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Jang J, Yeo S, Baek S, Jung HJ, Lee MS, Choi SH, Choe Y. Abnormal accumulation of extracellular vesicles in hippocampal dystrophic axons and regulation by the primary cilia in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:142. [PMID: 37667395 PMCID: PMC10478284 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01637-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystrophic neurites (DNs) are abnormal axons and dendrites that are swollen or deformed in various neuropathological conditions. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), DNs play a crucial role in impairing neuronal communication and function, and they may also contribute to the accumulation and spread of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain of AD patients. However, it is still a challenge to understand the DNs of specific neurons that are vulnerable to Aβ in the pathogenesis of AD. To shed light on the development of radiating DNs, we examined enriched dystrophic hippocampal axons in a mouse model of AD using a three-dimensional rendering of projecting neurons. We employed the anterograde spread of adeno-associated virus (AAV)1 and conducted proteomic analysis of synaptic compartments obtained from hippocampo-septal regions. Our findings revealed that DNs were formed due to synaptic loss at the axon terminals caused by the accumulation of extracellular vesicle (EV). Abnormal EV-mediated transport and exocytosis were identified in association with primary cilia, indicating their involvement in the accumulation of EVs at presynaptic terminals. To further address the regulation of DNs by primary cilia, we conducted knockdown of the Ift88 gene in hippocampal neurons, which impaired EV-mediated secretion of Aβ and promoted accumulation of axonal spheroids. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified the septal projecting hippocampal somatostatin neurons (SOM) as selectively vulnerable to Aβ with primary cilia dysfunction and vesicle accumulation. Our study suggests that DNs in AD are initiated by the ectopic accumulation of EVs at the neuronal axon terminals, which is affected by neuronal primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seungeun Yeo
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41068, Korea
| | | | | | - Mi Suk Lee
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41068, Korea
| | | | - Youngshik Choe
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41068, Korea.
- , Daegu, Korea.
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2
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Gu F, Boisjoli M, Naghavi MH. HIV-1 promotes ubiquitination of the amyloidogenic C-terminal fragment of APP to support viral replication. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4227. [PMID: 37454116 PMCID: PMC10349857 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40000-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 replication in macrophages and microglia involves intracellular assembly and budding into modified subsets of multivesicular bodies (MVBs), which support both viral persistence and spread. However, the cellular factors that regulate HIV-1's vesicular replication remain poorly understood. Recently, amyloid precursor protein (APP) was identified as an inhibitor of HIV-1 replication in macrophages and microglia via an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that entry of HIV-1 Gag into MVBs is blocked by the amyloidogenic C-terminal fragment of APP, "C99", but not by the non-amyloidogenic product, "C83". To counter this, Gag promotes multi-site ubiquitination of C99 which controls both exocytic sorting of MVBs and further processing of C99 into toxic amyloids. Processing of C99, entry of Gag into MVBs and release of infectious virus could be suppressed by expressing ubiquitination-defective C99 or by γ-secretase inhibitor treatment, suggesting that APP's amyloidogenic pathway functions to sense and suppress HIV-1 replication in macrophages and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gu
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marie Boisjoli
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mojgan H Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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3
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Zhuang L, Li C, Peng F, Xue E, Li W, Sun X, Chen P, Zhou Q, Xue L. Depletion of ESCRT ameliorates APP-induced AD-like symptoms in Drosophila. J Cell Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37183375 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β and γ-secretases, has been implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the precise intracellular trafficking pathway of APP and its subcellular locations to produce Aβ have remained unclear. To address these issues, we established fly AD models that recapitulated multiple AD-like symptoms by expressing human APP in the Drosophila nerve system. The ESCRT (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport) machinery regulates the sorting and trafficking of endocytosed proteins, yet its role in AD pathogenesis has not been explored in vivo. We found that knockdown of distinct ESCRT components ameliorated APP-induced morphological and behavioral defects, including impaired wing expansion, eye degeneration, dopamine neuron loss, locomotor disability, lifespan shortening, and cognitive deficits. Mechanistically, we showed that impaired ESCRT impeded APP's intracellular transportation from early endosomes to late endosomes, resulting in reduced Aβ production and amyloid deposit load. These data suggest that APP undergoes ESCRT-mediated endocytic trafficking, and Aβ is generated mainly in late endosomes. Our data provide the first in vivo evidence to support a physiological role of ESCRT in AD pathogenesis, suggesting that interfering with ESCRT machinery might be an alternative therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luming Zhuang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Diseases Research, School of Life Science and Technology, The First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Diseases Research, School of Life Science and Technology, The First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Diseases Research, School of Life Science and Technology, The First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Elleen Xue
- Mathey College, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Wenzhe Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Diseases Research, School of Life Science and Technology, The First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Diseases Research, School of Life Science and Technology, The First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Diseases Research, School of Life Science and Technology, The First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Diseases Research, School of Life Science and Technology, The First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Diseases Research, School of Life Science and Technology, The First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Guangdong, Zhuhai, China
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4
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Toft A, Sjödin S, Simonsen AH, Ejlerskov P, Roos P, Musaeus CS, Henriksen EE, Nielsen TT, Brinkmalm A, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Nielsen JE. Endo-lysosomal protein concentrations in CSF from patients with frontotemporal dementia caused by CHMP2B mutation. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 15:e12402. [PMID: 36815874 PMCID: PMC9936136 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Increasing evidence implicates proteostatic dysfunction as an early event in the development of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). This study aimed to explore potential cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers associated with the proteolytic systems in genetic FTD caused by CHMP2B mutation. Methods Combining solid-phase extraction and parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry, a panel of 47 peptides derived from 20 proteins was analyzed in CSF from 31 members of the Danish CHMP2B-FTD family. Results Compared with family controls, mutation carriers had significantly higher levels of complement C9, lysozyme and transcobalamin II, and lower levels of ubiquitin, cathepsin B, and amyloid precursor protein. Discussion Lower CSF ubiquitin concentrations in CHMP2B mutation carriers indicate that ubiquitin levels relate to the specific disease pathology, rather than all-cause neurodegeneration. Increased lysozyme and complement proteins may indicate innate immune activation. Altered levels of amyloid precursor protein and cathepsins have previously been associated with impaired lysosomal proteolysis in FTD. Highlights CSF markers of proteostasis were explored in CHMP2B-mediated frontotemporal dementia (FTD).31 members of the Danish CHMP2B-FTD family were included.We used solid-phase extraction and parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry.Six protein levels were significantly altered in CHMP2B-FTD compared with controls.Lower CSF ubiquitin levels in patients suggest association with disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Toft
- Neurogenetics Clinic & Research LabDanish Dementia Research CentreRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Simon Sjödin
- Laboratory of Clinical ChemistrySahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden
| | - Anja Hviid Simonsen
- Neurogenetics Clinic & Research LabDanish Dementia Research CentreRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Patrick Ejlerskov
- Neurogenetics Clinic & Research LabDanish Dementia Research CentreRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Peter Roos
- Neurogenetics Clinic & Research LabDanish Dementia Research CentreRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Christian Sandøe Musaeus
- Neurogenetics Clinic & Research LabDanish Dementia Research CentreRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Emil Elbæk Henriksen
- Neurogenetics Clinic & Research LabDanish Dementia Research CentreRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Troels Tolstrup Nielsen
- Neurogenetics Clinic & Research LabDanish Dementia Research CentreRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Ann Brinkmalm
- Clinical Neurochemistry LaboratorySahlgrenska University HospitalMölndalSweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry LaboratorySahlgrenska University HospitalMölndalSweden,Department of Psychiatry and NeurochemistryInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiologythe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgMölndalSweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry LaboratorySahlgrenska University HospitalMölndalSweden,Department of Psychiatry and NeurochemistryInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiologythe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgMölndalSweden,Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Institute of NeurologyQueen SquareLondonUK,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCLLondonUK,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesClear Water BayHong KongChina
| | - Jørgen Erik Nielsen
- Neurogenetics Clinic & Research LabDanish Dementia Research CentreRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
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Yuan P, Zhang M, Tong L, Morse TM, McDougal RA, Ding H, Chan D, Cai Y, Grutzendler J. PLD3 affects axonal spheroids and network defects in Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2022; 612:328-337. [PMID: 36450991 PMCID: PMC9729106 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The precise mechanisms that lead to cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease are unknown. Here we identify amyloid-plaque-associated axonal spheroids as prominent contributors to neural network dysfunction. Using intravital calcium and voltage imaging, we show that a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease demonstrates severe disruption in long-range axonal connectivity. This disruption is caused by action-potential conduction blockades due to enlarging spheroids acting as electric current sinks in a size-dependent manner. Spheroid growth was associated with an age-dependent accumulation of large endolysosomal vesicles and was mechanistically linked with Pld3-a potential Alzheimer's-disease-associated risk gene1 that encodes a lysosomal protein2,3 that is highly enriched in axonal spheroids. Neuronal overexpression of Pld3 led to endolysosomal vesicle accumulation and spheroid enlargement, which worsened axonal conduction blockades. By contrast, Pld3 deletion reduced endolysosomal vesicle and spheroid size, leading to improved electrical conduction and neural network function. Thus, targeted modulation of endolysosomal biogenesis in neurons could potentially reverse axonal spheroid-induced neural circuit abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease, independent of amyloid removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lei Tong
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas M Morse
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robert A McDougal
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Diane Chan
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yifei Cai
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jaime Grutzendler
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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6
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Age-Associated Glia Remodeling and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration: Antioxidant Supplementation as a Possible Intervention. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122406. [PMID: 35745134 PMCID: PMC9230668 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging induces substantial remodeling of glia, including density, morphology, cytokine expression, and phagocytic capacity. Alterations of glial cells, such as hypertrophy of lysosomes, endosomes and peroxisomes, and the progressive accumulation of lipofuscin, lipid droplets, and other debris have also been reported. These abnormalities have been associated with significant declines of microglial processes and reduced ability to survey the surrounding tissue, maintain synapses, and recover from injury. Similarly, aged astrocytes show reduced capacity to support metabolite transportation to neurons. In the setting of reduced glial activity, stressors and/or injury signals can trigger a coordinated action of microglia and astrocytes that may amplify neuroinflammation and contribute to the release of neurotoxic factors. Oxidative stress and proteotoxic aggregates may burst astrocyte-mediated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thus activating microglia, favoring microgliosis, and ultimately making the brain more susceptible to injury and/or neurodegeneration. Here, we discuss the contribution of microglia and astrocyte oxidative stress to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, highlight the pathways that may help gain insights into their molecular mechanisms, and describe the benefits of antioxidant supplementation-based strategies.
