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Dos-Santos JS, Firmino-Cruz L, Oliveira-Maciel D, da Fonseca-Martins AM, Ramos TD, Nunes-Sousa L, Bittencourt Dos Santos I, Pedro Soares R, Claudio Oliveira Gomes D, Mengel J, Silva-Santos B, de Matos Guedes HL. IL-17A/IFN-γ producing γδ T cell functional dichotomy impacts cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice. J Leukoc Biol 2025; 117:qiae251. [PMID: 39656754 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 12/03/2024] [Indexed: 12/17/2024] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells play diverse roles in immune responses, producing either interleukin (IL)-17A or interferon γ (IFN-γ). Here, we investigated the impact of this functional dichotomy on cutaneous leishmaniasis. We demonstrate that in Sv129 mice susceptible to Leishmania amazonensis, Vγ4+ γδ T cells are the main source of IL-17A. In type 1 IFN receptor-deficient (A129) mice with heightened susceptibility, there is an increased frequency of IL-17A-producing γδ T cells. L. amazonensis' lipophosphoglycan induces these IL-17A-producing γδ T cells. Notably, C57BL/6 mice deficient in γδ T cells or IL-17 receptor exhibit smaller lesions, indicating a pathogenic role of IL-17A-producing γδ T cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Conversely, adoptive transfer of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-sorted γδ T cells lead to an accumulation of IFN-γ-producing γδ T cells, associated with control of lesion development. On the other hand, adoptive transfer of FACS-sorted IFN-γ-deficient γδ T cells abolished the control of lesion development. These data demonstrate a pathophysiological dichotomy in which IL-17A-producing γδ T cells promote pathogenesis, while IFN-γ-producing γδ T cells offer therapeutic potential in cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Interleukin-17/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/pathology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Adoptive Transfer
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio Souza Dos-Santos
- Immunobiotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luan Firmino-Cruz
- Mucosal B Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Diogo Oliveira-Maciel
- Immunobiotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Marcia da Fonseca-Martins
- Immunobiotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tadeu Diniz Ramos
- Immunobiotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Letícia Nunes-Sousa
- Immunobiotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Igor Bittencourt Dos Santos
- Immunobiotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Instituto René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Claudio Oliveira Gomes
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas/Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitoria 29047-100, SC, Brazil
| | - José Mengel
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Institute of Molecular Medicine João Lobo Antunes, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Herbert Leonel de Matos Guedes
- Immunobiotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
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2
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Mohanty A, Vekariya V, Yadav S, Agrawal-Rajput R. Natural phytochemicals reverting M2 to M1 macrophages: A novel alternative leishmaniasis therapy. Microb Pathog 2025; 200:107311. [PMID: 39863089 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 12/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leishmaniasis is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania which remains a significant global health concern with diverse clinical manifestations. Transmitted through the bite of an infected sandfly, its progression depends on the interplay between the host immune response and the parasite. The disease outcome is linked to macrophage polarisation into M1 and M2 phenotypes. M1 macrophages are pro-inflammatory and promote parasite clearance, while M2 macrophages support tissue repair and parasite survival by facilitating promastigote entry and intracellular amastigote proliferation. PURPOSE The review focuses on discovering novel phytochemicals that exploit the immunomodulatory properties of macrophages, which can serve as an alternative antileishmanial treatments due to their diverse chemical structures and ability to modulate immune responses. It examines the immunomodulatory effects of phytochemicals that directly or indirectly promote antileishmanial activity by influencing macrophage polarisation and cytokine secretion. They can induce M1 macrophage polarisation to directly combat leishmaniasis or suppress M2 macrophages, thereby exerting indirect antileishmanial activity by influencing the release of M1-and M2-related cytokines. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Phytochemicals demonstrate antileishmanial effects through ROS production, M1 activation, and cytokine modulation. They regulate M1/M2-related cytokines and macrophage activity, influencing immune responses. Although their effects may be non-specific, targeted delivery strategies could overcome current therapeutic limitations, positioning phytochemicals as promising candidates for leishmaniasis treatment to counter the limitations of current medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Mohanty
- Immunology Lab, Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382426, India
| | - Vasu Vekariya
- Immunology Lab, Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382426, India
| | - Shivani Yadav
- Immunology Lab, Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382426, India
| | - Reena Agrawal-Rajput
- Immunology Lab, Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382426, India.
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3
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Palomino-Cano C, Moreno E, Irache JM, Espuelas S. Targeting and activation of macrophages in leishmaniasis. A focus on iron oxide nanoparticles. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1437430. [PMID: 39211053 PMCID: PMC11357945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1437430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a pivotal role as host cells for Leishmania parasites, displaying a notable functional adaptability ranging from the proinflammatory, leishmanicidal M1 phenotype to the anti-inflammatory, parasite-permissive M2 phenotype. While macrophages can potentially eradicate amastigotes through appropriate activation, Leishmania employs diverse strategies to thwart this activation and redirect macrophages toward an M2 phenotype, facilitating its survival and replication. Additionally, a competition for iron between the two entities exits, as iron is vital for both and is also implicated in macrophage defensive oxidative mechanisms and modulation of their phenotype. This review explores the intricate interplay between macrophages, Leishmania, and iron. We focus the attention on the potential of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) as a sort of immunotherapy to treat some leishmaniasis forms by reprogramming Leishmania-permissive M2 macrophages into antimicrobial M1 macrophages. Through the specific targeting of iron in macrophages, the use of IONPs emerges as a promising strategy to finely tune the parasite-host interaction, endowing macrophages with an augmented antimicrobial arsenal capable of efficiently eliminating these intrusive microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Palomino-Cano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Esther Moreno
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan M. Irache
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Medical Research Institute (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Socorro Espuelas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Medical Research Institute (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
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Lourenço EMG, da Silva F, das Neves AR, Bonfá IS, Ferreira AMT, Menezes ACG, da Silva MEC, Dos Santos JT, Martines MAU, Perdomo RT, Toffoli-Kadri MC, G Barbosa E, Saba S, Beatriz A, Rafique J, de Arruda CCP, de Lima DP. Investigation of the Potential Targets behind the Promising and Highly Selective Antileishmanial Action of Synthetic Flavonoid Derivatives. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:2048-2061. [PMID: 37772925 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are among the neglected tropical diseases that still cause devastating health, social, and economic consequences to more than 350 million people worldwide. Despite efforts to combat these vector-borne diseases, their incidence does not decrease. Meanwhile, current antileishmanial drugs are old and highly toxic, and safer presentations are unaffordable to the most severely affected human populations. In a previous study by our research group, we synthesized 17 flavonoid derivatives that demonstrated impressive inhibition capacity against rCPB2.8, rCPB3, and rH84Y. These cysteine proteases are highly expressed in the amastigote stage, the target form of the parasite. However, although these compounds have been already described in the literature, until now, the amastigote effect of any of these molecules has not been proven. In this work, we aimed to deeply analyze the antileishmanial action of this set of synthetic flavonoid derivatives by correlating their ability to inhibit cysteine proteases with the action against the parasite. Among all the synthesized flavonoid derivatives, 11 of them showed high activity against amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis, also providing safety to mammalian host cells. Furthermore, the high production of nitric oxide by infected cells treated with the most active cysteine protease B (CPB) inhibitors confirms a potential immunomodulatory response of macrophages. Besides, considering flavonoids as multitarget drugs, we also investigated other potential antileishmanial mechanisms. The most active compounds were selected to investigate another potential biological pathway behind their antileishmanial action using flow cytometry analysis. The results confirmed an oxidative stress after 48 h of treatment. These data represent an important step toward the validation of CPB as an antileishmanial target, as well as aiding in new drug discovery studies based on this protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela M G Lourenço
- Laboratório de Síntese e Transformação de Moléculas Orgânicas -SINTMOL, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Muller, Campo Grande, 79074-460 MS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda da Silva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79070-900, MS, Brazil
| | - Amarith R das Neves
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79070-900, MS, Brazil
| | - Iluska S Bonfá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Inflamação, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79074-460 MS, Brazil
| | - Alda Maria T Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Biologia Molecular e Bioensaios Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79070-900 MS, Brazil
| | - Adriana C G Menezes
- Biotério Central, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79070-900 MS, Brazil
| | - Maria E C da Silva
- Laboratório de Síntese e Transformação de Moléculas Orgânicas -SINTMOL, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Muller, Campo Grande, 79074-460 MS, Brazil
| | - Jéssica T Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Síntese e Transformação de Moléculas Orgânicas -SINTMOL, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Muller, Campo Grande, 79074-460 MS, Brazil
| | - Marco A U Martines
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Muller, Campo Grande, 79074-460 MS, Brazil
| | - Renata T Perdomo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Cultura de Células, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79070-900 MS, Brazil
| | - Mônica C Toffoli-Kadri
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Inflamação, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79074-460 MS, Brazil
| | - Euzébio G Barbosa
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica Computacional, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 59012-570, RN, Brazil
| | - Sumbal Saba
- Laboratório de Síntese Sustentável e Organocalcogênio - LabSO, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás-UFG, Goiânia, 74690-900 GO, Brazil
| | - Adilson Beatriz
- Laboratório de Síntese e Transformação de Moléculas Orgânicas -SINTMOL, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Muller, Campo Grande, 79074-460 MS, Brazil
| | - Jamal Rafique
- Laboratório de Síntese e Transformação de Moléculas Orgânicas -SINTMOL, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Muller, Campo Grande, 79074-460 MS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Síntese Sustentável e Organocalcogênio - LabSO, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás-UFG, Goiânia, 74690-900 GO, Brazil
| | - Carla C P de Arruda
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79070-900, MS, Brazil
| | - Dênis P de Lima
- Laboratório de Síntese e Transformação de Moléculas Orgânicas -SINTMOL, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Muller, Campo Grande, 79074-460 MS, Brazil
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Jara M, Barrett M, Maes I, Regnault C, Imamura H, Domagalska MA, Dujardin JC. Transcriptional Shift and Metabolic Adaptations during Leishmania Quiescence Using Stationary Phase and Drug Pressure as Models. Microorganisms 2022; 10:97. [PMID: 35056546 PMCID: PMC8781126 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms can adopt a quiescent physiological condition which acts as a survival strategy under unfavorable conditions. Quiescent cells are characterized by slow or non-proliferation and a deep downregulation of processes related to biosynthesis. Although quiescence has been described mostly in bacteria, this survival skill is widespread, including in eukaryotic microorganisms. In Leishmania, a digenetic parasitic protozoan that causes a major infectious disease, quiescence has been demonstrated, but the molecular and metabolic features enabling its maintenance are unknown. Here, we quantified the transcriptome and metabolome of Leishmania promastigotes and amastigotes where quiescence was induced in vitro either, through drug pressure or by stationary phase. Quiescent cells have a global and coordinated reduction in overall transcription, with levels dropping to as low as 0.4% of those in proliferating cells. However, a subset of transcripts did not follow this trend and were relatively upregulated in quiescent populations, including those encoding membrane components, such as amastins and GP63, or processes like autophagy. The metabolome followed a similar trend of overall downregulation albeit to a lesser magnitude than the transcriptome. It is noteworthy that among the commonly upregulated metabolites were those involved in carbon sources as an alternative to glucose. This first integrated two omics layers afford novel insight into cell regulation and show commonly modulated features across stimuli and stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Jara
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (I.M.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Michael Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (M.B.); (C.R.)
