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Li Y, Sun M, Kleisner KM, Mills KE, Chen Y. A global synthesis of climate vulnerability assessments on marine fisheries: Methods, scales, and knowledge co-production. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:3545-3561. [PMID: 37079435 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Undertaking climate vulnerability assessments (CVAs) on marine fisheries is instrumental to the identification of regions, species, and stakeholders at risk of impacts from climate change, and the development of effective and targeted responses for fisheries adaptation. In this global literature review, we addressed three important questions to characterize fisheries CVAs: (i) what are the available approaches to develop CVAs in various social-ecological contexts, (ii) are different geographic scales and regions adequately represented, and (iii) how do diverse knowledge systems contribute to current understanding of vulnerability? As part of these general research efforts, we identified and characterized an inventory of frameworks and indicators that encompass a wide range of foci on ecological and socioeconomic dimensions of climate vulnerability on fisheries. Our analysis highlighted a large gap between countries with top research inputs and the most urgent adaptation needs. More research and resources are needed in low-income tropical countries to ensure existing inequities are not exacerbated. We also identified an uneven research focus across spatial scales and cautioned a possible scale mismatch between assessment and management needs. Drawing on this information, we catalog (1) a suite of research directions that could improve the utility and applicability of CVAs, particularly the examination of barriers and enabling conditions that influence the uptake of CVA results into management responses at multiple levels, (2) the lessons that have been learned from applications in data-limited regions, particularly the use of proxy indicators and knowledge co-production to overcome the problem of data deficiency, and (3) opportunities for wider applications, for example diversifying the use of vulnerability indicators in broader monitoring and management schemes. This information is used to provide a set of recommendations that could advance meaningful CVA practices for fisheries management and promote effective translation of climate vulnerability into adaptation actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhou Li
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Institute for Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Ming Sun
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Institute for Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Yong Chen
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Institute for Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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2
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Arantes CC, Laufer J, Mayer A, Moran EF, Sant' Anna IRA, Dutka-Gianelli J, Lopez MC, Doria CRC. Large-scale hydropower impacts and adaptation strategies on rural communities in the Amazonian floodplain of the Madeira River. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 336:117240. [PMID: 36870321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding social and environmental impacts and household adaptation strategies in the face of expansions in energy infrastructure projects is essential to inform mitigation and interventions programs that promote well-being. Here we conducted surveys in seven communities distributed across varying degrees of proximity to a hydropower dam complex in the Brazilian Amazon along about 250 km of the floodplain of the Madeira River. Based on interviews with 154 fishers from these communities, we examine how fishers perceived changes in fisheries yields, changes in the composition of fish species, and whether and how adaptation strategies had evolved 8-9 years after the dams' construction. Most respondents (91%) indicated declines in yields after the dams for both upstream and downstream zones. Multivariate analyses revealed statistically significant differences in the composition of species yields in pre-and post-dam periods for all communities and in both upstream and downstream zones (p < 0.001). The composition of yields diversified after the dams, with an apparent decline in yields of species of greatest market value (e.g., catfishes Brachyplatystoma spp., Pseudoplatystoma spp., and jatuarana Brycon spp.), and increases in yields of a set of other smaller bodied and faster growing species (e.g., 'branquinhas' Psectrogaster spp., Potamohinna spp., and sardines Triportheus spp.). Both downstream and upstream fishers indicated that fishing profits decreased since the dams' construction (76.8% and 67.9%, respectively). To cope with these changes, the majority of both upstream and downstream fishers (>70%) stated they have had to devote more time to fishing after the dams were built. The time fishers spend traveling to fishing locations also increased for upstream communities (77.1%), but not for downstream communities. Thirty-four percent of the interviewees changed the gear they use to fish after the dams construction, with twice as many mentioning uses of non-selective gear, such as gillnets, and declining use of traditional fishing gears such as castnets and a trap ("covi"). Fish consumption overall decreased: fish was consumed 'everyday' before the dams, but 1-2 times per week or rarely after the dams were built. Although the species that declined were those of high economic value, 53% of fishers stated fish prices have increased overall after the dams. These results shed light on the potential challenges faced by fishers and which adaptation strategies they have evolved to maintain livelihoods since the construction of the dams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Arantes
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, WV, USA; Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Juliana Laufer
- Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Ichthyology and Fisheries Laboratory, Department of Biology, Federal University of Rondônia, RO, Brazil
| | - Adam Mayer
- Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Emilio F Moran
- Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Igor R A Sant' Anna
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional e Meio Ambiente, Federal University of Rondônia, RO, Brazil; Ichthyology and Fisheries Laboratory, Department of Biology, Federal University of Rondônia, RO, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Claudia Lopez
- Department of Community Sustainability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Carolina R C Doria
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional e Meio Ambiente, Federal University of Rondônia, RO, Brazil; Ichthyology and Fisheries Laboratory, Department of Biology, Federal University of Rondônia, RO, Brazil
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Yang Z, Li B, Nan B, Dai X, Peng C, Bi X. A methodological framework for assessing pastoral socio-ecological system vulnerability: A case study of Altay Prefecture in Central Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160828. [PMID: 36509271 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vulnerability analysis is important for enhancing sustainability, especially for highly interlinked pastoral socio-ecological systems. This study presents a modified methodological framework for assessing the vulnerability of pastoral socio-ecological systems based on the interactions between social and ecological subsystems and their vulnerabilities. Altay Prefecture (Northwest China), a typical pastoral area located in Central Asia, was chosen for the case study. The ecological vulnerability index (EVI) and socio-ecological vulnerability index (SEVI) of Altay Prefecture from 2001 to 2018 were assessed and classified into five levels. The results showed that the distribution pattern of EVI was spatially heterogeneous, with EVI increasing from north to south and from west to east. The EVI was high in low-altitude deserts, decreased with altitude rising from 1300 m to 2200 m, and increased when the altitude exceeded 2200 m. The average EVI increased from 2001 to 2010 and decreased from 2010 to 2018, with the highest EVI in 2010 and the lowest in 2018. The SEVI of western counties was lower than that of eastern counties; the SEVI of all counties continuously decreased from 2001 to 2018, with a higher rate from 2010 to 2018. Social adaptive capacity, increased by the policies that aim at protecting grasslands and improving livelihoods, was the main influencing factor of the SEVI dynamic. These results will help to identify key areas with high EVI for grassland ecosystem management and strengthen the adaptive capacity for addressing vulnerability. Furthermore, the presented methodological framework can be adopted in vulnerability assessments of similar pastoral areas or natural resource-based socio-ecological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Yang
- School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Bo Nan
- College of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Close-to-Nature Restoration Technology of Wetlands, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xuhuan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chenchen Peng
- School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xu Bi
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Kamau-Mbuthia E, Lesorogol C, Wamukota A, Humphries A, Sarange C, Mbeyu R, Cheupe C, Cheupe J, Nunez-Garcia A, Blackmore I, Iannotti L. Sustainable aquatic food systems: Multisectoral analysis of determinants of child nutrition in coastal Kenya. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1091339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine foods produced by small-scale fishers can make vital contributions to sustainable, healthy food systems with multisectoral considerations of public health nutrition, gender equity, economics, and marine ecology. This pilot study aimed to map the multidimensional determinants of fish food security and young child nutrition in four coastal communities of Kenya with a view toward designing a large intervention trial. We compared anthropometric and dietary diversity indicators of children under 5 years in fishing vs. non-fishing households. Mixed methods included household surveys, 24-h recalls for dietary intake, and anthropometric measures of children. Child dietary diversity score (CDDS) and height-for-age Z (HAZ) were primary outcomes tested in ordinary least square regression modeling. Stunting was widely prevalent (20.2%), as were morbidities for acute diarrhea (29.0%) and fever (46.5%), with no statistically significant differences in fishing compared to non-fishing households. High proportions of children showed nutrient intake inadequacies for vitamins A, C, and E, iron and zinc; <50% met requirements for all nutrients except protein, which was derived primarily from plant-based foods. Regression modeling showed children living in fishing households were associated with lower CDDS. Maternal education, maternal body mass index (BMI), and household livelihood diversity were positively associated with both CDDS and HAZ, while child morbidities and north coast (of Mombasa) residence showed negative associations. Our findings highlight nutritional vulnerabilities within a coastal food system of Kenya and the need to involve multiple sectors—education, environment, health, finance, communications, and governance and policy—in deriving solutions.