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7
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Picca A, Guerra F, Calvani R, Coelho-Junior HJ, Bucci C, Marzetti E. Circulating extracellular vesicles: friends and foes in neurodegeneration. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:534-542. [PMID: 34380883 PMCID: PMC8504375 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.320972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles have been identified as pivotal mediators of intercellular communication with critical roles in physiological and pathological conditions. Via this route, several molecules (e.g., nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites) can be transferred to proximal and distant targets to convey specific information. Extracellular vesicle-associated cargo molecules have been proposed as markers of several disease conditions for their potential of tracking down the generating cell. Indeed, circulating extracellular vesicles may represent biomarkers of dysfunctional cellular quality control systems especially in conditions characterized by the accrual of intracellular misfolded proteins. Furthermore, the identification of extracellular vesicles as tools for the delivery of nucleic acids or other cargo molecules to diseased tissues makes these circulating shuttles possible targets for therapeutic development. The increasing interest in the study of extracellular vesicles as biomarkers resides mainly in the fact that the identification of peripheral levels of extracellular vesicle-associated proteins might reflect molecular events occurring in hardly accessible tissues, such as the brain, thereby serving as a "brain liquid biopsy". The exploitation of extracellular vesicles for diagnostic and therapeutic purposed might offer unprecedented opportunities to develop personalized approaches. Here, we discuss the bright and dark sides of extracellular vesicles in the setting of two main neurodegenerative diseases (i.e., Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases). A special focus will be placed on the possibility of using extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for the two conditions to enable disease tracking and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Picca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Flora Guerra
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hélio José Coelho-Junior
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Rome, Italy
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8
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Yu Y, Gao Y, Winblad B, Tjernberg LO, Schedin-Weiss S. A Super-Resolved View of the Alzheimer's Disease-Related Amyloidogenic Pathway in Hippocampal Neurons. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:833-852. [PMID: 34366358 PMCID: PMC8543249 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Processing of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) is neurophysiologically important due to the resulting fragments that regulate synapse biology, as well as potentially harmful due to generation of the 42 amino acid long amyloid β-peptide (Aβ42), which is a key player in Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to clarify the subcellular locations of the fragments involved in the amyloidogenic pathway in primary neurons with a focus on Aβ42 and its immediate substrate AβPP C-terminal fragment (APP-CTF). To overcome the difficulties of resolving these compartments due to their small size, we used super-resolution microscopy. METHODS Mouse primary hippocampal neurons were immunolabelled and imaged by stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, including three-dimensional three-channel imaging, and quantitative image analyses. RESULTS The first (β-secretase) and second (γ-secretase) cleavages of AβPP were localized to functionally and distally distinct compartments. The β-secretase cleavage was observed in early endosomes in soma, where we were able to show that the liberated N- and C-terminal fragments were sorted into distinct vesicles budding from the early endosomes. Lack of colocalization of Aβ42 and APP-CTF in soma suggested that γ-secretase cleavage occurs in neurites. Indeed, APP-CTF was, in line with Aβ42 in our previous study, enriched in the presynapse but absent from the postsynapse. In contrast, full-length AβPP was not detected in either the pre- or the postsynaptic side of the synapse. Furthermore, we observed that endogenously produced and endocytosed Aβ42 were localized in different compartments. CONCLUSION These findings provide critical super-resolved insight into amyloidogenic AβPP processing in primary neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Yang Gao
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Theme Inflammation and Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lars O Tjernberg
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sophia Schedin-Weiss
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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9
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Burrinha T, Martinsson I, Gomes R, Terrasso AP, Gouras GK, Almeida CG. Up-regulation of APP endocytosis by neuronal aging drives amyloid dependent-synapse loss. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:240244. [PMID: 33910234 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.255752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal aging increases the risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. During normal aging, synapses decline, and β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulates intraneuronally. However, little is known about the underlying cell biological mechanisms. We studied normal neuronal aging using normal aged brain and aged mouse primary neurons that accumulate lysosomal lipofuscin and show synapse loss. We identify the up-regulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) endocytosis as a neuronal aging mechanism that potentiates APP processing and Aβ production in vitro and in vivo. The increased APP endocytosis may contribute to the observed early endosomes enlargement in the aged brain. Mechanistically, we show that clathrin-dependent APP endocytosis requires F-actin and that clathrin and endocytic F-actin increase with neuronal aging. Finally, Aβ production inhibition reverts synaptic decline in aged neurons while Aβ accumulation, promoted by endocytosis up-regulation in younger neurons, recapitulates aging-related synapse decline. Overall, we identify APP endocytosis up-regulation as a potential mechanism of neuronal aging and, thus, a novel target to prevent late-onset Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Burrinha
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa,Portugal
| | - Isak Martinsson
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ricardo Gomes
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa,Portugal.,iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Terrasso
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa,Portugal.,iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Cláudia Guimas Almeida
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa,Portugal
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10
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Ammendolia DA, Bement WM, Brumell JH. Plasma membrane integrity: implications for health and disease. BMC Biol 2021; 19:71. [PMID: 33849525 PMCID: PMC8042475 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00972-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane integrity is essential for cellular homeostasis. In vivo, cells experience plasma membrane damage from a multitude of stressors in the extra- and intra-cellular environment. To avoid lethal consequences, cells are equipped with repair pathways to restore membrane integrity. Here, we assess plasma membrane damage and repair from a whole-body perspective. We highlight the role of tissue-specific stressors in health and disease and examine membrane repair pathways across diverse cell types. Furthermore, we outline the impact of genetic and environmental factors on plasma membrane integrity and how these contribute to disease pathogenesis in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin A Ammendolia
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street PGCRL, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - William M Bement
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging and Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - John H Brumell
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street PGCRL, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada. .,SickKids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
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11
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Melanocortin receptor activation alleviates amyloid pathology and glial reactivity in an Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4359. [PMID: 33623128 PMCID: PMC7902646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83932-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder with no disease-modifying treatment. AD progression is characterized by cognitive decline, neuroinflammation, and accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, leading to neuronal and glial dysfunctions. Neuropeptides govern diverse pathophysiological processes and represent key players in AD pathogenesis, regulating synaptic plasticity, glial cell functions and amyloid pathology. Activation of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived neuropeptide and its receptor from the melanocortin receptor (MCR) family have previously been shown to rescue the impairment in hippocampus-dependent synaptic plasticity in the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD. However, the functional roles of MCR signaling in AD conditions, particularly in glial functions, are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the potential benefits of MCR activation in AD. In APP/PS1 transgenic mice, we demonstrate that MCR activation mediated by the central administration of its agonist D-Tyr MTII substantially reduces Aβ accumulation, while alleviating global inflammation and astrocytic activation, particularly in the hippocampus. MCR activation prominently reduces the A1 subtype of reactive astrocytes, which is considered a key source of astrocytic neurotoxicity in AD. Concordantly, MCR activation suppresses microglial activation, while enhancing their association with amyloid plaques. The blunted activation of microglia may contribute to the reduction in the neurotoxic phenotypes of astrocytes. Importantly, transcriptome analysis reveals that MCR activation restores the impaired homeostatic processes and microglial reactivity in the hippocampus in APP/PS1 mice. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the potential of MCR signaling as therapeutic target for AD.
