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Kisakov DN, Karpenko LI, Kisakova LA, Sharabrin SV, Borgoyakova MB, Starostina EV, Taranov OS, Ivleva EK, Pyankov OV, Zaykovskaya AV, Dmitrienko EV, Yakovlev VA, Tigeeva EV, Bauer IA, Krasnikova SI, Rudometova NB, Rudometov AP, Sergeev AA, Ilyichev AA. Jet Injection of Naked mRNA Encoding the RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Induces a High Level of a Specific Immune Response in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2025; 13:65. [PMID: 39852844 PMCID: PMC11769039 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines13010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2024] [Revised: 12/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2025] [Indexed: 01/26/2025] Open
Abstract
Background: Although mRNA vaccines encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have demonstrated a safety profile with minimal serious adverse events in clinical trials, there is opportunity to further reduce mRNA reactogenicity. The development of naked mRNA vaccines could improve vaccine tolerability. Naked nucleic acid delivery using the jet injection method may be a solution. Methods: In the first part of the study, the optimal conditions providing low traumatization and high expression of the model mRNA-GFP molecule in the tissues of laboratory animals were determined. Then, we used the selected protocol to immunize BALB/c mice with mRNA-RBD encoding the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD). It was demonstrated that mice vaccinated with naked mRNA-RBD developed a high level of specific antibodies with virus-neutralizing activity. The vaccine also induced a strong RBD-specific T-cell response and reduced the viral load in the lungs of the animals after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The level of immune response in mice immunized with mRNA-RBD using a spring-loaded jet injector was comparable to that in animals immunized with mRNA-RBD encapsulated in LNPs. Results: In this study, the efficacy of an inexpensive, simple, and safe method of mRNA delivery using a spring-loaded jet injector was evaluated and validated. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the jet injection method may be a possible alternative to LNPs for delivering mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis N. Kisakov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (L.I.K.); (L.A.K.); (S.V.S.); (M.B.B.); (E.V.S.); (O.S.T.); (E.K.I.); (O.V.P.); (A.V.Z.); (V.A.Y.); (E.V.T.); (S.I.K.); (N.B.R.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Larisa I. Karpenko
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (L.I.K.); (L.A.K.); (S.V.S.); (M.B.B.); (E.V.S.); (O.S.T.); (E.K.I.); (O.V.P.); (A.V.Z.); (V.A.Y.); (E.V.T.); (S.I.K.); (N.B.R.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Lyubov A. Kisakova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (L.I.K.); (L.A.K.); (S.V.S.); (M.B.B.); (E.V.S.); (O.S.T.); (E.K.I.); (O.V.P.); (A.V.Z.); (V.A.Y.); (E.V.T.); (S.I.K.); (N.B.R.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Sergey V. Sharabrin
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (L.I.K.); (L.A.K.); (S.V.S.); (M.B.B.); (E.V.S.); (O.S.T.); (E.K.I.); (O.V.P.); (A.V.Z.); (V.A.Y.); (E.V.T.); (S.I.K.); (N.B.R.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Mariya B. Borgoyakova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (L.I.K.); (L.A.K.); (S.V.S.); (M.B.B.); (E.V.S.); (O.S.T.); (E.K.I.); (O.V.P.); (A.V.Z.); (V.A.Y.); (E.V.T.); (S.I.K.); (N.B.R.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Ekaterina V. Starostina
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (L.I.K.); (L.A.K.); (S.V.S.); (M.B.B.); (E.V.S.); (O.S.T.); (E.K.I.); (O.V.P.); (A.V.Z.); (V.A.Y.); (E.V.T.); (S.I.K.); (N.B.R.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Oleg S. Taranov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (L.I.K.); (L.A.K.); (S.V.S.); (M.B.B.); (E.V.S.); (O.S.T.); (E.K.I.); (O.V.P.); (A.V.Z.); (V.A.Y.); (E.V.T.); (S.I.K.); (N.B.R.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Elena K. Ivleva
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (L.I.K.); (L.A.K.); (S.V.S.); (M.B.B.); (E.V.S.); (O.S.T.); (E.K.I.); (O.V.P.); (A.V.Z.); (V.A.Y.); (E.V.T.); (S.I.K.); (N.B.R.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Oleg V. Pyankov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (L.I.K.); (L.A.K.); (S.V.S.); (M.B.B.); (E.V.S.); (O.S.T.); (E.K.I.); (O.V.P.); (A.V.Z.); (V.A.Y.); (E.V.T.); (S.I.K.); (N.B.R.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Anna V. Zaykovskaya
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (L.I.K.); (L.A.K.); (S.V.S.); (M.B.B.); (E.V.S.); (O.S.T.); (E.K.I.); (O.V.P.); (A.V.Z.); (V.A.Y.); (E.V.T.); (S.I.K.); (N.B.R.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Elena V. Dmitrienko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.V.D.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Vladimir A. Yakovlev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (L.I.K.); (L.A.K.); (S.V.S.); (M.B.B.); (E.V.S.); (O.S.T.); (E.K.I.); (O.V.P.); (A.V.Z.); (V.A.Y.); (E.V.T.); (S.I.K.); (N.B.R.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Elena V. Tigeeva
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (L.I.K.); (L.A.K.); (S.V.S.); (M.B.B.); (E.V.S.); (O.S.T.); (E.K.I.); (O.V.P.); (A.V.Z.); (V.A.Y.); (E.V.T.); (S.I.K.); (N.B.R.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Irina Alekseevna Bauer
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.V.D.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Svetlana I. Krasnikova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (L.I.K.); (L.A.K.); (S.V.S.); (M.B.B.); (E.V.S.); (O.S.T.); (E.K.I.); (O.V.P.); (A.V.Z.); (V.A.Y.); (E.V.T.); (S.I.K.); (N.B.R.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Nadezhda B. Rudometova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (L.I.K.); (L.A.K.); (S.V.S.); (M.B.B.); (E.V.S.); (O.S.T.); (E.K.I.); (O.V.P.); (A.V.Z.); (V.A.Y.); (E.V.T.); (S.I.K.); (N.B.R.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Andrey P. Rudometov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (L.I.K.); (L.A.K.); (S.V.S.); (M.B.B.); (E.V.S.); (O.S.T.); (E.K.I.); (O.V.P.); (A.V.Z.); (V.A.Y.); (E.V.T.); (S.I.K.); (N.B.R.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Artemiy A. Sergeev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (L.I.K.); (L.A.K.); (S.V.S.); (M.B.B.); (E.V.S.); (O.S.T.); (E.K.I.); (O.V.P.); (A.V.Z.); (V.A.Y.); (E.V.T.); (S.I.K.); (N.B.R.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Alexander A. Ilyichev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (L.I.K.); (L.A.K.); (S.V.S.); (M.B.B.); (E.V.S.); (O.S.T.); (E.K.I.); (O.V.P.); (A.V.Z.); (V.A.Y.); (E.V.T.); (S.I.K.); (N.B.R.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.)
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Berger S, Zeyn Y, Wagner E, Bros M. New insights for the development of efficient DNA vaccines. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e70053. [PMID: 39545748 PMCID: PMC11565620 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.70053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/29/2024] [Indexed: 11/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the great potential of DNA vaccines for a broad range of applications, ranging from prevention of infections, over treatment of autoimmune and allergic diseases to cancer immunotherapies, the implementation of such therapies for clinical treatment is far behind the expectations up to now. The main reason is the poor immunogenicity of DNA vaccines in humans. Consequently, the improvement of the performance of DNA vaccines in vivo is required. This mini-review provides an overview of the current state of DNA vaccines and the various strategies to enhance the immunogenic potential of DNA vaccines, including (i) the optimization of the DNA construct itself regarding size, nuclear transfer and transcriptional regulation; (ii) the use of appropriate adjuvants; and (iii) improved delivery, for example, by careful choice of the administration route, physical methods such as electroporation and nanomaterials that may allow cell type-specific targeting. Moreover, combining nanoformulated DNA vaccines with other immunotherapies and prime-boost strategies may help to enhance success of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Berger
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Center for NanoScienceLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität (LMU) MunichMunichGermany
| | - Yanira Zeyn
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) MainzMainzGermany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Center for NanoScienceLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität (LMU) MunichMunichGermany
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) MainzMainzGermany
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Tai JA, Nishikawa T, Hayashi H, Kuan YD, Yamashita K, Nakagami H. Immunogenic Comparison of Nucleic Acid-Based Vaccines Administered by Pyro-Drive Jet Injector. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:757. [PMID: 39066395 PMCID: PMC11281653 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
mRNA vaccines were successfully developed and approved for emergency use to fight coronavirus disease 2019. However, the effect of DNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is considerably lower than that of mRNA vaccines. A pyro-drive jet injector (PJI) efficiently delivers plasmid DNA intradermally into animal models. Here, we compared the immunogenic potential of DNA and mRNA vaccines in mice using the same platform. PJI was used to deliver naked mRNA and pDNA and their efficacy in inducing antigen expression and immune responses was assessed. Our results showed that PJI efficiently delivered mRNA into the skin, and a smaller effective dose than that of pDNA injection was required to achieve similar levels of antigen expression. The PJI-delivered CpG-free pDNA vaccine efficiently induced antigen-specific antibody production and a cell-mediated IFN-γ response compared to the mRNA vaccine, as well as the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-1β) in the skin and lymph nodes. However, the intradermal mRNA vaccine was significantly less immunogenic than the standard intramuscular mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccine, despite equivalent mRNA dosages. Improvements in lipid nanoparticle and mRNA technology have revolutionized mRNA vaccines, and DNA vaccines can be similarly modified for higher clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu A. Tai
- Department of Device Application for Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (J.A.T.); (T.N.); (Y.-D.K.); (K.Y.)
| | - Tomoyuki Nishikawa
- Department of Device Application for Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (J.A.T.); (T.N.); (Y.-D.K.); (K.Y.)
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Yu-Diao Kuan
- Department of Device Application for Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (J.A.T.); (T.N.); (Y.-D.K.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kunihiko Yamashita
- Department of Device Application for Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (J.A.T.); (T.N.); (Y.-D.K.); (K.Y.)