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ilse Maes
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (I.M.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Clement Regnault
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (M.B.); (C.R.)
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Hideo Imamura
- Centre for Medical Genetics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Malgorzata Anna Domagalska
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (I.M.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (I.M.); (M.A.D.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
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Clementino LDC, Fernandes GFS, Prokopczyk IM, Laurindo WC, Toyama D, Motta BP, Baviera AM, Henrique-Silva F, dos Santos JL, Graminha MAS. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of N-oxide derivatives with potent in vivo antileishmanial activity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259008. [PMID: 34723989 PMCID: PMC8559926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease that affects 12 million people living mainly in developing countries. Herein, 24 new N-oxide-containing compounds were synthesized followed by in vitro and in vivo evaluation of their antileishmanial activity. Compound 4f, a furoxan derivative, was particularly remarkable in this regard, with EC50 value of 3.6 μM against L. infantum amastigote forms and CC50 value superior to 500 μM against murine peritoneal macrophages. In vitro studies suggested that 4f may act by a dual effect, by releasing nitric oxide after biotransformation and by inhibiting cysteine protease CPB (IC50: 4.5 μM). In vivo studies using an acute model of infection showed that compound 4f at 7.7 mg/Kg reduced ~90% of parasite burden in the liver and spleen of L. infantum-infected BALB/c mice. Altogether, these outcomes highlight furoxan 4f as a promising compound for further evaluation as an antileishmanial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro da Costa Clementino
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Felipe Santos Fernandes
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Wilquer Castro Laurindo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Danyelle Toyama
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Bruno Pereira Motta
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Amanda Martins Baviera
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Flávio Henrique-Silva
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Jean Leandro dos Santos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JLS); (MASG)
| | - Marcia A. S. Graminha
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JLS); (MASG)
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Cosco D, Bruno F, Castelli G, Puleio R, Bonacci S, Procopio A, Britti D, Fresta M, Vitale F, Paolino D. Meglumine Antimoniate-Loaded Aqueous-Core PLA Nanocapsules: Old Drug, New Formulation against Leishmania-Related Diseases. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100046. [PMID: 34117834 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a human and animal disease endemic in tropical and subtropical areas treated by means of pentavalent antimony as first-line approach. Unfortunately, the formulations available on the market are characterized by significant side effects and a total remission of the disease is difficult to be obtained. The aim of this investigation is to describe the development and characterization of aqueous-core poly-l-lactide (PLA) nanocapsules containing glucantime (meglumine antimoniate, MA) with the aim of increasing the pharmacological efficacy of the active compound. The polymeric systems characterized by a mean diameter of ≈300 nm exert a great interaction with murine macrophages. MA-loaded PLA nanocapsules show a great antileishmanial activity on mice infected with Leishmania infantum with respect to the free drug, favoring a decrease of the administration times. The biodistribution profiles demonstrate a lower renal accumulation of MA after its nanoencapsulation and a significant increase of its plasmatic half-life. The parasite load evaluated by immunohistochemistry shows a significant decrease in liver, spleen, and kidneys when mice are treated with MA-loaded PLA nanocapsules especially after 45 days. The obtained results demonstrate the potential application of MA-loaded PLA nanocapsules as novel nanomedicine for the treatment of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Cosco
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "S. Venuta,", Catanzaro, I-88100, Italy
| | - Federica Bruno
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Leishmaniosi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, Palermo, 90129, Italy
| | - Germano Castelli
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Leishmaniosi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, Palermo, 90129, Italy
| | - Roberto Puleio
- Laboratorio Istopatologia e Immunoistochimica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, Palermo, 90129, Italy
| | - Sonia Bonacci
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "S. Venuta,", Catanzaro, I-88100, Italy
| | - Antonio Procopio
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "S. Venuta,", Catanzaro, I-88100, Italy
| | - Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "S. Venuta,", Catanzaro, I-88100, Italy
| | - Massimo Fresta
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "S. Venuta,", Catanzaro, I-88100, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vitale
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Leishmaniosi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, Palermo, 90129, Italy
| | - Donatella Paolino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "S. Venuta,", Catanzaro, I-88100, Italy
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8
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Elmahallawy EK, Alkhaldi AAM. Insights into Leishmania Molecules and Their Potential Contribution to the Virulence of the Parasite. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8020033. [PMID: 33672776 PMCID: PMC7924612 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neglected parasitic diseases affect millions of people worldwide, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Among other parasitic diseases, leishmaniasis remains an important public health problem caused by the protozoa of the genus Leishmania, transmitted by the bite of the female sand fly. The disease has also been linked to tropical and subtropical regions, in addition to being an endemic disease in many areas around the world, including the Mediterranean basin and South America. Although recent years have witnessed marked advances in Leishmania-related research in various directions, many issues have yet to be elucidated. The intention of the present review is to give an overview of the major virulence factors contributing to the pathogenicity of the parasite. We aimed to provide a concise picture of the factors influencing the reaction of the parasite in its host that might help to develop novel chemotherapeutic and vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
- Correspondence: (E.K.E.); (A.A.M.A.)
| | - Abdulsalam A. M. Alkhaldi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf 2014, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (E.K.E.); (A.A.M.A.)