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12
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Lynn SA, Johnston DA, Scott JA, Munday R, Desai RS, Keeling E, Weaterton R, Simpson A, Davis D, Freeman T, Chatelet DS, Page A, Cree AJ, Lee H, Newman TA, Lotery AJ, Ratnayaka JA. Oligomeric Aβ 1-42 Induces an AMD-Like Phenotype and Accumulates in Lysosomes to Impair RPE Function. Cells 2021; 10:413. [PMID: 33671133 PMCID: PMC7922851 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease-associated amyloid beta (Aβ) proteins accumulate in the outer retina with increasing age and in eyes of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients. To study Aβ-induced retinopathy, wild-type mice were injected with nanomolar human oligomeric Aβ1-42, which recapitulate the Aβ burden reported in human donor eyes. In vitro studies investigated the cellular effects of Aβ in endothelial and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Results show subretinal Aβ-induced focal AMD-like pathology within 2 weeks. Aβ exposure caused endothelial cell migration, and morphological and barrier alterations to the RPE. Aβ co-localized to late-endocytic compartments of RPE cells, which persisted despite attempts to clear it through upregulation of lysosomal cathepsin B, revealing a novel mechanism of lysosomal impairment in retinal degeneration. The rapid upregulation of cathepsin B was out of step with the prolonged accumulation of Aβ within lysosomes, and contrasted with enzymatic responses to internalized photoreceptor outer segments (POS). Furthermore, RPE cells exposed to Aβ were identified as deficient in cargo-carrying lysosomes at time points that are critical to POS degradation. These findings imply that Aβ accumulation within late-endocytic compartments, as well as lysosomal deficiency, impairs RPE function over time, contributing to visual defects seen in aging and AMD eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah A. Lynn
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - David A. Johnston
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Southampton, MP12, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (D.A.J.); (D.S.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Jenny A. Scott
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Rosie Munday
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Roshni S. Desai
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Eloise Keeling
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Ruaridh Weaterton
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Alexander Simpson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Dillon Davis
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Thomas Freeman
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - David S. Chatelet
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Southampton, MP12, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (D.A.J.); (D.S.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Anton Page
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Southampton, MP12, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (D.A.J.); (D.S.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Angela J. Cree
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Helena Lee
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
- Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Tracey A. Newman
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Andrew J. Lotery
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
- Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - J. Arjuna Ratnayaka
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP 806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (J.A.S.); (R.M.); (R.S.D.); (E.K.); (R.W.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (T.F.); (A.J.C.); (H.L.); (T.A.N.); (A.J.L.)
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da Rocha JF, Bastos L, Domingues SC, Bento AR, Konietzko U, da Cruz E Silva OAB, Vieira SI. APP Binds to the EGFR Ligands HB-EGF and EGF, Acting Synergistically with EGF to Promote ERK Signaling and Neuritogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:668-688. [PMID: 33009641 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a transmembrane glycoprotein central to Alzheimer's disease (AD) with functions in brain development and plasticity, including in neurogenesis and neurite outgrowth. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) are well-described neurotrophic and neuromodulator EGFR ligands, both implicated in neurological disorders, including AD. Pro-HB-EGF arose as a putative novel APP interactor in a human brain cDNA library yeast two-hybrid screen. Based on their structural and functional similarities, we first aimed to verify if APP could bind to (HB-)EGF proforms. Here, we show that APP interacts with these two EGFR ligands, and further characterized the effects of APP-EGF interaction in ERK activation and neuritogenesis. Yeast co-transformation and co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed APP interaction with HB-EGF. Co-immunoprecipitation also revealed that APP binds to cellular pro-EGF. Overexpression of HB-EGF in HeLa cells, or exposure of SH-SY5Y cells to EGF, both resulted in increased APP protein levels. EGF and APP were observed to synergistically activate the ERK pathway, crucial for neuronal differentiation. Immunofluorescence analysis of cellular neuritogenesis in APP overexpression and EGF exposure conditions confirmed a synergistic effect in promoting the number and the mean length of neurite-like processes. Synergistic ERK activation and neuritogenic effects were completely blocked by the EGFR inhibitor PD 168393, implying APP/EGF-induced activation of EGFR as part of the mechanism. This work shows novel APP protein interactors and provides a major insight into the APP/EGF-driven mechanisms underlying neurite outgrowth and neuronal differentiation, with potential relevance for AD and for adult neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana F da Rocha
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Agra do Crasto, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luísa Bastos
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Agra do Crasto, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Roche Sistemas de Diagnósticos, Lda, 2720-413, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Sara C Domingues
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Agra do Crasto, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana R Bento
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Agra do Crasto, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Uwe Konietzko
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Odete A B da Cruz E Silva
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Agra do Crasto, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sandra I Vieira
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Agra do Crasto, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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14
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Yu Z, Zeng J, Wang J, Cui Y, Song X, Zhang Y, Cheng X, Hou N, Teng Y, Lan Y, Chen Y, Yang X. Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate is essential for endothelial cell polarity and cerebrovascular stability. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:533-546. [PMID: 32044971 PMCID: PMC7820882 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hgs), a key component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), has been implicated in many essential biological processes. However, the physiological role of endogenous Hgs in the vascular system has not previously been explored. Here, we have generated brain endothelial cell (EC) specific Hgs knockout mice to uncover the function of Hgs in EC polarity and cerebrovascular stability. METHODS AND RESULTS Knockout of Hgs in brain ECs led to impaired endothelial apicobasal polarity and brain vessel collapse in mice. We determined that Hgs is essential for recycling of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin to the plasma membrane, since loss of Hgs blocked trafficking of endocytosed VE-cadherin from early endosomes to recycling endosomes, and impaired the motility of recycling endosomes. Supportively, overexpression of the motor kinesin family member 13A (KIF13A) restored endosomal recycling and rescued abrogated polarized trafficking and distribution of VE-cadherin in Hgs knockdown ECs. CONCLUSION These data uncover a novel physiological function of Hgs and support an essential role for the ESCRT machinery in the maintenance of EC polarity and cerebrovascular stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yaxiong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaopeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yizhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ning Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yan Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yeguang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
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15
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Vandendriessche C, Bruggeman A, Van Cauwenberghe C, Vandenbroucke RE. Extracellular Vesicles in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease: Small Entities with Large Consequences. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112485. [PMID: 33203181 PMCID: PMC7696752 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are incurable, devastating neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the formation and spreading of protein aggregates throughout the brain. Although the exact spreading mechanism is not completely understood, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proposed as potential contributors. Indeed, EVs have emerged as potential carriers of disease-associated proteins and are therefore thought to play an important role in disease progression, although some beneficial functions have also been attributed to them. EVs can be isolated from a variety of sources, including biofluids, and the analysis of their content can provide a snapshot of ongoing pathological changes in the brain. This underlines their potential as biomarker candidates which is of specific relevance in AD and PD where symptoms only arise after considerable and irreversible neuronal damage has already occurred. In this review, we discuss the known beneficial and detrimental functions of EVs in AD and PD and we highlight their promising potential to be used as biomarkers in both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charysse Vandendriessche
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (C.V.); (A.B.); (C.V.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arnout Bruggeman
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (C.V.); (A.B.); (C.V.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Caroline Van Cauwenberghe
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (C.V.); (A.B.); (C.V.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (C.V.); (A.B.); (C.V.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-9-3313730
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16
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The cellular machinery of post-endocytic APP trafficking in Alzheimer's disease: A future target for therapeutic intervention? PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 177:109-122. [PMID: 33453937 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent data establish multiple defects in endocytic functions as early events initiating various neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The genetic landscape resulting from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) reveals changes in post-endocytic trafficking of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in neurons leading to an increase in amyloidogenic processing, deficits in amyloid beta (Aβ) clearance, increases in intracellular Aβ, and other endosomal pathogenic phenotypes. Multiple genetic factors regulate each segment of endosomal and post-endosomal trafficking. Intriguingly, several studies indicate endosomal dysfunctions preceding Aβ pathology and tau phosphorylation. In this chapter we highlight the role of various GWAS-identified endosomal and post-endosomal gene products in initiating AD pathologies. We also summarize the functions of various genetic modifiers of post-endocytic trafficking of APP that may work as targets for therapeutic intervention in AD.