- Medical Device Division, Life Sciences Strategic Business Unit, Daicel Corporation, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hironori Nakagami
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan;
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
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Guan X, Pei Y, Song J. DNA-Based Nonviral Gene Therapy─Challenging but Promising. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:427-453. [PMID: 38198640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decades, significant progress has been made in utilizing nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA molecules, for therapeutic purposes. For DNA molecules, although various DNA delivery systems have been established, viral vector systems are the go-to choice for large-scale commercial applications. However, viral systems have certain disadvantages such as immune response, limited payload capacity, insertional mutagenesis and pre-existing immunity. In contrast, nonviral systems are less immunogenic, not size limited, safer, and easier for manufacturing compared with viral systems. What's more, nonviral DNA vectors have demonstrated their capacity to mediate specific protein expression in vivo for diverse therapeutic objectives containing a wide range of diseases such as cancer, rare diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and infectious diseases, yielding promising therapeutic outcomes. However, exogenous plasmid DNA is prone to degrade and has poor immunogenicity in vivo. Thus, various strategies have been developed: (i) designing novel plasmids with special structures, (ii) optimizing plasmid sequences for higher expression, and (iii) developing more efficient nonviral DNA delivery systems. Based on these strategies, many interesting clinical results have been reported. This Review discusses the development of DNA-based nonviral gene therapy, including novel plasmids, nonviral delivery systems, clinical advances, and prospects. These developments hold great potential for enhancing the efficacy and safety of nonviral gene therapy and expanding its applications in the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocai Guan
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yufeng Pei
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Jie Song
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
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Migueles SA, Nettere DM, Gavil NV, Wang LT, Toulmin SA, Kelly EP, Ward AJ, Lin S, Thompson SA, Peterson BA, Abdeen CS, Sclafani CR, Pryal PF, Leach BG, Ludwig AK, Rogan DC, Przygonska PA, Cattani A, Imamichi H, Sachs A, Cafri G, Huang NN, Patamawenu A, Liang CJ, Hallahan CW, Kambach DM, Han EX, Coupet T, Chen J, Moir SL, Chun TW, Coates EE, Ledgerwood J, Schmidt J, Taillandier-Coindard M, Michaux J, Pak H, Bassani-Sternberg M, Frahm N, McElrath MJ, Connors M. HIV vaccines induce CD8 + T cells with low antigen receptor sensitivity. Science 2023; 382:1270-1276. [PMID: 38096385 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Current HIV vaccines designed to stimulate CD8+ T cells have failed to induce immunologic control upon infection. The functions of vaccine-induced HIV-specific CD8+ T cells were investigated here in detail. Cytotoxic capacity was significantly lower than in HIV controllers and was not a consequence of low frequency or unaccumulated functional cytotoxic proteins. Low cytotoxic capacity was attributable to impaired degranulation in response to the low antigen levels present on HIV-infected targets. The vaccine-induced T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire was polyclonal and transduction of these TCRs conferred the same reduced functions. These results define a mechanism accounting for poor antiviral activity induced by these vaccines and suggest that an effective CD8+ T cell response may require a vaccination strategy that drives further TCR clonal selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Migueles
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danielle M Nettere
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Noah V Gavil
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence T Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sushila A Toulmin
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Kelly
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Addison J Ward
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Siying Lin
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah A Thompson
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bennett A Peterson
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cassidy S Abdeen
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carina R Sclafani
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick F Pryal
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin G Leach
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amanda K Ludwig
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel C Rogan
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paulina A Przygonska
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Angela Cattani
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hiromi Imamichi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abraham Sachs
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gal Cafri
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ning-Na Huang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andy Patamawenu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C Jason Liang
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claire W Hallahan
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Susan L Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily E Coates
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julie Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julien Schmidt
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Taillandier-Coindard
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Justine Michaux
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - HuiSong Pak
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michal Bassani-Sternberg
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and the HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and the HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Pagliari S, Dema B, Sanchez-Martinez A, Montalvo Zurbia-Flores G, Rollier CS. DNA Vaccines: History, Molecular Mechanisms and Future Perspectives. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168297. [PMID: 37797831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The history of DNA vaccine began as early as the 1960s with the discovery that naked DNA can transfect mammalian cells in vivo. In 1992, the evidence that such transfection could lead to the generation of antigen-specific antibody responses was obtained and supported the development of this technology as a novel vaccine platform. The technology then attracted immense interest and high hopes in vaccinology, as evidence of high immunogenicity and protection against virulent challenges accumulated from several animal models for several diseases. In particular, the capacity to induce T-cell responses was unprecedented in non-live vaccines. However, the technology suffered its major knock when the success in animals failed to translate to humans, where DNA vaccine candidates were shown to be safe but remained poorly immunogenic, or not associated with clinical benefit. Thanks to a thorough exploration of the molecular mechanisms of action of these vaccines, an impressive range of approaches have been and are currently being explored to overcome this major challenge. Despite limited success so far in humans as compared with later genetic vaccine technologies such as viral vectors and mRNA, DNA vaccines are not yet optimised for human use and may still realise their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sthefany Pagliari
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Barbara Dema
- Pandemic Science Institute, Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Christine S Rollier
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
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7
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Lassaunière R, Polacek C, Linnea Tingstedt J, Fomsgaard A. Preclinical evaluation of a SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.351-based candidate DNA vaccine. Vaccine 2023; 41:6505-6513. [PMID: 37726179 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic revealed the critical shortfalls of global vaccine availability for emergent pathogens and the need for exploring additional vaccine platforms with rapid update potential in response to new variants. Thus, it remains essential, for the present evolving SARS-CoV-2/Covid-19 and future pandemics, to continuously develop and characterize new and different vaccine platforms. Here, we describe an expression-optimized DNA vaccine candidate based on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein of the Beta variant (B.1.351), pNTC-Spike.351, and, in animal models, compare its immunogenicity with a similar DNA vaccine encoding the ancestral index strain spike protein, pNTC-Spike. Both DNA vaccines induced neutralizing antibodies and a Th1 biased immune response. In contrast to the index-specific vaccine, the Beta-specific DNA vaccine induced antibodies in mice and rabbits that, even at low levels, efficiently neutralize the otherwise antibody resistant Beta variant. It similarly neutralized unrelated variants bearing the neutralization resistant E484K spike mutation. Intensive priming using two vaccinations with pNTC-Spike and a single booster immunization with the pNTC-Spike.351 induced a more robust neutralizing antibody response with comparable magnitude against different variants of concern. Thus, DNA vaccine technology with heterologous spike protein prime-boost should be explored further using the Beta derived pNTC-Spike.351 to broaden neutralizing antibody responses against emerging variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Lassaunière
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostic, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotta Polacek
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostic, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanette Linnea Tingstedt
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostic, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostic, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Infectious Disease Research Unit, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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8
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Nakagami H, Matsumoto T, Takazawa K, Sekino H, Matsuoka O, Inoue S, Furuie H, Morishita R. Long Term Follow-Up Study of a Randomized, Open-Label, Uncontrolled, Phase I/II Study to Assess the Safety and Immunogenicity of Intramuscular and Intradermal Doses of COVID-19 DNA Vaccine (AG0302-COVID19). Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1535. [PMID: 37896939 PMCID: PMC10611071 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological studies have demonstrated antibody production and infection prevention with an intradermal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) DNA vaccine (AG0302-COVID-19). This clinical trial aimed to investigate the safety and immunogenicity of high doses of AG0302-COVID19 when injected intramuscularly and intradermally. Healthy adults were randomly divided into three intramuscular vaccination groups (2 mg, three times at 2-week intervals; 4 mg, twice at 4-week intervals; and 8 mg, twice at 4-week intervals) and two intradermal groups (1 mg, three times at 2-week intervals or twice at 4-week intervals). After a one-year follow-up, no serious adverse events were related to AG0302-COVID-19. At Week 52, the changes in the geometric mean titer (GMT) ratios of the anti-S antibodies were 2.5, 2.4, and 3.2 in the 2, 4, and 8 mg intramuscular groups, respectively, and 3.2 and 5.1 in the three times and twice injected intradermal groups, respectively. The number of INF-γ-producing cells responsive to S protein increased after the first dose and was sustained for several months. AG0302-COVID-19 showed an acceptable safety profile, but the induction of a humoral immune response was insufficient to justify progressing to a Phase 3 program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Nakagami
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsumoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita Hospital, 852 Hatakeda Narita, Chiba 286-0124, Japan;
| | - Kenji Takazawa
- Medical Corporation Shinanokai Shinanozaka Clinic, 20 Samon-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0017, Japan
| | - Hisakuni Sekino
- Sekino Clinical Pharmacology Clinic, 3-28-3 Ikebukuro, Toshima-Ku, Tokyo 171-0014, Japan
| | - Osamu Matsuoka
- Medical Corporation Heishinkai ToCROM Clinic, 4-9, Yotsuyasanei-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0008, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Medical Corporation Heishinkai OCROM Clinic, 4-12-11, Kasuga, Suita 565-0853, Japan;
| | - Hidetoshi Furuie
- Osaka Pharmacology Clinical Research Hospital, 4-1-29, Miyahara, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-0003, Japan;
| | - Ryuichi Morishita
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan;
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9
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Yadav PD, Kumar S, Agarwal K, Jain M, Patil DR, Maithal K, Mathapati B, Giri S, Mohandas S, Shete A, Sapkal G, Patil DY, Dey A, Chandra H, Deshpande G, Gupta N, Abraham P, Kaushal H, Sahay RR, Tripathy A, Nyayanit D, Jain R, Kumar A, Sarkale P, Baradkar S, Rajanathan C, Raju HP, Patel S, Shah N, Dwivedi P, Singh D. Needle-free injection system delivery of ZyCoV-D DNA vaccine demonstrated improved immunogenicity and protective efficacy in rhesus macaques against SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28484. [PMID: 36625386 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The apprehension of needles related to injection site pain, risk of transmitting bloodborne pathogens, and effective mass immunization have led to the development of a needle-free injection system (NFIS). Here, we evaluated the efficacy of the NFIS and needle injection system (NIS) for the delivery and immunogenicity of DNA vaccine candidate ZyCoV-D in rhesus macaques against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Briefly, 20 rhesus macaques were divided into 5 groups (4 animals each), that is, I (1 mg dose by NIS), II (2 mg dose by NIS), III (1 mg dose by NFIS), IV (2 mg dose by NFIS) and V (phosphate-buffer saline [PBS]). The macaques were immunized with the vaccine candidates/PBS intradermally on Days 0, 28, and 56. Subsequently, the animals were challenged with live SARS-CoV-2 after 15 weeks of the first immunization. Blood, nasal swab, throat swab, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens were collected on 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days post infection from each animal to determine immune response and viral clearance. Among all the five groups, 2 mg dose by NFIS elicited significant titers of IgG and neutralizing antibody after immunization with enhancement in their titers postvirus challenge. Besides this, it also induced increased lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine response. The minimal viral load post-SARS-CoV-2 challenge and significant immune response in the immunized animals demonstrated the efficiency of NFIS in delivering 2 mg ZyCoV-D vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Command Hospital [Southern Command], Armed Forces Medical College [AFMC], Pune, India
| | - Kshitij Agarwal
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University college of Medical Scieneces and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Mukul Jain
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Dilip R Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kapil Maithal
- Vaccine Technology Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Basavaraj Mathapati
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Suresh Giri
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sreelekshmy Mohandas
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gajanan Sapkal
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Y Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ayan Dey
- Vaccine Technology Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Harish Chandra
- Vaccine Technology Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Gururaj Deshpande
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Priya Abraham
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Himanshu Kaushal
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rima R Sahay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anuradha Tripathy
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dimpal Nyayanit
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajlaxmi Jain
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhimanyu Kumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasad Sarkale
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shreekant Baradkar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Hari Prasad Raju
- Vaccine Technology Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Satish Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Niraj Shah
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Pankaj Dwivedi
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Dharmendra Singh
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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10
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Improved DNA Vaccine Delivery with Needle-Free Injection Systems. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020280. [PMID: 36851159 PMCID: PMC9964240 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines have inherent advantages compared to other vaccine types, including safety, rapid design and construction, ease and speed to manufacture, and thermostability. However, a major drawback of candidate DNA vaccines delivered by needle and syringe is the poor immunogenicity associated with inefficient cellular uptake of the DNA. This uptake is essential because the target vaccine antigen is produced within cells and then presented to the immune system. Multiple techniques have been employed to boost the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of DNA vaccines, including physical delivery methods, molecular and traditional adjuvants, and genetic sequence enhancements. Needle-free injection systems (NFIS) are an attractive alternative due to the induction of potent immunogenicity, enhanced protective efficacy, and elimination of needles. These advantages led to a milestone achievement in the field with the approval for Restricted Use in Emergency Situation of a DNA vaccine against COVID-19, delivered exclusively with NFIS. In this review, we discuss physical delivery methods for DNA vaccines with an emphasis on commercially available NFIS and their resulting safety, immunogenic effectiveness, and protective efficacy. As is discussed, prophylactic DNA vaccines delivered by NFIS tend to induce non-inferior immunogenicity to electroporation and enhanced responses compared to needle and syringe.
