1
|
Nango H, Kosuge Y. Present State and Future Perspectives of Prostaglandins as a Differentiation Factor in Motor Neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2097-2108. [PMID: 34032949 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spinal motor neurons have the longest axons that innervate the skeletal muscles of the central nervous system. Motor neuron diseases caused by spinal motor neuron cell death are incurable due to the unique and irreplaceable nature of their neural circuits. Understanding the mechanisms of neurogenesis, neuritogenesis, and synaptogenesis in motor neurons will allow investigators to develop new in vitro models and regenerative therapies for motor neuron diseases. In particular, small molecules can directly reprogram and convert into neural stem cells and neurons, and promote neuron-like cell differentiation. Prostaglandins are known to have a role in the differentiation and tissue regeneration of several cell types and organs. However, the involvement of prostaglandins in the differentiation of motor neurons from neural stem cells is poorly understood. The general cell line used in research on motor neuron diseases is the mouse neuroblastoma and spinal motor neuron fusion cell line NSC-34. Recently, our laboratory reported that prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin D2 enhanced the conversion of NSC-34 cells into motor neuron-like cells with neurite outgrowth. Moreover, we found that prostaglandin E2-differentiated NSC-34 cells had physiological and electrophysiological properties of mature motor neurons. In this review article, we provide contemporary evidence on the effects of prostaglandins, particularly prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin D2, on differentiation and neural conversion. We also discuss the potential of prostaglandins as candidates for the development of new therapeutic drugs for motor neuron diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nango
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kosuge
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mançanares ACF, Cabezas J, Manríquez J, de Oliveira VC, Wong Alvaro YS, Rojas D, Navarrete Aguirre F, Rodriguez-Alvarez L, Castro FO. Edition of Prostaglandin E2 Receptors EP2 and EP4 by CRISPR/Cas9 Technology in Equine Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1078. [PMID: 32585798 PMCID: PMC7341266 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), it has been reported that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) stimulation of EP2 and EP4 receptors triggers processes such as migration, self-renewal, survival, and proliferation, and their activation is involved in homing. The aim of this work was to establish a genetically modified adipose (aMSC) model in which receptor genes EP2 and EP4 were edited separately using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. After edition, the genes were evaluated as to if the expression of MSC surface markers was affected, as well as the migration capacity in vitro of the generated cells. Adipose MSCs were obtained from Chilean breed horses and cultured in DMEM High Glucose with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). sgRNA were cloned into a linearized LentiCRISPRv2GFP vector and transfected into HEK293FT cells for producing viral particles that were used to transduce aMSCs. GFP-expressing cells were separated by sorting to obtain individual clones. Genomic DNA was amplified, and the site-directed mutation frequency was assessed by T7E1, followed by Sanger sequencing. We selected 11 clones of EP2 and 10 clones of EP4, and by Sanger sequencing we confirmed 1 clone knock-out to aMSC/EP2 and one heterozygous mutant clone of aMSC/EP4. Both edited cells had decreased expression of EP2 and EP4 receptors when compared to the wild type, and the edition of EP2 and EP4 did not affect the expression of MSC surface markers, showing the same pattern in filling the scratch. We can conclude that the edition of these receptors in aMSCs does not affect their surface marker phenotype and migration ability when compared to wild-type cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Furlanetto Mançanares
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Concepción, Campus Chillan, Chillán 3780000, Chile; (J.C.); (J.M.); (Y.S.W.A.); (F.N.A.); (L.R.-A.)
| | - Joel Cabezas
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Concepción, Campus Chillan, Chillán 3780000, Chile; (J.C.); (J.M.); (Y.S.W.A.); (F.N.A.); (L.R.-A.)
| | - José Manríquez
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Concepción, Campus Chillan, Chillán 3780000, Chile; (J.C.); (J.M.); (Y.S.W.A.); (F.N.A.); (L.R.-A.)
| | - Vanessa Cristina de Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo 13630-000, Brazil;
| | - Yat Sen Wong Alvaro
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Concepción, Campus Chillan, Chillán 3780000, Chile; (J.C.); (J.M.); (Y.S.W.A.); (F.N.A.); (L.R.-A.)
| | - Daniela Rojas
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Campus Chillan, Chillán 3780000, Chile;
| | - Felipe Navarrete Aguirre
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Concepción, Campus Chillan, Chillán 3780000, Chile; (J.C.); (J.M.); (Y.S.W.A.); (F.N.A.); (L.R.-A.)
| | - Lleretny Rodriguez-Alvarez
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Concepción, Campus Chillan, Chillán 3780000, Chile; (J.C.); (J.M.); (Y.S.W.A.); (F.N.A.); (L.R.-A.)
| | - Fidel Ovidio Castro
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Concepción, Campus Chillan, Chillán 3780000, Chile; (J.C.); (J.M.); (Y.S.W.A.); (F.N.A.); (L.R.-A.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yarboro MT, Durbin MD, Herington JL, Shelton EL, Zhang T, Ebby CG, Stoller JZ, Clyman RI, Reese J. Transcriptional profiling of the ductus arteriosus: Comparison of rodent microarrays and human RNA sequencing. Semin Perinatol 2018; 42:212-220. [PMID: 29910032 PMCID: PMC6064668 DOI: 10.1053/j.semperi.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DA closure is crucial for the transition from fetal to neonatal life. This closure is supported by changes to the DA's signaling and structural properties that distinguish it from neighboring vessels. Examining transcriptional differences between these vessels is key to identifying genes or pathways responsible for DA closure. Several microarray studies have explored the DA transcriptome in animal models but varied experimental designs have led to conflicting results. Thorough transcriptomic analysis of the human DA has yet to be performed. A clear picture of the DA transcriptome is key to guiding future research endeavors, both to allow more targeted treatments in the clinical setting, and to understand the basic biology of DA function. In this review, we use a cross-species cross-platform analysis to consider all available published rodent microarray data and novel human RNAseq data in order to provide high priority candidate genes for consideration in future DA studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Yarboro
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Matthew D. Durbin
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202
| | - Jennifer L. Herington
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Elaine L. Shelton
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Cris G. Ebby
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 08901
| | - Jason Z. Stoller
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ronald I. Clyman
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jeff Reese
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, 1125 Light Hall/MRB IV Bldg., 2215 B Garland Ave., Nashville, TN 37232; Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dong Z, Zhang N, Mao W, Liu B, Huang N, Li P, Li C, Cao J. Kinetic effect of oestrogen on secretion of prostaglandins E2 and F2α in bovine oviduct epithelial cells. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:482-489. [PMID: 28442060 DOI: 10.1071/rd15246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of oestrogen on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) secretion in bovine oviduct epithelial cells. Bovine oviduct epithelial cells were obtained from the lumen of fresh bovine oviducts. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and in-cell western assays were used to measure PGE2 and PGF2α synthase activity and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect the concentrations of the two prostaglandins in extracellular fluid. We observed that oestradiol caused a short-term increase in cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), which stimulated PGE2 and PGF2α secretion, and that a subsequent decrease in COX-2 and an increase in cyclo-oxygenase-1 (COX-1) produced a high PGE2:PGF2α ratio. These findings reflect the dynamic change in PGE2 and PGF2α levels under the influence of oestrogen, which may be essential for fertilisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Wei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Na Huang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Changyou Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Jinshan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, 010018, Hohhot, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Amano H, Nakamura M, Ito Y, Kakutani H, Eshima K, Kitasato H, Narumiya S, Majima M. Thromboxane A synthase enhances blood flow recovery from hindlimb ischemia. J Surg Res 2016; 204:153-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
6
|
Reiss CS. Innate Immunity in Viral Encephalitis. NEUROTROPIC VIRAL INFECTIONS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7153449 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33189-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol Shoshkes Reiss