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17
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Gireud-Goss M, Reyes S, Tewari R, Patrizz A, Howe MD, Kofler J, Waxham MN, McCullough LD, Bean AJ. The ubiquitin ligase UBE4B regulates amyloid precursor protein ubiquitination, endosomal trafficking, and amyloid β42 generation and secretion. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 108:103542. [PMID: 32841720 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) fragments of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in brain parenchyma is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). APP can be cleaved into Aβ on late endosomes/multivesicular bodies (MVBs). E3 ubiquitin ligases have been linked to Aβ production, but specific E3 ligases associated with APP ubiquitination that may affect targeting of APP to endosomes have not yet been described. Using cultured cortical neurons isolated from rat pups, we reconstituted APP movement into the internal vesicles (ILVs) of MVBs. Loss of endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) components inhibited APP movement into ILVs and increased endosomal Aβ42 generation, implying a requirement for APP ubiquitination. We identified an ESCRT-binding and APP-interacting endosomal E3 ubiquitin ligase, ubiquitination factor E4B (UBE4B) that regulates APP ubiquitination. Depleting UBE4B in neurons inhibited APP ubiquitination and internalization into MVBs, resulting in increased endosomal Aβ42 levels and increased neuronal secretion of Aβ42. When we examined AD brains, we found levels of the UBE4B-interacting ESCRT component, hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs), were significantly decreased in AD brains. These data suggest that ESCRT components critical for membrane protein sorting in the endocytic pathway are altered in AD. These results indicate that the molecular machinery underlying endosomal trafficking of APP, including the ubiquitin ligase UBE4B, regulates Aβ levels and may play an essential role in AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gireud-Goss
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States of America; The M.D. Anderson/UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, United States of America; Department of Neurology McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States of America
| | - Sahily Reyes
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States of America; The M.D. Anderson/UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, United States of America
| | - Ritika Tewari
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States of America
| | - Anthony Patrizz
- The M.D. Anderson/UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, United States of America; Department of Neurology McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States of America
| | - Matthew D Howe
- The M.D. Anderson/UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, United States of America; Department of Neurology McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States of America
| | - Julia Kofler
- Division of Neuropathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - M Neal Waxham
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States of America
| | - Louise D McCullough
- The M.D. Anderson/UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, United States of America; Department of Neurology McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States of America
| | - Andrew J Bean
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States of America; The M.D. Anderson/UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America; Rush University Graduate College, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America.
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18
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Bécot A, Volgers C, van Niel G. Transmissible Endosomal Intoxication: A Balance between Exosomes and Lysosomes at the Basis of Intercellular Amyloid Propagation. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080272. [PMID: 32759666 PMCID: PMC7459801 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer′s disease (AD), endolysosomal dysfunctions are amongst the earliest cellular features to appear. Each organelle of the endolysosomal system, from the multivesicular body (MVB) to the lysosome, contributes to the homeostasis of amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage products including β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides. Hence, this review will attempt to disentangle how changes in the endolysosomal system cumulate to the generation of toxic amyloid species and hamper their degradation. We highlight that the formation of MVBs and the generation of amyloid species are closely linked and describe how the molecular machineries acting at MVBs determine the generation and sorting of APP cleavage products towards their degradation or release in association with exosomes. In particular, we will focus on AD-related distortions of the endolysomal system that divert it from its degradative function to favour the release of exosomes and associated amyloid species. We propose here that such an imbalance transposed at the brain scale poses a novel concept of transmissible endosomal intoxication (TEI). This TEI would initiate a self-perpetuating transmission of endosomal dysfunction between cells that would support the propagation of amyloid species in neurodegenerative diseases.
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19
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Yin Q, Ji X, Lv R, Pei JJ, Du Y, Shen C, Hou X. Targetting Exosomes as a New Biomarker and Therapeutic Approach for Alzheimer's Disease. Clin Interv Aging 2020; 15:195-205. [PMID: 32103922 PMCID: PMC7025655 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s240400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that mainly occurs in old age and involves progressive cognitive impairment. AD has become a major global issue for public health, with approximately 24 million people currently affected by the disease. Estimates indicted that this number will quadruple by 2050. Because of the high incidence of AD, there is an urgent need to develop new strategies to diagnose and treat AD. Many recent studies have indicated the multiple, yet somewhat controversial, roles of exosomes in AD. Although the underlying mechanisms by which exosomes play a role in AD are still unknown, current evidence suggests that exosomes can carry and spread toxic amyloid-beta, and hyperphosphorylated tau, between cells, and then induce apoptosis, thus contributing to the loss of neurons. In addition, exosomes appear to possess the ability to reduce brain amyloid-beta, and tau hyperphosphorylation, and transfer neuroprotective substances between neural cells. The accumulating data brings hope that the application of exosomes may be helpful for early diagnostics and the identification of new therapeutic targets for AD. Here, we summarized the various roles of exosomes, and how they might relate to the pathogenesis of AD. We also highlight the potential application of exosomes as a therapeutic option in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Yin
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Ji
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjun Lv
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Jing Pei
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Yifeng Du
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Shen
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunyao Hou
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
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20
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The ESCRT-0 Protein HRS Interacts with the Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 2 Antisense Protein APH-2 and Suppresses Viral Replication. J Virol 2019; 94:JVI.01311-19. [PMID: 31597781 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01311-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The divergent clinical outcomes of human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 infections have been attributed to functional differences in their antisense proteins. In contrast to HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ), the role of the antisense protein of HTLV-2 (APH-2) in HTLV-2 infection is poorly understood. In previous studies, we identified the endosomal sorting complex required for transport 0 (ESCRT-0) subunit HRS as a novel interaction partner of APH-2 but not HBZ. HRS is a master regulator of endosomal protein sorting for lysosomal degradation and is hijacked by many viruses to promote replication. However, no studies to date have shown a link between HTLVs and HRS. In this study, we sought to characterize the interaction between HRS and APH-2 and to investigate the impact of HRS on the life cycle of HTLV-2. We confirmed a direct specific interaction between APH-2 and HRS and showed that the CC2 domain of HRS and the N-terminal domain of APH-2 mediate their interaction. We demonstrated that HRS recruits APH-2 to early endosomes, possibly furnishing an entry route into the endosomal/lysosomal pathway. We demonstrated that inhibition of this pathway using either bafilomycin or HRS overexpression substantially extends the half-life of APH-2 and stabilizes Tax2B expression levels. We found that HRS enhances Tax2B-mediated long terminal repeat (LTR) activation, while depletion of HRS enhances HTLV-2 production and release, indicating that HRS may have a negative impact on HTLV-2 replication. Overall, our study provides important new insights into the role of the ESCRT-0 HRS protein, and by extension the ESCRT machinery and the endosomal/lysosomal pathway, in HTLV-2 infection.IMPORTANCE While APH-2 is the only viral protein consistently expressed in infected carriers, its role in HTLV-2 infection is poorly understood. In this study, we characterized the interaction between the ESCRT-0 component HRS and APH-2 and explored the role of HRS in HTLV-2 replication. HRS is a master regulator of protein sorting for lysosomal degradation, a feature that is manipulated by several viruses to promote replication. Unexpectedly, we found that HRS targets APH-2 and possibly Tax2B for lysosomal degradation and has an overall negative impact on HTLV-2 replication and release. The negative impact of interactions between HTLV-2 regulatory proteins and HRS, and by extension the ESCRT machinery, may represent an important strategy used by HTLV-2 to limit virus production and to promote persistence, features that may contribute to the limited pathogenic potential of this infection.
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Hui L, Ye Y, Soliman ML, Lakpa KL, Miller NM, Afghah Z, Geiger JD, Chen X. Antiretroviral Drugs Promote Amyloidogenesis by De-Acidifying Endolysosomes. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 16:159-168. [PMID: 31338753 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapeutics (ART) have effectively increased the long-term survival of HIV-1 infected individuals. However, the prevalence of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) has increased and so too have clinical manifestations and pathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in people living with HIV-1/AIDS. Although underlying mechanisms are not clear, chronic exposure to ART drugs has been implicated in the development of AD-like symptoms and pathology. ART drugs are categorized according to their mechanism of action in controlling HIV-1 levels. All ART drugs are organic compounds that can be classified as being either weak acids or weak bases, and these physicochemical properties may be of central importance to ART drug-induced AD-like pathology because weak bases accumulate in endolysosomes, weak bases can de-acidify endolysosomes where amyloidogenesis occurs, and endolysosome de-acidification increases amyloid beta (Aβ) protein production and decreases Aβ degradation. Here, we investigated the effects of ART drugs on endolysosome pH and Aβ levels in rat primary cultured neurons. ART drugs that de-acidified endolysosomes increased Aβ levels, whereas those that acidified endolysosomes decreased Aβ levels. Acidification of endolysosomes with the mucolipin transient receptor potential (TRPML) channel agonist ML-SA1 blocked ART drug-induced increases in Aβ levels. Further, ART drug-induced endolysosome de-acidification increased endolysosome sizes; effects that were blocked by ML-SA1-induced endolysosome acidification. These results suggest that ART drug-induced endolysosome de-acidification plays an important role in ART drug-induced amyloidogenesis and that endolysosome acidification might attenuate AD-like pathology in HIV-1 positive people taking ART drugs that de-acidify endolysosomes. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
| | - Yan Ye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
| | - Mahmoud L Soliman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
| | - Koffi L Lakpa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
| | - Nicole M Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
| | - Zahra Afghah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
| | - Jonathan D Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA.