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9
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Pessoa CC, Reis LC, Ramos-Sanchez EM, Orikaza CM, Cortez C, de Castro Levatti EV, Badaró ACB, Yamamoto JUDS, D’Almeida V, Goto H, Mortara RA, Real F. ATP6V0d2 controls Leishmania parasitophorous vacuole biogenesis via cholesterol homeostasis. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007834. [PMID: 31199856 PMCID: PMC6594656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
V-ATPases are part of the membrane components of pathogen-containing vacuoles, although their function in intracellular infection remains elusive. In addition to organelle acidification, V-ATPases are alternatively implicated in membrane fusion and anti-inflammatory functions controlled by ATP6V0d2, the d subunit variant of the V-ATPase complex. Therefore, we evaluated the role of ATP6V0d2 in the biogenesis of pathogen-containing vacuoles using ATP6V0d2 knock-down macrophages infected with the protozoan parasite Leishmania amazonensis. These parasites survive within IFNγ/LPS-activated inflammatory macrophages, multiplying in large/fusogenic parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs) and inducing ATP6V0d2 upregulation. ATP6V0d2 knock-down decreased macrophage cholesterol levels and inhibited PV enlargement without interfering with parasite multiplication. However, parasites required ATP6V0d2 to resist the influx of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-derived cholesterol, which restored PV enlargement in ATP6V0d2 knock-down macrophages by replenishing macrophage cholesterol pools. Thus, we reveal parasite-mediated subversion of host V-ATPase function toward cholesterol retention, which is required for establishing an inflammation-resistant intracellular parasite niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Carraro Pessoa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Luiza Campos Reis
- Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Eduardo Milton Ramos-Sanchez
- Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Cristina Mary Orikaza
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Cristian Cortez
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | | | - Ana Carolina Benites Badaró
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Vânia D’Almeida
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Hiro Goto
- Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Renato Arruda Mortara
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Fernando Real
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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10
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Merida-de-Barros DA, Chaves SP, Belmiro CLR, Wanderley JLM. Leishmaniasis and glycosaminoglycans: a future therapeutic strategy? Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:536. [PMID: 30285837 PMCID: PMC6171297 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2953-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. depend on effective macrophage infection to establish and develop in mammalian hosts. Both metacyclic promastigotes and amastigotes are able to infect host cells, and thus they rely on several ligands that, when recognized by macrophage receptors, mediate parasite uptake. During macrophage primary infection with metacyclic forms from the insect vector and during amastigote dissemination via macrophage rupture, both infective stages have to cope with the host extracellular microenvironment, including extracellular matrix molecules. Glycosaminoglycans are abundant in the extracellular matrix and many of these molecules are able to interact with the parasite and the host cell, mediating positive and negative effects for the infection, depending on their structure and/or location. In addition, glycosaminoglycans are present at the surface of macrophages as proteoglycans, playing important roles for parasite recognition and uptake. In this review, we discuss glycosaminoglycans in the context of Leishmania infection as well as the possible applications of the current knowledge regarding these molecules for the development of new therapeutic strategies to control parasite dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Almeida Merida-de-Barros
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Unidade Integrada de Pesquisa em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Campus UFRJ-Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Campus UFRJ-Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Suzana Passos Chaves
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Unidade Integrada de Pesquisa em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Campus UFRJ-Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Celso Luis Ribeiro Belmiro
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Unidade Integrada de Pesquisa em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Campus UFRJ-Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Luiz Mendes Wanderley
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Unidade Integrada de Pesquisa em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Campus UFRJ-Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Campus UFRJ-Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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11
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Siqueira-Neto JL, Debnath A, McCall LI, Bernatchez JA, Ndao M, Reed SL, Rosenthal PJ. Cysteine proteases in protozoan parasites. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006512. [PMID: 30138453 PMCID: PMC6107107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine proteases (CPs) play key roles in the pathogenesis of protozoan parasites, including cell/tissue penetration, hydrolysis of host or parasite proteins, autophagy, and evasion or modulation of the host immune response, making them attractive chemotherapeutic and vaccine targets. This review highlights current knowledge on clan CA cysteine proteases, the best-characterized group of cysteine proteases, from 7 protozoan organisms causing human diseases with significant impact: Entamoeba histolytica, Leishmania species (sp.), Trypanosoma brucei, T. cruzi, Cryptosporidium sp., Plasmodium sp., and Toxoplasma gondii. Clan CA proteases from three organisms (T. brucei, T. cruzi, and Plasmodium sp.) are well characterized as druggable targets based on in vitro and in vivo models. A number of candidate inhibitors are under development. CPs from these organisms and from other protozoan parasites should be further characterized to improve our understanding of their biological functions and identify novel targets for chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jair L. Siqueira-Neto
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Anjan Debnath
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Laura-Isobel McCall
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jean A. Bernatchez
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Momar Ndao
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sharon L. Reed
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Philip J. Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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12
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Martínez-López M, Soto M, Iborra S, Sancho D. Leishmania Hijacks Myeloid Cells for Immune Escape. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:883. [PMID: 29867798 PMCID: PMC5949370 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus are the causative agents of leishmaniasis, a group of neglected tropical diseases whose clinical manifestations vary depending on the infectious Leishmania species but also on host factors. Recognition of the parasite by host myeloid immune cells is a key to trigger an effective Leishmania-specific immunity. However, the parasite is able to persist in host myeloid cells by evading, delaying and manipulating host immunity in order to escape host resistance and ensure its transmission. Neutrophils are first in infiltrating infection sites and could act either favoring or protecting against infection, depending on factors such as the genetic background of the host or the parasite species. Macrophages are the main host cells where the parasites grow and divide. However, macrophages are also the main effector population involved in parasite clearance. Parasite elimination by macrophages requires the priming and development of an effector Th1 adaptive immunity driven by specific subtypes of dendritic cells. Herein, we will provide a comprehensive outline of how myeloid cells regulate innate and adaptive immunity against Leishmania, and the mechanisms used by the parasites to promote their evasion and sabotage. Understanding the interactions between Leishmania and the host myeloid cells may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches and improved vaccination to leishmaniases, an important worldwide health problem in which current therapeutic or preventive approaches are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Martínez-López
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Carlos III", Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Soto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Iborra
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Carlos III", Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Sancho
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Carlos III", Madrid, Spain
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13
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Costa SS, Fornazim MC, Nowill AE, Giorgio S. Leishmania amazonensisinduces modulation of costimulatory and surface marker molecules in human macrophages. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12519. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. S. Costa
- Department of Animal Biology; Biology Institute; Campinas State University; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - M. C. Fornazim
- Faculty of Medical Sciences; Campinas State University; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - A. E. Nowill
- Faculty of Medical Sciences; Campinas State University; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - S. Giorgio
- Department of Animal Biology; Biology Institute; Campinas State University; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
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14
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Scala A, Piperno A, Micale N, Mineo PG, Abbadessa A, Risoluti R, Castelli G, Bruno F, Vitale F, Cascio A, Grassi G. "Click" on PLGA-PEG and hyaluronic acid: Gaining access to anti-leishmanial pentamidine bioconjugates. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:2778-2785. [PMID: 29219244 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pentamidine (Pent), an antiparasitic drug used for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, has been modified with terminal azide groups and conjugated to two different polymer backbones (PLGA-PEG [PP] copolymer and hyaluronic acid [HA]) armed with alkyne end-groups. The conjugation has been performed by Copper Catalyzed Azido Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC) using CuSO4 /sodium ascorbate as metal source. The novel PP-Pent and HA-Pent bioconjugates are proposed, respectively, as non-targeted and targeted drug delivery systems against Leishmania infections. Moreover, Pent has been encapsulated into PP nanoparticles by the oil-in-water emulsion method, with the aim to compare the biological activity of the bioconjugates with that of the classical drug-loaded delivery system that physically entraps the therapeutic agent. Biological assays against Leishmania infantum amastigote-infected macrophages and primary macrophages revealed that Pent, either covalently conjugated with polymers or loaded into polymeric nanoparticles, turned out to be more potent and less toxic than the free Pent. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 2778-2785, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Scala
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Piperno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.,INSTM - Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (UdR Catania e Messina), Italy
| | - Nicola Micale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Placido G Mineo
- INSTM - Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (UdR Catania e Messina), Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.,CNR-IPCB Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali; Via P. Gaifami 18, I-95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Abbadessa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Roberta Risoluti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università La Sapienza Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Germano Castelli
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis (C.Re.Na.L.), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Federica Bruno
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis (C.Re.Na.L.), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vitale
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis (C.Re.Na.L.), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cascio
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Grassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
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15
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von Stebut E, Tenzer S. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: Distinct functions of dendritic cells and macrophages in the interaction of the host immune system with Leishmania major. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:206-214. [PMID: 29129568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is transmitted by sand flies leading to parasite inoculation into skin. In the mammalian host, the parasite primarily resides in skin macrophages (MΦ) and dendritic cells (DC). MΦ are silently invaded by the parasite eliciting a stress response, whereas DC become activated, release IL-12, and prime antigen-specific T cells. Here we review the basics of the immune response against this human pathogen and elucidate the role and function DC and MΦ for establishment of protective immunity against leishmaniasis. We focus on cell type-specific differences in parasite uptake, phagocyte activation and processing of parasite antigens to facilitate an understanding how their respective function may be modulated e.g. under therapeutic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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16
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Chauhan P, Shukla D, Chattopadhyay D, Saha B. Redundant and regulatory roles for Toll-like receptors in Leishmania infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 190:167-186. [PMID: 28708252 PMCID: PMC5629438 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are germline-encoded, non-clonal innate immune receptors, which are often the first receptors to recognize the molecular patterns on pathogens. Therefore, the immune response initiated by TLRs has far-reaching consequences on the outcome of an infection. As soon as the cell surface TLRs and other receptors recognize a pathogen, the pathogen is phagocytosed. Inclusion of TLRs in the phagosome results in quicker phagosomal maturation and stronger adaptive immune response, as TLRs influence co-stimulatory molecule expression and determinant selection by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and MHC class I for cross-presentation. The signals delivered by the TCR-peptide-MHC complex and co-stimulatory molecules are indispensable for optimal T cell activation. In addition, the cytokines induced by TLRs can skew the differentiation of activated T cells to different effector T cell subsets. However, the potential of TLRs to influence adaptive immune response into different patterns is severely restricted by multiple factors: gross specificity for the molecular patterns, lack of receptor rearrangements, sharing of limited number of adaptors that assemble signalling complexes and redundancy in ligand recognition. These features of apparent redundancy and regulation in the functioning of TLRs characterize them as important and probable contributory factors in the resistance or susceptibility to an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Chauhan
- Pathogenesis and Cellular Response Division, National Centre for Cell ScienceGaneshkhind, PuneIndia
| | - D. Shukla
- Pathogenesis and Cellular Response Division, National Centre for Cell ScienceGaneshkhind, PuneIndia
| | | | - B. Saha
- National Institute of Traditional MedicineBelagaviIndia
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17
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Apoptotic induction induces Leishmania aethiopica and L. mexicana spreading in terminally differentiated THP-1 cells. Parasitology 2017; 144:1912-1921. [PMID: 28737116 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis develops after parasites establish themselves as amastigotes inside mammalian cells and start replicating. As relatively few parasites survive the innate immune defence, intracellular amastigotes spreading towards uninfected cells is instrumental to disease progression. Nevertheless the mechanism of Leishmania dissemination remains unclear, mostly due to the lack of a reliable model of infection spreading. Here, an in vitro model representing the dissemination of Leishmania amastigotes between human macrophages has been developed. Differentiated THP-1 macrophages were infected with GFP expressing Leishmania aethiopica and Leishmania mexicana. The percentage of infected cells was enriched via camptothecin treatment to achieve 64·1 ± 3% (L. aethiopica) and 92 ± 1·2% (L. mexicana) at 72 h, compared to 35 ± 4·2% (L. aethiopica) and 36·2 ± 2·4% (L. mexicana) in untreated population. Infected cells were co-cultured with a newly differentiated population of THP-1 macrophages. Spreading was detected after 12 h of co-culture. Live cell imaging showed inter-cellular extrusion of L. aethiopica and L. mexicana to recipient cells took place independently of host cell lysis. Establishment of secondary infection from Leishmania infected cells provided an insight into the cellular phenomena of parasite movement between human macrophages. Moreover, it supports further investigation into the molecular mechanisms of parasites spreading, which forms the basis of disease development.