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Bartelet HA, Barnes ML, Cumming GS. Microeconomic adaptation to severe climate disturbances on Australian coral reefs. AMBIO 2023; 52:285-299. [PMID: 36324023 PMCID: PMC9629752 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-022-01798-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Coral reefs are increasingly affected by climate-induced disturbances that are magnified by increasing ocean temperatures. Loss of coral reefs strongly affects people whose livelihoods and wellbeing depend on the ecosystem services reefs provide. Yet the effects of coral loss and the capacity of people and businesses to adapt to it are poorly understood, particularly in the private sector. To address this gap, we surveyed about half (57 of 109) of Australian reef tourism operators to understand how they were affected by and responded to severe impacts from bleaching and cyclones. Reef restoration and spatial diversification were the primary responses to severe bleaching impacts, while for cyclone-impacts coping measures and product diversification were more important. Restoration responses were strongly linked to the severity of impacts. Our findings provide empirical support for the importance of response diversity, spatial heterogeneity, and learning for social-ecological resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry A. Bartelet
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811 Australia
| | - Michele L. Barnes
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811 Australia
| | - Graeme S. Cumming
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811 Australia
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Blackmore I, Wamukota A, Kamau-Mbuthia E, Humphries A, Lesorogol C, Cohn R, Sarange C, Mbogholi F, Obata C, Cheupe C, Cheupe J, Sherburne L, Chapnick M, Cartmill MK, Iannotti LL. Samaki Salama - Promoting healthy child growth and sustainable fisheries in coastal Kenya: A study protocol. Front Public Health 2022; 10:934806. [PMID: 36339158 PMCID: PMC9633962 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.934806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background One in five young children globally suffer the consequences of stunted growth and development and millions experience deficiencies in zinc, iron, iodine, vitamins A and B12, nutrients found bioavailable in fish foods. Small-scale fisheries have the potential to generate income and augment fish consumption while being environmentally sustainable if appropriately managed. However, those engaged in small-scale fisheries are often marginalized, poor, and malnourished. The Samaki Salama project seeks to better understand and address these challenges through a three-arm, longitudinal matched cluster study which evaluates the impact of an integrated nutrition social marketing and modified fishing trap intervention. Methods There will be 400 small-scale fisher households enrolled from Kilifi County, Kenya and residing in communities matched on location (rural), livelihoods, and child nutritional status. The sample will include mothers and other caregivers, children 6-60 months, and fishers in the family. Applying a cluster design, the matched communities will be divided into three groups: (1) control (n = 200); (2) multi-component nutrition social marketing intervention to fishers, mothers, and health workers (n = 100); and (3) multi-component nutrition social marketing intervention plus modified fishing traps and training (n = 100). Primary outcomes include child growth, fish food intakes, and fisheries yield of mature fish. Secondary outcomes are diet diversity, child diarrheal morbidity, and fisheries revenue. A process evaluation will be used to monitor and ensure fidelity of intervention delivery. Discussion This study builds on a growing body of literature illustrating the effectiveness of nutrition focused social marketing campaigns to promote active engagement of participants, high compliance to the intervention, and sustained behavior change. The second intervention element of modified fishing traps that allow immature fish to escape enables participants to act on the messaging they receive and promotes sustainable fishing through increased harvest efficiency and reduced catch of immature fish. The integrated approach of the Samaki Salama intervention provides an example of how to leverage multiple disciplines to address key challenges to human and environmental health and illustrates a pathway for scaling study innovations to other small-scale fisheries systems. Trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05254444).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Blackmore
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andrew Wamukota
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Austin Humphries
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, United States
| | - Carolyn Lesorogol
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Rachel Cohn
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | | | - Francis Mbogholi
- Department of Human Nutrition, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya
| | - Clay Obata
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Joaquim Cheupe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Lisa Sherburne
- USAID Advancing Nutrition, JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc, Arlington, VA, United States
| | - Melissa Chapnick
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mary Kate Cartmill
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Lora L. Iannotti
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Ecological sensitivity and vulnerability of fishing fleet landings to climate change across regions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17360. [PMID: 36253444 PMCID: PMC9576743 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The degree of exposure of fishing communities to environmental changes can be partially determined by the vulnerability of the target species and the landings composition. Hence, identifying the species that ecologically most contribute to the vulnerability of the landings are key steps to evaluate the risk posed by climate change. We analyse the temporal variability in intrinsic sensitivity and the ecological vulnerability of the Portuguese fisheries landings, considering the species proportions derived both from the weights and revenues. To account for the diversification of species of each fleet, we explored the species dependence of the fishery in combination with the vulnerability of them. The analyses were carried out separately for three fleet typologies and three regions. Opposite to what has been observed at a global scale, the ecological sensitivity of the fisheries landings between 1989 and 2015 did not display a decline across areas or fishing fleets. Considering each fleet independently, for trawling, where average vulnerability was lower than in the other fleets, the sensitivity of the landings increased since the 2000s. On the other hand, the high vulnerability found in multi-gear fleets was compensated by diversification of the species caught, while purse-seine fleets targeted low vulnerability species but presented a high fishery dependence on few species. The results highlight the importance of combining information on ecological vulnerability and diversification of fishing resources at a regional scale while providing a measure of the ecological exposure to climate change.
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Guan C, Dong D, Shen F, Gao X, Chen L. Hierarchical Structure Model of Safety Risk Factors in New Coastal Towns: A Systematic Analysis Using the DEMATEL-ISM-SNA Method. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10496. [PMID: 36078212 PMCID: PMC9518528 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
When a coastal town transforms from a rural area to an emerging city, it faces many safety risks. Some are new risks from urban construction, while some are traditional risks that belong to this coastal area. The joint efforts of these risks may lead to new hazards, harming public health, but this problem has not been noticed in previous studies. Therefore, this study constructs the Triangular Framework for Safety Risk in New Towns to identify the risks and proposes strategies to reduce the risks. In this study, multiple methods are integrated, including Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), and Social Network Analysis (SNA). This study takes the Lin-gang Special Area in China as a case study to verify the framework's effectiveness. Sixteen disaster-causing factors are identified, and the internal linkages among these factors are clarified. Results show that the hybrid method performs well in quantitatively analyzing the risk factors of new coastal towns. A typhoon, public risk perception, and population migration are essential influencing factors. Disaster prevention capability of high-rise buildings, disaster prevention capacity of port facilities, and transportation are the most direct influencing factors. Environmental degradation is the most conductive among all elements. This study contributes to the theoretical theory by proposing an effective framework to analyze the safety risks in new coastal towns. In addition, it provides practical references for governments to make emergency plans in the city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlei Guan
- School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Damin Dong
- School of Business, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Feng Shen
- Shanghai Tongji Engineering Cousulting Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xin Gao
- School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Linyan Chen
- School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Neighboring Effects on Ecological Functions: A New Approach and Application in Urbanizing China. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11070987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization has widely induced fragmented landscapes and further negatively affected ecological functions. The edge effect is an approach commonly used to investigate these negative impacts. However, edge effect research tends to focus on the impacts that a certain landscape receives from its adjacent lands rather than to assess all the influences of the landscape edges in a region, even though the latter is critical for regional ecological planning. To fill in this gap, the concept of neighboring effect is raised and analyzed in this paper with a case study of Xintai City in Northern China. Results show that the neighboring effects are generally negative for ecological functions, especially in regions that experience rapid urbanization or heavy human activities. The U-shaped relationship between the neighboring effect of a patch and its distance to the nearest township center indicates that the border region of urban and built-up areas suffers the most negative influences due to the intense interactions between different land uses. The heterogeneous effects of influencing factors in urban and rural areas were revealed by the regression results. Socioeconomic development has more important influence on neighboring effects on ecological functions in rural areas than in urban areas, and local cadres’ support of environmental protection matters only in rural areas for a less ecological functional loss. This study quantitatively examined the negative ecological effects of landscape fragmentation during rapid urbanization and calls for more attention to ecological planning at the local scale.