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High resolution approaches for the identification of amyloid fragments in brain. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 319:7-15. [PMID: 30367888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is now widely recognized that endogenous, picomolar concentrations of the 42 amino acid long peptide, amyloid-β (Aβ42) is secreted under normal physiological conditions and exerts important functional activity throughout neuronal intracellular compartments. Transgenic animal models that overexpress Aβ42 and its precursor, amyloid precursor protein (APP), have not provided predictive value in testing new treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD), resulting in failed clinical trials. While these results are discouraging, they underscore the need to understand the physiological roles of Aβ42 and APP under normal conditions as well as at early pre- symptomatic stages of AD. New method: We describe the use of acrolein-perfusion in immunoelectron microscopy in combination with novel antibodies directed against endogenous murine Aβ42 and APP fragments to study abnormalities in the endolysosomal system at early stages of disease. The specific requirements, limitations and advantages of novel antibodies directed against human and murine Aβ42, APP and APP fragments are discussed as well as parameters for ultrastructural analysis of endolysosomal compartments. RESULTS Novel antibodies and a detailed protocol for immunoelectron microscopy using acrolein as a fixative are described. Acrolein is shown to preserve intraneuronal Aβ42 species, as opposed to paraformaldehyde fixed tissue, which primarily preserves membrane bound species. Comparison with existing method(s): Technology sensitive enough to detect endogenous Aβ42 under physiological conditions has not been widely available. We describe a number of novel and highly sensitive antibodies have recently been developed that may facilitate the analysis of endogenous Aβ42. CONCLUSIONS Using novel and highly specific antibodies in combination with electron microscopy may reveal important information about the timing of aberrant protein accumulation, as well as the progression of abnormalities in the endolysosomal systems that sort and clear these peptides.
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Mahapatra KK, Panigrahi DP, Praharaj PP, Bhol CS, Patra S, Mishra SR, Behera BP, Bhutia SK. Molecular interplay of autophagy and endocytosis in human health and diseases. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1576-1590. [PMID: 30989802 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved process for maintaining the physio-metabolic equilibrium of cells, shares many common effector proteins with endocytosis. For example, tethering proteins involved in fusion like Ras-like GTPases (Rabs), soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), lysosomal-associated membrane protein (LAMP), and endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) have a dual role in endocytosis and autophagy, and the trafficking routes of these processes converge at lysosomes. These common effectors indicate an association between budding and fusion of membrane-bound vesicles that may have a substantial role in autophagic lysosome reformation, by sensing cellular stress levels. Therefore, autophagy-endocytosis crosstalk may be significant and implicates a novel endocytic regulatory pathway of autophagy. Moreover, endocytosis has a pivotal role in the intake of signalling molecules, which in turn activates cascades that can result in pathophysiological conditions. This review discusses the basic mechanisms of this crosstalk and its implications in order to identify potential novel therapeutic targets for various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewal K Mahapatra
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundergarh, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Debasna P Panigrahi
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundergarh, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Prakash P Praharaj
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundergarh, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Chandra S Bhol
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundergarh, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Srimanta Patra
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundergarh, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Soumya R Mishra
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundergarh, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Bishnu P Behera
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundergarh, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Sujit K Bhutia
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundergarh, Odisha 769008, India
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Abstract
Effective therapeutic strategy against Alzheimer's disease (AD) requires early detection of AD; however, clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not precise and a definitive diagnosis of AD is only possible via postmortem examination for AD pathological hallmarks including senile plaques composed of Aβ and neuro fibrillary tangles composed of phosphorylated tau. Although a variety of biomarker has been developed and used in clinical setting, none of them robustly predicts subsequent clinical course of AD. Thus, it is essential to identify new biomarkers that may facilitate the diagnosis of early stages of AD, prediction of subsequent clinical course, and development of new therapeutic strategies. Given that pathological hallmarks of AD including Aβaccumulation and the presence of phosphorylated tau are also detected in peripheral tissues, AD is considered a systemic disease. Without the protection of blood-brain barrier, systemic factors can affect peripheral tissues much earlier than neurons in brain. Here, we will discuss the development of AD-like pathology in skeletal muscle and the potential use of skeletal muscle biopsy (examination for Aβaccumulation and phosphorylated tau) as a biomarker for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, USA
| | - N M Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, USA
| | - Z Afghah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, USA
| | - J D Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, USA
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25
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Midani-Kurçak JS, Dinekov M, Puladi B, Arzberger T, Köhler C. Effect of tau-pathology on charged multivesicular body protein 2b (CHMP2B). Brain Res 2019; 1706:224-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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26
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Fruhmann G, Marchal C, Vignaud H, Verduyckt M, Talarek N, De Virgilio C, Winderickx J, Cullin C. The Impact of ESCRT on Aβ 1-42 Induced Membrane Lesions in a Yeast Model for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:406. [PMID: 30455629 PMCID: PMC6230623 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aβ metabolism plays a pivotal role in Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we used a yeast model to monitor Aβ42 toxicity when entering the secretory pathway and demonstrate that processing in, and exit from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is required to unleash the full Aβ42 toxic potential. Consistent with previously reported data, our data suggests that Aβ42 interacts with mitochondria, thereby enhancing formation of reactive oxygen species and eventually leading to cell demise. We used our model to search for genes that modulate this deleterious effect, either by reducing or enhancing Aβ42 toxicity, based on screening of the yeast knockout collection. This revealed a reduced Aβ42 toxicity not only in strains hampered in ER-Golgi traffic and mitochondrial functioning but also in strains lacking genes connected to the cell cycle and the DNA replication stress response. On the other hand, increased Aβ42 toxicity was observed in strains affected in the actin cytoskeleton organization, endocytosis and the formation of multivesicular bodies, including key factors of the ESCRT machinery. Since the latter was shown to be required for the repair of membrane lesions in mammalian systems, we studied this aspect in more detail in our yeast model. Our data demonstrated that Aβ42 heavily disturbed the plasma membrane integrity in a strain lacking the ESCRT-III accessory factor Bro1, a phenotype that came along with a severe growth defect and enhanced loading of lipid droplets. Thus, it appears that also in yeast ESCRT is required for membrane repair, thereby counteracting one of the deleterious effects induced by the expression of Aβ42. Combined, our studies once more validated the use of yeast as a model to investigate fundamental mechanisms underlying the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christelle Marchal
- Institut de Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nano-objets, University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5248, Pessac, France
| | - Hélène Vignaud
- Institut de Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nano-objets, University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5248, Pessac, France
| | | | - Nicolas Talarek
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Christophe Cullin
- Institut de Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nano-objets, University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5248, Pessac, France
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27
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Ye Y, Hui L, Lakpa KL, Xing Y, Wollenzien H, Chen X, Zhao JX, Geiger JD. Effects of silica nanoparticles on endolysosome function in primary cultured neurons 1. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 97:297-305. [PMID: 30312546 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) have been used as vehicles for drug delivery, molecular detection, and cellular manipulations in nanoneuromedicine. SiNPs may cause adverse effects in the brain including neurotoxicity, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and enhancing levels of amyloid beta (Aβ) protein-all pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, the extent to which SiNPs influence Aβ generation and the underlying mechanisms by which this occurs deserve investigation. Our studies were focused on the effects of SiNPs on endolysosomes which uptake, traffic, and mediate the actions of SiNPs. These organelles are also where amyloidogenesis largely originates. We found that SiNPs, in primary cultured hippocampal neurons, accumulated in endolysosomes and caused a rapid and persistent deacidification of endolysosomes. SiNPs significantly reduced endolysosome calcium stores as indicated by a significant reduction in the ability of the lysosomotropic agent glycyl-l-phenylalanine 2-naphthylamide (GPN) to release calcium from endolysosomes. SiNPs increased Aβ1-40 secretion, whereas 2 agents that acidified endolysosomes, ML-SA1 and CGS21680, blocked SiNP-induced deacidification and increased generation of Aβ1-40. Our findings suggest that SiNP-induced deacidification of and calcium release from endolysosomes might be mechanistically linked to increased amyloidogenesis. The use of SiNPs might not be the best nanomaterial for therapeutic strategies against Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders linked to endolysosome dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ye
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Liang Hui
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Koffi L Lakpa
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Yuqian Xing
- b Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Hannah Wollenzien
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Xuesong Chen
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Julia Xiaojun Zhao
- b Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Jonathan D Geiger
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
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28
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Vaz-Silva J, Gomes P, Jin Q, Zhu M, Zhuravleva V, Quintremil S, Meira T, Silva J, Dioli C, Soares-Cunha C, Daskalakis NP, Sousa N, Sotiropoulos I, Waites CL. Endolysosomal degradation of Tau and its role in glucocorticoid-driven hippocampal malfunction. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201899084. [PMID: 30166454 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies implicate Tau as an essential mediator of neuronal atrophy and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet the factors that precipitate Tau dysfunction in AD are poorly understood. Chronic environmental stress and elevated glucocorticoids (GC), the major stress hormones, are associated with increased risk of AD and have been shown to trigger intracellular Tau accumulation and downstream Tau-dependent neuronal dysfunction. However, the mechanisms through which stress and GC disrupt Tau clearance and degradation in neurons remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Tau undergoes degradation via endolysosomal sorting in a pathway requiring the small GTPase Rab35 and the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery. Furthermore, we find that GC impair Tau degradation by decreasing Rab35 levels, and that AAV-mediated expression of Rab35 in the hippocampus rescues GC-induced Tau accumulation and related neurostructural deficits. These studies indicate that the Rab35/ESCRT pathway is essential for Tau clearance and part of the mechanism through which GC precipitate brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Vaz-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrícia Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Qi Jin
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mei Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Viktoriya Zhuravleva
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Neurobiology and Behavior Graduate Program, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sebastian Quintremil
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Torcato Meira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joana Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Chrysoula Dioli
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carina Soares-Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ioannis Sotiropoulos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Clarissa L Waites
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA .,Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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29
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Alzheimer's disease pathology propagation by exosomes containing toxic amyloid-beta oligomers. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 136:41-56. [PMID: 29934873 PMCID: PMC6015111 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1868-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The gradual deterioration of cognitive functions in Alzheimer’s disease is paralleled by a hierarchical progression of amyloid-beta and tau brain pathology. Recent findings indicate that toxic oligomers of amyloid-beta may cause propagation of pathology in a prion-like manner, although the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here we show that small extracellular vesicles, exosomes, from Alzheimer patients’ brains contain increased levels of amyloid-beta oligomers and can act as vehicles for the neuron-to-neuron transfer of such toxic species in recipient neurons in culture. Moreover, blocking the formation, secretion or uptake of exosomes was found to reduce both the spread of oligomers and the related toxicity. Taken together, our results imply that exosomes are centrally involved in Alzheimer’s disease and that they could serve as targets for development of new diagnostic and therapeutic principles.