- Departments of Biology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Application of prostaglandin E2 improves ileal blood flow in NEC. J Pediatr Surg 2014; 49:945-9; discussion 949. [PMID: 24888840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Indomethacin, a nonselective prostaglandin inhibitor used to treat patent ductus arteriosus, is associated with intestinal perforation inducing an NEC-like illness. We sought to define the contribution of prostaglandin E2 (PG E2) and its receptor EP4 to intestinal blood flow regulation in premature neonates with NEC. METHODS Newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized by litter to undergo experimental NEC induction or to serve as a CONTROL. At 48hours of age, intestinal laser Doppler blood flow was assessed at baseline and after intraperitoneal administration of indomethacin, PG E2, EP4 antagonist, or EP4 agonist. Data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey-Kramer correction. RESULTS At baseline, NEC animals had lower intestinal blood flow than controls. Indomethacin, PG E2 and EP4 agonist all increased ileal blood flow, but PG E2 and EP4 agonist increased blood flow the most in NEC pups. EP4 antagonist decreased intestinal perfusion in both groups. CONCLUSION The above evidence suggests the importance of PG E2 and EP4 in regulation of neonatal intestinal blood flow. Since indomethacin treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in the premature infant is associated with an increased risk of intestinal perforation owing to compromised blood flow, PG E2 supplementation might provide intestinal protection if administered simultaneously with indomethacin.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim SO, Harris SM, Duffy DM. Prostaglandin E2 (EP) receptors mediate PGE2-specific events in ovulation and luteinization within primate ovarian follicles. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1466-75. [PMID: 24506073 PMCID: PMC3959600 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a key mediator of ovulation. All 4 PGE2 receptors (EP receptors) are expressed in the primate follicle, but the specific role of each EP receptor in ovulatory events is poorly understood. To examine the ovulatory events mediated via these EP receptors, preovulatory monkey follicles were injected with vehicle, the PG synthesis inhibitor indomethacin, or indomethacin plus PGE2. An ovulatory dose of human chorionic gonadotropin was administered; the injected ovary was collected 48 hours later and serially sectioned. Vehicle-injected follicles showed normal ovulatory events, including follicle rupture, absence of an oocyte, and thickening of the granulosa cell layer. Indomethacin-injected follicles did not rupture and contained oocytes surrounded by unexpanded cumulus; granulosa cell hypertrophy did not occur. Follicles injected with indomethacin plus PGE2 were similar to vehicle-injected ovaries, indicating that PGE2 restored the ovulatory changes inhibited by indomethacin. Additional follicles were injected with indomethacin plus an agonist for each EP receptor. EP1, EP2, and EP4 agonists each promoted aspects of follicle rupture, but no single EP agonist recapitulated normal follicle rupture as seen in follicles injected with either vehicle or indomethacin plus PGE2. Although EP4 agonist-injected follicles contained oocytes in unexpanded cumulus, the absence of oocytes in EP1 agonist- and EP2 agonist-injected follicles suggests that these EP receptors promote cumulus expansion. Surprisingly, the EP3 agonist did not stimulate any of these ovulatory changes, despite the high level of EP3 receptor expression in the monkey follicle. Therefore, agonists and antagonists selective for EP1 and EP2 receptors hold the most promise for control of ovulatory events in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soon Ok Kim
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23501
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
PGE2 EP1 receptor deletion attenuates 6-OHDA-induced Parkinsonism in mice: old switch, new target. Neurotox Res 2013; 23:260-6. [PMID: 23385625 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9381-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent experimental data on Parkinson's disease (PD) predicts the critical role of inflammation in the progression of neurodegeneration and the promising preventive effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Previous studies suggest that NSAIDs minimize cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity and thereby attenuate free radical generation. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an important product of COX activity and plays an important role in various physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions through its EP receptors (EP1-EP4). Part of the toxic effect of PGE2 in the central nervous system has been reported to be through the EP1 receptor; however, the effect of the EP1 receptor in PD remains elusive. Therefore, in our pursuit to determine if deletion of the PGE2 EP1 receptor will attenuate 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA)-induced Parkinsonism, mice were given a unilateral 6-OHDA injection into the medial forebrain bundle. We found that apomorphine-induced contralateral rotations were significantly attenuated in the 6-OHDA-lesioned EP1(-/-) mice compared with the 6-OHDA-lesioned WT mice. Quantitative analysis showed significant protection of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the 6-OHDA-lesioned EP1(-/-) mice. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in vivo study to implicate the PGE2 EP1 receptor in toxin-induced Parkinsonism. We propose the PGE2 EP1 receptor as a new target to better understand some of the mechanisms leading to PD.
Collapse
|
10
|
Yao X, Dai Y, Johnson A, Hass MA, Feleder C. Determination of prostaglandin profiles in lipopolysaccharide-challenged guinea pig spleen. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 27:284-91. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Y. Dai
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjia Xiang; Nanjing; 210038; China
| | - A. Johnson
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Arts and Sciences; 106 New Scotland Avenue; Albany; NY; 12208; USA
| | - M. A. Hass
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Arts and Sciences; 106 New Scotland Avenue; Albany; NY; 12208; USA
| | - C. Feleder
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Arts and Sciences; 106 New Scotland Avenue; Albany; NY; 12208; USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stefanelli P, Teloni R, Carannante A, Mariotti S, Nisini R, Gagliardi MC. Neisseria gonorrhoeae triggers the PGE2/IL-23 pathway and promotes IL-17 production by human memory T cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2012; 99:24-9. [PMID: 22542425 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PGE2 is a potent modulator of the T helper (Th)17 immune response that plays a critical role in the host defense against bacterial, fungal and viral infections. We recently showed high serum levels of interleukin (IL)-17 in patients with gonococcal infection and we hypothesized that Neisseria gonorrhoeae could exploit a PGE2 mediated mechanism to promote IL-17 production. Here we show that N. gonorrhoeae induces human dendritic cell (DC) maturation, secretion of prostaglandin E2 and proinflammatory cytokines, including the pro-Th17 cytokine IL-23. Blocking PGE2 endogenous synthesis selectively reduces IL-23 production by DC in response to gonococcal stimulation, confirming recent data on PGE2/IL-23 crosstalk. N. gonorrhoeae stimulated DC induce a robust IL-17 production by memory CD4(+) T cells and this function correlates with PGE2 production. Our findings delineate a previously unknown role for PGE2 in the immune response to N. gonorrhoeae, suggesting its contribute via Th17 cell expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Stefanelli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Abstract
Our understanding of the key players involved in the differential regulation of T-cell responses during inflammation, infection and auto-immunity is fundamental for designing efficient therapeutic strategies against immune diseases. With respect to this, the inhibitory role of the lipid mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in T-cell immunity has been documented since the 1970s. Studies that ensued investigating the underlying mechanisms substantiated the suppressive function of micromolar concentrations of PGE2 in T-cell activation, proliferation, differentiation and migration. However, the past decade has seen a revolution in this perspective, since nanomolar concentrations of PGE2 have been shown to potentiate Th1 and Th17 responses and aid in T-cell proliferation. The understanding of concentration-specific effects of PGE2 in other cell types, the development of mice deficient in each subtype of the PGE2 receptors (EP receptors) and the delineation of signalling pathways mediated by the EP receptors have enhanced our understanding of PGE2 as an immune-stimulator. PGE2 regulates a multitude of functions in T-cell activation and differentiation and these effects vary depending on the micro-environment of the cell, maturation and activation state of the cell, type of EP receptor involved, local concentration of PGE2 and whether it is a homeostatic or inflammatory scenario. In this review, we compartmentalize the various aspects of this complex relationship of PGE2 with T lymphocytes. Given the importance of this molecule in T-cell activation, we also address the possibility of using EP receptor antagonism as a potential therapeutic approach for some immune disorders.