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11
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Nakagami H, Hayashi H, Sun J, Yanagida Y, Otera T, Nakagami F, Hamaguchi S, Yoshida H, Okuno H, Yoshida S, Nakamaru R, Yokoyama S, Fujimoto T, Hongyo K, Akeda Y, Morishita R, Tomono K, Rakugi H. Phase I Study to Assess the Safety and Immunogenicity of an Intradermal COVID-19 DNA Vaccine Administered Using a Pyro-Drive Jet Injector in Healthy Adults. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091427. [PMID: 36146505 PMCID: PMC9503587 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a nonrandomized, open-label phase I study to assess the safety and immunogenicity of an intradermal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) DNA vaccine (AG0302-COVID-19) administered using a pyro-drive jet injector at Osaka University Hospital between Yanagida November 2020 and December 2021. Twenty healthy volunteers, male or female, were enrolled in the low-dose (0.2 mg) or high-dose (0.4 mg) groups and administered AG0302-COVID19 twice at a 2-week interval. There were no adverse events that led to discontinuation of the study drug vaccination schedule. A serious adverse event (disc protrusion) was reported in one patient in the high-dose group, but the individual recovered, and the adverse event was not causally related to the study drug. In the analysis of the humoral immune response, the geometric mean titer (GMT) of serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein-specific antibody was low in both the low-dose and high-dose groups (246.2 (95% CI 176.2 to 344.1, 348.2 (95% CI 181.3 to 668.9)) at the 8 weeks after first vaccination. Regarding the analysis of the cellular immune, the number of IFN-γ-producing cells responsive to the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein increased with individual differences after the first dose and was sustained for several months. Overall, no notable safety issues were observed with the intradermal inoculations of AG0302-COVID19. Regarding immunogenicity, a cellular immune response was observed in some subjects after AG0302-COVID19 intradermal inoculation, but no significant antibody production was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Nakagami
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-6-6210-8359; Fax: +81-6-6210-8360
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jiao Sun
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuka Yanagida
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takako Otera
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Futoshi Nakagami
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeto Hamaguchi
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisao Yoshida
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideo Okuno
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shota Yoshida
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakamaru
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Serina Yokoyama
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taku Fujimoto
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hongyo
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Morishita
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Tomono
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
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12
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Safety and Immunogenicity of Combined DNA-Polyethylenimine and Oral Bacterial Idiotypic Vaccine for Patients with B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Pilot Study. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143298. [PMID: 35884359 PMCID: PMC9320637 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunoglobulin variable domains, or idiotypes, have been used as lymphoma-specific antigens for therapeutic vaccination against B-cell lymphomas in a number of clinical trials. The effectiveness of DNA vaccines significantly depends on the chosen method of DNA delivery. In this study, we applied the intramuscular injection of a DNA–PEI vaccine followed by an oral vaccine-carrying Salmonella boost for lymphoma patients, which was safe and well tolerated. The observed remission was accompanied by T-cell but not an antibody response to the vaccine in most of the patients. Abstract We report, in brief, the results of a phase I, non-randomized study of idiotypic DNA vaccination in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (ISRCTN31090206). The DNA sequence of lymphoma-derived immunoglobulin variable regions was used as a tumor-specific antigen fused to the potato virus X coat protein. A conjugate of plasmid DNA with polyethylenimine was used for the intramuscular injections, followed by a boost with an oral live-attenuated Salmonella vaccine carrying the same plasmid. The patients with a complete or partial response to previous chemotherapy received one or two courses of vaccination, including four injections at monthly intervals. The vaccine was well tolerated, with low-grade adverse events. The T-cell immune responses were assessed by ELISpot, at last vaccine, one week and one month post-vaccination, and were detected in 11/14 (78.6%) of the patients. In cases of progression requiring chemotherapy, or the presence of a positive MRD after the first course of vaccination, the patients underwent a second course of vaccination. At the end point, 6/19 vaccinated patients had disease stabilization, while 13/19 were in complete remission. The overall survival was 100% at follow-up, of a median of 2.3 years.
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13
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Preclinical evaluation of a candidate naked plasmid DNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:156. [PMID: 34930909 PMCID: PMC8688418 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
New generation plasmid DNA vaccines may be a safe, fast and simple emergency vaccine platform for preparedness against emerging viral pathogens. Applying platform optimization strategies, we tested the pre-clinical immunogenicity and protective effect of a candidate DNA plasmid vaccine specific for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The DNA vaccine induced spike-specific binding IgG and neutralizing antibodies in mice, rabbits, and rhesus macaques together with robust Th1 dominant cellular responses in small animals. Intradermal and intramuscular needle-free administration of the DNA vaccine yielded comparable immune responses. In a vaccination-challenge study of rhesus macaques, the vaccine demonstrated protection from viral replication in the lungs following intranasal and intratracheal inoculation with SARS-CoV-2. In conclusion, the candidate plasmid DNA vaccine encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is immunogenic in different models and confers protection against lung infection in nonhuman primates. Further evaluation of this DNA vaccine candidate in clinical trials is warranted.
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14
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Kim J, Vasan S, Kim JH, Ake JA. Current approaches to HIV vaccine development: a narrative review. J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24 Suppl 7:e25793. [PMID: 34806296 PMCID: PMC8606871 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of an effective vaccine to protect against HIV is a longstanding global health need complicated by challenges inherent to HIV biology and to the execution of vaccine efficacy testing in the context of evolving biomedical prevention interventions. This review describes lessons learnt from previous efficacy trials, highlights unanswered questions, and surveys new approaches in vaccine development addressing these gaps. METHODS We conducted a targeted peer-reviewed literature search of articles and conference abstracts from 1989 through 2021 for HIV vaccine studies and clinical trials. The US National Library of Medicine's Clinical Trials database was accessed to further identify clinical trials involving HIV vaccines. The content of the review was also informed by the authors' own experience and engagement with collaborators in HIV vaccine research. DISCUSSION The HIV vaccine field has successfully developed multiple vaccine platforms through advanced clinical studies; however, the modest efficacy signal of the RV144 Thai trial remains the only demonstration of HIV vaccine protection in humans. Current vaccine strategies include prime-boost strategies to improve elicitation of immune correlates derived from RV144, combination mosaic antigens, novel viral vectors, antigens designed to elicit broadly neutralizing antibody, new nucleic acid platforms and potent adjuvants to enhance immunogenicity across multiple classes of emerging vaccine candidates. CONCLUSIONS HIV vaccine developers have applied lessons learnt from previous successes and failures to innovative vaccine design approaches. These strategies have yielded novel mosaic antigen constructs now in efficacy testing, produced a diverse pipeline of early-stage immunogens and novel adjuvants, and advanced the field towards a globally effective HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiae Kim
- US Military HIV Research ProgramWalter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringMarylandUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military MedicineBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- US Military HIV Research ProgramWalter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringMarylandUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military MedicineBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | | | - Julie A. Ake
- US Military HIV Research ProgramWalter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringMarylandUSA
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15
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Shafaati M, Saidijam M, Soleimani M, Hazrati F, Mirzaei R, Amirheidari B, Tanzadehpanah H, Karampoor S, Kazemi S, Yavari B, Mahaki H, Safaei M, Rahbarizadeh F, Samadi P, Ahmadyousefi Y. A brief review on DNA vaccines in the era of COVID-19. Future Virol 2021; 17:10.2217/fvl-2021-0170. [PMID: 34858516 PMCID: PMC8629371 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a brief overview of DNA vaccines. First, the basic DNA vaccine design strategies are described, then specific issues related to the industrial production of DNA vaccines are discussed, including the production and purification of DNA products such as plasmid DNA, minicircle DNA, minimalistic, immunologically defined gene expression (MIDGE) and Doggybone™. The use of adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines is then discussed. In addition, different delivery routes and several physical and chemical methods to increase the efficacy of DNA delivery into cells are explained. Recent preclinical and clinical trials of DNA vaccines for COVID-19 are then summarized. Lastly, the advantages and obstacles of DNA vaccines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shafaati
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Meysam Soleimani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fereshte Hazrati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Bagher Amirheidari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Extremophile and Productive Microorganisms Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Tanzadehpanah
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Kazemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Bahram Yavari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hanie Mahaki
- Vascular & Endovascular Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Safaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouria Samadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Ahmadyousefi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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16
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Andersen TK, Bodin J, Oftung F, Bogen B, Mjaaland S, Grødeland G. Pandemic Preparedness Against Influenza: DNA Vaccine for Rapid Relief. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747032. [PMID: 34691056 PMCID: PMC8531196 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2009 “swine flu” pandemic outbreak demonstrated the limiting capacity for egg-based vaccines with respect to global vaccine supply within a timely fashion. New vaccine platforms that efficiently can quench pandemic influenza emergences are urgently needed. Since 2009, there has been a profound development of new vaccine platform technologies with respect to prophylactic use in the population, including DNA vaccines. These vaccines are particularly well suited for global pandemic responses as the DNA format is temperature stable and the production process is cheap and rapid. Here, we show that by targeting influenza antigens directly to antigen presenting cells (APC), DNA vaccine efficacy equals that of conventional technologies. A single dose of naked DNA encoding hemagglutinin (HA) from influenza/A/California/2009 (H1N1), linked to a targeting moiety directing the vaccine to major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecules, raised similar humoral immune responses as the adjuvanted split virion vaccine Pandemrix, widely administered in the 2009 pandemic. Both vaccine formats rapidly induced serum antibodies that could protect mice already 8 days after a single immunization, in contrast to the slower kinetics of a seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV). Importantly, the DNA vaccine also elicited cytotoxic T-cell responses that reduced morbidity after vaccination, in contrast to very limited T-cell responses seen after immunization with Pandemrix and TIV. These data demonstrate that DNA vaccines has the potential as a single dose platform vaccine, with rapid protective effects without the need for adjuvant, and confirms the relevance of naked DNA vaccines as candidates for pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor Kristian Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johanna Bodin