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Ferguson CE, Tuxson T, Mangubhai S, Jupiter S, Govan H, Bonito V, Alefaio S, Anjiga M, Booth J, Boslogo T, Boso D, Brenier A, Caginitoba A, Ciriyawa A, Fahai'ono JB, Fox M, George A, Eriksson H, Hughes A, Joseph E, Kadannged S, Kubunavanua E, Loni S, Meo S, Micheli F, Nagombi E, Omaro R, Ride A, Sapul A, Singeo A, Stone K, Tabunakawai-Vakalalabure M, Tuivuna M, Vieux C, Vitukawalu VB, Waide M. Local practices and production confer resilience to rural Pacific food systems during the COVID-19 pandemic. MARINE POLICY 2022; 137:104954. [PMID: 35035031 PMCID: PMC8746868 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2022.104954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Resilience of food systems is key to ensuring food security through crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic presents an unprecedented shock that reveals varying levels of resilience of increasingly interconnected food systems across the globe. We contribute to the ongoing debate about whether increased connectivity reduces or enhances resilience in the context of rural Pacific food systems, while examining how communities have adapted to the global shocks associated with the pandemic to ensure food security. We conducted 609 interviews across 199 coastal villages from May to October 2020 in Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Tuvalu to understand community-level impacts and adaptations during the first 5-10 months of the COVID-19 crisis. We found that local food production practices and food sharing conferred resilience, and that imported foods could aid or inhibit resilience. Communities in countries more reliant on imports were almost twice as likely to report food insecurity compared to those least reliant. However, in places dealing with a concurrent cyclone, local food systems were impaired, and imported foods proved critical. Our findings suggest that policy in the Pacific should bolster sustainable local food production and practices. Pacific states should avoid becoming overly reliant on food imports, while having measures in place to support food security after disasters, supplementing locally produced and preserved foods with imported foods when necessary. Developing policies that promote resilient food systems can help prepare communities for future shocks, including those anticipated with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teri Tuxson
- Locally Managed Marine Area Network International, Suva, Fiji
| | | | - Stacy Jupiter
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Melanesia Program, Suva, Fiji
| | - Hugh Govan
- Locally Managed Marine Area Network International, Suva, Fiji
- University of the South Pacific, School of Government, Development & International Affairs, Suva, Fiji
| | | | | | - Maxine Anjiga
- Papua New Guinea Centre for Locally Managed Areas Inc., Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | - Jonathan Booth
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Melanesia Program, Suva, Fiji
| | - Tracey Boslogo
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Melanesia Program, Suva, Fiji
| | | | | | | | - Ana Ciriyawa
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Melanesia Program, Suva, Fiji
| | | | - Margaret Fox
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Melanesia Program, Suva, Fiji
- Pacific Community, Suva, Fiji
| | - Andy George
- Kosrae Conservation and Safety Organisation, Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia
| | - Hampus Eriksson
- WorldFish, Honiara, Solomon Islands
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources & Security, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Alec Hughes
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Melanesia Program, Suva, Fiji
| | - Eugene Joseph
- Locally Managed Marine Area Network of Pohnpei, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia
| | - Sean Kadannged
- Tamil Resource Conservation Trust, Yap, Federated States of Micronesia
| | | | | | | | - Fiorenza Micheli
- Stanford University, Stanford, United States
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, United States
| | - Elizah Nagombi
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Melanesia Program, Suva, Fiji
| | - Rebecca Omaro
- Papua New Guinea Centre for Locally Managed Areas Inc., Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | | | - Annisah Sapul
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Melanesia Program, Suva, Fiji
| | | | - Karen Stone
- Tamil Resource Conservation Trust, Yap, Federated States of Micronesia
| | | | | | - Caroline Vieux
- Locally Managed Marine Area Network International, Suva, Fiji
| | | | - McKenzie Waide
- Papua New Guinea Centre for Locally Managed Areas Inc., Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
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11
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Ferguson CE, Tuxson T, Mangubhai S, Jupiter S, Govan H, Bonito V, Alefaio S, Anjiga M, Booth J, Boslogo T, Boso D, Brenier A, Caginitoba A, Ciriyawa A, Fahai'ono JB, Fox M, George A, Eriksson H, Hughes A, Joseph E, Kadannged S, Kubunavanua E, Loni S, Meo S, Micheli F, Nagombi E, Omaro R, Ride A, Sapul A, Singeo A, Stone K, Tabunakawai-Vakalalabure M, Tuivuna M, Vieux C, Vitukawalu VB, Waide M. Local practices and production confer resilience to rural Pacific food systems during the COVID-19 pandemic. MARINE POLICY 2022; 137:104954. [PMID: 35035031 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2022.104954get] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Resilience of food systems is key to ensuring food security through crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic presents an unprecedented shock that reveals varying levels of resilience of increasingly interconnected food systems across the globe. We contribute to the ongoing debate about whether increased connectivity reduces or enhances resilience in the context of rural Pacific food systems, while examining how communities have adapted to the global shocks associated with the pandemic to ensure food security. We conducted 609 interviews across 199 coastal villages from May to October 2020 in Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Tuvalu to understand community-level impacts and adaptations during the first 5-10 months of the COVID-19 crisis. We found that local food production practices and food sharing conferred resilience, and that imported foods could aid or inhibit resilience. Communities in countries more reliant on imports were almost twice as likely to report food insecurity compared to those least reliant. However, in places dealing with a concurrent cyclone, local food systems were impaired, and imported foods proved critical. Our findings suggest that policy in the Pacific should bolster sustainable local food production and practices. Pacific states should avoid becoming overly reliant on food imports, while having measures in place to support food security after disasters, supplementing locally produced and preserved foods with imported foods when necessary. Developing policies that promote resilient food systems can help prepare communities for future shocks, including those anticipated with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teri Tuxson
- Locally Managed Marine Area Network International, Suva, Fiji
| | | | - Stacy Jupiter
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Melanesia Program, Suva, Fiji
| | - Hugh Govan
- Locally Managed Marine Area Network International, Suva, Fiji
- University of the South Pacific, School of Government, Development & International Affairs, Suva, Fiji
| | | | | | - Maxine Anjiga
- Papua New Guinea Centre for Locally Managed Areas Inc., Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | - Jonathan Booth
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Melanesia Program, Suva, Fiji
| | - Tracey Boslogo
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Melanesia Program, Suva, Fiji
| | | | | | | | - Ana Ciriyawa
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Melanesia Program, Suva, Fiji
| | | | - Margaret Fox
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Melanesia Program, Suva, Fiji
- Pacific Community, Suva, Fiji
| | - Andy George
- Kosrae Conservation and Safety Organisation, Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia
| | - Hampus Eriksson
- WorldFish, Honiara, Solomon Islands
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources & Security, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Alec Hughes
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Melanesia Program, Suva, Fiji
| | - Eugene Joseph
- Locally Managed Marine Area Network of Pohnpei, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia
| | - Sean Kadannged
- Tamil Resource Conservation Trust, Yap, Federated States of Micronesia
| | | | | | | | - Fiorenza Micheli
- Stanford University, Stanford, United States
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, United States
| | - Elizah Nagombi
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Melanesia Program, Suva, Fiji
| | - Rebecca Omaro
- Papua New Guinea Centre for Locally Managed Areas Inc., Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | | | - Annisah Sapul
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Melanesia Program, Suva, Fiji
| | | | - Karen Stone
- Tamil Resource Conservation Trust, Yap, Federated States of Micronesia
| | | | | | - Caroline Vieux
- Locally Managed Marine Area Network International, Suva, Fiji
| | | | - McKenzie Waide
- Papua New Guinea Centre for Locally Managed Areas Inc., Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
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12
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Meridionalization as a Possible Resource for Fisheries: The Case Study of Caranx rhonchus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817, in Southern Italian Waters. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Climate change affects the shift range distribution of species, especially among mobile species, and this phenomenon can alter ecosystems and impacts human activities. Fishing is an anthropic activity that undergoes the effect not only of the introduction and increase of non-native species but also of native thermophilic ones. Some of these species can become a commercially exploitable resource. However, this information is often obscured by the negative effects these species can cause to the environment. We investigated how the thermophilic species Caranx rhonchus, neglected in Italy, could become a relevant resource. We studied the nutritional profile and the presence of heavy metal contamination and compared these traits with those of a similar common Mediterranean species, namely Trachurus trachurus. The proximate composition was determined following the AOAC procedure, while the fatty acid profile was determined by GC/MS, and the mineral component was obtained by mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). Caranx rhonchus is a nutritionally good species, although it is little consumed and exploited. Increasing the market supply with new commercially exploitable emerging species would benefit local communities and the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate how a shift of the range caused by climate change can provide benefits within the human dimension.
