and pectin exhibited little orientation in native epidermal cell walls, but when a mechanical stress was placed on the tissue these molecules showed distinct reorientation as the cells were elongated. When the stress was removed the tissue recovered slightly, but a relatively large plastic deformation remained. The plastic deformation was confirmed in microscopic images by retention of some elongation of cells within the tissue and by residual molecular orientation in the infrared spectra of the cell wall. Two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy was used to determine the nature of the interaction between the polysaccharide networks during deformation. The results provide evidence that cellulose and xyloglucan associate while pectin creates an independent network that exhibits different reorientation rates in the wet onion cell walls. The pectin chains respond faster to oscillation than the more rigid cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Wilson
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
The enlargement of plant cell walls is a key determinant of plant morphogenesis. Current models of the cell wall are reviewed with respect to their ability to account for the mechanism of cell wall enlargement. The concept of primary and secondary wall loosening agents is presented, and the possible roles of expansins, xyloglucan endotransglycosylase, endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanase, and wall synthesis in the process of cell wall enlargement are reviewed and critically evaluated. Experimental results indicate that cell wall enlargement may be regulated at many levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.
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Willats WG, Steele-King CG, Marcus SE, Knox JP. Side chains of pectic polysaccharides are regulated in relation to cell proliferation and cell differentiation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 20:619-28. [PMID: 10652134 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and function of the side chains occurring in the rhamnogalacturonan I domain of pectic poly- saccharides have been investigated during carrot cell development using monoclonal antibodies to defined epitopes of (1-->4)-beta-D-galactan and (1-->5)-alpha-L-arabinan. Immunolocalization studies of carrot root apices indicated that cell walls in the central region of the meristem contained higher levels of (1-->5)-alpha-arabinan than the cell walls of surrounding cells. In contrast (1-->4)-beta-galactan was absent from the cell walls of the central meristematic cells but appeared abundantly at a certain point during root cap cell differentiation and also appeared in cell walls of differentiating stele and cortical cells. This developmental pattern of epitope occurrence was also reflected in a suspension-cultured carrot cell line that can be induced to switch from proliferation to elongation by altered culture conditions. (1-->4)-beta-galactan occurred at a low level in cell walls of proliferating cells but accumulated rapidly in cell walls following induction, before any visible cell elongation, while (1-->5)-alpha-arabinan was present in cell walls of proliferating cells but was absent from cell walls of elongated cells. Immunochemical assays of the cultured cells confirmed the early appearance of (1-->4)-beta-galactan during the switch from cell proliferation to cell elongation. Anion-exchange chromatography confirmed that (1-->4)-beta-galactan was attached to acidic pectic domains and also indicated that it was separate from a distinct homogalacturonan-rich component. These results indicate that the neutral components of pectic polysaccharides may have important roles in plant cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- WG Willats
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Winicur ZM, Zhang GF, Staehelin LA. Auxin deprivation induces synchronous Golgi differentiation in suspension-cultured tobacco BY-2 cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 117:501-13. [PMID: 9625703 PMCID: PMC34970 DOI: 10.1104/pp.117.2.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/1998] [Accepted: 02/23/1998] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To date, the lack of a method for inducing plant cells and their Golgi stacks to differentiate in a synchronous manner has made it difficult to characterize the nature and extent of Golgi retailoring in biochemical terms. Here we report that auxin deprivation can be used to induce a uniform population of suspension-cultured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv BY-2) cells to differentiate synchronously during a 4-d period. Upon removal of auxin, the cells stop dividing, undergo elongation, and differentiate in a manner that mimics the formation of slime-secreting epidermal and peripheral root-cap cells. The morphological changes to the Golgi apparatus include a proportional increase in the number of trans-Golgi cisternae, a switch to larger-sized secretory vesicles that bud from the trans-Golgi cisternae, and an increase in osmium staining of the secretory products. Biochemical alterations include an increase in large, fucosylated, mucin-type glycoproteins, changes in the types of secreted arabinogalactan proteins, and an increase in the amounts and types of molecules containing the peripheral root-cap-cell-specific epitope JIM 13. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that auxin deprivation can be used to induce tobacco BY-2 cells to differentiate synchronously into mucilage-secreting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z M Winicur
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0347, USA.