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fredrik Oftung
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Clinic for Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siri Mjaaland
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnveig Grødeland
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Clinic for Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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17
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Nakagami H. Development of COVID-19 vaccines utilizing gene therapy technology. Int Immunol 2021; 33:521-527. [PMID: 33772572 PMCID: PMC8083619 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is currently an outbreak of respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2. Individuals with COVID-19 have symptoms that are usually asymptomatic or mild in most initial cases. However, in some cases, moderate and severe symptoms have been observed with pneumonia. Many companies are developing COVID-19 vaccine candidates using different technologies that are classified into four groups (intact target viruses, proteins, viral vectors and nucleic acids). For rapid development, RNA vaccines and adenovirus vector vaccines have been urgently approved, and their injection has already started across the world. These types of vaccine technologies have been developed over more than 20 years using translational research for use against cancer or diseases caused by genetic disorders but the COVID-19 vaccines are the first licensed drugs to prevent infectious diseases using RNA vaccine technology. Although these vaccines are highly effective in preventing COVID-19 for a short period, safety and efficiency evaluations should be continuously monitored over a long time period. As the time of writing, more than 10 projects are now in phase 3 to evaluate the prevention of infection in double-blind studies. Hopefully, several projects may be approved to ensure high-efficiency and safe vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Nakagami
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Zhang R, Hung IFN. Approaches in broadening the neutralizing antibody response of the influenza vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1539-1547. [PMID: 34549677 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1984887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza vaccine is the mainstay for influenza prevention and elicits immune response and antigen-specific neutralizing antibodies against influenza virus. However, antigenic drift and shift can confer influenza virus to escape from the immune response induced by vaccine, and then reduce the vaccine effectiveness. AREAS COVERED To improve effect and neutralizing antibody response of vaccine for heterologous influenza virus, a literature review of preclinical and clinical studies published before August 2021 and searched in PubMed, which evaluated vaccine effectiveness improved by adjuvants and administration route. EXPERT OPINION The review showed that adjuvant, including imiquimod, GLA, MF59, and AS03, can improve the effectiveness of influenza vaccines by regulating immune system. Subjects receiving influenza vaccine combined with these adjuvants showed enhanced antibody response against homologous and heterologous virus strains compared to those vaccinated without adjuvant. This review also discussed the role of intradermal vaccination. In contrast to intramuscular vaccination, intradermal vaccination elicited a robust and prolonged antibody response against vaccine strains and drifted virus than intramuscular vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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19
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Verdecia M, Kokai-Kun JF, Kibbey M, Acharya S, Venema J, Atouf F. COVID-19 vaccine platforms: Delivering on a promise? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2873-2893. [PMID: 34033528 PMCID: PMC8381795 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1911204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the novel SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 has brought into sharp focus the need for a vaccine to prevent this disease. Vaccines have saved millions of lives since their introduction to the public over 200 years ago. The potential for vaccination reached new heights in the mid-20th century with the development of technologies that expanded the ability to create novel vaccines. Since then, there has been continued technological advancement in vaccine development. The resulting platforms provide the promise for solutions for many infectious diseases, including those that have been with us for decades as well as those just now emerging. Each vaccine platform represents a different technology with a unique set of advantages and challenges, especially when considering manufacturing. Therefore, it is essential to understand each platform as a separate product and process with its specific quality considerations. This review outlines the relevant platforms for developing a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Verdecia
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Maura Kibbey
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sarita Acharya
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jaap Venema
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Fouad Atouf
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
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20
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Eusébio D, Neves AR, Costa D, Biswas S, Alves G, Cui Z, Sousa Â. Methods to improve the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2575-2592. [PMID: 34214667 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines have emerged as innovative approaches that have great potential to overcome the limitations of current conventional vaccines. Plasmid DNA vaccines are often safer than other vaccines because they carry only antigen genetic information, are more stable and easier to produce, and can stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses. Although the results of ongoing clinical trials are very promising, some limitations compromise the immunogenicity of these vaccines. Thus, this review describes different strategies that can be explored to improve the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines, including the optimization of the plasmid vector backbone, the use of different methods for vaccine delivery, the use of alternative administration routes and the inclusion of adjuvants. In combination, these improvements could lead to the successful clinical use of plasmid DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalinda Eusébio
- CICS-UBI - Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana R Neves
- CICS-UBI - Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Diana Costa
- CICS-UBI - Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Swati Biswas
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS-UBI - Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ângela Sousa
- CICS-UBI - Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
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21
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Rane YS, Thomas JB, Fisher P, Broderick KE, Marston JO. Feasibility of using negative pressure for jet injection applications. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Imai T. Single Amino Acid Deletion at N-Terminus of the Target Antigen in DNA Vaccine Induces Altered CD8 + T Cell Responses against Tumor Antigen. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060540. [PMID: 34063920 PMCID: PMC8224024 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since CD8+ T cells have immunological memory and can eliminate tumor or infected cells, antigen-specific CD8+ T cell inducing DNA vaccines are potential next-generation vaccines. However, the relationship between single amino acid deletion of target antigens in plasmid DNA vaccines and vaccine efficacy is not completely understood. To address this knowledge disparity and improve DNA vaccine development, two constructs cytosolic form of ovalbumin, pOVAv (346 amino acids) and pOVAy (345 amino acids) were constructed and compared. OVA proteins from both constructs were detected in an in vitro experiment. Then, the efficacy of prophylactic DNA vaccination using a gene gun against OVA-expressing mouse thymoma cells was compared. Both constructs conferred protection against tumor challenge, and there was no significant difference between the efficacies of pOVAv and pOVAy. The pOVAv vaccine induced stronger antigen-specific cytotoxicity in vivo, while bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) transfected with pOVAv induced higher levels of IFN-γ production from OT-I CD8+ T cells in vitro compared to pOVAy. These results indicate that a single amino acid deletion at N-terminus of the target antigen in a DNA vaccine leads to a different immunological outcome. The small modification of the target antigen in the DNA vaccine might improve its efficacy against tumor or infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Imai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
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23
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Hosseinipour MC, Innes C, Naidoo S, Mann P, Hutter J, Ramjee G, Sebe M, Maganga L, Herce ME, deCamp AC, Marshall K, Dintwe O, Andersen-Nissen E, Tomaras GD, Mkhize N, Morris L, Jensen R, Miner MD, Pantaleo G, Ding S, Van Der Meeren O, Barnett SW, McElrath MJ, Corey L, Kublin JG. Phase 1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Vaccine Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of HIV Subtype C DNA and MF59-Adjuvanted Subtype C Envelope Protein. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:50-60. [PMID: 31900486 PMCID: PMC7823071 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Pox-Protein Public-Private Partnership is performing a suite of trials to evaluate the bivalent subtype C envelope protein (TV1.C and 1086.C glycoprotein 120) vaccine in the context of different adjuvants and priming agents for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) prevention. METHODS In the HIV Vaccine Trials Network 111 trial, we compared the safety and immunogenicity of DNA prime followed by DNA/protein boost with DNA/protein coadministration injected intramuscularly via either needle/syringe or a needle-free injection device (Biojector). One hundred thirty-two healthy, HIV-1-uninfected adults were enrolled from Zambia, South Africa, and Tanzania and were randomized to 1 of 6 arms: DNA prime, protein boost by needle/syringe; DNA and protein coadministration by needle/syringe; placebo by needle/syringe; DNA prime, protein boost with DNA given by Biojector; DNA and protein coadministration with DNA given by Biojector; and placebo by Biojector. RESULTS All vaccinations were safe and well tolerated. DNA and protein coadministration was associated with increased HIV-1 V1/V2 antibody response rate, a known correlate of decreased HIV-1 infection risk. DNA administration by Biojector elicited significantly higher CD4+ T-cell response rates to HIV envelope protein than administration by needle/syringe in the prime/boost regimen (85.7% vs 55.6%; P = .02), but not in the coadministration regimen (43.3% vs 48.3%; P = .61). CONCLUSIONS Both the prime/boost and coadministration regimens are safe and may be promising for advancement into efficacy trials depending on whether cellular or humoral responses are desired. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION South African National Clinical Trials Registry (application 3947; Department of Health [DoH] no. DOH-27-0715-4917) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02997969).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina C Hosseinipour
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,UNC Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - Sarita Naidoo
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Philipp Mann
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julia Hutter
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gita Ramjee
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | | | | | - Michael E Herce
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kyle Marshall
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - One Dintwe
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Erica Andersen-Nissen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nonhlanhla Mkhize
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ryan Jensen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Maurine D Miner
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Song Ding
- EuroVacc Foundation, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James G Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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24