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18
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Gomes CB, -Silva FS, Charret KDS, Pereira BAS, Finkelstein LC, Santos-de-Souza R, de Castro Côrtes LM, Pereira MCS, Rodrigues de Oliveira FO, Alves CR. Increasing in cysteine proteinase B expression and enzymatic activity during in vitro differentiation of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis: First evidence of modulation during morphological transition. Biochimie 2016; 133:28-36. [PMID: 27919786 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis presents adaptive protease-dependent mechanisms, as cysteine proteinases B (CPB). This study investigates the expression of three cpb gene isoforms and CPB enzymatic activity during the parasite differentiation. Relative expression levels of LbrM.08.0810 gene were assessed, exhibiting a higher quantity of transcripts in the logarithmic promastigotes phase than in the stationary promastigotes phase (>1.5 times). The cbp gene tends to decrease during acid pH shock and increases when the temperature rises (>1.3 times). LbrM.08.0820 and LbrM.08.0830 genes exhibited similar expression profiles to LbrM.08.0810 gene, with lower levels being observed overall. The proteolytic activity exhibits a gradual increase during the parasite's differentiation with low levels in samples of logarithmic promastigotes phase (3.2 ± 0.08 mmol min-1 mg protein-1) to a peak of activity after 72 h of incubation at 32 °C (4.2 ± 0.026 mmol min-1 mg protein-1) followed by a subsequent decrease of 68 % of peak activity levels after 96 h of incubation at 32 °C (2.8 ± 0.37 mmol min-1 mg protein-1). These activities were also measured in the presence of selective inhibitors for cysteine proteinases, such as Z-Phe-Phe-fluoromethyl ketone and trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido(4-guanidino)butane, demonstrating their source as cathepsin-like proteinases. To the best of our knowledge, this report presents the first description of a modulation of cathepsin L-like expression during the L. (V.) braziliensis in vitro differentiation induced by acid pH and high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Bernardes Gomes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Franklin Souza -Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Karen Dos Santos Charret
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Acácio Santini Pereira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Léa Cysne Finkelstein
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Raquel Santos-de-Souza
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Luzia Monteiro de Castro Côrtes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Mirian Claudia Souza Pereira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21040-360, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Roberto Alves
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21040-360, Brazil.
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19
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Structural and dynamic insights into the C-terminal extension of cysteine proteinase B from Leishmania amazonensis. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 70:30-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Atayde VD, Hassani K, da Silva Lira Filho A, Borges AR, Adhikari A, Martel C, Olivier M. Leishmania exosomes and other virulence factors: Impact on innate immune response and macrophage functions. Cell Immunol 2016; 309:7-18. [PMID: 27499212 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania parasites are the causative agents of the leishmaniases, a collection of vector-borne diseases that range from simple cutaneous to fatal visceral forms. Employing potent immune modulation mechanisms, Leishmania is able to render the host macrophage inactive and persist inside its phagolysosome. In the last few years, the role of exosomes in Leishmania-host interactions has been increasingly investigated. For instance, it was reported that Leishmania exosome release is augmented following temperature shift, a condition mimicking parasite's entry into its mammalian host. Leishmania exosomes were found to strongly affect macrophage cell signaling and functions, similarly to whole parasites. Importantly, these vesicles were shown to be pro-inflammatory, capable to recruit neutrophils at their inoculation site exacerbating the pathology. In this review, we provide the most recent insights on the role of exosomes and other virulence factors, especially the surface protease GP63, in Leishmania-host interactions, deepening our knowledge on leishmaniasis and paving the way for the development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Diniz Atayde
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Heath Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Kasra Hassani
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Heath Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Alonso da Silva Lira Filho
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Heath Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Andrezza Raposo Borges
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Heath Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Anupam Adhikari
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Heath Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Caroline Martel
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Heath Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Heath Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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Geiger A, Bossard G, Sereno D, Pissarra J, Lemesre JL, Vincendeau P, Holzmuller P. Escaping Deleterious Immune Response in Their Hosts: Lessons from Trypanosomatids. Front Immunol 2016; 7:212. [PMID: 27303406 PMCID: PMC4885876 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trypanosomatidae family includes the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania, protozoan parasites displaying complex digenetic life cycles requiring a vertebrate host and an insect vector. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania spp. are important human pathogens causing human African trypanosomiasis (HAT or sleeping sickness), Chagas' disease, and various clinical forms of Leishmaniasis, respectively. They are transmitted to humans by tsetse flies, triatomine bugs, or sandflies, and affect millions of people worldwide. In humans, extracellular African trypanosomes (T. brucei) evade the hosts' immune defenses, allowing their transmission to the next host, via the tsetse vector. By contrast, T. cruzi and Leishmania sp. have developed a complex intracellular lifestyle, also preventing several mechanisms to circumvent the host's immune response. This review seeks to set out the immune evasion strategies developed by the different trypanosomatids resulting from parasite-host interactions and will focus on: clinical and epidemiological importance of diseases; life cycles: parasites-hosts-vectors; innate immunity: key steps for trypanosomatids in invading hosts; deregulation of antigen-presenting cells; disruption of efficient specific immunity; and the immune responses used for parasite proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Geiger
- UMR INTERTRYP, IRD-CIRAD, CIRAD TA A-17/G, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Denis Sereno
- UMR INTERTRYP, IRD-CIRAD, CIRAD TA A-17/G, Montpellier, France
| | - Joana Pissarra
- UMR INTERTRYP, IRD-CIRAD, CIRAD TA A-17/G, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Philippe Vincendeau
- UMR 177, IRD-CIRAD Université de Bordeaux Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Holzmuller
- UMRCMAEE CIRAD-INRA TA-A15/G “Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes”, Montpellier, France
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Casgrain PA, Martel C, McMaster WR, Mottram JC, Olivier M, Descoteaux A. Cysteine Peptidase B Regulates Leishmania mexicana Virulence through the Modulation of GP63 Expression. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005658. [PMID: 27191844 PMCID: PMC4871588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine peptidases play a central role in the biology of Leishmania. In this work, we sought to further elucidate the mechanism(s) by which the cysteine peptidase CPB contributes to L. mexicana virulence and whether CPB participates in the formation of large communal parasitophorous vacuoles induced by these parasites. We initially examined the impact of L. mexicana infection on the trafficking of VAMP3 and VAMP8, two endocytic SNARE proteins associated with phagolysosome biogenesis and function. Using a CPB-deficient mutant, we found that both VAMP3 and VAMP8 were down-modulated in a CPB-dependent manner. We also discovered that expression of the virulence-associated GPI-anchored metalloprotease GP63 was inhibited in the absence of CPB. Expression of GP63 in the CPB-deficient mutant was sufficient to down-modulate VAMP3 and VAMP8. Similarly, episomal expression of GP63 enabled the CPB-deficient mutant to establish infection in macrophages, induce the formation of large communal parasitophorous vacuoles, and cause lesions in mice. These findings implicate CPB in the regulation of GP63 expression and provide evidence that both GP63 and CPB are key virulence factors in L. mexicana. The parasite Leishmania mexicana expresses several cysteine peptidases of the papain family that are involved in processes such as virulence and evasion of host immune responses. The cysteine peptidase CPB is required for survival within macrophages and for lesion formation in susceptible mice. Upon their internalization by macrophages, parasites of the L. mexicana complex induce the formation of large communal parasitophorous vacuoles in which they replicate, and expansion of those large vacuoles correlates with the ability of the parasites to survive inside macrophages. Here, we found that CPB contributes to L. mexicana virulence (macrophage survival, formation and expansion of communal parasitophorous vacuoles, lesion formation in mice) through the regulation of the virulence factor GP63, a Leishmania zinc-metalloprotease that acts by cleaving key host cell proteins. This work thus elucidates a novel Leishmania virulence regulatory mechanism whereby CPB controls the expression of GP63.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-André Casgrain
- INRS- Institut Armand-Frappier and the Center for Host-Parasite Interactions, Laval, Canada
| | - Caroline Martel
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - W. Robert McMaster
- Immunity and Infection Research Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jeremy C. Mottram
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Olivier
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- INRS- Institut Armand-Frappier and the Center for Host-Parasite Interactions, Laval, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Diseases caused by Leishmania present a worldwide problem, and current therapeutic approaches are unable to achieve a sterile cure. Leishmania is able to persist in host cells by evading or exploiting host immune mechanisms. A thorough understanding of these mechanisms could lead to better strategies for effective management of Leishmania infections. Current research has focused on parasite modification of host cell signaling pathways, entry into phagocytic cells, and modulation of cytokine and chemokine profiles that alter immune cell activation and trafficking to sites of infection. Immuno-therapeutic approaches that target these mechanisms of immune evasion by Leishmania offer promising areas for preclinical and clinical research.