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13
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Changes in the functional feeding groups of macrobenthos following artificial reef construction in Daya Bay, China. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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14
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Ojea E, Fontán E, Fuentes-Santos I, Bueno-Pardo J. Assessing countries' social-ecological resilience to shifting marine commercial species. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22926. [PMID: 34824324 PMCID: PMC8617226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is already impacting fisheries with species moving across fishing areas, crossing institutional borders, and thus creating conflicts over fisheries management. In this scenario, scholars agree that adaptation to climate change requires that fisheries increase their social, institutional, and ecological resilience. The resilience or capacity of a fishery to be maintained without shifting to a different state (e.g., collapse) is at stake under climate change impacts and overexploitation. Despite this urgent need, applying the resilience concept in a spatially explicit and quantitative manner to inform policy remains unexplored. We take a resilience approach and operationalize the concept in industrial fisheries for two species that have been observed to significantly shift distribution in European waters: hake (Merluccius merluccius) and cod (Gadus morhua), in the context of the European Union institutional settings. With a set of resilience factors from the literature and by means of contemporary and historic data, we select indicators that are combined into an index that measures resilience on the ecologic, socioeconomic, and institutional dimensions of the fishery. We find that the resilience index varies among species and countries, with lower resilience levels in the socioeconomic dimension of the fisheries. We also see that resilience largely depends on the overexploitation status of the fishery. The results highlight the need to address social and institutional settings to enhance fisheries adaptation to climate change and allow to inform on climate resilient adaptation pathways for the fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ojea
- Centro de Investigación Mariña (CIM), Universidade de Vigo, Future Oceans Lab, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Elena Fontán
- Centro de Investigación Mariña (CIM), Universidade de Vigo, Future Oceans Lab, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain.,Mareira Bizi Sociedade Cooperativa Galega, O Cruceiro, Briallos 23-B, 36658, Portas, Spain
| | - Isabel Fuentes-Santos
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), C/Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Juan Bueno-Pardo
- Centro de Investigación Mariña (CIM), Universidade de Vigo, Future Oceans Lab, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
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15
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Duan J, X. U. Y, Jiang H. Trade vulnerability assessment in the grain-importing countries: A case study of China. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257987. [PMID: 34679103 PMCID: PMC8535458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 2008 global food crisis, food security vulnerability has been a prominent topic in the food policy debate. However, vulnerability is inherently difficult to conceptualize and is more challenging to operationalize and measure. This study constructs a mathematical model and takes China as a case study to measure the vulnerability and sensitivity of China with its partners in the international grain trade. The results show that 1) the degree of interdependence between China and its grain trading partners is asymmetric, which generates trade vulnerability or economic power; 2) the vulnerability of China’s food trade shows a high spatiotemporal heterogeneity among countries: the higher vulnerability zones are concentrated in North America and Northeast Asia, and the scope of the higher vulnerability zones tends to expand; 3) Our results also reveal that China also has different sensitivities to fluctuations in grain markets from different countries, and the higher sensitive zones of the grain trade in China are mainly distributed in America, Europe, and Oceania. The main contribution of this paper is the development of a methodology for food trade vulnerability assessment and examines the influence of international food trade on food security in importing countries, measured using the vulnerability index and sensitivity index. Nevertheless, the conclusions of this study can be considered preliminary, and there remains great potential for future studies to deepen and broaden our analyses further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Duan
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yong X. U.
- Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, CAS, Beijing, China
- Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, China
| | - Haining Jiang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Climate risk to European fisheries and coastal communities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2018086118. [PMID: 34583987 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018086118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the majority of the global human population living in coastal regions, correctly characterizing the climate risk that ocean-dependent communities and businesses are exposed to is key to prioritizing the finite resources available to support adaptation. We apply a climate risk analysis across the European fisheries sector to identify the most at-risk fishing fleets and coastal regions and then link the two analyses together. We employ an approach combining biological traits with physiological metrics to differentiate climate hazards between 556 populations of fish and use these to assess the relative climate risk for 380 fishing fleets and 105 coastal regions in Europe. Countries in southeast Europe as well as the United Kingdom have the highest risks to both fishing fleets and coastal regions overall, while in other countries, the risk-profile is greater at either the fleet level or at the regional level. European fisheries face a diversity of challenges posed by climate change; climate adaptation, therefore, needs to be tailored to each country, region, and fleet's specific situation. Our analysis supports this process by highlighting where and what adaptation measures might be needed and informing where policy and business responses could have the greatest impact.
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17
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Lazzari N, Becerro MA, Sanabria-Fernandez JA, Martín-López B. Assessing social-ecological vulnerability of coastal systems to fishing and tourism. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147078. [PMID: 33905936 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Detecting areas with high social-ecological vulnerability (SEV) is essential to better inform management interventions for building resilience in coastal systems. The SEV framework, developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, is a robust method to identify SEV of tropical coastal systems to climate change. Yet, the application of this framework to temperate regions and other drivers of change remains underexplored. This study operationalizes the SEV framework to assess the social-ecological implications of fishing and tourism in temperate coastal systems. We spatially represented the SEV of coastal systems and identified the social and ecological vulnerability dimensions underpinning this SEV. Our results demonstrate that different dimensions contribute differently to the SEV, suggesting the need for distinctive management intervention to reduce the vulnerability of coastal systems. Our findings also highlight that livelihood diversification and the protection of marine areas may be plausible strategies to build resilience in temperate coastal systems that face fishing and tourism pressures. With this study, we hope to encourage the application of the SEV framework to other drivers of change for building more resilient coastal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natali Lazzari
- The BITES lab, Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Acc Cala S Francesc 14, 17300 Blanes (Gerona), Spain.
| | - Mikel A Becerro
- The BITES lab, Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Acc Cala S Francesc 14, 17300 Blanes (Gerona), Spain.
| | - Jose A Sanabria-Fernandez
- The BITES lab, Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Acc Cala S Francesc 14, 17300 Blanes (Gerona), Spain.
| | - Berta Martín-López
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Faculty of Sustainability, Institute for Ethics and Transdisciplinary Sustainability Research, Universitätsallee 1, 21355 Lüneburg, Germany.
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18
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Comparative analysis of the social vulnerability assessment to climate change applied to fisheries from Spain and Turkey. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13949. [PMID: 34230528 PMCID: PMC8260787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the climate effects on fisheries from a bottom-up approach based on fishers’ fishing experience, knowledge, and perceptions. To perform this task, a social vulnerability assessment was conducted in two different fishing areas: one in Spain and the other one in Turkey. The vulnerability was measured using the collected data and information through a structured questionnaire, and surveys were carried out among fishers in the Castelló (Spain) and the Aegean Sea (Turkey) between 2018 and 2019. Overall, the results indicated that the two studied regions have a moderate to high vulnerability and that the Aegean Sea was slightly more vulnerable than Castelló. It was also found that storms and temperature are the main climatic stressors that affect the fishing sector, and the economic indicators such as revenue from fishing in both regions showed high degrees of sensitivity. To reduce the vulnerability to climate change, adaptive measures should be implemented while taking into consideration the specific socio-economic and institutional characteristics of each region. In conclusion, the effects of climate change on the fishing sector and their social vulnerability are diverse. Consequently, there is no single climate measure that can minimize the vulnerability of fishing sectors in different regions.
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19
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Boori MS, Choudhary K, Paringer R, Kupriyanov A. Spatiotemporal ecological vulnerability analysis with statistical correlation based on satellite remote sensing in Samara, Russia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 285:112138. [PMID: 33592451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present global situation, when everywhere ecology is degraded due to the extreme exhaustion of natural resources. Therefore spatiotemporal ecological vulnerability analysis is necessary for the current situation for sustainable development with protection of fragile eco-environment. Remote sensing is a unique tool to provide complete and continuous land surface information at different scales, which can use for eco-environment analysis. A methodology constructed on the principal component analysis (PCA) to identify satellite remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) for ecological vulnerability analysis and distribution based on four land surface parameters (dryness, greenness, temperature and moisture) by using Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI/TIRS data in the Samara region Russia. The results were verified by the following four methods: location-based, categorization-based, correlation-based and city center to outwards distance-based comparisons. Results indicate that ecological condition was improved from 2010 to 2015 as RSEI increased from 0.79 to 0.98 and from 2015 to 2020 the ecological condition was degraded as RSEI decreased from 0.98 to 0.82 but overall it was improved in this decade. RSEI distribution curve shows moderate to good and excellent ecological conditions and degraded ecological condition was basically characterized by high human interference and socioeconomic activities in the study area. Such a technique is a baseline for highly accurate ecological conditions mapping, monitoring and can use for decision making, management and sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Singh Boori
- Scientific Research Laboratory of Automated Systems of Scientific Research (SRL-35), Samara National Research University, Samara, Russia.
| | - Komal Choudhary
- Scientific Research Laboratory of Automated Systems of Scientific Research (SRL-35), Samara National Research University, Samara, Russia; Department of Land Surveying and Geo- Informatics, Smart Cities Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Rustam Paringer
- Scientific Research Laboratory of Automated Systems of Scientific Research (SRL-35), Samara National Research University, Samara, Russia; Image Processing Systems Institute of the RAS-Branch of the FSRC "Crystallography and Photonics", Samara, Russia.
| | - Alexander Kupriyanov
- Scientific Research Laboratory of Automated Systems of Scientific Research (SRL-35), Samara National Research University, Samara, Russia; Image Processing Systems Institute of the RAS-Branch of the FSRC "Crystallography and Photonics", Samara, Russia.