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Petrova SY, Khlgatian SV, Svirshchevskaya EV, Vasilyeva AV, Berzhets VM. DNA vaccines and recombinant allergens with reduced allergenic activity treat allergies. RUSSIAN OPEN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2021.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is intended to familiarize readers with major novel directions of developing allergy vaccines, their structure, as well as the mechanisms of forming a new immunological response in the course of the treating immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic diseases. Currently, science offers a huge variety of new experimental forms of recombinant allergens with reduced allergenic activity and increased immunogenicity, or vice-versa, immune tolerance. Often, the mechanisms of their effect on the immune system are not fully understood. Scientific publications, including reviews covering this topic, allowed us identifying top priority areas in the development of allergy vaccines: recombinant hypoallergenic allergen derivatives, T cell epitope-based allergy vaccines, and B cell epitope-based allergy vaccines. In addition, the review discusses use of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccines. Immunotherapy with DNA vaccines is the newest and least studied method of treating allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena V. Svirshchevskaya
- M.M. Shemyakin – Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
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25
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Rohilla P, Lawal I, Le Blanc A, O'Brien V, Weeks C, Tran W, Rane Y, Khusnatdinov E, Marston J. Loading effects on the performance of needle-free jet injections in different skin models. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Tregoning JS, Brown ES, Cheeseman HM, Flight KE, Higham SL, Lemm N, Pierce BF, Stirling DC, Wang Z, Pollock KM. Vaccines for COVID-19. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 202:162-192. [PMID: 32935331 PMCID: PMC7597597 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus at the end of 2019, there has been an explosion of vaccine development. By 24 September 2020, a staggering number of vaccines (more than 200) had started preclinical development, of which 43 had entered clinical trials, including some approaches that have not previously been licensed for human vaccines. Vaccines have been widely considered as part of the exit strategy to enable the return to previous patterns of working, schooling and socializing. Importantly, to effectively control the COVID-19 pandemic, production needs to be scaled-up from a small number of preclinical doses to enough filled vials to immunize the world's population, which requires close engagement with manufacturers and regulators. It will require a global effort to control the virus, necessitating equitable access for all countries to effective vaccines. This review explores the immune responses required to protect against SARS-CoV-2 and the potential for vaccine-induced immunopathology. We describe the profile of the different platforms and the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. The review also addresses the critical steps between promising preclinical leads and manufacturing at scale. The issues faced during this pandemic and the platforms being developed to address it will be invaluable for future outbreak control. Nine months after the outbreak began we are at a point where preclinical and early clinical data are being generated for the vaccines; an overview of this important area will help our understanding of the next phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Tregoning
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt Mary’s CampusImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - E. S. Brown
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt Mary’s CampusImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - H. M. Cheeseman
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt Mary’s CampusImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - K. E. Flight
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt Mary’s CampusImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - S. L. Higham
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt Mary’s CampusImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - N.‐M. Lemm
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt Mary’s CampusImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - B. F. Pierce
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt Mary’s CampusImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - D. C. Stirling
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt Mary’s CampusImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Z. Wang
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt Mary’s CampusImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - K. M. Pollock
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt Mary’s CampusImperial College LondonLondonUK
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27
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Hettinga J, Carlisle R. Vaccination into the Dermal Compartment: Techniques, Challenges, and Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E534. [PMID: 32947966 PMCID: PMC7564253 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2019, an 'influenza pandemic' and 'vaccine hesitancy' were listed as two of the top 10 challenges to global health by the WHO. The skin is a unique vaccination site, due to its immune-rich milieu, which is evolutionarily primed to respond to challenge, and its ability to induce both humoral and cellular immunity. Vaccination into this dermal compartment offers a way of addressing both of the challenges presented by the WHO, as well as opening up avenues for novel vaccine formulation and dose-sparing strategies to enter the clinic. This review will provide an overview of the diverse range of vaccination techniques available to target the dermal compartment, as well as their current state, challenges, and prospects, and touch upon the formulations that have been developed to maximally benefit from these new techniques. These include needle and syringe techniques, microneedles, DNA tattooing, jet and ballistic delivery, and skin permeabilization techniques, including thermal ablation, chemical enhancers, ablation, electroporation, iontophoresis, and sonophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Carlisle
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
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28
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Antibody and cellular responses to HIV vaccine regimens with DNA plasmid as compared with ALVAC priming: An analysis of two randomized controlled trials. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003117. [PMID: 32442195 PMCID: PMC7244095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA plasmids promise a pragmatic alternative to viral vectors for prime-boost HIV-1 vaccines. We evaluated DNA plasmid versus canarypox virus (ALVAC) primes in 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in southern Africa with harmonized trial designs. HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) 111 tested DNA plasmid prime by needle or needleless injection device (Biojector) and DNA plasmid plus gp120 protein plus MF59 adjuvant boost. HVTN 100 tested ALVAC prime and ALVAC plus gp120 protein plus MF59 adjuvant boost (same protein/adjuvant as HVTN 111) by needle. METHODS AND FINDINGS The primary endpoints for this analysis were binding antibody (bAb) responses to HIV antigens (gp120 from strains ZM96, 1086, and TV1; variable 1 and 2 [V1V2] regions of gp120 from strains TV1, 1086, and B.CaseA, as 1086 V1V2 and B.CaseA were correlates of risk in the RV144 efficacy trial), neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses to pseudoviruses TV1c8.2 and MW925.26, and cellular responses to vaccine-matched antigens (envelope [Env] from strains ZM96, 1086, and TV1; and Gag from strains LAI and ZM96) at month 6.5, two weeks after the fourth vaccination. Per-protocol cohorts included vaccine recipients from HVTN 100 (n = 186, 60% male, median age 23 years) enrolled between February 9, 2015, and May 26, 2015 and from HVTN 111 (n = 56, 48% male, median age 24 years) enrolled between June 21, 2016, and July 13, 2017. IgG bAb response rates were 100% to 3 Env gp120 antigens in both trials. Response rates to V1V2 were lower and similar in both trials except to vaccine-matched 1086 V1V2, with rates significantly higher for the DNA-primed regimen than the ALVAC-primed regimen: 96.6% versus 72.7% (difference = 23.9%, 95% CI 15.6%-32.2%, p < 0.001). Among positive responders, bAb net mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) was significantly higher with the DNA-primed regimen than ALVAC-primed for 1086 V1V2 (geometric mean [GM] 2,833.3 versus 1,200.9; ratio = 2.36, 95% CI 1.42-3.92, p < 0.001) and B.CaseA V1V2 (GM 2314.0 versus 744.6, ratio = 3.11, 95% CI 1.51-6.38, p = 0.002). nAb response rates were >98% in both trials, with significantly higher 50% inhibitory dilution (ID50) among DNA-primed positive responders (n = 53) versus ALVAC-primed (n = 182) to tier 1A MW965.26 (GM 577.7 versus 265.7, ratio = 2.17, 95% CI 1.67-2.83, p < 0.001) and to TV1c8.2 (GM 187.3 versus 100.4, ratio = 1.87, 95% CI 1.48-2.35, p < 0.001). CD4+ T-cell response rates were significantly higher with DNA plasmid prime via Biojector than ALVAC prime (91.4% versus 52.8%, difference = 38.6%, 95% CI 20.5%-56.6%, p < 0.001 for ZM96.C; 88.0% versus 43.1%, difference = 44.9%, 95% CI 26.7%-63.1%, p < 0.001 for 1086.C; 55.5% versus 2.2%, difference = 53.3%, 95% CI 23.9%-82.7%, p < 0.001 for Gag LAI/ZM96). The study's main limitations include the nonrandomized comparison of vaccines from 2 different trials, the lack of data on immune responses to other non-vaccine-matched antigens, and the uncertain clinical significance of the observed immunological effects. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we found that further investigation of DNA/protein regimens is warranted given enhanced immunogenicity to the V1V2 correlates of decreased HIV-1 acquisition risk identified in RV144, the only HIV vaccine trial to date to show any efficacy.
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Plasmablast, Memory B Cell, CD4+ T Cell, and Circulating Follicular Helper T Cell Responses to a Non-Replicating Modified Vaccinia Ankara Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010069. [PMID: 32041104 PMCID: PMC7158692 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vaccinia is known to induce antibody and cellular responses. Plasmablast, circulating follicular helper T (cTFH) cells, cytokine-expressing CD4 T cells, and memory B cells were compared between subcutaneous (SC) and needle-free jet injection (JI) recipients of non-replicating modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine. Methods: Vaccinia-naïve adults received MVA SC or by JI on Days 1 and 29. Vaccinia-specific antibodies were quantified by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Plasmablast, cTFH, and cytokine-expressing CD4 T cells were assessed on Days 1, 8, 15, 29, 36, 43 (cTFH and CD4+ only) and 57. Memory B cells were measured on Days 1 and 57. Results: Of the 36 enrolled subjects, only 22 received both vaccinations and had evaluable specimens after the second vaccine. Plasmablasts peaked one week after each vaccine. Day 15 plasmablasts correlated with peak PRNT titers. cTFH peaked on Days 8 and 36 and correlated with Day 36 plasmablasts. CD4+ peaked at Day 29 and one-third produced ≥2 cytokines. Day 57 memory B cells ranged from 0.1% to 0.17% of IgG-secreting B cells. Conclusions: This study provides insights into the cellular responses to non-replicating MVA, currently used as a vector for a variety of novel vaccines.
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Jiang J, Ramos SJ, Bangalore P, Fisher P, Germar K, Lee BK, Williamson D, Kemme A, Schade E, McCoy J, Muthumani K, Weiner DB, Humeau LM, Broderick KE. Integration of needle-free jet injection with advanced electroporation delivery enhances the magnitude, kinetics, and persistence of engineered DNA vaccine induced immune responses. Vaccine 2019; 37:3832-3839. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Fynan EF, Lu S, Robinson HL. One Group's Historical Reflections on DNA Vaccine Development. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:966-970. [PMID: 30129778 PMCID: PMC6152846 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines were pioneered by several groups in the early 1990s. This article presents the reflections of one of these groups on their work with retroviral vectors in chickens that contributed to the discovery and early development of DNA vaccines. Although the findings were initially met with skepticism, the work presented here combined with that of others founded a new method of vaccination: the direct inoculation of purified DNA encoding the target antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen F. Fynan
- Department of Biology, Worcester State College, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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Lee LYY, Izzard L, Hurt AC. A Review of DNA Vaccines Against Influenza. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1568. [PMID: 30038621 PMCID: PMC6046547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The challenges of effective vaccination against influenza are gaining more mainstream attention, as recent influenza seasons have reported low efficacy in annual vaccination programs worldwide. Combined with the potential emergence of novel influenza viruses resulting in a pandemic, the need for effective alternatives to egg-produced conventional vaccines has been made increasingly clear. DNA vaccines against influenza have been in development since the 1990s, but the initial excitement over success in murine model trials has been tempered by comparatively poor performance in larger animal models. In the intervening years, much progress has been made to refine the DNA vaccine platform-the rational design of antigens and expression vectors, the development of novel vaccine adjuvants, and the employment of innovative gene delivery methods. This review discusses how these advances have been applied in recent efforts to develop an effective influenza DNA vaccine.