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Castelli G, Bruno F, Vitale F, Roberti M, Colomba C, Giacomini E, Guidotti L, Cascio A, Tolomeo M. In vitro antileishmanial activity of trans-stilbene and terphenyl compounds. Exp Parasitol 2016; 166:1-9. [PMID: 26953250 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis are globally widespread parasitic diseases which often leads to death if left untreated. Currently available drugs present different drawbacks, so there is an urgent need to develop new, safe and cost-effective drugs against leishmaniasis. In this study we tested a small library of trans-stilbene and terphenyl derivatives against promastigote, amastigotes and intramacrophage amastigote forms of Leishmania infantum. Two compounds of the series, the trans-stilbene 3 and the terphenyl 11, presented the best activity and safety profiles. Terphenyl 11 showed a leshmanicidal activity higher than pentostam and the ability to induce apoptosis selectively in Leishmania infantum while saving macrophages and primary epithelial cells. Our data indicate that terphenyl compounds, as well as stilbenes, are endowed with leishmanicidal activity, showing potential for further studies in the context of leishmanial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germano Castelli
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis (C.Re.Na.L.), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Federica Bruno
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis (C.Re.Na.L.), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vitale
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis (C.Re.Na.L.), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marinella Roberti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Colomba
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Elisa Giacomini
- D3 Compunet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Guidotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Cascio
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Manlio Tolomeo
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy.
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Brandt AML, Batista PR, Souza-Silva F, Alves CR, Caffarena ER. Exploring the unbinding of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis CPB derived-epitopes from H2 MHC class I proteins. Proteins 2016; 84:473-87. [PMID: 26798994 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
New strategies to control Leishmania disease demand an extensive knowledge about several aspects of infection including the understanding of its molecular events. In murine models, cysteine proteinase B from Leishmania amazonensis promotes regulation of immune response, and fragments from its C-terminus extension (cyspep) can play a decisive role in the host-parasite interaction. The interaction between cyspep-derived peptides and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins is a crucial factor in Leishmania infections. Seven cyspep-derived peptides, previously identified as capable of interacting with H-2 (murine) MHC class I proteins, were studied in this work. We established a protocol to simulate the unbinding of these peptides from the cleft of H-2 receptors. From the simulations, we estimated the corresponding free energy of dissociation (ΔGd ) and described the molecular events that occur during the exit of peptides from the cleft. To test the reliability of this method, we first applied it to a calibration set of four crystallographic MHC/peptide complexes. Next, we explored the unbinding of the seven complexes mentioned above. Results were consistent with ΔGd values obtained from surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments. We also identified some of the primary interactions between peptides and H-2 receptors, and we detected three regions of influence for the interaction. This pattern was systematically observed for the peptides and helped determine a minimum distance for the real interaction between peptides and H-2 proteins occurring at ∼ 25 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur M L Brandt
- Programa De Computação Científica (PROCC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manguinhos, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21040-360, Brazil.,Faculdade De Educação Tecnológica Do Estado Do Rio De Janeiro (FAETERJ), Rio De Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21311-280, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo Batista
- Programa De Computação Científica (PROCC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manguinhos, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Franklin Souza-Silva
- Laboratório De Biologia Molecular E Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manguinhos, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Alves
- Laboratório De Biologia Molecular E Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manguinhos, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Ernesto Raul Caffarena
- Programa De Computação Científica (PROCC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manguinhos, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21040-360, Brazil
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Abstract
The ability of Leishmania parasites to infect and persist in the antigen-presenting cell population of their mammalian hosts is dependent on their ability to gain entry to their host and host cells, to survive the mammalian cell environment, and to suppress or evade the protective immune response mechanisms of their hosts. A multitude of genes and their products have been implicated in each of these virulence-enhancing strategies to date, and we present an overview of the nature and known function of such virulence genes.
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Leroux LP, Dasanayake D, Rommereim LM, Fox BA, Bzik DJ, Jardim A, Dzierszinski FS. Secreted Toxoplasma gondii molecules interfere with expression of MHC-II in interferon gamma-activated macrophages. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:319-32. [PMID: 25720921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The obligate intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii interferes with major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation to dampen host CD4(+) T cell responses. While it is known that T. gondii inhibits major histocompatibility complex class II gene transcription and expression in infected host cells, the mechanism of this host manipulation is unknown. Here, we show that soluble parasite proteins inhibit IFNγ-induced expression of major histocompatibility complex class II on the surface of the infected cell in a dose-dependent response that was abolished by protease treatment. Subcellular fractionation of T. gondii tachyzoites revealed that the major histocompatibility complex class II inhibitory activity co-partitioned with rhoptries and/or dense granules. However, parasite mutants deleted for single rhoptries or dense granules genes (ROP1, 4/7, 14, 16 and 18 or GRA 2-9 and 12 knock-out strains) retained the ability to inhibit expression of major histocompatibility complex class II. In addition, excreted/secreted antigens released by extracellular tachyzoites displayed immunomodulatory activity characterized by an inhibition of major histocompatibility complex class II expression, and reduced expression and release of TNFα by macrophages. Tandem MS analysis of parasite excreted/secreted antigens generated a list of T. gondii secreted proteins that may participate in major histocompatibility complex class II inhibition and the modulation of host immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Philippe Leroux
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Parasitology Building, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; Centre for Host-Parasite Interaction, McGill University, Parasitology Building, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Dayal Dasanayake
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Parasitology Building, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; Centre for Host-Parasite Interaction, McGill University, Parasitology Building, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Leah M Rommereim
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Borwell Research Building, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Barbara A Fox
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Borwell Research Building, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - David J Bzik
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Borwell Research Building, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Armando Jardim
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Parasitology Building, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; Centre for Host-Parasite Interaction, McGill University, Parasitology Building, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Florence S Dzierszinski
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Parasitology Building, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; Carleton University Research Office, Dunton Tower, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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Real F, Florentino PTV, Reis LC, Ramos-Sanchez EM, Veras PST, Goto H, Mortara RA. Cell-to-cell transfer of Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes is mediated by immunomodulatory LAMP-rich parasitophorous extrusions. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1549-64. [PMID: 24824158 PMCID: PMC4353215 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The last step of Leishmania intracellular life cycle is the egress of amastigotes from the host cell and their uptake by adjacent cells. Using multidimensional live imaging of long-term-infected macrophage cultures we observed that Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes were transferred from cell to cell when the donor host macrophage delivers warning signs of imminent apoptosis. They were extruded from the macrophage within zeiotic structures (membrane blebs, an apoptotic feature) rich in phagolysosomal membrane components. The extrusions containing amastigotes were selectively internalized by vicinal macrophages and the rescued amastigotes remain viable in recipient macrophages. Host cell apoptosis induced by micro-irradiation of infected macrophage nuclei promoted amastigotes extrusion, which were rescued by non-irradiated vicinal macrophages. Using amastigotes isolated from LAMP1/LAMP2 knockout fibroblasts, we observed that the presence of these lysosomal components on amastigotes increases interleukin 10 production. Enclosed within host cell membranes, amastigotes can be transferred from cell to cell without full exposure to the extracellular milieu, what represents an important strategy developed by the parasite to evade host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Real
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP)São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Pilar Tavares Veras Florentino
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP)São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Luiza Campos Reis
- Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brasil
| | - Eduardo M Ramos-Sanchez
- Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brasil
| | - Patricia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT – DT), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ)Bahia, Brasil
| | - Hiro Goto
- Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brasil
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brasil
| | - Renato Arruda Mortara
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP)São Paulo, Brasil
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Rodriguez-Pinto D, Saravia NG, McMahon-Pratt D. CD4 T cell activation by B cells in human Leishmania (Viannia) infection. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:108. [PMID: 24568275 PMCID: PMC3937821 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An effective adaptive immune response requires activation of specific CD4 T cells. The capacity of B cells to activate CD4 T cells in human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) has not been evaluated. Methods CD4 T cell activation by B cells of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients was evaluated by culture of PBMCs or purified B cells and CD4 T cells with Leishmania panamensis antigens. CD4 T cell and B cell activation markers were evaluated by flow cytometry and 13 cytokines were measured in supernatants with a bead-based capture assay. The effect of Leishmania antigens on BCR-mediated endocytosis of ovalbumin was evaluated in the Ramos human B cell line by targeting the antigen with anti-IgM-biotin and anti-biotin-ovalbumin-FITC. Results Culture of PBMCs from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients with Leishmania antigens resulted in upregulation of the activation markers CD25 and CD69 as well as increased frequency of CD25hiCD127- cells among CD4 T cells. Concomitantly, B cells upregulated the costimulatory molecule CD86. These changes were not observed in PBMCs from healthy subjects, indicating participation of Leishmania-specific lymphocytes expanded in vivo. Purified B cells from these patients, when interacting with purified CD4 T cells and Leishmania antigens, were capable of inducing significant increases in CD25 and CD69 expression and CD25hiCD127- frequency in CD4 T cells. These changes were associated with upregulation of CD86 in B cells. Comparison of changes in CD4 T cell activation parameters between PBMC and B cell/CD4 T cell cultures showed no statistically significant differences; further, significant secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-13 was induced in both types of cultures. Additionally, culture with Leishmania antigens enhanced BCR-mediated endocytosis of ovalbumin in Ramos human B cells. Conclusions The capacity of B cells specific for Leishmania antigens in peripheral blood of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients to activate CD4 T cells and induce cytokine secretion is similar to that of all cell populations present in PBMCs. This capacity implicates B cells as a plausible target for modulation of the immune response to Leishmania infection as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rodriguez-Pinto
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia.