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20
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Bueno-Pardo J, Nobre D, Monteiro JN, Sousa PM, Costa EFS, Baptista V, Ovelheiro A, Vieira VMNCS, Chícharo L, Gaspar M, Erzini K, Kay S, Queiroga H, Teodósio MA, Leitão F. Climate change vulnerability assessment of the main marine commercial fish and invertebrates of Portugal. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2958. [PMID: 33536581 PMCID: PMC7858592 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82595-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first attempt to apply an expert-based ecological vulnerability assessment of the effects of climate change on the main marine resources of Portugal. The vulnerability, exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity, and expected directional effects of 74 species of fish and invertebrates of commercial interest is estimated based on criteria related to their life-history and level of conservation or exploitation. This analysis is performed separately for three regions of Portugal and two scenarios of climate change (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). To do that, the fourth assessment report IPCC framework for vulnerability assessments was coupled to the outputs of a physical-biogeochemical model allowing to weight the exposure of the species by the expected variability of the environmental variables in the future. The highest vulnerabilities were found for some migratory and elasmobranch species, although overall vulnerability scores were low probably due to the high adaptive capacity of species from temperate ecosystems. Among regions, the highest average vulnerability was estimated for the species in the Central region while higher vulnerabilities were identified under climate change scenario RCP 8.5 in the three regions, due to higher expected climatic variability. This work establishes the basis for the assessment of the vulnerability of the human activities relying on marine resources in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bueno-Pardo
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Daniela Nobre
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - João N Monteiro
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Pedro M Sousa
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Eudriano F S Costa
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Vânia Baptista
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Andreia Ovelheiro
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Vasco M N C S Vieira
- Maretec, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Chícharo
- CIMA, Faculdade de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Miguel Gaspar
- Centro de Olhão, Instituto Português do Mar e a Atmósfera (IPMA), 8700-305, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Karim Erzini
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Susan Kay
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Henrique Queiroga
- Departamento de Biologia e Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria A Teodósio
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Francisco Leitão
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
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21
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McLeod E, Shaver EC, Beger M, Koss J, Grimsditch G. Using resilience assessments to inform the management and conservation of coral reef ecosystems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 277:111384. [PMID: 33059325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is causing the decline of coral reef ecosystems globally. Recent research highlights the importance of reducing CO2 emissions in combination with implementing local management actions to support reef health and recovery, particularly actions that protect sites which are more resilient to extreme events. Resilience assessments quantify the ecological, social, and environmental context of reefs through the lens of resilience, i.e., the capacity of a system to absorb or withstand stressors such that the system maintains its structure and functions and has the capacity to adapt to future disturbances and changes. Resilience assessments are an important tool to help marine managers and decision makers anticipate changes, identify areas with high survival prospects, and prioritize management actions to support resilience. While being widely implemented, however, there has not yet been an evaluation of whether resilience assessments have informed coral reef management. Here, we assess the primary and gray literature and input from coral reef managers to map where resilience assessments have been conducted. We explore if and how they have been used to inform management actions and provide recommendations for improving the likelihood that resilience assessments will result in management actions and positive conservation outcomes. These recommendations are applicable to other ecosystems in which resilience assessments are applied and will become increasingly important as climate impacts intensify and reduce the window of opportunity for protecting natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Beger
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK; Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jennifer Koss
- NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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22
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Fortnam M, Atkins M, Brown K, Chaigneau T, Frouws A, Gwaro K, Huxham M, Kairo J, Kimeli A, Kirui B, Sheen K. Multiple impact pathways of the 2015-2016 El Niño in coastal Kenya. AMBIO 2021; 50:174-189. [PMID: 32152905 PMCID: PMC7708579 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-020-01321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The 2015-2016 El Niño had large impacts globally. The effects were not as great as anticipated in Kenya, however, leading some commentators to call it a 'non-event'. Our study uses a novel combination of participatory Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis tools, and new and existing social and biophysical data, to analyse vulnerability to, and the multidimensional impacts of, the 2015-2016 El Niño episode in southern coastal Kenya. Using a social-ecological systems lens and a unique dataset, our study reveals impacts overlooked by conventional analysis. We show how El Niño stressors interact with and amplify existing vulnerabilities to differentially impact local ecosystems and people. The policy significance of this finding is that the development of specific national capacities to deal with El Niño events is insufficient; it will be necessary to also address local vulnerabilities to everyday and recurrent stressors and shocks to build resilience to the effects of El Niño and other extremes in climate and weather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Fortnam
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RJ UK
| | - Molly Atkins
- International Development Department, School of Government, Muirhead Tower, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Katrina Brown
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RJ UK
| | - Tomas Chaigneau
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, TR10 9FE UK
| | - Ankje Frouws
- Centre for Marine Ecosystem Research, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Perth, WA 6027 Australia
| | - Kemyline Gwaro
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources Development, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, 20115 Kenya
| | - Mark Huxham
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN Scotland, UK
| | - James Kairo
- Department of Oceanography and Hydrography, Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P.O. Box 81651, Mombasa, 80100 Kenya
| | - Amon Kimeli
- Department of Oceanography and Hydrography, Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P.O. Box 81651, Mombasa, 80100 Kenya
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT) GmBH, Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Bernard Kirui
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources Development, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, 20115 Kenya
| | - Katy Sheen
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, TR10 9FE UK
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23
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Ceccarelli DM, McLeod IM, Boström-Einarsson L, Bryan SE, Chartrand KM, Emslie MJ, Gibbs MT, Gonzalez Rivero M, Hein MY, Heyward A, Kenyon TM, Lewis BM, Mattocks N, Newlands M, Schläppy ML, Suggett DJ, Bay LK. Substrate stabilisation and small structures in coral restoration: State of knowledge, and considerations for management and implementation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240846. [PMID: 33108387 PMCID: PMC7591095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Coral reef ecosystems are under increasing pressure from local and regional stressors and a changing climate. Current management focuses on reducing stressors to allow for natural recovery, but in many areas where coral reefs are damaged, natural recovery can be restricted, delayed or interrupted because of unstable, unconsolidated coral fragments, or rubble. Rubble fields are a natural component of coral reefs, but repeated or high-magnitude disturbances can prevent natural cementation and consolidation processes, so that coral recruits fail to survive. A suite of interventions have been used to target this issue globally, such as using mesh to stabilise rubble, removing the rubble to reveal hard substrate and deploying rocks or other hard substrates over the rubble to facilitate recruit survival. Small, modular structures can be used at multiple scales, with or without attached coral fragments, to create structural complexity and settlement surfaces. However, these can introduce foreign materials to the reef, and a limited understanding of natural recovery processes exists for the potential of this type of active intervention to successfully restore local coral reef structure. This review synthesises available knowledge about the ecological role of coral rubble, natural coral recolonisation and recovery rates and the potential benefits and risks associated with active interventions in this rapidly evolving field. Fundamental knowledge gaps include baseline levels of rubble, the structural complexity of reef habitats in space and time, natural rubble consolidation processes and the risks associated with each intervention method. Any restoration intervention needs to be underpinned by risk assessment, and the decision to repair rubble fields must arise from an understanding of when and where unconsolidated substrate and lack of structure impair natural reef recovery and ecological function. Monitoring is necessary to ascertain the success or failure of the intervention and impacts of potential risks, but there is a strong need to specify desired outcomes, the spatial and temporal context and indicators to be measured. With a focus on the Great Barrier Reef, we synthesise the techniques, successes and failures associated with rubble stabilisation and the use of small structures, review monitoring methods and indicators, and provide recommendations to ensure that we learn from past projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M. Ceccarelli
- Marine Ecology Consultant, Nelly Bay, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- * E-mail: (DMC); (IMM)
| | - Ian M. McLeod
- TropWATER (Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research), James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (DMC); (IMM)
| | - Lisa Boström-Einarsson
- TropWATER (Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research), James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Scott E. Bryan
- School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kathryn M. Chartrand
- TropWATER (Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research), James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael J. Emslie
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3 Townsville MC, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark T. Gibbs
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3 Townsville MC, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Division of Business Development, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Manuel Gonzalez Rivero