Collapse
|
14
|
Induction of apoptosis in non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cells by PGD2metabolite, 15d-PGJ2. Cell Biol Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
15
|
Burke SJ, Collier JJ. The gene encoding cyclooxygenase-2 is regulated by IL-1β and prostaglandins in 832/13 rat insulinoma cells. Cell Immunol 2011; 271:379-84. [PMID: 21885043 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β leads to losses in functional β-cell mass in part by inducing the expression of genes that produce soluble mediators of inflammation, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2). In the current study, we sought to understand what factors control the COX2 gene in response to IL-1β and how prostaglandins downstream of COX2 impact pro-inflammatory gene transcription in pancreatic β-cells. We analyzed COX2 gene expression in response to different maneuvers impacting NF-κB proteins. Also, we report alterations in the expression of COX2, EP-3 and EP-4 receptor genes by PGD(2) and PGE(2). Moreover, we examined whether PGD(2) and PGE(2) regulated NF-κB and interferon-gamma activated sequence (GAS) reporter gene activity. IL-1β-mediated induction of the COX2 gene requires the p65 and p50 subunits of NF-κB. In addition, PGD(2) and PGE(2) coordinately alter COX2 and EP receptor gene expression patterns and potentiate the cytokine-mediated transcriptional activity of promoters containing NF-κB or GAS response elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Burke
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1920, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Robertson FM, Simeone AM, Lucci A, McMurray JS, Ghosh S, Cristofanilli M. Differential regulation of the aggressive phenotype of inflammatory breast cancer cells by prostanoid receptors EP3 and EP4. Cancer 2010; 116:2806-14. [PMID: 20503412 PMCID: PMC2889924 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is recognized as the most lethal variant of locally advanced breast cancer, few molecular signatures of IBC have been identified that can be used as targets to develop therapeutics that effectively inhibit the aggressive phenotype displayed by IBC tumors. METHODS Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, Western blot analysis, modified Boyden chamber invasion assays, vasculogenic mimicry (VM) assays, and gelatin zymography were used in the current studies. Agonists and antagonists of the prostanoid receptors EP3 and EP4 and of EP4 short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown approaches were used as tools to assess the role of prostanoid receptors EP3 and EP4 in the regulation of specific biologic activities of IBC cells. RESULTS The current studies revealed that the IBC breast cancer cell lines SUM149 and SUM190 express high levels of cyclooxygenase-2 messenger RNA and protein, produce abundant levels of prostaglandin E(2), and produce both EP3 and EP4 receptor proteins. Studies using the EP4 antagonist GW627368X and shRNA molecular knockdown approaches revealed a role for EP4 in regulating invasion of IBC cells. EP3, but not EP4, regulated the ability of SUM149 cells to undergo VM, which is the ability to form capillary-like structures, a characteristic exhibited by very aggressive tumor types. Inhibition of VM by sulprostone was associated with an inhibition of matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) enzyme activity. CONCLUSIONS The prostanoid receptors EP3 and EP4 differentially regulate activities exhibited by IBC cells that have been associated with the aggressive phenotype of this lethal variant of breast cancer. Whereas EP4 regulates invasion, EP3 regulates VM and the associated increased MMP-2 enzyme activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredika M Robertson
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
mPGES-1 as a target for cancer suppression: A comprehensive invited review "Phospholipase A2 and lipid mediators". Biochimie 2010; 92:660-4. [PMID: 20159031 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is a bioactive lipid that can elicit a wide range of biological effects associated with inflammation and cancer. The physiological roles of PGE(2) are diverse, mediated in part through activation of key downstream signaling cascades via transmembrane EP receptors located on the cell surface. Elevated levels of COX-2 and concomitant overproduction of PGE(2) are often found in human cancers. These observations have led to the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as chemopreventive agents, particularly for colorectal cancer (CRC). Their long-term use, however, may be associated with gastrointestinal toxicity and increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events, prompting the development of other enzymatic targets in this pathway. This review will focus on recent efforts to target the terminal synthase, mPGES-1, for cancer chemoprevention. The role of mPGES-1 in the pathogenesis of various cancers is discussed. In addition, an overview of recent efforts to develop small molecule inhibitors that target the protein with high selectivity is also be reviewed.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Diseases caused by immune inflammation, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and Crohn's disease, are intractable diseases to which novel therapeutics are highly demanded. Prostaglandin (PG) E(2) is the most ubiquitously produced PG with various actions. PGE(2) has been traditionally regarded as an immunosuppressant based on its inhibition of T cell activation in vitro. However, in vivo relevance of the immunosuppressant action of PGE(2) has remained obscure. Recently, several groups including ourselves have made unexpected findings that PGE(2) facilitates expansion of the Th17 subset of T helper cells of both human and mouse through elevation of cAMP via PGE receptors EP2 and EP4. We have further found that PGE(2) can induce and not suppress Th1 differentiation under certain conditions, again, through EP2 and EP4. Given the putative roles of these Th subsets in immune diseases such as the above, these findings suggest that, on the contrary to the traditional view, PGE(2) functions as a mediator of immune inflammation. Consistently, administration of an EP4 antagonist could suppress disease progression and development of antigen-specific Th17 cells in mice subjected to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and contact hypersensitivity. In this perspective, we review these findings and discuss the prospect of EP4 antagonists as immunomodulatory drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiji Sakata
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gauvreau D, Moisan V, Roy M, Fortier M, Bilodeau JF. Expression of prostaglandin E synthases in the bovine oviduct. Theriogenology 2010; 73:103-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
20
|
Prostaglandin E2 upregulates survivin expression via the EP1 receptor in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Life Sci 2009; 86:214-23. [PMID: 20035770 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-controlled production of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) has been implicated in cell growth and metastasis in many cancers. Recent studies have found that COX-2 is co-expressed with survivin in many cancers. Survivin is a member of the inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein family. Some COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., celecoxib) can reduce the expression of survivin. However, little is known about the mechanism of PGE(2)-mediated expression of survivin. This study was designed to uncover the effect of PGE(2) on survivin expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. MAIN METHODS The effects of PGE(2) and EP1 agonist on survivin expression were examined in HUH-7 and HepG2 cells. Plasmid transfection and EP1 siRNA were used to regulate the expression of COX-2 and the EP1 receptor protein. KEY FINDINGS PGE(2) treatment increased survivin expression 2.3-fold. COX-2 overexpression resulted in a similar level of survivin upregulation. However, this effect was suppressed by treatment with celecoxib. EP1 receptor transfection or treatment with a selective EP1 agonist mimicked the effect of PGE(2) treatment. Conversely, the PGE(2)-induced upregulation of survivin was blocked by treatment with a selective EP1 antagonist or siRNA against the EP1 receptor. The phosphorylation of EGFR and Akt were elevated in EP1 agonist-treated cells, and both EGFR and PI3K inhibitors suppressed the upregulation of survivin induced by PGE(2) or EP1 agonist. SIGNIFICANCE PGE(2) regulates survivin expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through the EP1 receptor by activating the EGFR/PI3K pathway. Targeting the PGE(2)/EP1/survivin signaling pathway may aid the development of new therapeutic strategies for both the prevention and treatment of this cancer.
Collapse
|
21
|
Gustafsson A, Hansson E, Kressner U, Nordgren S, Andersson M, Lönnroth C, Lundholm K. Prostanoid receptor expression in colorectal cancer related to tumor stage, differentiation and progression. Acta Oncol 2009; 46:1107-12. [PMID: 17943472 DOI: 10.1080/02841860701403061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alterations in eicosanoid metabolism is well established in a variety of malignant tumors, particularly colorectal carcinoma. Recent studies in our laboratory have emphasized a role for EP subtype receptors in progression of colorectal cancer and disease specific mortality. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to extend our knowledge to include additional receptor expression (DP1, DP2, FP, IP, TP) for prostanoids (PGD2, TXA2, PGF2alpha, PGI2) in relationship to tumor stage, differentiation and progression of colorectal cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS Total RNA from 62 tumors and adjacent normal colon tissue (n = 48) was extracted. Quantification of receptor expression was performed by realtime PCR and related to the expression of an appropriate housekeeping gene (GAPDH). Tumors were assessed according to Dukes A-D (stage I-IV). RESULTS DP1, DP2, FP and IP receptor subtypes displayed significantly reduced overall expression in tumor tissue compared to normal colon tissue, while the TP receptor subtype showed significantly higher expression in tumor tissue. Overall expression of the prostanoid receptors in tumor tissue was not related to clinical indexes as tumor stage and tumor cell differentiation evaluated by multivariate analyses. Cultured colorectal cancer cell lines with low (HT-29) and high (HCA-7) intrinsic PGE2 production at confluent state did not express DP1 and IP receptor subtypes, but displayed low expression of DP2, FP and TP receptor subtypes. CONCLUSION The results in the present study indicate imbalanced expression of prostanoid receptors in colorectal cancer compared to normal colon tissue without clear cut relationship to disease progression. Therefore, future studies should be performed on defined cells within the tumor tissue compartment determining whether any prostanoid receptor(s) is useful as a molecular target in treatment or prevention of colorectal cancer.