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30
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Guimas Almeida C, Sadat Mirfakhar F, Perdigão C, Burrinha T. Impact of late-onset Alzheimer's genetic risk factors on beta-amyloid endocytic production. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2577-2589. [PMID: 29704008 PMCID: PMC11105284 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2825-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The increased production of the 42 aminoacids long beta-amyloid (Aβ42) peptide has been established as a causal mechanism of the familial early onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). In contrast, the causal mechanisms of the late-onset AD (LOAD), that affects most AD patients, remain to be established. Indeed, Aβ42 accumulation has been detected more than 30 years before diagnosis. Thus, the mechanisms that control Aβ accumulation in LOAD likely go awry long before pathogenesis becomes detectable. Early on, APOE4 was identified as the biggest genetic risk factor for LOAD. However, since APOE4 is not present in all LOAD patients, genome-wide association studies of thousands of LOAD patients were undertaken to identify other genetic variants that could explain the development of LOAD. PICALM, BIN1, CD2AP, SORL1, and PLD3 are now with APOE4 among the identified genes at highest risk in LOAD that have been implicated in Aβ42 production. Recent evidence indicates that the regulation of the endocytic trafficking of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and/or its secretases to and from sorting endosomes is determinant for Aβ42 production. Thus, here, we will review the described mechanisms, whereby these genetic risk factors can contribute to the enhanced endocytic production of Aβ42. Dissecting causal LOAD mechanisms of Aβ42 accumulation, underlying the contribution of each genetic risk factor, will be required to identify therapeutic targets for novel personalized preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Guimas Almeida
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Farzaneh Sadat Mirfakhar
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Perdigão
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Burrinha
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
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Kaul Z, Chakrabarti O. Endosomal sorting complexes required for ESCRTing cells toward death during neurogenesis, neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. Traffic 2018; 19:485-495. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zenia Kaul
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division; Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics; Kolkata India
| | - Oishee Chakrabarti
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division; Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics; Kolkata India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute; Mumbai India
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32
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Laulagnier K, Javalet C, Hemming FJ, Chivet M, Lachenal G, Blot B, Chatellard C, Sadoul R. Amyloid precursor protein products concentrate in a subset of exosomes specifically endocytosed by neurons. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:757-773. [PMID: 28956068 PMCID: PMC11105273 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta peptide (Aβ), the main component of senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease brains, is produced by sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and of its C-terminal fragments (CTFs). An unanswered question is how amyloidogenic peptides spread throughout the brain during the course of the disease. Here, we show that small lipid vesicles called exosomes, secreted in the extracellular milieu by cortical neurons, carry endogenous APP and are strikingly enriched in CTF-α and the newly characterized CTF-η. Exosomes from N2a cells expressing human APP with the autosomal dominant Swedish mutation contain Aβ peptides as well as CTF-α and CTF-η, while those from cells expressing the non-mutated form of APP only contain CTF-α and CTF-η. APP and CTFs are sorted into a subset of exosomes which lack the tetraspanin CD63 and specifically bind to dendrites of neurons, unlike exosomes carrying CD63 which bind to both neurons and glial cells. Thus, neuroblastoma cells secrete distinct populations of exosomes carrying different cargoes and targeting specific cell types. APP-carrying exosomes can be endocytosed by receiving cells, allowing the processing of APP acquired by exosomes to give rise to the APP intracellular domain (AICD). Thus, our results show for the first time that neuronal exosomes may indeed act as vehicles for the intercellular transport of APP and its catabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Laulagnier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France.
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France.
| | - Charlotte Javalet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Fiona J Hemming
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Mathilde Chivet
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute Lab of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Gaëlle Lachenal
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Béatrice Blot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Christine Chatellard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Rémy Sadoul
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France.
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France.
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33
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Gonzalez AC, Schweizer M, Jagdmann S, Bernreuther C, Reinheckel T, Saftig P, Damme M. Unconventional Trafficking of Mammalian Phospholipase D3 to Lysosomes. Cell Rep 2018; 22:1040-1053. [PMID: 29386126 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants in the phospholipase D3 (PLD3) gene have genetically been linked to late-onset Alzheimer's disease. We present a detailed biochemical analysis of PLD3 and reveal its endogenous localization in endosomes and lysosomes. PLD3 reaches lysosomes as a type II transmembrane protein via a (for mammalian cells) uncommon intracellular biosynthetic route that depends on the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery. PLD3 is sorted into intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes, and ESCRT-dependent sorting correlates with ubiquitination. In multivesicular endosomes, PLD3 is subjected to proteolytic cleavage, yielding a stable glycosylated luminal polypeptide and a rapidly degraded N-terminal membrane-bound fragment. This pathway closely resembles the delivery route of carboxypeptidase S to the yeast vacuole. Our experiments reveal a biosynthetic route of PLD3 involving proteolytic processing and ESCRT-dependent sorting for its delivery to lysosomes in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Center of Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jagdmann
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Markus Damme
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany.
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Miranda AM, Lasiecka ZM, Xu Y, Neufeld J, Shahriar S, Simoes S, Chan RB, Oliveira TG, Small SA, Di Paolo G. Neuronal lysosomal dysfunction releases exosomes harboring APP C-terminal fragments and unique lipid signatures. Nat Commun 2018; 9:291. [PMID: 29348617 PMCID: PMC5773483 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02533-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in endolysosomal and autophagic functions are increasingly viewed as key pathological features of neurodegenerative disorders. A master regulator of these functions is phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P), a phospholipid synthesized primarily by class III PI 3-kinase Vps34. Here we report that disruption of neuronal Vps34 function in vitro and in vivo impairs autophagy, lysosomal degradation as well as lipid metabolism, causing endolysosomal membrane damage. PI3P deficiency also promotes secretion of unique exosomes enriched for undigested lysosomal substrates, including amyloid precursor protein C-terminal fragments (APP-CTFs), specific sphingolipids, and the phospholipid bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP), which normally resides in the internal vesicles of endolysosomes. Secretion of these exosomes requires neutral sphingomyelinase 2 and sphingolipid synthesis. Our results reveal a homeostatic response counteracting lysosomal dysfunction via secretion of atypical exosomes eliminating lysosomal waste and define exosomal APP-CTFs and BMP as candidate biomarkers for endolysosomal dysfunction associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- André M Miranda
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Zofia M Lasiecka
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Yimeng Xu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jessi Neufeld
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sanjid Shahriar
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sabrina Simoes
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Robin B Chan
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Tiago Gil Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Scott A Small
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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Ubelmann F, Burrinha T, Almeida CG. A Novel Protocol to Quantitatively Measure the Endocytic Trafficking of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) in Polarized Primary Neurons with Sub-cellular Resolution. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2629. [PMID: 34595297 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease's established primary trigger is β-amyloid (Aβ) (Mucke and Selkoe, 2012). The amyloid precursor protein (APP) endocytosis is required for Aβ generation at early endosomes (Rajendran and Annaert, 2012). APP retention at endosomes depends on its sorting for degradation in lysosomes ( Haass et al., 1992 ; Morel et al., 2013 ; Edgar et al., 2015 ; Ubelmann et al., 2017 ). The following endocytosis assay has been optimized to assess the amyloid precursor protein (APP) endocytosis and degradation by live murine cortical primary neurons ( Ubelmann et al., 2017 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Ubelmann
- CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas-Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Burrinha
- CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas-Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Claudia Guimas Almeida
- CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas-Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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36
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Williamson RL, Laulagnier K, Miranda AM, Fernandez MA, Wolfe MS, Sadoul R, Di Paolo G. Disruption of amyloid precursor protein ubiquitination selectively increases amyloid β (Aβ) 40 levels via presenilin 2-mediated cleavage. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19873-19889. [PMID: 29021256 PMCID: PMC5712626 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.818138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid plaques, a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, are largely composed of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, derived from cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretases. The endosome is increasingly recognized as an important crossroad for APP and these secretases, with major implications for APP processing and amyloidogenesis. Among various post-translational modifications affecting APP accumulation, ubiquitination of cytodomain lysines may represent a key signal controlling APP endosomal sorting. Here, we show that substitution of APP C-terminal lysines with arginine disrupts APP ubiquitination and that an increase in the number of substituted lysines tends to increase APP metabolism. An APP mutant lacking all C-terminal lysines underwent the most pronounced increase in processing, leading to accumulation of both secreted and intracellular Aβ40. Artificial APP ubiquitination with rapalog-mediated proximity inducers reduced Aβ40 generation. A lack of APP C-terminal lysines caused APP redistribution from endosomal intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) to the endosomal limiting membrane, with a subsequent decrease in APP C-terminal fragment (CTF) content in secreted exosomes, but had minimal effects on APP lysosomal degradation. Both the increases in secreted and intracellular Aβ40 were abolished by depletion of presenilin 2 (PSEN2), recently shown to be enriched on the endosomal limiting membrane compared with PSEN1. Our findings demonstrate that ubiquitin can act as a signal at five cytodomain-located lysines for endosomal sorting of APP. They further suggest that disruption of APP endosomal sorting reduces its sequestration in ILVs and results in PSEN2-mediated processing of a larger pool of APP-CTF on the endosomal membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karine Laulagnier