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3 Townsville MC, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Margaux Y. Hein
- TropWATER (Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research), James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Heyward
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tania M. Kenyon
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brett M. Lewis
- School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Neil Mattocks
- Reef Joint Field Management Program, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maxine Newlands
- TropWATER (Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research), James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- School of Social Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marie-Lise Schläppy
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3 Townsville MC, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Engineering, Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - David J. Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Line K. Bay
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3 Townsville MC, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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Basel B, Goby G, Johnson J. Community-based adaptation to climate change in villages of Western Province, Solomon Islands. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 156:111266. [PMID: 32510407 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
People, local cultures and the environments they live in are complex and dynamic social-ecological systems that have evolved together over time and are continually affected by a myriad of factors, including climate and global changes. Escalating climate and global changes present an imminent threat to Pacific communities, particularly for food security, livelihoods, health and safety, cultural identity and biodiversity conservation. A participatory community-based climate change adaptation planning process was used to engage with communities on Rendova Island in Western Province, Solomon Islands to identify local adaptation priorities. The methodology recognized that local community members are the managers of the resources they use daily, have direct knowledge of the status of key local resources and have direct influence over ongoing resource governance. The study focused on two objectives: (1) identifying community priorities and documenting them in adaptation plans intended for local implementation, and (2) evaluating whether community adaptation priorities addressed key vulnerabilities identified independently using a semi-quantitative vulnerability assessment. The adaptation priorities identified by the communities encompassed: governance, leadership and planning; farming and livestock; sustainable livelihoods; natural resource management; and youth capacity building. The community adaptation priorities were found to address the key climate change vulnerabilities identified in the semi-quantitative assessment and also addressed additional drivers of social vulnerability and adaptive capacity. This finding reiterates the importance of fully inclusive and participatory vulnerability assessments and community-identification of adaptation priorities coupled with scientific climate projections to comprehensively assess the complexity of social-ecological systems. The climate change adaptation priorities have informed ongoing local actions and are intended to be used by communities, government and NGOs to focus local effort, funding and project development. A review of the suitability of the adaptation priorities by similar villages on neighbouring islands would determine the utility of scaling-up and applying these adaptations to other rural communities in the Solomon Islands, and possibly more widely in other Pacific communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Basel
- Ecothropic, Cimarron, CO, United States of America; Ecothropic México A.C., San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Gillian Goby
- MCC Environmental, Asia Pacific, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Johanna Johnson
- C(2)O Pacific, Port Vila, Vanuatu and Cairns, Australia; College of Science & Engineering, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
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25
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Lam VYY, Doropoulos C, Bozec YM, Mumby PJ. Resilience Concepts and Their Application to Coral Reefs. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Thiault L, Gelcich S, Cinner JE, Tapia‐Lewin S, Chlous F, Claudet J. Generic and specific facets of vulnerability for analysing trade‐offs and synergies in natural resource management. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauric Thiault
- National Center for Scientific ResearchPSL Université ParisCRIOBEUSR 3278 CNRS‐EPHE‐UPVD Paris France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence CORAIL Moorea French Polynesia
- Museum National d’Histoire NaturellePALOCUMR208 MNHN‐IRD Paris France
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) and Center for the Study of Multiple‐Drivers on Marine Socio‐Ecological Systems (MUSELS) Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) and Center for the Study of Multiple‐Drivers on Marine Socio‐Ecological Systems (MUSELS) Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Joshua E. Cinner
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| | - Sebastian Tapia‐Lewin
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Frédérique Chlous
- Museum National d’Histoire NaturellePALOCUMR208 MNHN‐IRD Paris France
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific ResearchPSL Université ParisCRIOBEUSR 3278 CNRS‐EPHE‐UPVD Paris France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence CORAIL Moorea French Polynesia
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27
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Spencer PD, Hollowed AB, Sigler MF, Hermann AJ, Nelson MW. Trait-based climate vulnerability assessments in data-rich systems: An application to eastern Bering Sea fish and invertebrate stocks. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3954-3971. [PMID: 31531923 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trait-based climate vulnerability assessments based on expert evaluation have emerged as a rapid tool to assess biological vulnerability when detailed correlative or mechanistic studies are not feasible. Trait-based assessments typically view vulnerability as a combination of sensitivity and exposure to climate change. However, in some locations, a substantial amount of information may exist on system productivity and environmental conditions (both current and projected), with potential disparities in the information available for data-rich and data-poor stocks. Incorporating this level of detailed information poses challenges when conducting, and communicating uncertainty from, rapid vulnerability assessments. We applied a trait-based vulnerability assessment to 36 fish and invertebrate stocks in the eastern Bering Sea (EBS), a data-rich ecosystem. In recent years, the living marine resources of the EBS and Aleutian Islands have supported fisheries worth more than US $1 billion of annual ex-vessel value. Our vulnerability assessment uses projections (to 2039) from three downscaled climate models, and graphically characterizes the variation in climate projections between climate models and between seasons. Bootstrapping was used to characterize uncertainty in specific biological traits and environmental variables, and in the scores for sensitivity, exposure, and vulnerability. The sensitivity of EBS stocks to climate change ranged from "low" to "high," but vulnerability ranged between "low" and "moderate" due to limited exposure to climate change. Comparison with more detailed studies reveals that water temperature is an important variable for projecting climate impacts on stocks such as walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus), and sensitivity analyses revealed that modifying the rule for determining vulnerability increased the vulnerability scores. This study demonstrates the importance of considering several uncertainties (e.g., climate projections, biological, and model structure) when conducting climate vulnerability assessments, and can be extended in future research to consider the vulnerability of user groups dependent on these stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Spencer
- NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anne B Hollowed
- NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael F Sigler
- NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Juneau, AK, USA
| | - Albert J Hermann
- Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark W Nelson
- NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Science and Technology, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Thiault L, Gelcich S, Marshall N, Marshall P, Chlous F, Claudet J. Operationalizing vulnerability for social–ecological integration in conservation and natural resource management. Conserv Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauric Thiault
- National Center for Scientific ResearchPSL Université Paris CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS‐EPHE‐UPVD Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL Moorea French Polynesia
- Museum National d'Histoire NaturellePALOC Paris France
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) and Center for the Study of Multiple‐Drivers on Marine Socio‐Ecological Systems (MUSELS), Facultad de Ciencias BiologicasPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) and Center for the Study of Multiple‐Drivers on Marine Socio‐Ecological Systems (MUSELS), Facultad de Ciencias BiologicasPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Nadine Marshall
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Land and WaterJames Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Paul Marshall
- Reef Ecologic Townsville Queensland Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation ResearchUniversity of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | | | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific ResearchPSL Université Paris CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS‐EPHE‐UPVD Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL Moorea French Polynesia
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29
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A Vulnerability Analysis of Coral Reefs in Coastal Ecotourism Areas for Conservation Management. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/d11070107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coral reef ecosystems provide many ecological, economic, and social benefits. Despite their numerous functions, coral reefs are in a vulnerable state due to the effects of human activities. The condition of coral reefs has decreased in many parts of the world. Therefore, coral reef examinations need to be carried out continuously in order to formulate management strategies that can reduce their vulnerability over time. This study aims to analyze the vulnerability index of coral reefs, the sensitivity of coral reefs to the causes of vulnerability, and the adaptive capacity to anticipate vulnerability. The primary data are the perceptions of respondents’ who filled out a prepared questionnaire which included eight dimensions: information on the environmental conditions, fishing ports, fishing areas, coastline settlements, tourism management, tourism attractions, socio-economic conditions and population, and aquaculture. The data were analyzed using multidimensional scaling (MDS). The results of the analysis revealed that fishing ports, fishing areas, and environmental condition are high vulnerability indexes which cause damage to coral reefs. The highest coral reef vulnerability sensitivity was found to be triggered by the distance from fishing areas and the distance from fishing vessel channels. An inverse relationship between vulnerability and adaptive capacity was shown. Hence distance from fishing areas and distance from fishing vessel channels are the attributes that have low adaptive capacity.