Collapse
|
22
|
McCarthy MM, Ball GF. The neuroendocrine control of sex specific behavior in vertebrates: lessons from mammals and birds. Curr Top Dev Biol 2009; 83:213-48. [PMID: 19118668 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(08)00407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The question of how sex differences in behavior among vertebrates emerge and are expressed has been the topic of intense study for over 50 years. Convergent evidence from birds and mammals, primarily rodents, has provided certain common principles while highlighting other species-specific properties. The importance of early hormonal effects on the developing brain to adult behavioral profile is pervasive throughout the vertebrate phyla and assures that brain sex phenotype will match gonadal phenotype. Variation in the magnitude of differences between males and females in sexual behavior, parenting and aggression are influenced by environmental and physiological parameters. Recent advances in the cellular and molecular mechanisms of steroid hormones in both organizing and activating neural circuits to control behavior reveal a wide variety of effector pathways and emphasize how much we have to learn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M McCarthy
- Department of Physiology and Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nagai H. Prostaglandin as a target molecule for pharmacotherapy of allergic inflammatory diseases. Allergol Int 2008; 57:187-96. [PMID: 18490861 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.r-08-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to summarize the role of prostaglandins (PGs) in allergic inflammation and to know the value of PGs, as a target molecule for an anti-allergic drug. PGD(2) is the major PG produced by the cyclooxygenase pathway in mast cells. Our and others findings indicate that PGD(2) is one of the potent allergic inflammatory mediators and must be a target molecule of anti-allergic agent. From our data, one of PGD(2) receptor antagonists show clear inhibition of airway hypersensitivity caused by allergic reaction. Concerning the role of PGE(2) in allergic inflammation, conflicting results have been reported. Many experimental data suggest an individual role of each PGE(2) receptor, EP(1), EP(2), EP(3) and EP(4) in allergic reaction. Our results indicate the protective action of PGE(2) on allergic reaction via EP(3). In addition, one of EP(3) agonists clearly inhibits the allergic airway inflammation. These findings indicate the value of EP(3) agonists as an anti-allergic agent. In addition, some investigators including us reported that PGI(2) plays an important role for the protection of the onset of allergic reaction. However, the efficacy of PGI(2) analogue as an anti-allergic agent is not yet fully investigated. Finally, the role of thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) in allergic reaction is discussed. Our experimental results suggest a different participation of TxA(2) in allergic reaction of airway and skin. In this review, the role of PGs in allergic inflammation is summarized and the value of PGs as a target molecule for developing a new anti-allergic agent will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroichi Nagai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ito M, Matsuoka I. Regulation of purinergic signaling by prostaglandin E2 in murine macrophages. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 107:443-50. [PMID: 18678987 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08087fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides are primary signals for tissue injury, acting together with various chemical mediators such as prostanoids at the inflammatory site. We investigated whether prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) affects purinergic signaling in murine J774 macrophages. J774 cells expressed four different purinoceptor mRNAs: the ionotropic P2X4 and P2X7 receptors and G-protein-coupled P2Y2 and P2Y6 receptors. Functional responses mediated by these purinoceptor subtypes were confirmed by measurement of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in fura-2-loaded cells. Thus, low concentrations (10 microM) of ATP (P2Y2 agonist) and UDP (P2Y6 agonist) evoked Ca2+ transient in a phospholipase C (PLC)-dependent manner, whereas the P2X7 agonist benzoylbenzoyl-ATP (BzATP, 500 microM) caused a sustained rise in [Ca2+]i. Furthermore, ivermectin, an activator of the P2X4-receptor channel, enhanced the ATP-induced [Ca2+]i elevation. PGE2 inhibited ATP- and UDP-induced [Ca2+]i elevation, without affecting the BzATP-induced sustained [Ca2+]i elevation. Stimulation of J774 cells by UDP or BzATP increased the production of macrophage inflammatory peptide-alpha (MIP-alpha). PGE2 abolished the UDP-induced MIP-alpha production, but not the BzATP-induced one. These results demonstrate that purinergic signalings in macrophages were regulated by PGE2 in a subtype-specific manner. The different inhibitory effects on distinct purinoceptor functions may be related to the anti-inflammatory property of PGE2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Ito
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Huang YH, Tsai PS, Huang CJ. Bupivacaine inhibits COX-2 expression, PGE2, and cytokine production in endotoxin-activated macrophages. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2008; 52:530-5. [PMID: 18339158 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2008.01590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and resultant prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) overproduction has been shown to play a crucial role in initiating a systemic inflammatory response during sepsis. Sepsis also induces robust production of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and IL-6 as well as anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. We sought to elucidate the effects of bupivacaine on COX-2 expression and production of PGE(2) and cytokines using an endotoxin-activated murine macrophages model. METHODS Confluent murine macrophages (RAW264.7 cells) were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/ml) or LPS plus bupivacaine (1, 10, or 100 microM). Bupivacaine was added immediately after LPS. After reacting for 18 h, cell cultures were harvested for subsequent analysis. RESULTS LPS significantly upregulated COX-2 transcription and PGE(2) production in macrophages. LPS also significantly increased the production of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-10 in macrophages. Bupivacaine significantly inhibited the effects of LPS on COX-2 transcription and PGE(2) production in a dose-dependent manner. In a dose-dependent manner, bupivacaine also significantly inhibited the effects of LPS on the production of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6. However, bupivacaine exerted no significant effects on LPS-induced IL-10 production. CONCLUSION Bupivacaine significantly inhibited COX-2 expression, PGE(2) and cytokine production in endotoxin-activated macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y H Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lugo B, Ford HR, Grishin A. Molecular signaling in necrotizing enterocolitis: regulation of intestinal COX-2 expression. J Pediatr Surg 2007; 42:1165-71. [PMID: 17618875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common surgical emergency in premature infants. The underlying etiology of NEC remains unknown, although bacterial colonization of the gut, formula feeding, and perinatal stress have been implicated as putative risk factors. The disease is characterized by exuberant gut inflammation leading to ischemia and coagulation necrosis of the intestinal epithelium. The molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for these pathologic changes are poorly understood. It has been shown that various exogenous and endogenous mediators such as lipopolysaccharide, inflammatory cytokines, platelet activating factor, and nitric oxide may play a role in the pathogenesis of NEC. Recent studies in our laboratory and others have established a link between NEC and activation of cyclooxygenase-2, the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of prostanoids. The challenge is in defining the molecular signaling pathways leading to accumulation of these mediators early in the disease progression, before the onset of tissue necrosis and systemic sepsis. Identification and characterization of these pathways could lead to the development of novel treatment strategies to alleviate the morbidity and mortality associated with NEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lugo