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Codon optimization and improved delivery/immunization regimen enhance the immune response against wild-type and drug-resistant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, preserving its Th2-polarity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8078. [PMID: 29799015 PMCID: PMC5967322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines require a considerable enhancement of immunogenicity. Here, we optimized a prototype DNA vaccine against drug-resistant HIV-1 based on a weak Th2-immunogen, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). We designed expression-optimized genes encoding inactivated wild-type and drug-resistant RTs (RT-DNAs) and introduced them into mice by intradermal injections followed by electroporation. RT-DNAs were administered as single or double primes with or without cyclic-di-GMP, or as a prime followed by boost with RT-DNA mixed with a luciferase-encoding plasmid (“surrogate challenge”). Repeated primes improved cellular responses and broadened epitope specificity. Addition of cyclic-di-GMP induced a transient increase in IFN-γ production. The strongest anti-RT immune response was achieved in a prime-boost protocol with electroporation by short 100V pulses done using penetrating electrodes. The RT-specific response, dominated by CD4+ T-cells, targeted epitopes at aa 199–220 and aa 528–543. Drug-resistance mutations disrupted the epitope at aa 205–220, while the CTL epitope at aa 202–210 was not affected. Overall, multiparametric optimization of RT strengthened its Th2- performance. A rapid loss of RT/luciferase-expressing cells in the surrogate challenge experiment revealed a lytic potential of anti-RT response. Such lytic CD4+ response would be beneficial for an HIV vaccine due to its comparative insensitivity to immune escape.
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Gaudinski MR, Houser KV, Morabito KM, Hu Z, Yamshchikov G, Rothwell RS, Berkowitz N, Mendoza F, Saunders JG, Novik L, Hendel CS, Holman LA, Gordon IJ, Cox JH, Edupuganti S, McArthur MA, Rouphael NG, Lyke KE, Cummings GE, Sitar S, Bailer RT, Foreman BM, Burgomaster K, Pelc RS, Gordon DN, DeMaso CR, Dowd KA, Laurencot C, Schwartz RM, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Pierson TC, Ledgerwood JE, Chen GL. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of two Zika virus DNA vaccine candidates in healthy adults: randomised, open-label, phase 1 clinical trials. Lancet 2018; 391:552-562. [PMID: 29217376 PMCID: PMC6379903 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)33105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Zika virus epidemic and associated congenital infections have prompted rapid vaccine development. We assessed two new DNA vaccines expressing premembrane and envelope Zika virus structural proteins. METHODS We did two phase 1, randomised, open-label trials involving healthy adult volunteers. The VRC 319 trial, done in three centres, assessed plasmid VRC5288 (Zika virus and Japanese encephalitis virus chimera), and the VRC 320, done in one centre, assessed plasmid VRC5283 (wild-type Zika virus). Eligible participants were aged 18-35 years in VRC19 and 18-50 years in VRC 320. Participants were randomly assigned 1:1 by a computer-generated randomisation schedule prepared by the study statistician. All participants received intramuscular injection of 4 mg vaccine. In VRC 319 participants were assigned to receive vaccinations via needle and syringe at 0 and 8 weeks, 0 and 12 weeks, 0, 4, and 8 weeks, or 0, 4, and 20 weeks. In VRC 320 participants were assigned to receive vaccinations at 0, 4, and 8 weeks via single-dose needle and syringe injection in one deltoid or split-dose needle and syringe or needle-free injection with the Stratis device (Pharmajet, Golden, CO, USA) in each deltoid. Both trials followed up volunteers for 24 months for the primary endpoint of safety, assessed as local and systemic reactogenicity in the 7 days after each vaccination and all adverse events in the 28 days after each vaccination. The secondary endpoint in both trials was immunogenicity 4 weeks after last vaccination. These trials are registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, numbers NCT02840487 and NCT02996461. FINDINGS VRC 319 enrolled 80 participants (20 in each group), and VRC 320 enrolled 45 participants (15 in each group). One participant in VRC 319 and two in VRC 320 withdrew after one dose of vaccine, but were included in the safety analyses. Both vaccines were safe and well tolerated. All local and systemic symptoms were mild to moderate. In both studies, pain and tenderness at the injection site was the most frequent local symptoms (37 [46%] of 80 participants in VRC 319 and 36 [80%] of 45 in VRC 320) and malaise and headache were the most frequent systemic symptoms (22 [27%] and 18 [22%], respectively, in VRC 319 and 17 [38%] and 15 [33%], respectively, in VRC 320). For VRC5283, 14 of 14 (100%) participants who received split-dose vaccinations by needle-free injection had detectable positive antibody responses, and the geometric mean titre of 304 was the highest across all groups in both trials. INTERPRETATION VRC5283 was well tolerated and has advanced to phase 2 efficacy testing. FUNDING Intramural Research Program of the Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Gaudinski
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katherine V Houser
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kaitlyn M Morabito
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zonghui Hu
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Galina Yamshchikov
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ro Shauna Rothwell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nina Berkowitz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Floreliz Mendoza
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jamie G Saunders
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura Novik
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia S Hendel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - LaSonji A Holman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ingelise J Gordon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Josephine H Cox
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory School of Medicine, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Monica A McArthur
- University of Maryland Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nadine G Rouphael
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory School of Medicine, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Kirsten E Lyke
- University of Maryland Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ginny E Cummings
- University of Maryland Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sandra Sitar
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert T Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bryant M Foreman
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katherine Burgomaster
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca S Pelc
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David N Gordon
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christina R DeMaso
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly A Dowd
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carolyn Laurencot
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard M Schwartz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Theodore C Pierson
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Grace L Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Alberer M, Gnad-Vogt U, Hong HS, Mehr KT, Backert L, Finak G, Gottardo R, Bica MA, Garofano A, Koch SD, Fotin-Mleczek M, Hoerr I, Clemens R, von Sonnenburg F. Safety and immunogenicity of a mRNA rabies vaccine in healthy adults: an open-label, non-randomised, prospective, first-in-human phase 1 clinical trial. Lancet 2017; 390:1511-1520. [PMID: 28754494 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31665-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccines based on mRNA coding for antigens have been shown to be safe and immunogenic in preclinical models. We aimed to report results of the first-in-human proof-of-concept clinical trial in healthy adults of a prophylactic mRNA-based vaccine encoding rabies virus glycoprotein (CV7201). METHODS We did an open-label, uncontrolled, prospective, phase 1 clinical trial at one centre in Munich, Germany. Healthy male and female volunteers (aged 18-40 years) with no history of rabies vaccination were sequentially enrolled. They received three doses of CV7201 intradermally or intramuscularly by needle-syringe or one of three needle-free devices. Escalating doses were given to subsequent cohorts, and one cohort received a booster dose after 1 year. The primary endpoint was safety and tolerability. The secondary endpoint was to determine the lowest dose of CV7201 to elicit rabies virus neutralising titres equal to or greater than the WHO-specified protective antibody titre of 0·5 IU/mL. The study is continuing for long-term safety and immunogenicity follow-up. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02241135. FINDINGS Between Oct 21, 2013, and Jan 11, 2016, we enrolled and vaccinated 101 participants with 306 doses of mRNA (80-640 μg) by needle-syringe (18 intradermally and 24 intramuscularly) or needle-free devices (46 intradermally and 13 intramuscularly). In the 7 days post vaccination, 60 (94%) of 64 intradermally vaccinated participants and 36 (97%) of 37 intramuscularly vaccinated participants reported solicited injection site reactions, and 50 (78%) of 64 intradermally vaccinated participants and 29 (78%) of 37 intramuscularly vaccinated participants reported solicited systemic adverse events, including ten grade 3 events. One unexpected, possibly related, serious adverse reaction that occurred 7 days after a 640 μg intramuscular dose resolved without sequelae. mRNA vaccination by needle-free intradermal or intramuscular device injection induced virus neutralising antibody titres of 0·5 IU/mL or more across dose levels and schedules in 32 (71%) of 45 participants given 80 μg or 160 μg CV7201 doses intradermally and six (46%) of 13 participants given 200 μg or 400 μg CV7201 doses intramuscularly. 1 year later, eight (57%) of 14 participants boosted with an 80 μg needle-free intradermal dose of CV7201 achieved titres of 0·5 IU/mL or more. Conversely, intradermal or intramuscular needle-syringe injection was ineffective, with only one participant (who received 320 μg intradermally) showing a detectable immune response. INTERPRETATION This first-ever demonstration in human beings shows that a prophylactic mRNA-based candidate vaccine can induce boostable functional antibodies against a viral antigen when administered with a needle-free device, although not when injected by a needle-syringe. The vaccine was generally safe with a reasonable tolerability profile. FUNDING CureVac AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Alberer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Linus Backert
- Quantitative Biology Centre, and Applied Bioinformatics, Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Frank von Sonnenburg
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Bendjama K, Quemeneur E. Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara-based vaccines in the era of personalized immunotherapy of cancer. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1997-2003. [PMID: 28846477 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1334746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
While interest in immunotherapies is renewed by the successful introduction of immune checkpoint blocking agent in the clinic, advances in genome sequencing are opening new possibilities in the design of increasingly personalized vaccines. Personalization of medicine can now be realistically contemplated at the single patient level. Unlike the previous generation of cancer vaccines, neoantigen directed vaccines would target truly specific tumor antigens resulting from acquired tumor genome mutations. Immune response induced by this next generation vaccine would not be subject to self-tolerance and will likely result to enhanced efficacy. Nevertheless, this new technologies can hold to their promises only if sponsors manage to meet several scientific, technical, logistical and regulatory challenges. In particular manufacturers will have to design, manufacture, and deliver to the patient a new pharmaceutical grade in a matters of weeks. In this paper, we briefly review current technologies currently tried at the translation of personalized vaccines and explore the possibilities offered by the Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara in this next wave of cancer vaccines.