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Habitat Climate Change Vulnerability Index Applied to Major Vegetation Types of the Western Interior United States. LAND 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/land8070108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We applied a framework to assess climate change vulnerability of 52 major vegetation types in the Western United States to provide a spatially explicit input to adaptive management decisions. The framework addressed climate exposure and ecosystem resilience; the latter derived from analyses of ecosystem sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Measures of climate change exposure used observed climate change (1981–2014) and then climate projections for the mid-21st century (2040–2069 RCP 4.5). Measures of resilience included (under ecosystem sensitivity) landscape intactness, invasive species, fire regime alteration, and forest insect and disease risk, and (under adaptive capacity), measures for topo-climate variability, diversity within functional species groups, and vulnerability of any keystone species. Outputs are generated per 100 km2 hexagonal area for each type. As of 2014, moderate climate change vulnerability was indicated for >50% of the area of 50 of 52 types. By the mid-21st century, all but 19 types face high or very high vulnerability with >50% of the area scoring in these categories. Measures for resilience explain most components of vulnerability as of 2014, with most targeted vegetation scoring low in adaptive capacity measures and variably for specific sensitivity measures. Elevated climate exposure explains increases in vulnerability between the current and mid-century time periods.
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31
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Livelihood Vulnerability of Riverine-Island Dwellers in the Face of Natural Disasters in Bangladesh. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11061623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bangladesh is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world. In particular, its riverine-island (char) dwellers face continuous riverbank erosion, frequent flooding, and other adverse effects of climate change that increase their vulnerability. This paper aims to assess the livelihood vulnerability of riverine communities by applying the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) vulnerability framework and the livelihood vulnerability index (LVI). Results indicate substantial variation in the vulnerability of char dwellers based on mainland proximity. The main drivers of livelihood vulnerability are char-dweller adaptation strategies and access to food and health services. The study further reveals that riverbank erosion, frequent flood inundation, and lack of employment and access to basic public services are the major social and natural drivers of livelihood vulnerability. Char-based policy focusing on short- and long-term strategy is required to reduce livelihood vulnerability and enhance char-dweller resilience.
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Socio-Economic Drivers of Adoption of Small-Scale Aquaculture in Indonesia. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11061543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aquaculture has a critical role in achieving the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals of increasing benefits that low-income and least-developed countries derive from marine resources. Its capacity to deliver these outcomes is challenging, particularly for marginalized groups. This is especially true if the introduction of novel technologies is applied with incomplete understanding of socio-economic and bio-physical contexts. We examined what socio-economic factors affect people’s perceptions of adoption of lobster aquaculture in rural households in Indonesia. We used multiple linear regression with model averaging to test the influence of five capital assets (human, social, natural, physical, and financial), including agency, equity, and household sensitivity, on people’s perceived ability to adopt lobster aquaculture. Agency and sensitivity had the greatest influence on the dependent variable. We then used correlation analysis to develop a heuristic model of potential indirect causal mechanisms affecting people’s perceptions of adoption. Our results point to the existence of a ‘sensitivity trap’, where more sensitive or marginalized households are less likely to engage in new economic opportunities. We emphasize the value of multifaceted programs for improving livelihoods, particularly for poorer, more vulnerable households as one way to support the UN’s commitment to using aquaculture as a pathway to achieving sustainable development.
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Mcleod E, Anthony KRN, Mumby PJ, Maynard J, Beeden R, Graham NAJ, Heron SF, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Jupiter S, MacGowan P, Mangubhai S, Marshall N, Marshall PA, McClanahan TR, Mcleod K, Nyström M, Obura D, Parker B, Possingham HP, Salm RV, Tamelander J. The future of resilience-based management in coral reef ecosystems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 233:291-301. [PMID: 30583103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Resilience underpins the sustainability of both ecological and social systems. Extensive loss of reef corals following recent mass bleaching events have challenged the notion that support of system resilience is a viable reef management strategy. While resilience-based management (RBM) cannot prevent the damaging effects of major disturbances, such as mass bleaching events, it can support natural processes that promote resistance and recovery. Here, we review the potential of RBM to help sustain coral reefs in the 21st century. We explore the scope for supporting resilience through existing management approaches and emerging technologies and discuss their opportunities and limitations in a changing climate. We argue that for RBM to be effective in a changing world, reef management strategies need to involve both existing and new interventions that together reduce stress, support the fitness of populations and species, and help people and economies to adapt to a highly altered ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth R N Anthony
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville, Qld, 4810, Australia; Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Peter J Mumby
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Maynard
- SymbioSeas and the Marine Applied Research Center, Wilmington, NC, 28411, United States
| | - Roger Beeden
- Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, Qld, 4810, Australia
| | | | - Scott F Heron
- NOAA Coral Reef Watch, NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, College Park, MD, 20740, USA; ReefSense, Townsville, Qld 4814, Australia; Marine Geophysical Laboratory, Physics Department, College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811, Australia
| | - Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
- Global Change Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Qld, Australia
| | - Stacy Jupiter
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Melanesia Program, Suva, Fiji
| | | | | | - Nadine Marshall
- CSIRO Land and Water and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Q4811, Australia
| | - Paul A Marshall
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia; Reef Ecologic, North Ward, Townsville, Qld, 4810, Australia
| | | | - Karen Mcleod
- COMPASS, Oregon State University, Department of Zoology, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Magnus Nyström
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE, 10691, Sweden
| | - David Obura
- CORDIO East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya; Global Change Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Qld, Australia
| | - Britt Parker
- NOAA NIDIS/Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Hugh P Possingham
- The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, 22203, USA; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
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Siegel KJ, Cabral RB, McHenry J, Ojea E, Owashi B, Lester SE. Sovereign states in the Caribbean have lower social-ecological vulnerability to coral bleaching than overseas territories. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182365. [PMID: 30963826 PMCID: PMC6408901 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reef social-ecological systems worldwide face major impacts from climate change, and spatial variation in vulnerability is driven by differential exposure to climatic threats, ecological and socio-economic sensitivity to those threats, ecological recovery potential, and socio-economic adaptive capacity. We assess variation in social-ecological vulnerability to climate change-induced coral bleaching, specifically for reef-based fisheries and tourism, of islands throughout the insular Caribbean, thus providing the first region-wide quantitative analysis of island-scale social-ecological vulnerability to coral bleaching. We show that different components of vulnerability have distinct spatial patterns and that variability in overall vulnerability is driven more by socio-economic than ecological components. Importantly, we find that sovereign islands are less vulnerable on average than overseas territories and that the presence of fisheries management regulations is a significant predictor of adaptive capacity and socio-economic sensitivity, with important implications for island-level governance and policies to reduce climate vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J. Siegel
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 326 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA
| | - Reniel B. Cabral
- Sustainable Fisheries Group, Bren School of Environmental Science and Management and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131, USA
| | - Jennifer McHenry
- Department of Geography, Florida State University, 323 Bellamy Building, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2190, USA
| | - Elena Ojea
- Future Oceans Lab, University of Vigo, Spain
| | - Brandon Owashi
- Sustainable Fisheries Group, Bren School of Environmental Science and Management and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131, USA
| | - Sarah E. Lester
- Department of Geography, Florida State University, 323 Bellamy Building, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2190, USA
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Hoegh-Guldberg O, Kennedy EV, Beyer HL, McClennen C, Possingham HP. Securing a Long-term Future for Coral Reefs. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:936-944. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Assessing the Vulnerability of Marine Fisheries in China: Towards an Inter-Provincial Perspective. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10114302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
China’s marine fisheries are undergoing large-scale environmental changes associated with climate change, marine pollution, and overfishing. The assessment of marine fisheries vulnerability has become extremely necessary for fisheries management and sustainable development. However, studies on China’s marine fisheries vulnerability remains sparse. This study aimed to provide an analysis of the inter-provincial level vulnerability of China’s marine fisheries under multiple disturbances. The vulnerability measure was composed of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity indicators specific to marine fisheries based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) definitions. Results showed that Liaoning, Hebei, Fujian, and Hainan provinces appeared to be the most vulnerable; Shanghai appeared to be less vulnerable among China’s 11 coastal provinces; and the key sources of vulnerability differed considerably among coastal regions. The high vulnerability regions could be divided into two different patterns according to the combination of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity, but they all had one thing in common: relatively low adaptive capacity. While some existing coercive measures to reduce dependence on fisheries were found to be helpful in China, the reality showed that appropriate adaptation measures such as improving fishermen’s education level and increasing vocational training may be helpful in enhancing the existing policy effectiveness.