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nilwarangkoon S, Anzai N, Shiraya K, Yu E, Islam R, Cha SH, Onozato ML, Miura D, Jutabha P, Tojo A, Kanai Y, Endou H. Role of Mouse Organic Anion Transporter 3 (mOat3) as a Basolateral Prostaglandin E2 Transport Pathway. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 103:48-55. [PMID: 17220594 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0060816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal organic anion transporters play an important role in the handling of a number of endogenous and exogenous anionic substances in the kidney. In this study, we investigated prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) transport properties and intrarenal localization of mouse organic anion transporter 3 (mOat3). When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, mOat3 mediated the time- and concentration-dependent transport of PGE(2) (K(m): 1.48 microM). PGE(2) transport mediated by mOat3 was trans-stimulated by intracellular glutarate injected into the oocytes. PGE(2) efflux via mOat3 was also trans-stimulated by extracellular glutarate. Thus, mOat3 was shown to mediate the bidirectional transport of PGE(2), partly coupled to the dicarboxylate exchange mechanism. Immunohistochemical study revealed that mOat3 protein was localized at the basolateral membrane of renal proximal and distal tubules. Furthermore, diffuse expression of mOat3, including expression in the basolateral membrane in macula densa (MD) cells, was observed. These results indicate that mOat3 plays an important role as a basolateral transport pathway of PGE(2) in the distal nephron including MD cells that may constitute one of the indispensable steps for renin release and regulation of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirinun Nilwarangkoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Oike H, Wakamori M, Mori Y, Nakanishi H, Taguchi R, Misaka T, Matsumoto I, Abe K. Arachidonic acid can function as a signaling modulator by activating the TRPM5 cation channel in taste receptor cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:1078-84. [PMID: 16935556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate sensory cells such as vomeronasal neurons and Drosophila photoreceptor cells use TRP channels to respond to exogenous stimuli. In mammalian taste cells, bitter and sweet substances as well as some amino acids are received by G protein-coupled receptors (T2Rs or T1Rs). As a result of activation of G protein and phospholipase Cbeta2, the TRPM5 channel is activated. Intracellular Ca(2+) is known to be a TRPM5 activator, but the participation of lipid activators remains unreported. To clarify the effect of arachidonic acid on TRPM5 in taste cells, we investigated the expression profile of a series of enzymes involved in controlling the intracellular free arachidonic acid level, with the result that in a subset of taste bud cells, monoglyceride lipase (MGL) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are expressed as well as the previously reported group IIA phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)-IIA). Double-labeling analysis revealed that MGL, COX-2 and PLA(2)-IIA are co-expressed in some cells that express TRPM5. We then investigated whether arachidonic acid activates TRPM5 via a heterologous expression system in HEK293 cells, and found that its activation occurred at 10 microM arachidonic acid. These results strongly suggest the possibility that arachidonic acid acts as a modulator of TRPM5 in taste signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Oike
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Markosyan N, Dozier BL, Lattanzio FA, Duffy DM. Primate granulosa cell response via prostaglandin E2 receptors increases late in the periovulatory interval. Biol Reprod 2006; 75:868-76. [PMID: 16943366 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.053769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful ovulation requires elevated follicular prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels. To determine which PGE2 receptors are available to mediate periovulatory events in follicles, granulosa cells and whole ovaries were collected from monkeys before (0 h) and after administration of an ovulatory dose of hCG to span the 40-h periovulatory interval. All PGE2 receptor mRNAs were present in monkey granulosa cells. As assessed by immunofluorescence, PTGER1 (EP1) protein was low/nondetectable in granulosa cells 0, 12, and 24 h after hCG but was abundant 36 h after hCG administration. PTGER2 (EP2) and PTGER3 (EP3) proteins were detected by immunofluorescence in granulosa cells throughout the periovulatory interval, and Western blotting showed an increase in PTGER2 and PTGER3 levels between 0 h and 36 h after hCG. In contrast, PTGER4 (EP4) protein was not detected in monkey granulosa cells. Granulosa cell response to PGE2 receptor agonists was examined 24 h and 36 h after hCG administration, when elevated PGE2 levels present in periovulatory follicles initiate ovulatory events. PGE2 acts via PTGER1 to increase intracellular calcium. PGE2 increased intracellular calcium in granulosa cells obtained 36 h, but not 24 h, after hCG; this effect of PGE2 was blocked by a PTGER1 antagonist. A PTGER2-specific agonist and a PTGER3-specific agonist each elevated cAMP in granulosa cells obtained 36 h, but not 24 h, after hCG. Therefore, the granulosa cells of primate periovulatory follicles express multiple receptors for PGE2. Granulosa cells respond to agonist stimulation of each of these receptors 36 h, but not 24 h, after hCG, supporting the hypothesis that granulosa cells are most sensitive to PGE2 as follicular PGE2 levels peak, leading to maximal PGE2-mediated periovulatory effects just before ovulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nune Markosyan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507-1980, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Guo JY, Huo HR, Zhao BS, Liu HB, Li LF, Ma YY, Guo SY, Jiang TL. Cinnamaldehyde reduces IL-1beta-induced cyclooxygenase-2 activity in rat cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 537:174-80. [PMID: 16624280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cinnamaldehyde is a principle compound isolated from Guizhi-Tang, which is a famous traditional Chinese medical formula used to treat influenza, common cold and other pyretic conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of cinnamaldehyde on expression and activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in rat cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (RCMEC). RCMEC were cultured, and identified by immunohistochemistry for von Willebrand factor in cytoplasm of the cells. Then cells were incubated in M199 medium containing interleukin (IL)-1beta in the presence or absence of cinnamaldehyde. After incubation, the medium was collected and the amount of PGE(2) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The cells were harvested, mRNA expression and activity of COX were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with SYBR Green dye and ELISA respectively. Positive immunostaining for von Willebrand factor was present diffusely in the cytoplasm of >95% RCMEC. IL-1beta increased the mRNA expression and activity of COX-2, and production of PGE(2) in a dose- and time-dependent manner in RCMEC, while mRNA and activity of COX-1 were not significantly altered. Cinnamaldehyde significantly decreased IL-1beta-induced COX-2 activity and PGE(2) production in a dose-dependent manner, while it showed no inhibitory effect on IL-1beta-induced COX-2 mRNA expression in cultured RCMEC. In conclusion, cinnamaldehyde reduces IL-1beta-induced COX-2 activity, but not IL-1beta-induced COX-2 mRNA expression, and consequently inhibits production of PGE(2) in cultured RCMEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-You Guo
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bartlett CS, Rapuano BE, Lorich DG, Wu T, Anderson RC, Tomin E, Hsu JF, Lane JM, Helfet DL. Early changes in prostaglandins precede bone formation in a rabbit model of heterotopic ossification. Bone 2006; 38:322-32. [PMID: 16226065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Revised: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have tested the hypothesis that the formation of heterotopic ossification (HO) in a rabbit model is correlated with a local increase in specific prostaglandins that may modulate mechanisms of ossification. Rabbits were sacrificed at 1 to 21 days following the daily forcible flexion of immobilized knees. The extraction and analysis of prostaglandins (PG) E2, F2alpha, D2, 6-keto-F1alpha, and thromboxane B2 in vastus intermedius muscles of manipulated legs revealed increases compared to control hindlimbs for all five prostaglandins, albeit of differing magnitude. The earliest increase was observed for PGF2alpha after 24 h (to 2.6-fold of control) with peak levels observed at day ten (185-fold of control). PGE2 was increased above control from 2 to 21 days following manipulation, with a peak level of 33-fold of control after 10 days. In a separate arm of the study, the role of PGE2 was investigated through the use of pharmacological antagonist of the PGE2 receptors and one of its second messengers, cAMP. Rabbits were preadministered the PGE2/PGD receptor antagonist AH 6809 or the cAMP antagonist Rp-cAMP prior to undergoing the regimen of limb immobilization and passive exercise. Both AH 6809 and Rp-cAMP were found to prevent the later development of radiographically documented heterotopic ossification in 15 out of 16 animals, thus identifying prostaglandins as being required for the development of ectopic bone. In this latter group, all but one pharmacologically treated animal showed an absence of HO at 3, 4, 5, or 6 weeks. These findings suggest an obligate cascade of prostaglandins for HO that offers the potential for novel prophylactic therapies, including those that target receptors for specific prostaglandins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Bartlett
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Vermont Medical School, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Houle S, Papez MD, Ferazzini M, Hollenberg MD, Vergnolle N. Neutrophils and the kallikrein-kinin system in proteinase-activated receptor 4-mediated inflammation in rodents. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 146:670-8. [PMID: 16100525 PMCID: PMC1751199 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