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Heparin modulates the endopeptidase activity of Leishmania mexicana cysteine protease cathepsin L-Like rCPB2.8. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80153. [PMID: 24278253 PMCID: PMC3836952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cysteine protease B is considered crucial for the survival and infectivity of the Leishmania in its human host. Several microorganism pathogens bind to the heparin-like glycosaminoglycans chains of proteoglycans at host-cell surface to promote their attachment and internalization. Here, we have investigated the influence of heparin upon Leishmania mexicana cysteine protease rCPB2.8 activity. Methodology/Principal Findings The data analysis revealed that the presence of heparin affects all steps of the enzyme reaction: (i) it decreases 3.5-fold the k1 and 4.0-fold the k−1, (ii) it affects the acyl-enzyme accumulation with pronounced decrease in k2 (2.7-fold), and also decrease in k3 (3.5-fold). The large values of ΔG = 12 kJ/mol for the association and dissociation steps indicate substantial structural strains linked to the formation/dissociation of the ES complex in the presence of heparin, which underscore a conformational change that prevents the diffusion of substrate in the rCPB2.8 active site. Binding to heparin also significantly decreases the α-helix content of the rCPB2.8 and perturbs the intrinsic fluorescence emission of the enzyme. The data strongly suggest that heparin is altering the ionization of catalytic (Cys25)-S−/(His163)-Im+ H ion pair of the rCPB2.8. Moreover, the interaction of heparin with the N-terminal pro-region of rCPB2.8 significantly decreased its inhibitory activity against the mature enzyme. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, depending on their concentration, heparin-like glycosaminoglycans can either stimulate or antagonize the activity of cysteine protease B enzymes during parasite infection, suggesting that this glycoconjugate can anchor parasite cysteine protease at host cell surface.
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Real F, Vidal RO, Carazzolle MF, Mondego JMC, Costa GGL, Herai RH, Würtele M, de Carvalho LM, Carmona e Ferreira R, Mortara RA, Barbiéri CL, Mieczkowski P, da Silveira JF, Briones MRDS, Pereira GAG, Bahia D. The genome sequence of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis: functional annotation and extended analysis of gene models. DNA Res 2013; 20:567-81. [PMID: 23857904 PMCID: PMC3859324 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dst031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the sequencing and annotation of the Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis genome, an etiological agent of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Amazon region of Brazil. L. (L.) amazonensis shares features with Leishmania (L.) mexicana but also exhibits unique characteristics regarding geographical distribution and clinical manifestations of cutaneous lesions (e.g. borderline disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis). Predicted genes were scored for orthologous gene families and conserved domains in comparison with other human pathogenic Leishmania spp. Carboxypeptidase, aminotransferase, and 3′-nucleotidase genes and ATPase, thioredoxin, and chaperone-related domains were represented more abundantly in L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (L.) mexicana species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these two species share groups of amastin surface proteins unique to the genus that could be related to specific features of disease outcomes and host cell interactions. Additionally, we describe a hypothetical hybrid interactome of potentially secreted L. (L.) amazonensis proteins and host proteins under the assumption that parasite factors mimic their mammalian counterparts. The model predicts an interaction between an L. (L.) amazonensis heat-shock protein and mammalian Toll-like receptor 9, which is implicated in important immune responses such as cytokine and nitric oxide production. The analysis presented here represents valuable information for future studies of leishmaniasis pathogenicity and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Real
- 1Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - EPM/UNIFESP, Rua Botucatu 862, 6 andar, 04023-062 São Paulo, Brazil
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Olivier M, Atayde VD, Isnard A, Hassani K, Shio MT. Leishmania virulence factors: focus on the metalloprotease GP63. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1377-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Silva-Almeida M, Pereira BAS, Ribeiro-Guimarães ML, Alves CR. Proteinases as virulence factors in Leishmania spp. infection in mammals. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:160. [PMID: 22871236 PMCID: PMC3436776 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites cause human tegumentary and visceral infections that are commonly referred to as leishmaniasis. Despite the high incidence and prevalence of cases, leishmaniasis has been a neglected disease because it mainly affects developing countries. The data obtained from the analysis of patients' biological samples and from assays with animal models confirm the involvement of an array of the parasite's components in its survival inside the mammalian host. These components are classified as virulence factors. In this review, we focus on studies that have explored the role of proteinases as virulence factors that promote parasite survival and immune modulation in the mammalian host. Additionally, the direct involvement of proteinases from the host in lesion evolution is analyzed. The gathered data shows that both parasite and host proteinases are involved in the clinical manifestation of leishmaniasis. It is interesting to note that although the majority of the classes of proteinases are present in Leishmania spp., only cysteine-proteinases, metalloproteinases and, to a lesser scale, serine-proteinases have been adequately studied. Members from these classes have been implicated in tissue invasion, survival in macrophages and immune modulation by parasites. This review reinforces the importance of the parasite proteinases, which are interesting candidates for new chemo or immunotherapies, in the clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Silva-Almeida
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, IOC, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365 Manguinhos Pavilhão Leônidas Deane-Sala 209, CEP: 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Müller AJ, Filipe-Santos O, Eberl G, Aebischer T, Späth GF, Bousso P. CD4+ T cells rely on a cytokine gradient to control intracellular pathogens beyond sites of antigen presentation. Immunity 2012; 37:147-57. [PMID: 22727490 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Effector T cells are critical for clearance of pathogens from sites of infection. Like cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells, CD4(+) helper T cells have been shown to deliver effector molecules directionally toward the immunological synapse, suggesting that infected cells need to be engaged individually to receive effector signals. In contrast, we show here that CD4(+) T cells stably contacted a minority of infected cells, yet these interactions triggered intracellular defense mechanisms in bystander cells in vivo. By using a functional read-out, we provide evidence that this effector bystander activity extends via a gradient of IFN-γ more than 80 μm beyond the site of antigen presentation, promoting pathogen clearance in the absence of immunological synapse formation. Our results thus demonstrate that CD4(+) T cells can exert their protective activity by engaging a minority of infected cells.