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35
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Chen L, Wilson RH, McCann MC. Investigation of macromolecule orientation in dry and hydrated walls of single onion epidermal cells by FTIR microspectroscopy. J Mol Struct 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(96)09539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Nishitani K. The role of endoxyloglucan transferase in the organization of plant cell walls. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1997; 173:157-206. [PMID: 9127953 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall plays a central role in morphogenesis as well as responsiveness to environmental signals. Xyloglucans are the principal component of the plant cell wall matrix and serve as cross-links between cellulose microfibrils to form the cellulose-xyloglucan framework. Endoxyloglucan transferase (EXGT), which was isolated and characterized in 1992, is an enzyme that mediates molecular grafting reaction between xyloglucan molecules. Structural studies on cDNAs encoding EXGT and its related proteins have disclosed the ubiquitous presence in the plant kingdom of a large multigene family of xyloglucan-related proteins (XRPs). Each XRP functions as either hydrolase or transferase acting on xyloglucans and is considered to be responsible for rearrangement of the cellulose-xyloglucan framework, the processes essential for the construction, modification, and degradation of plant cell walls. Different XRP genes exhibit potentially different expression profiles with respect to tissue specificity and responsiveness to hormonal and mechanical signals. The molecular approach to individual XRP genes will open a new path for exploring the controlling mechanisms by which the plant cell wall is constructed and reformed during plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nishitani
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts, Kagoshima University, Japan
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Plant cell wall architecture: the role of pectins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-0423(96)80249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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McCann MC, Roberts K, Wilson RH, Gidley MJ, Gibeaut DM, Kim JB, Carpita NC. Old and new ways to probe plant cell-wall architecture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1139/b95-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Wall structure has been analysed by a process of careful demolition, in which chemical extradants are used to remove specific polymers for sugar and linkage analysis, gel-permeation or ion-exchange chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Sequence-dependent endoglycanases cleave certain polysaccharides into oligomers that can be sequenced completely and give a clear picture of the repetitive units used to make fundamental polymers. We have also developed and adapted new chemical procedures and pulse-labelling techniques to give more information on the ways that wall polymers are subtly modified during growth. In this report, we review these conventional means of carbohydrate analyses together with newer methods of selective enzymic hydrolysis, separation of large oligosaccharides by high pH anion-exchange chromatography, and detection of molecular mass of several thousand daltons by electrospray mass spectrometry. These new technologies have already given much valuable information about the polymeric building blocks, but little information on how these polymers are arranged in space. For this, we adapted new cryopreservation techniques for electron microscopy that can image the wall in as close to the in vivo state as possible. In addition to defining anomeric linkages and linkage structures in preparations of native polymers, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can also determine the relative mobility of particular polymers within the structure of hydrated cell walls. The generation of antibodies to particular cell wall epitopes has enabled us to define architectural differences among species, among tissue types, and even among domains within a single wall. Our awareness of the diversity and complexity of primary cell wall architecture has driven a search for methodologies such as Fourier transform infrared and Fourier transform Raman microspectroscopies, which are suitable for analysis at the single cell wall level. Key words: cell walls, polysaccharides, gas – liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, immunocytochemistry.
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Abstract
Plant cell expansion requires the integration of local wall loosening and the controlled deposition of new wall materials. Although we still know little of the latter process, two new classes of proteins have been discovered that may function in the former. Evidence is increasing that the plant extracellular matrix can exert a regulatory effect over cell behaviour. New approaches, in particular a molecular genetic analysis of cell wall mutants, are likely to speed up our understanding of wall biosynthesis, structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Roberts
- Department of Cell Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich, UK
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