1 We evaluated a potential role for proteinase-activated receptor 4 (PAR(4)) in a rodent paw inflammation model, with a focus on two main features of inflammation: (1) oedema and (2) granulocyte recruitment. 2 A PAR(4) antagonist (Pepducin P4pal-10; palmitoyl-SGRRYGHALR-NH(2)) reduced both the oedema and granulocyte recruitment induced by a localized administration of carrageenan in the rat hind paw, pointing to a key role for PAR(4) in this inflammation model. 3 Further, intraplantar injection in the mouse hind paw of a PAR(4) agonist (AYPGKF-NH(2)), but not its standard PAR(4)-inactive peptide control (YAPGKF-NH(2)), caused an inflammatory reaction characterized by oedema (increased paw thickness) and granulocyte recruitment (increased paw myeloperoxidase activity). The PAR(4) agonist-induced effects were inhibited in mice pretreated with pepducin P4pal10. 4 These PAR(4) agonist-mediated effects were not affected by pretreatment with inhibitors of either NO production or prostaglandin release (L-NAME and indomethacin, respectively). 5 However, selective immuno-depletion of neutrophils significantly reduced PAR(4) agonist-induced oedema formation. 6 Moreover, AYPGKF-NH(2)-induced oedema was also reduced by pretreatment with either a kinin B(2) receptor antagonist (icatibant) or a tissue or plasma kallikrein inhibitor (FE999024 and FE999026, respectively), but not with a kinin B(1) receptor antagonist (SSR240612). 7 We conclude: (1) that PAR(4) plays an important role in the inflammatory response as it mediates some of the hallmarks of inflammation and (2) that PAR(4)-mediated oedema is dependent on the recruitment of neutrophils and components of the kallikrein-kinin system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steeve Houle
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Canadian Institutes of Health Proteinases and Inflammation Network, Mucosal Inflammation Research Group, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Martin D Papez
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Canadian Institutes of Health Proteinases and Inflammation Network, Mucosal Inflammation Research Group, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Mara Ferazzini
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Canadian Institutes of Health Proteinases and Inflammation Network, Mucosal Inflammation Research Group, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Canadian Institutes of Health Proteinases and Inflammation Network, Mucosal Inflammation Research Group, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Canadian Institutes of Health Proteinases and Inflammation Network, Mucosal Inflammation Research Group, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
- Author for correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Guo JY, Huo HR, Yang YX, Li CH, Liu HB, Zhao BS, Li LF, Ma YY, Guo SY, Jiang TL. 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde Reduces IL-1.BETA.-Induced Prostaglandin Production in Rat Cerebral Endothelial Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:2214-21. [PMID: 17077517 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) works as a common final mediator of the febrile. Guizhi-Tang, one of the most famous traditional Chinese medical formula used to treat influenza, common cold and other pyretic conditions, was previously reported to reduce the production of PGE 2 in rats. 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde is a principle compound isolated from Guizhi-Tang. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde on PGE2 production of rat cerebral endothelial cells (CECs). 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde dose-dependently inhibited interleukin (IL)-1beta-induced PGE2 production in CECs with IC50 values of 174 microM. IL-1beta stimulation increased the protein, activity and mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 but not COX-1. 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde reduced IL-1beta-induced protein and activity of COX-2, but did not influence the COX-2 mRNA expression. Our results show that prostaglandin production in CECs during stimulated conditions is sensitive to inhibition by 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde and suggest that 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde may reduce COX-2 protein level and activity but not COX-2 mRNA.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acrolein/analogs & derivatives
- Acrolein/chemistry
- Acrolein/isolation & purification
- Acrolein/pharmacology
- Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/chemistry
- Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/isolation & purification
- Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebral Cortex/blood supply
- Cinnamates/chemistry
- Cinnamates/isolation & purification
- Cinnamates/pharmacology
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/biosynthesis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Interleukin-1beta/pharmacology
- Membrane Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- von Willebrand Factor/analysis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-You Guo
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Peritumoral and intratumoral macrophages are associated with human and mouse lung cancer The mouse model allows manipulation of the macrophage population to experimentally evaluate its contribution to tumor growth. Genetic and pharmacologic strategies also permit testing the invol vement of specific inflammatory mediators in tumor progression. Among those endogenous mediators thus identified are interleukin (IL)-10, glucocorticoids, prostacyclin, nitric oxide, and surfactant apoprotein D (SP-D); serum SP-D levels are a useful biomarker to monitor tumor growth rate. The importance of understanding the mutually antagonistic roles of individual prostaglandins downstream from cycloxygenase (COX) and how this affects the efficacy of COX-inhibitory drugs is discussed. Promising drug candidates include synthetic glucocorticoids such as budesonide and the sulfone derivative of sulindac, apotosyn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvin M Malkinson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver CO 80262, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zha S, Yegnasubramanian V, Nelson WG, Isaacs WB, De Marzo AM. Cyclooxygenases in cancer: progress and perspective. Cancer Lett 2004; 215:1-20. [PMID: 15374627 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aspirin has been used to control pain and inflammation for over a century. Epidemiological studies first associated a decreased incidence of colorectal cancer with the long-term use of aspirin in the early 1980s. Near the same time the first reports showing regression of colorectal adenomas in response to the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) sulindac were reported. In subsequent years, the use of other NSAIDs, which inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, was linked to reduced cancer risk in multiple tissues including those of the breast, prostate, and lung. Together these studies resulted in the identification of a new cancer preventive and/or therapeutic target-COX enzymes, especially COX-2. Meanwhile, the overexpression of COX-2, and less consistently, the upstream and downstream enzymes of the prostaglandin synthesis pathway, was demonstrated in multiple cancer types and some pre-neoplastic lesions. Direct interactions of prostaglandins with their receptors through autocrine or paracrine pathways to enhance cellular survival or stimulate angiogenesis have been proposed as the molecular mechanisms underlying the pro-carcinogenic functions of COX-2. The rapid development of safe and effective inhibitors targeting individual COX enzymes not only dramatically improved our understanding of the function of COX-2, but also resulted in discovery of COX independent functions of NSAIDs, providing important hints for future drug design. Here we review the fundamental features of COX enzymes, especially as related to carcinogenesis, their expression and function in both animal tumor models and clinical cancers and the proposed mechanisms behind their roles in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zha
- Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yamaki T, Endoh K, Miyahara M, Nagamine I, Thi Thu Huong N, Sakurai H, Pokorny J, Yano T. Prostaglandin E2 activates Src signaling in lung adenocarcinoma cell via EP3. Cancer Lett 2004; 214:115-20. [PMID: 15331179 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2004] [Revised: 04/23/2004] [Accepted: 04/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that overproduction of prostaglandin (PG) E2 attributable to induction of cyclooxygenase-2 plays an important role in the development of lung adenocarcinoma. Recently, we have reported that a PGE2 receptor, EP3 is involved in appearance of malignant phenotype of a lung adenocarcinoma cell (A549 cell). In line with our previous study, here we investigated if Src signaling could be involved in PGE2-stimulated growth of A549 cells via EP3. PGE2-dependent cell growth in A549 cell positively related to the activation of Src. A specific antagonist against EP3 abrogated the cell growth and Src activation in the cells stimulated with PGE2. Also, the inhibition of Src activity suppressed its downstream signaling related to cell growth as well as the cell growth in the cells treated with PGE2. These results indicate that PGE2-dependent activation of Src signaling via EP3 plays an important role in growth of A549 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Yamaki
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Reiter RA, Peskar BA, Sinzinger H. Defects in the prostaglandin system--what is known? Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2004; 71:347-50. [PMID: 15380823 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The central role of prostaglandins as local mediators is well accepted. Molecular biology and in particular knock-out mice models teach us a lot on mechanisms and eventual biological consequences. Despite the broad basic knowledge available, human data on defects in the prostaglandin system are extremely rare. Why? Don't we search for them? Are they of clinical relevance? What is their prevalence, the outcome? How to treat, if possible? For this purpose we are planning a platform and databank to improve knowledge, pool information and allow exchange of probes. All interested people are invited to join.