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França-Costa J, Wanderley JLM, Deolindo P, Zarattini JB, Costa J, Soong L, Barcinski MA, Barral A, Borges VM. Exposure of phosphatidylserine on Leishmania amazonensis isolates is associated with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis and parasite infectivity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36595. [PMID: 22574191 PMCID: PMC3344919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) is a rare clinical manifestation of leishmaniasis, characterized by an inefficient parasite-specific cellular response and heavily parasitized macrophages. In Brazil, Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis is the main species involved in DCL cases. In the experimental model, recognition of phosphatidylserine (PS) molecules exposed on the surface of amastigotes forms of L. amazonensis inhibits the inflammatory response of infected macrophages as a strategy to evade the host immune surveillance. In this study, we examined whether PS exposure on L. amazonensis isolates from DCL patients operated as a parasite pathogenic factor and as a putative suppression mechanism of immune response during the infection. Peritoneal macrophages from F1 mice (BALB/c×C57BL/6) were infected with different L. amazonensis isolates from patients with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) or DCL. DCL isolates showed higher PS exposure than their counterparts from LCL patients. In addition, PS exposure was positively correlated with clinical parameters of the human infection (number of lesions and time of disease) and with characteristics of the experimental infection (macrophage infection and anti-inflammatory cytokine induction). Furthermore, parasites isolated from DCL patients displayed an increased area in parasitophorous vacuoles (PV) when compared to those isolated from LCL patients. Thus, this study shows for the first time that a parasite factor (exposed PS) might be associated with parasite survival/persistence in macrophages and lesion exacerbation during the course of DCL, providing new insights regarding pathogenic mechanism in this rare chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline França-Costa
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz/FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
| | - João Luiz Mendes Wanderley
- Pólo Universitário Macaé, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Divisão de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Poliana Deolindo
- Divisão de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Jessica B. Zarattini
- Divisão de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Jackson Costa
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz/FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
| | - Lynn Soong
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pathology, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marcello André Barcinski
- Divisão de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz/FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
| | - Valeria M. Borges
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz/FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Singh B, Sundar S. Leishmaniasis: vaccine candidates and perspectives. Vaccine 2012; 30:3834-42. [PMID: 22475861 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania is a protozoan parasite and a causative agent of the various clinical forms of leishmaniasis. High cost, resistance and toxic side effects of traditional drugs entail identification and development of therapeutic alternatives. The sound understanding of parasite biology is key for identifying novel drug targets, that can induce the cell mediated immunity (mainly CD4+ and CD8+ IFN-gamma mediated responses) polarized towards a Th1 response. These aspects are important in designing a new vaccine along with the consideration of the candidates with respect to their ability to raise memory response in order to improve the vaccine performance. This review is an effort to identify molecules according to their homology with the host and their ability to be used as potent vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Singh
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, UP, India
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Real F, Mortara RA. The diverse and dynamic nature of Leishmania parasitophorous vacuoles studied by multidimensional imaging. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1518. [PMID: 22348167 PMCID: PMC3279510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An important area in the cell biology of intracellular parasitism is the customization of parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs) by prokaryotic or eukaryotic intracellular microorganisms. We were curious to compare PV biogenesis in primary mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages exposed to carefully prepared amastigotes of either Leishmania major or L. amazonensis. While tight-fitting PVs are housing one or two L. major amastigotes, giant PVs are housing many L. amazonensis amastigotes. In this study, using multidimensional imaging of live cells, we compare and characterize the PV biogenesis/remodeling of macrophages i) hosting amastigotes of either L. major or L. amazonensis and ii) loaded with Lysotracker, a lysosomotropic fluorescent probe. Three dynamic features of Leishmania amastigote-hosting PVs are documented: they range from i) entry of Lysotracker transients within tight-fitting, fission-prone L. major amastigote-housing PVs; ii) the decrease in the number of macrophage acidic vesicles during the L. major PV fission or L. amazonensis PV enlargement; to iii) the L. amazonensis PV remodeling after homotypic fusion. The high content information of multidimensional images allowed the updating of our understanding of the Leishmania species-specific differences in PV biogenesis/remodeling and could be useful for the study of other intracellular microorganisms. Leishmania parasites lodge in host cells within phagolysosome-like structures called parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs). Depending on the species, amastigote forms can be individually hosted within small, tight-fitting PVs or grouped within loose, spacious PVs. Using multidimensional live cell imaging, we examined the biogenesis of the two PV phenotypes in macrophages exposed to L. major (a representative of the tight PV phenotype) or L. amazonensis (an example of the loose PV phenotype) amastigotes. L. major PVs undergo fission as parasites divide; we demonstrate that in the course of fission there are transients of the lysosomotropic fluorescent probe Lysotracker. In contrast, during the course of amastigote population size expansion, L. amazonensis PVs do accumulate Lysotracker while increasing in diameter and volume. The large PVs fuse together, and the products of fusion undergo size and shape remodeling. The biogenesis/remodeling of the two types of Leishmania PVs is accompanied by a reduction in the number of macrophage acidic vesicles. The present imaging study adds new morphometric information to the cell biology of Leishmania amastigote intracellular parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Real
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Host cell signalling and leishmania mechanisms of evasion. J Trop Med 2011; 2012:819512. [PMID: 22131998 PMCID: PMC3216306 DOI: 10.1155/2012/819512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites are able to secure their survival and propagation within their host by altering signalling pathways involved in the ability of macrophages to kill pathogens or to engage adaptive immune system. An important step in this immune evasion process is the activation of host protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 by Leishmania. SHP-1 has been shown to directly inactivate JAK2 and Erk1/2 and to play a role in the negative regulation of several transcription factors involved in macrophage activation. These signalling alterations contribute to the inactivation of critical macrophage functions (e.g., Nitric oxide, IL-12, and TNF-α). Additionally, to interfere with IFN-γ receptor signalling, Leishmania also alters several LPS-mediated responses. Recent findings from our laboratory revealed a pivotal role for SHP-1 in the inhibition of TLR-induced macrophage activation through binding to and inactivating IL-1-receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK-1). Furthermore, we identified the binding site as an evolutionarily conserved ITIM-like motif, which we named kinase tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (KTIM). Collectively, a better understanding of the evasion mechanisms utilized by Leishmania parasite could help to develop more efficient antileishmanial therapies in the near future.
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Endocytosis and Sphingolipid Scavenging in Leishmania mexicana Amastigotes. Biochem Res Int 2011; 2012:691363. [PMID: 21941657 PMCID: PMC3177366 DOI: 10.1155/2012/691363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania species are the causative agents of the leishmaniases, a spectrum of neglected tropical diseases. Amastigote stage parasites exist within macrophages and scavenge host factors for survival, for example, Leishmania species utilise host sphingolipid for synthesis of complex sphingolipid. In this study L. mexicana endocytosis was shown to be significantly upregulated in amastigotes, indicating that sphingolipid scavenging may be enhanced. However, inhibition of host sphingolipid biosynthesis had no significant effect on amastigote proliferation within a macrophage cell line. In addition, infection itself did not directly influence host biosynthesis. Notably, in contrast to L. major, L. mexicana amastigotes are indicated to possess a complete biosynthetic pathway suggesting that scavenged sphingolipids may be nonessential for proliferation. This suggested that Old and New World species differ in their interactions with the macrophage host. This will need to be considered when targeting the Leishmania sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway with novel therapeutics.
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In silico predicted epitopes from the COOH-terminal extension of cysteine proteinase B inducing distinct immune responses during Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis experimental murine infection. BMC Immunol 2011; 12:44. [PMID: 21824434 PMCID: PMC3167762 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania parasites have been reported to interfere and even subvert their host immune responses to enhance their chances of survival and proliferation. Experimental Leishmania infection in mice has been widely used in the identification of specific parasite virulence factors involved in the interaction with the host immune system. Cysteine-proteinase B (CPB) is an important virulence factor in parasites from the Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana complex: it inhibits lymphocytes Th1 and/or promotes Th2 responses either through proteolytic activity or through epitopes derived from its COOH-terminal extension. In the present study we analyzed the effects of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis CPB COOH-terminal extension-derived peptides on cell cultures from murine strains with distinct levels of susceptibility to infection: BALB/c, highly susceptible, and CBA, mildly resistant. RESULTS Predicted epitopes, obtained by in silico mapping, displayed the ability to induce cell proliferation and expression of cytokines related to Th1 and Th2 responses. Furthermore, we applied in silico simulations to investigate how the MHC/epitopes interactions could be related to the immunomodulatory effects on cytokines, finding evidence that specific interaction patterns can be related to in vitro activities. CONCLUSIONS Based on our results, we consider that some peptides from the CPB COOH-terminal extension may influence host immune responses in the murine infection, thus helping Leishmania survival.