- the Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Inserm, Grenoble 38042, France
| | - André M Miranda
- From the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and
- the Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho and
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal, and
| | - Marty A Fernandez
- the Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Michael S Wolfe
- the Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Rémy Sadoul
- the Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Inserm, Grenoble 38042, France
| | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- From the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and
- the Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
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Sun M, Zhang H. Par3 and aPKC regulate BACE1 endosome-to-TGN trafficking through PACS1. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 60:129-140. [PMID: 28946017 PMCID: PMC5653456 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the rate-limiting step in beta amyloid generation during Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. In AD brains, BACE1 is abnormally accumulated in endocytic compartments, where the acidic pH is optimal for its activity. However, mechanisms regulating the endosome-to-trans-Golgi network (TGN) retrieval of BACE1 remain unclear. Here, we show that partitioning defective 3 (Par3) facilitates BACE1 retrograde trafficking from endosomes to the TGN. Par3 functions through aPKC-mediated phosphorylation of BACE1 on Ser498, which in turn promotes the interaction between BACE1 and phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein 1 and facilitates the retrograde trafficking of BACE1 to the TGN. In human AD brains, there is a significant decrease in Ser498 phosphorylation of BACE1 suggesting that defective phosphorylation-dependent retrograde transport of BACE1 is important in AD pathogenesis. Together, our studies provide mechanistic insight into a novel role for Par3 and aPKC in regulating the retrograde endosome-to-TGN trafficking of BACE1 and shed light on the mechanisms of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Sun
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Huaye Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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38
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HIV-1 counteracts an innate restriction by amyloid precursor protein resulting in neurodegeneration. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1522. [PMID: 29142315 PMCID: PMC5688069 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01795-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While beta-amyloid (Aβ), a classic hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia, has long been known to be elevated in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected brain, why and how Aβ is produced, along with its contribution to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) remains ill-defined. Here, we reveal that the membrane-associated amyloid precursor protein (APP) is highly expressed in macrophages and microglia, and acts as an innate restriction against HIV-1. APP binds the HIV-1 Gag polyprotein, retains it in lipid rafts and blocks HIV-1 virion production and spread. To escape this restriction, Gag promotes secretase-dependent cleavage of APP, resulting in the overproduction of toxic Aβ isoforms. This Gag-mediated Aβ production results in increased degeneration of primary cortical neurons, and can be prevented by γ-secretase inhibitor treatment. Interfering with HIV-1's evasion of APP-mediated restriction also suppresses HIV-1 spread, offering a potential strategy to both treat infection and prevent HAND.
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39
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Wang C, Telpoukhovskaia MA, Bahr BA, Chen X, Gan L. Endo-lysosomal dysfunction: a converging mechanism in neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 48:52-58. [PMID: 29028540 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Endo-lysosomal pathways are essential in maintaining protein homeostasis in the cell. Numerous genes in the endo-lysosomal pathways have been found to associate with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Mutations of these genes lead to dysfunction in multiple steps of the endo-lysosomal network: autophagy, endocytic trafficking and lysosomal degradation, resulting in accumulation of pathogenic proteins. Although the exact pathogenic mechanism varies for different disease-associated genes, dysfunction of the endo-lysosomal pathways represents a converging mechanism shared by these diseases. Therefore, strategies that correct or compensate for endo-lysosomal dysfunction may be promising therapeutic approaches to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Maria A Telpoukhovskaia
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ben A Bahr
- Biotechnology Research and Training Center, University of North Carolina at Pembroke, Pembroke, NC, USA
| | - Xu Chen
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Li Gan
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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40
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A novel fluorescent probe reveals starvation controls the commitment of amyloid precursor protein to the lysosome. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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41
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Willén K, Edgar JR, Hasegawa T, Tanaka N, Futter CE, Gouras GK. Aβ accumulation causes MVB enlargement and is modelled by dominant negative VPS4A. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:61. [PMID: 28835279 PMCID: PMC5569475 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD)-linked β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulates in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the onset of AD pathogenesis. Alterations in endosomes are among the earliest changes associated with AD but the mechanism(s) that cause endosome enlargement and the effects of MVB dysfunction on Aβ accumulation and tau pathology are incompletely understood. METHODS MVB size and Aβ fibrils in primary neurons were visualized by electron microscopy and confocal fluorescent microscopy. MVB-dysfunction, modelled by expression of dominant negative VPS4A (dnVPS4A), was analysed by biochemical methods and exosome isolation. RESULTS Here we show that AD transgenic neurons have enlarged MVBs compared to wild type neurons. Uptake of exogenous Aβ also leads to enlarged MVBs in wild type neurons and generates fibril-like structures in endocytic vesicles. With time fibrillar oligomers/fibrils can extend out of the endocytic vesicles and are eventually detectable extracellularly. Further, endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) components were found associated with amyloid plaques in AD transgenic mice. The phenotypes previously reported in AD transgenic neurons, with net increased intracellular levels and reduced secretion of Aβ, were mimicked by blocking recycling of ESCRT-III by dnVPS4A. DnVPS4A further resembled AD pathology by increasing tau phosphorylation at serine 396 and increasing markers of autophagy. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that Aβ leads to MVB enlargement and that amyloid fibres can form within the endocytic pathway of neurons. These results are consistent with the scenario of the endosome-lysosome system representing the site of initiation of Aβ aggregation. In turn, a dominant negative form of the CHMP2B-interacting protein VPS4A, which alters MVBs, leads to accumulation and aggregation of Aβ as well as tau phosphorylation, mimicking the cellular changes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Willén
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - James R Edgar
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Takafumi Hasegawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tanaka
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, 981-1293, Japan
| | | | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
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42
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Juan T, Fürthauer M. Biogenesis and function of ESCRT-dependent extracellular vesicles. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 74:66-77. [PMID: 28807885 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
From bacteria to humans, cells secrete a large variety of membrane-bound extracellular vesicles. Only relatively recently has it however started to become clear that the exovesicular transport of proteins and RNAs is important for normal physiology and numerous pathological conditions. Extracellular vesicles can be formed through the release of the intralumenal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes as so-called exosomes, or through direct, ectosomal, budding from the cell surface. Through their ability to promote the bending of membranes away from the cytoplasm, the components of the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) have been implicated in both exo- and ectosomal biogenesis. Studies of the ESCRT machinery may therefore provide important insights into the formation and function of extracellular vesicles. In the present review, we first describe the cell biological mechanisms through which ESCRT components contribute to the biogenesis of different types of extracellular vesicles. We then discuss how recent functional studies have started to uncover important roles of ESCRT-dependent extracellular vesicles in a wide variety of processes, including the transport of developmental signaling molecules and embryonic morphogenesis, the regulation of social behavior and host-pathogen interactions, as well as the etiology and progression of neurodegenerative pathologies and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Juan
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, France
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43
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Benvegnù S, Wahle T, Dotti CG. E3 ligase mahogunin (MGRN1) influences amyloid precursor protein maturation and secretion. Oncotarget 2017; 8:89439-89450. [PMID: 29163761 PMCID: PMC5685682 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered processing of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) is a well-recognized central pathogenic mechanism in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and regulation of APP processing is a major focus of research in the AD field. However, how age-associated cellular and molecular changes contribute to changes in the amyloidogenic processing of APP have not been extensively clarified so far. We here provide evidence that the processing of APP is influenced by the e3 ubiquitin ligase Mahogunin (MGRN1), a neuroprotective molecule whose levels decrease with aging. Specifically, the expression of MGRN1 inhibits the maturation of APP by sequestering it in the secretory pathway. This sequestration significantly delayed the proteolytic processing of APP, resulting in a reduced β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide release into the extracellular environment. Accordingly, a reduction of MGRN1 levels in hippocampal neurons, as it occurs during physiological aging, leads to an increased Aβ40 and Aβ42 release. We therefore propose that age contributes to the amyloidogenic processing of APP by altering its intracellular trafficking along the secretory pathway due in part to the down-regulation of MGRN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Benvegnù
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tina Wahle
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carlos G Dotti
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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44