Collapse
|
38
|
Simmons DL, Botting RM, Hla T. Cyclooxygenase Isozymes: The Biology of Prostaglandin Synthesis and Inhibition. Pharmacol Rev 2004; 56:387-437. [PMID: 15317910 DOI: 10.1124/pr.56.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1160] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) represent one of the most highly utilized classes of pharmaceutical agents in medicine. All NSAIDs act through inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, a catalytic activity possessed by two distinct cyclooxygenase (COX) isozymes encoded by separate genes. The discovery of COX-2 launched a new era in NSAID pharmacology, resulting in the synthesis, marketing, and widespread use of COX-2 selective drugs. These pharmaceutical agents have quickly become established as important therapeutic medications with potentially fewer side effects than traditional NSAIDs. Additionally, characterization of the two COX isozymes is allowing the discrimination of the roles each play in physiological processes such as homeostatic maintenance of the gastrointestinal tract, renal function, blood clotting, embryonic implantation, parturition, pain, and fever. Of particular importance has been the investigation of COX-1 and -2 isozymic functions in cancer, dysregulation of inflammation, and Alzheimer's disease. More recently, additional heterogeneity in COX-related proteins has been described, with the finding of variants of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. These variants may function in tissue-specific physiological and pathophysiological processes and may represent important new targets for drug therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Simmons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, E280 BNSN, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gallant M, Belley M, Carrière MC, Chateauneuf A, Denis D, Lachance N, Lamontagne S, Metters KM, Sawyer N, Slipetz D, Truchon JF, Labelle M. Structure-activity relationship of triaryl propionic acid analogues on the human EP3 prostanoid receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 13:3813-6. [PMID: 14552786 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00794-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Potent and selective ligands for the human EP3 prostanoid receptor are described. Triaryl compounds bearing an ortho-substituted propionic acid moiety were identified as potent EP3 antagonists based on the SAR described herein. The binding affinities of key compound on all eight human prostanoid receptors is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Gallant
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, PO Box 1005, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Québec, Canada H9R 4P8.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nasrallah R, Landry A, Scholey JW, Hébert RL. Characterization of the PGI2/IP system in cultured rat mesangial cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2004; 70:455-64. [PMID: 15062848 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2003.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mesangial cells play an important role in glomerular function. They are an important source of cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived arachidonic acid metabolites, including prostaglandin E(2) and prostacyclin. Prostacyclin receptor (IP) mRNA was amplified from cultured mesangial cell total RNA by RT-PCR. While the prostaglandin E(2) receptor subtype EP(2) was not detected, EP(1,3,4) mRNA was amplified. Also, IP protein was noted in mesangial cells, proximal tubules, inner medullary collecting ducts, and the inner and outer medulla. But no protein was detected in whole cortex preparations. Prostacyclin analogues: cicaprost and iloprost, increased cAMP levels in mesangial cells. On the other hand, arginine-vasopressin and angiotensin II increased intracellular calcium in mesangial cells, but cicaprost, iloprost and prostaglandin E(2) had no effect. Moreover, a 50% inhibition of cicaprost- and iloprost-cAMP stimulation was observed upon mesangial cell exposure to 25 and 35 mM glucose for 5 days. But no change in IP mRNA was observed at any glucose concentration or time exposure. Although 25 mM glucose had no effect on COX-1 protein levels, COX-2 was increased up to 50%. In contrast, PGIS levels were reduced by 50%. Thus, we conclude that the prostacyclin/IP system is present in cultured rat mesangial cells, coupling to a cAMP stimulatory pathway. High glucose altered both enzymes in the PGI(2) synthesis pathway, increasing COX-2 but reducing PGIS. In addition, glucose diminished the cAMP response to prostacyclin analogues. Therefore, glucose attenuates the PGI(2)/IP system in cultured rat mesangial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rania Nasrallah
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Room 1337, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Helliwell RJA, Adams LF, Mitchell MD. Prostaglandin synthases: recent developments and a novel hypothesis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2004; 70:101-13. [PMID: 14683687 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2003.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cells are continuously exposed to cues, which signal cell survival or death. Fine-tuning of these conflicting signals is essential for tissue development and homeostasis, and defective pathways are linked to many disease processes, especially cancer. It is well established that prostaglandins (PGs), as signalling molecules, are important regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. PG production has been a focus of many researchers interested in the mechanisms of parturition. Previously, investigators have focussed on the committed step of PG biosynthesis, the conversion by prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS; also termed cyclo-oxygenase, COX) of arachidonic acid (AA) (substrate) to PGH2, the common precursor for biosynthesis of the various prostanoids. However, recently the genes encoding the terminal synthase enzymes involved in converting PGH2 to each of the bioactive PGs, including the major uterotonic PGs, PGE2 (PGE synthase) and PGF2alpha (PGF synthase), have been cloned and characterized. This review highlights how the regulation of the expression and balance of key enzymes can produce, from a single precursor, prostanoids with varied and often opposing effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J A Helliwell
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shimizu H, Miyoshi M, Matsumoto K, Goto O, Imoto T, Watanabe T. The Effect of Central Injection of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor and the Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor Antagonist on the Induction by Lipopolysaccharide of Fever and Brain Interleukin-1β Response in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 308:865-73. [PMID: 14617687 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.060392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported an involvement of peripheral angiotensin II (ANG II) in the development of both the fever and the peripheral interleukin (IL)-1beta production induced in rats by a systemic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The present study was performed to investigate whether brain ANG II contributes to the fever and IL-1beta production in the rat brain induced by i.c.v. injection of LPS. LPS (0.2 and 2 microg i.c.v.) induced dose-related fevers and increases in the brain (hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cerebellum) concentrations of IL-1beta. These effects were significantly inhibited by i.c.v. administration of either an angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or an angiotensin type 1 (AT(1)) receptor antagonist. By contrast, the ACE inhibitor had no effect on the IL-1beta (i.c.v.)-induced fever, whereas the AT(1) receptor antagonist enhanced (rather than reduced) it. The AT(1) receptor antagonist had no effect on the brain levels of prostaglandin E(2) in rats given an i.c.v. injection of IL-1beta. These results suggest that in rats, brain ANG II and AT(1) receptors are involved in the LPS-induced production of brain IL-1beta, thus contributing to the fever induced by the presence of LPS within the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Shimizu
- Department of Functional, Morphological, and Regulatory Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bishop-Bailey D, Wray J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: a critical review on endogenous pathways for ligand generation. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2003; 71:1-22. [PMID: 12749590 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-6980(03)00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Lipid mediators can exert their effects by interactions with well-characterised cell surface G-protein-linked receptors. Recently, a group of intracellular receptors have been identified that are activated by a large variety of lipid-derived mediators. Amongst these novel targets, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), a family of three (PPARalpha, beta/delta and gamma) nuclear receptor/transcription factors have become a major area for investigation. PPARs are found throughout the body, where they have diverse roles regulating lipid homeostasis, cellular differentiation, proliferation and the immune response. There is a great interest, therefore, in the roles of PPARs in a variety of pathological conditions, including diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer and chronic inflammation. Although, a number of naturally occurring compounds can activate PPARs, it has been difficult, as yet, to characterise any of these mediators as truly endogenous ligands. These findings have lead to the suggestion that PPARs may act just as general lipid sensors. Acting as lipid sensors, PPARs may take changes in lipid/fatty acid balance in the diet or local metabolism and translate them to tissue-specific ligands, exerting tissue-specific effects. Using classical pharmacological criteria for endogenous mediator classification we will critically discuss the variety of pathways for putative ligand generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Bishop-Bailey
- Cardiac, Vascular and Inflammation Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