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Descoteaux A. Leishmania cysteine proteinases: virulence factors in quest of a function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 14:220-1. [PMID: 17040763 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-4758(98)01241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Descoteaux
- Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V 1B7
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Jørgensen LVG, Buchmann K. Cysteine proteases as potential antigens in antiparasitic DNA vaccines. Vaccine 2011; 29:5575-83. [PMID: 21664399 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine proteases in parasites are potent inducers of vertebrate host immune responses and may under certain circumstances take part in the pathogen's immune evasion strategies. These capacities place these parasite molecules as interesting candidate antigens in antiparasitic vaccines for use in vertebrates. Parasite cysteine proteases are able to skew the Th1/Th2 profile in mammals towards a response which allows sustainable parasite burdens in the host. DNA vaccines are also able to skew the Th1/Th2 profile by different administration techniques and the use of cysteine proteases in these genetic immunizations open perspectives for manipulation of the host immune response towards higher protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Pescher P, Blisnick T, Bastin P, Späth GF. Quantitative proteome profiling informs on phenotypic traits that adapt Leishmania donovani for axenic and intracellular proliferation. Cell Microbiol 2011; 13:978-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Muraille E, Gounon P, Cazareth J, Hoebeke J, Lippuner C, Davalos-Misslitz A, Aebischer T, Muller S, Glaichenhaus N, Mougneau E. Direct visualization of peptide/MHC complexes at the surface and in the intracellular compartments of cells infected in vivo by Leishmania major. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001154. [PMID: 20976202 PMCID: PMC2954901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoa and bacteria infect various types of phagocytic cells including macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells and eosinophils. However, it is not clear which of these cells process and present microbial antigens in vivo and in which cellular compartments parasite peptides are loaded onto Major Histocompatibility Complex molecules. To address these issues, we have infected susceptible BALB/c (H-2d) mice with a recombinant Leishmania major parasite expressing a fluorescent tracer. To directly visualize the antigen presenting cells that present parasite-derived peptides to CD4+ T cells, we have generated a monoclonal antibody that reacts to an antigenic peptide derived from the parasite LACK antigen bound to I-Ad Major Histocompatibility Complex class II molecule. Immunogold electron microscopic analysis of in vivo infected cells showed that intracellular I-Ad/LACK complexes were present in the membrane of amastigote-containing phagosomes in dendritic cells, eosinophils and macrophages/monocytes. In both dendritic cells and macrophages, these complexes were also present in smaller vesicles that did not contain amastigote. The presence of I-Ad/LACK complexes at the surface of dendritic cells, but neither on the plasma membrane of macrophages nor eosinophils was independently confirmed by flow cytometry and by incubating sorted phagocytes with highly sensitive LACK-specific hybridomas. Altogether, our results suggest that peptides derived from Leishmania proteins are loaded onto Major Histocompatibility Complex class II molecules in the phagosomes of infected phagocytes. Although these complexes are transported to the cell surface in dendritic cells, therefore allowing the stimulation of parasite-specific CD4+ T cells, this does not occur in other phagocytic cells. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which Major Histocompatibility Complex class II molecules bound to peptides derived from a parasite protein have been visualized within and at the surface of cells that were infected in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Muraille
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U924, Valbonne, France
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | | | - Julie Cazareth
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U924, Valbonne, France
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR6097, Valbonne, France
| | - Johan Hoebeke
- UPR 9021 CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Toni Aebischer
- Parasitology laboratory, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylviane Muller
- UPR 9021 CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Glaichenhaus
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U924, Valbonne, France
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Evelyne Mougneau
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U924, Valbonne, France
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
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Moreira PRR, Vieira LM, de Andrade MMC, de Barros Bandarra M, Machado GF, Munari DP, Vasconcelos RDO. Immune response pattern of the popliteal lymph nodes of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2010; 107:605-13. [PMID: 20499098 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1902-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to estimate the cell response and parasite load in the popliteal lymph nodes of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis (VL), comparing these findings with the clinical staging of the disease. From the necropsy, 33 dogs were classified as symptomatic (S), asymptomatic (A), or oligosymptomatic (O). Cytology and histopathology were used to determine any presence of microscopic lesions and immunohistochemistry, for parasite load. Dog hyperimmune serum was used as the primary antibody. The inflammatory infiltrate in lymph nodes consisted of macrophages and plasmocytes. The granulomas invaded the trabecular and sinusoid regions and sometimes compressed the lymphocytes of the cortical region (atrophy) and medullary cord cells. Parasite load intensity was unrelated to the density of the macrophages infiltrating the lymph node. Significant differences in parasite load (P < 0.05) were observed between the three groups of infected dogs. Follicular hyperplasia of the cortical region occurred among A and O, while follicular atrophy predominated among S. The parasite load was the greatest among S, followed by O. It can be concluded that, regardless of clinical condition, the most evident cell response consisted of macrophages and plasmocytes. Lymphoid atrophy was observed among animals with intense granulomatous reaction and high parasite load, such as among the symptomatic dogs (P < 0.05). Likewise, the oligosymptomatic dogs also presented high density of parasites in the lymph nodes. Thus, we can confirm that dogs with clinical manifestations of VL have an immune system that is less effective for controlling infection by Leishmania chagasi, thereby favoring parasite multiplication.
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Gluenz E, Höög JL, Smith AE, Dawe HR, Shaw MK, Gull K. Beyond 9+0: noncanonical axoneme structures characterize sensory cilia from protists to humans. FASEB J 2010; 24:3117-21. [PMID: 20371625 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-151381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular amastigote stages of parasites such as Leishmania are often referred to as aflagellate. They do, however, possess a short axoneme of cryptic function. Here, our examination of the structure of this axoneme leads to a testable hypothesis of its role in the cell biology of pathogenicity. We show a striking similarity between the microtubule axoneme structure of the Leishmania mexicana parasite infecting a macrophage and vertebrate primary cilia. In both, the 9-fold microtubule doublet symmetry is broken by the incursion of one or more microtubule doublets into the axoneme core, giving rise to an architecture that we term here the 9v (variable) axoneme. Three-dimensional reconstructions revealed that no particular doublet initiated the symmetry break, and moreover it often involved 2 doublets. The tip of the L. mexicana flagellum was frequently intimately associated with the macrophage vacuole membrane. We propose that the main function of the amastigote flagellum is to act as a sensory organelle with important functions in host-parasite interactions and signaling in the intracellular stage of the L. mexicana life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gluenz
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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47
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Phillips R, Svensson M, Aziz N, Maroof A, Brown N, Beattie L, Signoret N, Kaye PM. Innate killing of Leishmania donovani by macrophages of the splenic marginal zone requires IRF-7. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000813. [PMID: 20300600 PMCID: PMC2837405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly phagocytic macrophages line the marginal zone (MZ) of the spleen and the lymph node subcapsular sinus. Although these macrophages have been attributed with a variety of functions, including the uptake and clearance of blood and lymph-borne pathogens, little is known about the effector mechanisms they employ after pathogen uptake. Here, we have combined gene expression profiling and RNAi using a stromal macrophage cell line with in situ analysis of the leishmanicidal activity of marginal zone macrophages (MZM) and marginal metallophilic macrophages (MMM) in wild type and gene targeted mice. Our data demonstrate a critical role for interferon regulatory factor-7 (IRF-7) in regulating the killing of intracellular Leishmania donovani by these specialised splenic macrophage sub-populations. This study, therefore, identifies a new role for IRF-7 as a regulator of innate microbicidal activity against this, and perhaps other, non-viral intracellular pathogens. This study also highlights the importance of selecting appropriate macrophage populations when studying pathogen interactions with this functionally diverse lineage of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Phillips
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, F59, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Naveed Aziz
- The Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Asher Maroof
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Najmeeyah Brown
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Lynette Beattie
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Signoret
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Kaye
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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Filipe-Santos O, Pescher P, Breart B, Lippuner C, Aebischer T, Glaichenhaus N, Späth GF, Bousso P. A dynamic map of antigen recognition by CD4 T cells at the site of Leishmania major infection. Cell Host Microbe 2009; 6:23-33. [PMID: 19616763 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T helper cells play a central role in the control of infection by intracellular parasites. How efficiently pathogen-specific CD4 T cells detect infected cells in vivo is unclear. Here, we employed intravital two-photon imaging to examine the behavior of pathogen-specific CD4 T cells at the site of Leishmania major infection. While activated CD4 T cells enter the inflamed tissue irrespective of their antigen specificity, pathogen-specific T cells preferentially decelerated and accumulated in infected regions of the dermis. Antigen recognition by CD4 T cells was heterogeneous, involving both stable and dynamic contacts with infected phagocytes. However, not all infected cells induced arrest or deceleration of pathogen-specific T cells, and dense clusters of infected cells were poorly accessible to migrating T cells. Thus, disparities in the dynamics of T cell contacts with infected cells and local variation in T cell access to infected cells are important elements of the host-pathogen interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orchidée Filipe-Santos
- Institut Pasteur, G5 Dynamiques des Réponses Immunes, Inserm U668, Equipe Avenir, Paris F-75724, France
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Lang T, Lecoeur H, Prina E. Imaging Leishmania development in their host cells. Trends Parasitol 2009; 25:464-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Bryson K, Besteiro S, McGachy HA, Coombs GH, Mottram JC, Alexander J. Overexpression of the natural inhibitor of cysteine peptidases in Leishmania mexicana leads to reduced virulence and a Th1 response. Infect Immun 2009; 77:2971-8. [PMID: 19433541 PMCID: PMC2708542 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00558-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania mexicana cysteine peptidases (CPs) have been identified as important parasite virulence factors. More recently, a natural inhibitor of CPs (ICP) from L. mexicana has been characterized, and ICP mutants have been created. Infection of BALB/c mice with ICP null mutants or ICP reexpressing mutants resulted in nonhealing, progressively growing lesions albeit slightly attenuated compared with the growth of lesions produced by wild-type parasites. In contrast, BALB/c mice infected with mutants overexpressing ICP were able to significantly control lesion growth or heal. While BALB/c mice infected with wild-type parasites, ICP null mutants, or ICP reexpressing mutants produced significant antibody responses, including immunoglobulin E (IgE), no Th1 response, as indicated by antigen-induced splenocyte gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production, could be demonstrated. In contrast, BALB/c mice infected with mutants overexpressing ICP produced significantly less antibody, particularly IgE, as well as significantly reduced splenocyte interleukin-4 and enhanced IFN-gamma production. BALB/c mice were able to resolve infection following infection with one ICP overexpressing clone, which was subsequently used for vaccination studies with BALB/c mice. However, no protection was afforded these mice when they were challenged with wild-type parasites. Nevertheless, two other mouse strains susceptible to L. mexicana, C3H and C57BL/6, vaccinated with overexpressing ICP mutants were able to control challenge infection associated with an enhanced Th1 response. This study confirms that L. mexicana CPs are virulence factors and that ICPs have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bryson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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