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An avian influenza H7 DNA priming vaccine is safe and immunogenic in a randomized phase I clinical trial. NPJ Vaccines 2017; 2:15. [PMID: 29263871 PMCID: PMC5627236 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel avian influenza subtype, A/H7N9, emerged in 2013 and represents a public health threat with pandemic potential. We have previously shown that DNA vaccine priming increases the magnitude and quality of antibody responses to H5N1 monovalent inactivated boost. We now report the safety and immunogenicity of a H7 DNA-H7N9 monovalent inactivated vaccine prime-boost regimen. In this Phase 1, open label, randomized clinical trial, we evaluated three H7N9 vaccination regimens in healthy adults, with a prime-boost interval of 16 weeks. Group 1 received H7 DNA vaccine prime and H7N9 monovalent inactivated vaccine boost. Group 2 received H7 DNA and H7N9 monovalent inactivated vaccine as a prime and H7N9 monovalent inactivated vaccine as a boost. Group 3 received H7N9 monovalent inactivated vaccine in a homologous prime-boost regimen. Overall, 30 individuals between 20 to 60 years old enrolled and 28 completed both vaccinations. All injections were well tolerated with no serious adverse events. 2 weeks post-boost, 50% of Group 1 and 33% of Group 2 achieved a HAI titer ≥1:40 compared with 11% of Group 3. Also, at least a fourfold increase in neutralizing antibody responses was seen in 90% of Group 1, 100% of Group 2, and 78% of Group 3 subjects. Peak neutralizing antibody geometric mean titers were significantly greater for Group 1 (GMT = 440.61, p < 0.05) and Group 2 (GMT = 331, p = 0.02) when compared with Group 3 (GMT = 86.11). A novel H7 DNA vaccine was safe, well-tolerated, and immunogenic when boosted with H7N9 monovalent inactivated vaccine, while priming for higher HAI and neutralizing antibody titers than H7N9 monovalent inactivated vaccine alone. A vaccine candidate to treat a deadly subtype of avian influenza was shown to induce protective antibodies in initial clinical trials. As of March 2017, avian influenza strain A/H7N9 has killed 497 people since 2013, with 1349 confirmed cases. Julie Ledgerwood and her team from the United States’ National Institutes of Health in collaboration with colleagues at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention tested their two-stage vaccine protocol in humans, showing it to be effective and safe. The vaccine consists of an initial injection of viral DNA, which ‘primes’ the immune system to the pathogen, followed by a follow-up injection of an inactivated purified viral protein, which further boosts the host’s production of protective antibodies. The study shows the viability of this vaccine regimen and suggests further investigation into its appropriateness for treating avian influenza in humans.
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Hogan NC, Anahtar MN, Taberner AJ, Hunter IW. Delivery of immunoreactive antigen using a controllable needle-free jet injector. J Control Release 2017; 258:73-80. [PMID: 28479095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intradermal immunization of mice against hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) using a novel real-time controlled jet injector was assessed by comparison with intradermal and subcutaneous injection of antigen using a 27G needle and syringe. Three doses of aluminium-absorbed HBsAg were delivered at 0, 14, and 28days. Antibodies to HBsAg were detected only in mice injected with antigen with antibody levels increasing with secondary injections. Mice vaccinated by intradermal injection using the jet injector or subcutaneous needle injection exhibited comparable immune responses at day 47. Differences in titer observed between intradermal jet injected and needle injected animals reflect differences in the volume of antigen delivered. With the exception of minor bleeding at the injection site in a few animals injected either by jet injection or needle, no adverse events were observed in any of the mice used in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Catherine Hogan
- BioInstrumentation Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | | | - Andrew J Taberner
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute and Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ian W Hunter
- BioInstrumentation Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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MultiTEP platform-based DNA epitope vaccine targeting N-terminus of tau induces strong immune responses and reduces tau pathology in THY-Tau22 mice. Vaccine 2017; 35:2015-2024. [PMID: 28320590 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND By the time clinical symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) manifest in patients there is already substantial tau pathology in the brain. Recent evidence also suggests that tau pathology can become self-propagating, further accelerating disease progression. Over the last decade several groups have tested the efficacy of protein-based anti-tau immunotherapeutics in various animal models of tauopathy. Here we report on the immunological and therapeutic potency of the first anti-tau DNA vaccine based on the MultiTEP platform, AV-1980D, in THY-Tau22 transgenic mice. METHODS Starting at 3months of age, mice were immunized intramuscularly with AV-1980D vaccine targeting a tau B cell epitope spanning aa2-18 followed by electroporation (EP). Humoral and cellular immune responses in vaccinated animals were analyzed by ELISA and ELISpot, respectively. Neuropathological changes in the brains of experimental and control mice were then analyzed by biochemical (WB and ELISA) and immunohistochemical (IHC) methods at 9months of age. RESULTS EP-mediated AV-1980D vaccinations of THY-Tau22 mice induced activation of Th cells specific to the MultiTEP vaccine platform and triggered robust humoral immunity response specific to tau. Importantly, no activation of potentially harmful autoreactive Th cell responses specific to endogenous tau species was detected. The maximum titers of anti-tau antibodies were reached after two immunizations and remained slightly lower, but steady during five subsequent monthly immunizations. Vaccinations with AV-1980D followed by EP significantly reduced total tau and pS199 and AT180 phosphorylated tau levels in the brains extracts of vaccinated mice, but produced on subtle non-significant effects on other phosphorylated tau species. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that MultiTEP-based DNA epitope vaccination targeting the N-terminus of tau is highly immunogenic and therapeutically potent in the THY-Tau22 mouse model of tauopathy and indicate that EP-mediated DNA immunization is an attractive alternative to protein-based adjuvanted vaccines for inducing high concentrations of anti-tau antibodies.
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Jorritsma SHT, Gowans EJ, Grubor-Bauk B, Wijesundara DK. Delivery methods to increase cellular uptake and immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. Vaccine 2016; 34:5488-5494. [PMID: 27742218 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines are ideal candidates for global vaccination purposes because they are inexpensive and easy to manufacture on a large scale such that even people living in low-income countries can benefit from vaccination. However, the potential of DNA vaccines has not been realized owing mainly to the poor cellular uptake of DNA in vivo resulting in the poor immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. In this review, we discuss the benefits and shortcomings of several promising and innovative non-biological methods of DNA delivery that can be used to increase cellular delivery and efficacy of DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H T Jorritsma
- Virology Research Group, Discipline of Surgery, The Basil Hetzel Institute, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - E J Gowans
- Virology Research Group, Discipline of Surgery, The Basil Hetzel Institute, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - B Grubor-Bauk
- Virology Research Group, Discipline of Surgery, The Basil Hetzel Institute, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - D K Wijesundara
- Virology Research Group, Discipline of Surgery, The Basil Hetzel Institute, The University of Adelaide, Australia.
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Toll-Like Receptor 9 Activation Rescues Impaired Antibody Response in Needle-free Intradermal DNA Vaccination. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33564. [PMID: 27658623 PMCID: PMC5034244 DOI: 10.1038/srep33564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The delivery of plasmid DNA to the skin can target distinct subsets of dermal dendritic cells to confer a superior immune response. The needle-free immunization technology offers a reliable, safe and efficient means to administer intradermal (ID) injections. We report here that the ID injection of DNA vectors using an NF device (NF-ID) elicits a superior cell-mediated immune response, at much lesser DNA dosage, comparable in magnitude to the traditional intramuscular immunization. However, the humoral response is significantly impaired, possibly at the stage of B cell isotype switching. We found that the NF-ID administration deposits the DNA primarily on the epidermis resulting in a rapid loss of the DNA as well as the synthesized antigen due to the faster regeneration rate of the skin layers. Therefore, despite the immune-rich nature of the skin, the NF-ID immunization of DNA vectors may be limited by the impaired humoral response. Additional booster injections are required to augment the antibody response. As an alternative and a viable solution, we rescued the IgG response by coadministration of a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist, among other adjuvants examined. Our work has important implication for the optimization of the emerging needle-free technology for ID immunization.
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Su Y, Connolly M, Marketon A, Heiland T. CryJ-LAMP DNA Vaccines for Japanese Red Cedar Allergy Induce Robust Th1-Type Immune Responses in Murine Model. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:4857869. [PMID: 27239481 PMCID: PMC4867073 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4857869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergies caused by Japanese Red Cedar (JRC) pollen affect up to a third of Japanese people, necessitating development of an effective therapeutic. We utilized the lysosomal targeting property of lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1) to make DNA vaccines that encode LAMP-1 and the sequences of immunodominant allergen CryJ1 or CryJ2 from the JRC pollen. This novel strategy is designed to skew the CD4 T cell responses to the target allergens towards a nonallergenic Th1 response. CryJ1-LAMP and CryJ2-LAMP were administrated to BALB/c mice and antigen-specific Th1-type IgG2a and Th2-type IgG1 antibodies, as well as IgE antibodies, were assayed longitudinally. We also isolated different T cell populations from immunized mice and adoptively transferred them into naïve mice followed by CryJ1/CryJ2 protein boosts. We demonstrated that CryJ-LAMP immunized mice produce high levels of IFN-γ and anti-CryJ1 or anti-CryJ2 IgG2a antibodies and low levels of IgE antibodies, suggesting that a Th1 response was induced. In addition, we found that CD4(+) T cells are the immunological effectors of DNA vaccination in this allergy model. Together, our results suggest the CryJ-LAMP Vaccine has a potential as an effective therapeutic for JRC induced allergy by skewing Th1/Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Su
- Department of R&D, Immunomic Therapeutics, Inc. (ITI), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Michael Connolly
- Department of R&D, Immunomic Therapeutics, Inc. (ITI), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Anthony Marketon
- Department of R&D, Immunomic Therapeutics, Inc. (ITI), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Teri Heiland
- Department of R&D, Immunomic Therapeutics, Inc. (ITI), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Abstract
DNA plasmids can be used to induce a protective (or therapeutic) immune response by delivering genes encoding vaccine antigens. That naked DNA (without the refinement of coat proteins or host evasion systems) can cross from outside the cell into the nucleus and be expressed is particularly remarkable given the sophistication of the immune system in preventing infection by pathogens. As a result of the ease, low cost, and speed of custom gene synthesis, DNA vaccines dangle a tantalizing prospect of the next wave of vaccine technology, promising individual designer vaccines for cancer or mass vaccines with a rapid response time to emerging pandemics. There is considerable enthusiasm for the use of DNA vaccination as an approach, but this enthusiasm should be tempered by the successive failures in clinical trials to induce a potent immune response. The technology is evolving with the development of improved delivery systems that increase expression levels, particularly electroporation and the incorporation of genetically encoded adjuvants. This review will introduce some key concepts in the use of DNA plasmids as vaccines, including how the DNA enters the cell and is expressed, how it induces an immune response, and a summary of clinical trials with DNA vaccines. The review also explores the advances being made in vector design, delivery, formulation, and adjuvants to try to realize the promise of this technology for new vaccines. If the immunogenicity and expression barriers can be cracked, then DNA vaccines may offer a step change in mass vaccination.
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Gong Y, Labh S, Jin Y, Diao HY, Li XL, Liu ZY, Shi YL. Needle-free injection of 5-aminolevulinic acid in photodynamic therapy for the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer. Dermatol Ther 2016; 29:255-62. [PMID: 26811297 DOI: 10.1111/dth.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gong
- Department of Dermatology; Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Sony Labh
- Department of Dermatology; Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Yi Jin
- Department of Dermatology; Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Hong-Yue Diao
- Department of Dermatology; Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Xiu-Li Li
- Department of Dermatology; Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Zhi-Yu Liu
- Department of Dermatology; Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Yu-Ling Shi
- Department of Dermatology; Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
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Adenoviral Vector Vaccines Antigen Transgene. ADENOVIRAL VECTORS FOR GENE THERAPY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7150117 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800276-6.00021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade adenovirus-based vaccines have progressed from preclinical studies, which universally showed the vectors’ high immunogenicity, to testing in humans. Clinical trials showed that adenovirus vectors are well tolerated by humans. They induce robust immune responses that can be expanded by booster immunization. The effect of preexisting neutralizing antibodies on vectors’ immunogenicity appears to be less severe than was observed in experimental animals and can readily be circumvented by using vectors to which most humans lack neutralizing antibodies. Additional clinical studies are needed to firmly establish the efficacy of adenoviral vector vaccines.