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Victoria GS, Zurzolo C. The spread of prion-like proteins by lysosomes and tunneling nanotubes: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:2633-2644. [PMID: 28724527 PMCID: PMC5584166 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201701047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Victoria and Zurzolo discuss current evidence for the emerging role of lysosomal damage and tunneling nanotubes in the intercellular propagation of prion and prion-like proteins in neurodegenerative disease. Progression of pathology in neurodegenerative diseases is hypothesized to be a non–cell-autonomous process that may be mediated by the productive spreading of prion-like protein aggregates from a “donor cell” that is the source of misfolded aggregates to an “acceptor cell” in which misfolding is propagated by conversion of the normal protein. Although the proteins involved in the various diseases are unrelated, common pathways appear to be used for their intercellular propagation and spreading. Here, we summarize recent evidence of the molecular mechanisms relevant for the intercellular trafficking of protein aggregates involved in prion, Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and Parkinson’s diseases. We focus in particular on the common roles that lysosomes and tunneling nanotubes play in the formation and spreading of prion-like assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogénèse, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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González AE, Muñoz VC, Cavieres VA, Bustamante HA, Cornejo VH, Januário YC, González I, Hetz C, daSilva LL, Rojas-Fernández A, Hay RT, Mardones GA, Burgos PV. Autophagosomes cooperate in the degradation of intracellular C-terminal fragments of the amyloid precursor protein via the MVB/lysosomal pathway. FASEB J 2017; 31:2446-2459. [PMID: 28254759 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600713r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brain regions affected by Alzheimer disease (AD) display well-recognized early neuropathologic features in the endolysosomal and autophagy systems of neurons, including enlargement of endosomal compartments, progressive accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, and lysosomal dysfunction. Although the primary causes of these disturbances are still under investigation, a growing body of evidence suggests that the amyloid precursor protein (APP) intracellular C-terminal fragment β (C99), generated by cleavage of APP by β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1), is the primary cause of the endosome enlargement in AD and the earliest initiator of synaptic plasticity and long-term memory impairment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible relationship between the endolysosomal degradation pathway and autophagy on the proteolytic processing and turnover of C99. We found that pharmacologic treatments that either inhibit autophagosome formation or block the fusion of autophagosomes to endolysosomal compartments caused an increase in C99 levels. We also found that inhibition of autophagosome formation by depletion of Atg5 led to higher levels of C99 and to its massive accumulation in the lumen of enlarged perinuclear, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1)-positive organelles. In contrast, activation of autophagosome formation, either by starvation or by inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin, enhanced lysosomal clearance of C99. Altogether, our results indicate that autophagosomes are key organelles to help avoid C99 accumulation preventing its deleterious effects.-González, A. E., Muñoz, V. C., Cavieres, V. A., Bustamante, H. A., Cornejo, V.-H., Januário, Y. C., González, I., Hetz, C., daSilva, L. L., Rojas-Fernández, A., Hay, R. T., Mardones, G. A., Burgos, P. V. Autophagosomes cooperate in the degradation of intracellular C-terminal fragments of the amyloid precursor protein via the MVB/lysosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis E González
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Vanessa C Muñoz
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Viviana A Cavieres
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hianara A Bustamante
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Víctor-Hugo Cornejo
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yunan C Januário
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ibeth González
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachussets, USA
| | - Luis L daSilva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Rojas-Fernández
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ronald T Hay
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Gonzalo A Mardones
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Patricia V Burgos
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; .,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Whyte LS, Lau AA, Hemsley KM, Hopwood JJ, Sargeant TJ. Endo-lysosomal and autophagic dysfunction: a driving factor in Alzheimer's disease? J Neurochem 2017; 140:703-717. [PMID: 28027395 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, and its prevalence will increase significantly in the coming decades. Although important progress has been made, fundamental pathogenic mechanisms as well as most hereditary contributions to the sporadic form of the disease remain unknown. In this review, we examine the now substantial links between AD pathogenesis and lysosomal biology. The lysosome hydrolyses and processes cargo delivered by multiple pathways, including endocytosis and autophagy. The endo-lysosomal and autophagic networks are central to clearance of cellular macromolecules, which is important given there is a deficit in clearance of amyloid-β in AD. Numerous studies show prominent lysosomal dysfunction in AD, including perturbed trafficking of lysosomal enzymes and accumulation of the same substrates that accumulate in lysosomal storage disorders. Examination of the brain in lysosomal storage disorders shows the accumulation of amyloid precursor protein metabolites, which further links lysosomal dysfunction with AD. This and other evidence leads us to hypothesise that genetic variation in lysosomal genes modifies the disease course of sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S Whyte
- Lysosomal Diseases Research Unit, Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Adeline A Lau
- Lysosomal Diseases Research Unit, Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kim M Hemsley
- Lysosomal Diseases Research Unit, Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John J Hopwood
- Lysosomal Diseases Research Unit, Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Timothy J Sargeant
- Lysosomal Diseases Research Unit, Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
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Ubelmann F, Burrinha T, Salavessa L, Gomes R, Ferreira C, Moreno N, Guimas Almeida C. Bin1 and CD2AP polarise the endocytic generation of beta-amyloid. EMBO Rep 2016; 18:102-122. [PMID: 27895104 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201642738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms driving pathological beta-amyloid (Aβ) generation in late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) are unclear. Two late-onset AD risk factors, Bin1 and CD2AP, are regulators of endocytic trafficking, but it is unclear how their endocytic function regulates Aβ generation in neurons. We identify a novel neuron-specific polarisation of Aβ generation controlled by Bin1 and CD2AP We discover that Bin1 and CD2AP control Aβ generation in axonal and dendritic early endosomes, respectively. Both Bin1 loss of function and CD2AP loss of function raise Aβ generation by increasing APP and BACE1 convergence in early endosomes, however via distinct sorting events. When Bin1 levels are reduced, BACE1 is trapped in tubules of early endosomes and fails to recycle in axons. When CD2AP levels are reduced, APP is trapped at the limiting membrane of early endosomes and fails to be sorted for degradation in dendrites. Hence, Bin1 and CD2AP keep APP and BACE1 apart in early endosomes by distinct mechanisms in axon and dendrites. Individuals carrying variants of either factor would slowly accumulate Aβ in neurons increasing the risk for late-onset AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Ubelmann
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Burrinha
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Laura Salavessa
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Gomes
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudio Ferreira
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Moreno
- Advance Imaging Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Guimas Almeida
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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48
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Mbah NE, Overmeyer JH, Maltese WA. Disruption of endolysosomal trafficking pathways in glioma cells by methuosis-inducing indole-based chalcones. Cell Biol Toxicol 2016; 33:263-282. [PMID: 27822587 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-016-9369-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Methuosis is a form of non-apoptotic cell death involving massive vacuolization of macropinosome-derived endocytic compartments, followed by a decline in metabolic activity and loss of membrane integrity. To explore the induction of methuosis as a potential therapeutic strategy for killing cancer cells, we have developed small molecules (indole-based chalcones) that trigger this form of cell death in glioblastoma and other cancer cell lines. Here, we report that in addition to causing fusion and expansion of macropinosome compartments, the lead compound, 3-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-(4-pyridinyl)-2-propen-1-one (MOMIPP), disrupts vesicular trafficking at the lysosomal nexus, manifested by impaired degradation of EGF and LDL receptors, defective processing of procathepsins, and accumulation of autophagosomes. In contrast, secretion of the ectodomain derived from a prototypical type-I membrane glycoprotein, β-amyloid precursor protein, is increased rather than diminished. A closely related MOMIPP analog, which causes substantial vacuolization without reducing cell viability, also impedes cathepsin processing and autophagic flux, but has more modest effects on receptor degradation. A third analog, which causes neither vacuolization nor loss of viability, has no effect on endolysosomal trafficking. The results suggest that differential cytotoxicity of structurally similar indole-based chalcones is related, at least in part, to the severity of their effects on endolysosomal trafficking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nneka E Mbah
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Transverse Drive, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Jean H Overmeyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Transverse Drive, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - William A Maltese
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Transverse Drive, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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Wilkins HM, Swerdlow RH. Amyloid precursor protein processing and bioenergetics. Brain Res Bull 2016; 133:71-79. [PMID: 27545490 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) to amyloid beta (Aβ) is of great interest to the Alzheimer's disease (AD) field. Decades of research define how APP is altered to form Aβ, and how Aβ generates oligomers, protofibrils, and fibrils. Numerous signaling pathways and changes in cell physiology are known to influence APP processing. Existing data additionally indicate a relationship exists between mitochondria, bioenergetics, and APP processing. Here, we review data that address whether mitochondrial function and bioenergetics modify APP processing and Aβ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Wilkins
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA.
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50
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Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles first described as such 30 years ago and since implicated in cell-cell communication and the transmission of disease states, and explored as a means of drug discovery. Yet fundamental questions about their biology remain unanswered. Here I explore what exosomes are, highlight the difficulties in studying them and explain the current definition and some of the outstanding issues in exosome biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Edgar
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
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