The purported health benefits of low-carbohydrate diets have been advocated intermittently over the last century and have enjoyed increasing popularity over the last decade. Although most revolve around the emphatic theme that carbohydrates are to blame for many chronic diseases, their specific ideologies are more variable and in some cases quite sophisticated. The Zone Diet phenomenon represents a new generation of modern low carbohydrate food fad with sales placing it among the most popular diet books in recent history. The Zone is a 40% carbohydrate, 30% protein and 30% fat eating plan that advocates only sparing use of grains and starches. The precise 0.75 protein to carbohydrate ratio required with each meal is promoted to reduce the insulin to glucagon ratio, which purportedly affects eicosanoid metabolism and ultimately produces a cascade of biological events leading to a reduction in chronic disease risk, enhanced immunity, maximal physical and mental performance, increased longevity and permanent weight loss. There is presently little scientific support for the connections made between diet, endocrinology and eicosanoid metabolism. In fact, a review of the literature suggests that there are scientific contradictions in the Zone Diet hypothesis that cast unquestionable doubt on its potential efficacy. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the scientific merit of the Zone Diet and its health claims in an effort to help delineate what is and what is not sound nutrition science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel N Cheuvront
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Maine 01760, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tsai SM, Lin MT, Wang JJ, Huang WT. Pyrogens Enhance β-Endorphin Release in Hypothalamus and Trigger Fever That Can Be Attenuated by Buprenorphine. J Pharmacol Sci 2003; 93:155-62. [PMID: 14578583 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.93.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
At first, we investigated whether both beta-endorphin release level in the hypothalamus and body temperature can be altered after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of either lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), or prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in rats. It was found that in the rat, i.c.v. administration of either LPS (0.5 microg in 10 microl), IL-1beta (10 ng in 10 microl), or PGE(2) (200 ng in 10 microl), in addition to producing fever, upregulated the immunoreactivity of beta-endorphin in the preoptic anterior hypothalamus of rat brain. Secondarily, we assessed whether the fever induced by either LPS, IL-1beta, or PGE(2) can be altered by pretreatment with buprenorphine (an opioid receptor antagonist). The results revealed that i.c.v. administration of buprenorphine (1 - 10 microg in 10 microl) alone had an insignificant effect on the body temperature. However, the fever induced by i.c.v. injection of either LPS, IL-1beta, or PGE(2) was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with i.c.v. injection of buprenorphine 1 h before the pyrogen injection in rats. The results suggest that pyrogens enhance beta-endorphin release in the hypothalamus and trigger fever which can be attenuated by buprenorphine, an opioid receptor antagonist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ming Tsai
- Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University Medical School, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lee JJ, Huang WT, Shao DZ, Liao JF, Lin MT. Platonin, a Cyanine Photosensitizing Dye, Inhibits Pyrogen Release and Results in Antipyresis. J Pharmacol Sci 2003; 93:376-80. [PMID: 14646258 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.93.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous injection of the supernatant fluids from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) caused fever in rabbits. The fever was in parallel with the levels of either interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-6, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in supernatant fluids. When incubating the platonin with the LPS-human PBMC, both the levels of IL-1 beta, IL-6, or TNF-alpha in supernatant fluids and the pyrogenicity of supernatant fluids were significantly suppressed. The febrile response to supernatant fluids from the LPS-stimulated PBMC was attenuated almost completely by adding anti-IL-1 beta, but not anti-IL-6 or anti-TNF-alpha, monoclonal antibody to supernatant fluids. In addition, both the fever and the increased levels of either IL-1 beta, IL-6, or TNF-alpha in rabbit serum following an intravenous administration of LPS were significantly attenuated by pretreatment with an intravenous dose of platonin. Furthermore, the fever induced by intravenous injection of IL-1 beta was reduced by pretreatment of rabbits with intravenous injection of platonin. The data indicate that platonin inhibits production of pyrogenic cytokines (in particular, IL-1 beta) from PBMC and results in antipyresis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Jen Lee
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Göggel R, Hoffman S, Nüsing R, Narumiya S, Uhlig S. Platelet-activating factor-induced pulmonary edema is partly mediated by prostaglandin E(2), E-prostanoid 3-receptors, and potassium channels. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:657-62. [PMID: 12204861 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200111-071oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is an important endogenous mediator of pulmonary edema in many models of acute lung injury. PAF triggers edema formation by simultaneous activation of two independent pathways; one is mediated by a cyclooxygenase metabolite, and the other is blocked by quinine. We examined the hypothesis that the cyclooxygenase-dependent part of PAF-induced edema is mediated by prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). In isolated rat lungs, PAF administration stimulated release of PGE(2) into the venous effluate and increased lung weight as a measure of edema formation. Perfusion with a neutralizing PGE(2) antibody attenuated the PAF-induced edema formation. In vivo, E-prostanoid 3-receptor-deficient mice showed less pulmonary Evans blue extravasation in response to PAF injection than did mice deficient in EP1, EP2, or EP4 receptors. Perfusion of rat lungs with PGE(2) caused pulmonary edema, which was largely prevented by inhibition of voltage-gated potassium channels (25 nM beta-dendrotoxin), but not by blocking calcium-dependent potassium currents (100 micro M paxilline). In line with its effects on PGE(2)-induced edema formation, beta-dendrotoxin attenuated PAF-induced edema partly if given alone, and completely in combination with quinine. Our findings suggest that PAF-triggered edema is partly mediated by the release of PGE(2), activation of EP3 receptors, and activation of voltage-gated potassium channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Göggel
- Division of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Disease prevention is one area that both public and governmental agencies strongly support owing to its potential for an improved lifestyle and a reduction in health care costs. In this review, we focus on the clinical development of one target for cancer prevention, the COX-2 enzyme. This provides an excellent example of how basic research in biochemistry and pharmacology can lead to translational studies and eventually to approval of a drug by the FDA for use as a chemopreventive agent in humans. It is hoped that, as the genome sequence is understood more clearly, other targets will emerge that will provide even more effective drugs for future cancer prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence J Marnett
- A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The effects of prostaglandin (PG)E2 on lung cancer cells were investigated. 3H-PGE2 bound with high affinity to membranes derived from small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-SCLC (NSCLC) cell lines. Using NSCLC NCI-H1299 membranes, specific 3H-PGE2 binding to NCI-H1299 membranes was inhibited with moderate affinity by PGE2, PGE1, PGF2alpha and 6-isopropoxy-9-xanthone-2-carboxylic acid (AH6809) but not PGD2, LTB4 or 5-HETE. By RT-PCR, EP2 receptor PCR products were detected in extracts derived from lung cancer cells. PGE2 caused cAMP elevation in a concentration-dependent manner using NCI-H1299 cells and the increase in cAMP caused by PGE2 was antagonized by AH6809. PGE2 had no effect on cytosolic Ca2+ but PGE2 caused increased c-fos mRNA in NCI-H1299 cells. AH6809 inhibited the proliferation of NCI-H1299 cells using MTT and clonogenic assays. These results indicate that functional PG receptors are present on NSCLC cells which are antagonized by AH6809.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marchessini Casibang
- Cell and Cancer Biology Department, Medicine Branch, NCI, Bldg. KWC, Rm. 300, 9610 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Peleg II, Wilcox CM. The role of eicosanoids, cyclooxygenases, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in colorectal tumorigenesis and chemoprevention. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002; 34:117-25. [PMID: 11782603 DOI: 10.1097/00004836-200202000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence from studies on experimental cancer in rodents, interventional studies in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis, and some, but not all, epidemiologic investigations, that suggests a chemopreventive effect of aspirin and nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) against colorectal cancer. In addition, the mechanisms by which these agents modulate tumorigenesis are being elucidated in laboratory experiments. Currently available NSAIDs are unlikely to have an acceptable benefit-to-risk ratio for long-term use in an asymptomatic population. Once the discrete chemopreventive mechanisms are established and the genetic background and risk factor profile of individuals who will benefit from chemoprevention are clarified, a low-dose combination of NSAIDs with different targets may optimize efficacy and minimize toxicity. At present, however, colectomy is still the treatment of choice for patients with familial adenomatous polyposis, and early screening and regular surveillance colonoscopies are the choices for those at risk for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. In the average-risk individual, endoscopic screening and surveillance will remain the core of efforts to prevent sporadic colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ika I Peleg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|