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Abstract
In the two decades since their initial discovery, DNA vaccines technologies have come a long way. Unfortunately, when applied to human subjects inadequate immunogenicity is still the biggest challenge for practical DNA vaccine use. Many different strategies have been tested in preclinical models to address this problem, including novel plasmid vectors and codon optimization to enhance antigen expression, new gene transfection systems or electroporation to increase delivery efficiency, protein or live virus vector boosting regimens to maximise immune stimulation, and formulation of DNA vaccines with traditional or molecular adjuvants. Better understanding of the mechanisms of action of DNA vaccines has also enabled better use of the intrinsic host response to DNA to improve vaccine immunogenicity. This review summarizes recent advances in DNA vaccine technologies and related intracellular events and how these might impact on future directions of DNA vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- a Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park , Adelaide , Australia.,b Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology , Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre , Adelaide , SA , Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- a Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park , Adelaide , Australia.,b Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology , Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre , Adelaide , SA , Australia
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47
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Ren Y, Wang N, Hu W, Zhang X, Xu J, Wan Y. Successive site translocating inoculation potentiates DNA/recombinant vaccinia vaccination. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18099. [PMID: 26667202 PMCID: PMC4678304 DOI: 10.1038/srep18099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines have advantages over traditional vaccine modalities; however the relatively low immunogenicity restrains its translation into clinical use. Further optimizations are needed to get the immunogenicity of DNA vaccine closer to the level required for human use. Here we show that intramuscularly inoculating into a different limb each time significantly improves the immunogenicities of both DNA and recombinant vaccinia vaccines during multiple vaccinations, compared to repeated vaccination on the same limb. We term this strategy successive site translocating inoculation (SSTI). SSTI could work in synergy with genetic adjuvant and DNA prime-recombinant vaccinia boost regimen. By comparing in vivo antigen expression, we found that SSTI avoided the specific inhibition of in vivo antigen expression, which was observed in the limbs being repeatedly inoculated. Employing in vivo T cell depletion and passive IgG transfer, we delineated that the inhibition was not mediated by CD8+ T cells but by specific antibodies. Finally, by using C3−/− mouse model and in vivo NK cells depletion, we identified that specific antibodies negatively regulated the in vivo antigen expression primarily in a complement depended way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Ren
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Na Wang
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weiguo Hu
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yanmin Wan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
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Huang Y, Follmann D, Nason M, Zhang L, Huang Y, Mehrotra DV, Moodie Z, Metch B, Janes H, Keefer MC, Churchyard G, Robb ML, Fast PE, Duerr A, McElrath MJ, Corey L, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Sobieszczyk ME, Kublin JG, Robertson M, Hammer SM, Gray GE, Buchbinder SP, Gilbert PB. Effect of rAd5-Vector HIV-1 Preventive Vaccines on HIV-1 Acquisition: A Participant-Level Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136626. [PMID: 26332672 PMCID: PMC4558095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Three phase 2b, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized efficacy trials have tested recombinant Adenovirus serotype-5 (rAd5)-vector preventive HIV-1 vaccines: MRKAd5 HIV-1 gag/pol/nef in Step and Phambili, and DNA/rAd5 HIV-1 env/gag/pol in HVTN505. Due to efficacy futility observed at the first interim analysis in Step and HVTN505, participants of all three studies were unblinded to their vaccination assignments during the study but continued follow–up. Rigorous meta-analysis can provide crucial information to advise the future utility of rAd5-vector vaccines. Methods We included participant-level data from all three efficacy trials, and three Phase 1–2 trials evaluating the HVTN505 vaccine regimen. We predefined two co-primary analysis cohorts for assessing the vaccine effect on HIV-1 acquisition. The modified-intention-to-treat (MITT) cohort included all randomly assigned participants HIV-1 uninfected at study entry, who received at least the first vaccine/placebo, and the Ad5 cohort included MITT participants who received at least one dose of rAd5-HIV vaccine or rAd5-placebo. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of HIV-1 infection (vaccine vs. placebo) and evaluate HR variation across vaccine regimens, time since vaccination, and subgroups using interaction tests. Findings Results are similar for the MITT and Ad5 cohorts; we summarize MITT cohort results. Pooled across the efficacy trials, over all follow-up time 403 (n = 224 vaccine; n = 179 placebo) of 6266 MITT participants acquired HIV-1, with a non-significantly higher incidence in vaccine recipients (HR 1.21, 95% CI 0.99–1.48, P = 0.06). The HRs significantly differed by vaccine regimen (interaction P = 0.03; MRKAd5 HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.11–1.78, P = 0.005 vs. DNA/rAd5 HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.61–1.26, P = 0.48). Results were similar when including the Phase 1–2 trials. Exploratory analyses based on the efficacy trials supported that the MRKAd5 vaccine-increased risk was concentrated in Ad5-positive or uncircumcised men early in follow-up, and in Ad5-negative or circumcised men later. Overall, MRKAd5 vaccine-increased risk was evident across subgroups except in circumcised Ad5-negative men (HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.58−1.63, P = 0.91); there was little evidence that the DNA/rAd5 vaccine, that was tested in this subgroup, increased risk (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.61–1.26, P = 0.48). When restricting the analysis of Step and Phambili to follow-up time before unblinding, 114 (n = 65 vaccine; n = 49 placebo) of 3770 MITT participants acquired HIV-1, with a non-significantly higher incidence in MRKAd5 vaccine recipients (HR 1.30, 95% CI 0.89–1.14, P = 0.18). Interpretation and Significance The data support increased risk of HIV-1 infection by MRKAd5 over all follow-up time, but do not support increased risk of HIV-1 infection by DNA/rAd5. This study provides a rationale for including monitoring plans enabling detection of increased susceptibility to infection in HIV-1 at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dean Follmann
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Martha Nason
- Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Lily Zhang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ying Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Devan V. Mehrotra
- Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA, United States of America
| | - Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Barbara Metch
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Holly Janes
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Keefer
- Infectious Disease Division, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | | | - Merlin L. Robb
- HJF HIV Program, US Military HIV Research Program, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Patricia E. Fast
- Research and Development, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ann Duerr
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - James G. Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael Robertson
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research, Merck, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Hammer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Glenda E. Gray
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Susan P. Buchbinder
- Bridge HIV, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhang L, Wang W, Wang S. Effect of vaccine administration modality on immunogenicity and efficacy. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1509-23. [PMID: 26313239 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1081067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The many factors impacting the efficacy of a vaccine can be broadly divided into three categories: features of the vaccine itself, including immunogen design, vaccine type, formulation, adjuvant and dosing; individual variations among vaccine recipients and vaccine administration-related parameters. While much literature exists related to vaccines, and recently systems biology has started to dissect the impact of individual subject variation on vaccine efficacy, few studies have focused on the role of vaccine administration-related parameters on vaccine efficacy. Parenteral and mucosal vaccinations are traditional approaches for licensed vaccines; novel vaccine delivery approaches, including needless injection and adjuvant formulations, are being developed to further improve vaccine safety and efficacy. This review provides a brief summary of vaccine administration-related factors, including vaccination approach, delivery route and method of administration, to gain a better understanding of their potential impact on the safety and immunogenicity of candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- a 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,b 2 China-US Vaccine Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wei Wang
- c 3 Wang Biologics, LLC, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA ; Current affiliation: Bayer HealthCare, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Shixia Wang
- d 4 Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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50
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Tameris M, Hokey DA, Nduba V, Sacarlal J, Laher F, Kiringa G, Gondo K, Lazarus EM, Gray GE, Nachman S, Mahomed H, Downing K, Abel B, Scriba TJ, McClain JB, Pau MG, Hendriks J, Dheenadhayalan V, Ishmukhamedov S, Luabeya AKK, Geldenhuys H, Shepherd B, Blatner G, Cardenas V, Walker R, Hanekom WA, Sadoff J, Douoguih M, Barker L, Hatherill M. A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-finding trial of the novel tuberculosis vaccine AERAS-402, an adenovirus-vectored fusion protein, in healthy, BCG-vaccinated infants. Vaccine 2015; 33:2944-54. [PMID: 25936724 PMCID: PMC6698638 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several novel tuberculosis vaccines are currently in clinical trials, including AERAS-402, an adenovector encoding a fusion protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens 85A, 85B, and TB10.4. A multicentred trial of AERAS-402 safety and immunogenicity in healthy infants was conducted in three countries in sub-Saharan Africa, using an adaptive design. METHODS In a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-finding trial, we enrolled BCG-vaccinated, HIV-uninfected infants aged 16-26 weeks. Infants in the safety/dose-finding phase received two doses of AERAS-402 across three dose levels, or placebo, intramuscularly on days 0 and 28. Infants in the expanded safety phase received three doses of the highest dose level, with the 3rd dose at day 280. Follow up for safety and immunogenicity was for up to two years. RESULTS We enrolled 206 infants (52 placebo and 154 AERAS-402 recipients) into the dose-finding phase and 281 (141 placebo and 140 AERAS-402 recipients) into the expanded safety phase. Safety data were acceptable across all dose levels. No vaccine-related deaths were recorded. A single serious adverse event of tachypnoea was deemed related to study vaccine. Antibodies directed largely against Ag85A and Ag85B were detected. Low magnitude CD4+ and CD8+ polyfunctional T cell responses were observed at all dose levels. The addition of a third dose of AERAS-402 at the highest dose level did not increase frequency or magnitude of antibody or CD8+ T cell responses. CONCLUSIONS AERAS-402 has an acceptable safety profile in infants and was well tolerated at all dose levels. Response rate was lower than previously seen in BCG vaccinated adults, and frequency and magnitude of antigen-specific T cells were not increased by a third dose of vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tameris
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health and Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | | | | | - J Sacarlal
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique; Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - F Laher
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - K Gondo
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique
| | - E M Lazarus
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - G E Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S Nachman
- State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - H Mahomed
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health and Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - K Downing
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health and Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B Abel
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health and Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - T J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health and Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - M G Pau
- Crucell Holland BV, Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Hendriks
- Crucell Holland BV, Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - A K K Luabeya
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health and Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - H Geldenhuys
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health and Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | - W A Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health and Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J Sadoff
- Crucell Holland BV, Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Douoguih
- Crucell Holland BV, Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - M Hatherill
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health and Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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