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Harvey BJ, Nash KL, Blanchard JL, Edwards DP. Ecosystem-based management of coral reefs under climate change. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6354-6368. [PMID: 29988420 PMCID: PMC6024134 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs provide food and livelihoods for hundreds of millions of people as well as harbour some of the highest regions of biodiversity in the ocean. However, overexploitation, land-use change and other local anthropogenic threats to coral reefs have left many degraded. Additionally, coral reefs are faced with the dual emerging threats of ocean warming and acidification due to rising CO 2 emissions, with dire predictions that they will not survive the century. This review evaluates the impacts of climate change on coral reef organisms, communities and ecosystems, focusing on the interactions between climate change factors and local anthropogenic stressors. It then explores the shortcomings of existing management and the move towards ecosystem-based management and resilience thinking, before highlighting the need for climate change-ready marine protected areas (MPAs), reduction in local anthropogenic stressors, novel approaches such as human-assisted evolution and the importance of sustainable socialecological systems. It concludes that designation of climate change-ready MPAs, integrated with other management strategies involving stakeholders and participation at multiple scales such as marine spatial planning, will be required to maximise coral reef resilience under climate change. However, efforts to reduce carbon emissions are critical if the long-term efficacy of local management actions is to be maintained and coral reefs are to survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany J. Harvey
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Kirsty L. Nash
- Centre for Marine SocioecologyHobartTASAustralia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTASAustralia
| | - Julia L. Blanchard
- Centre for Marine SocioecologyHobartTASAustralia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTASAustralia
| | - David P. Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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Davies TE, Epstein G, Aguilera SE, Brooks CM, Cox M, Evans LS, Maxwell SM, Nenadovic M, Ban NC. Assessing trade-offs in large marine protected areas. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195760. [PMID: 29668750 PMCID: PMC5905982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Large marine protected areas (LMPAs) are increasingly being established and have a high profile in marine conservation. LMPAs are expected to achieve multiple objectives, and because of their size are postulated to avoid trade-offs that are common in smaller MPAs. However, evaluations across multiple outcomes are lacking. We used a systematic approach to code several social and ecological outcomes of 12 LMPAs. We found evidence of three types of trade-offs: trade-offs between different ecological resources (supply trade-offs); trade-offs between ecological resource conditions and the well-being of resource users (supply-demand trade-offs); and trade-offs between the well-being outcomes of different resource users (demand trade-offs). We also found several divergent outcomes that were attributed to influences beyond the scope of the LMPA. We suggest that despite their size, trade-offs can develop in LMPAs and should be considered in planning and design. LMPAs may improve their performance across multiple social and ecological objectives if integrated with larger-scale conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy E. Davies
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Colombia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Graham Epstein
- Environmental Change and Governance Group, School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stacy E. Aguilera
- The Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Cassandra M. Brooks
- Stanford University, Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Cox
- Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Louisa S. Evans
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sara M. Maxwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mateja Nenadovic
- Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Natalie C. Ban
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Colombia, Canada
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Abstract
Locally sustainable resource extraction activities, at times, transform into ecologically detrimental enterprises. Understanding such transitions is a primary challenge for conservation and management of many ecosystems. In marine systems, over-exploitation of small-scale fisheries creates problems such as reduced biodiversity and lower catches. However, long-term documentation of how governance and associated changes in fishing gears may have contributed to such declines is often lacking. Using fisher interviews, we characterized fishing gear dynamics over 60 years (1950–2010) in a coral reef ecosystem in the Philippines subject to changing fishing regulations. In aggregate fishers greatly diversified their use of fishing gears. However, most individual fishers used one or two gears at a time (mean number of fishing gears < 2 in all years). Individual fishing effort (days per year) was fairly steady over the study period, but cumulative fishing effort by all fishers increased 240%. In particular, we document large increases in total effort by fishers using nets and diving. Other fishing gears experienced less pronounced changes in total effort over time. Fishing intensified through escalating use of non-selective, active, and destructive fishing gears. We also found that policies promoting higher production over sustainability influenced the use of fishing gears, with changes in gear use persisting decades after those same policies were stopped. Our quantitative evidence shows dynamic changes in fishing gear use over time and indicates that gears used in contemporary small-scale fisheries impact oceans more than those used in earlier decades.
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Comte A, Pendleton LH. Management strategies for coral reefs and people under global environmental change: 25 years of scientific research. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 209:462-474. [PMID: 29309969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Coral reef ecosystems and the people who depend on them are increasingly exposed to the adverse effects of global environmental change (GEC), including increases in sea-surface temperature and ocean acidification. Managers and decision-makers need a better understanding of the options available for action in the face of these changes. We refine a typology of actions developed by Gattuso et al. (2015) that could serve in prioritizing strategies to deal with the impacts of GEC on reefs and people. Using the typology we refined, we investigate the scientific effort devoted to four types of management strategies: mitigate, protect, repair, adapt that we tie to the components of the chain of impact they affect: ecological vulnerability or social vulnerability. A systematic literature review is used to investigate quantitatively how scientific effort over the past 25 years is responding to the challenge posed by GEC on coral reefs and to identify gaps in research. A growing literature has focused on these impacts and on management strategies to sustain coral reef social-ecological systems. We identify 767 peer reviewed articles published between 1990 and 2016 that address coral reef management in the context of GEC. The rate of publication of such studies has increased over the years, following the general trend in climate research. The literature focuses on protect strategies the most, followed by mitigate and adapt strategies, and finally repair strategies. Developed countries, particularly Australia and the United States, are over-represented as authors and locations of case studies across all types of management strategies. Authors affiliated in developed countries play a major role in investigating case studies across the globe. The majority of articles focus on only one of the four categories of actions. A gap analysis reveals three directions for future research: (1) more research is needed in South-East Asia and other developing countries where the impacts of GEC on coral reefs will be the greatest, (2) more scholarly effort should be devoted to understanding how adapt and repair strategies can deal with the impacts of GEC, and (3) the simultaneous assessment of multiple strategies is needed to understand trade-offs and synergies between actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Comte
- Université de Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, UMR6308 AMURE, IUEM, Plouzané, France.
| | - Linwood H Pendleton
- Université de Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, UMR6308 AMURE, IUEM, Plouzané, France; Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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41
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Hempson TN, Graham NAJ, MacNeil MA, Hoey AS, Wilson SK. Ecosystem regime shifts disrupt trophic structure. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:191-200. [PMID: 29035010 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Regime shifts between alternative stable ecosystem states are becoming commonplace due to the combined effects of local stressors and global climate change. Alternative states are characterized as substantially different in form and function from pre-disturbance states, disrupting the delivery of ecosystem services and functions. On coral reefs, regime shifts are typically characterized by a change in the benthic composition from coral to macroalgal dominance. Such fundamental shifts in the benthos are anticipated to impact associated fish communities that are reliant on the reef for food and shelter, yet there is limited understanding of how regime shifts propagate through the fish community over time, relative to initial or recovery conditions. This study addresses this knowledge gap using long-term data of coral reef regime shifts and recovery on Seychelles reefs following the 1998 mass bleaching event. It shows how trophic structure of the reef fish community becomes increasingly dissimilar between alternative reef ecosystem states (regime-shifted vs. recovering) with time since disturbance. Regime-shifted reefs developed a concave trophic structure, with increased biomass in base trophic levels as herbivorous species benefitted from increased algal resources. Mid trophic level species, including specialists such as corallivores, declined with loss of coral habitat, while biomass was retained in upper trophic levels by large-bodied, generalist invertivores. Recovering reefs also experienced an initial decline in mid trophic level biomass, but moved toward a bottom-heavy pyramid shape, with a wide range of feeding groups (e.g., planktivores, corallivores, omnivores) represented at mid trophic levels. Given the importance of coral reef fishes in maintaining the ecological function of coral reef ecosystems and their associated fisheries, understanding the effects of regime shifts on these communities is essential to inform decisions that enhance ecological resilience and economic sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa N Hempson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Nicholas A J Graham
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - M Aaron MacNeil
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
- Department of Biology, Ocean Frontier Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Townsville, Queensland, 4810, Australia
| | - Andrew S Hoey
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Shaun K Wilson
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Marine Science Program, 17 Dick Perry Avenue, Kensington, Perth, Western Australia, 6151, Australia
- Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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42
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Merrill NH, Mulvaney KK, Martin DM, Chintala MM, Berry W, Gleason T, Balogh S, Humphries A. A resilience framework for chronic exposures: water quality and ecosystem services in coastal social-ecological systems. COASTAL MANAGEMENT : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT, RESOURCES, LAW, AND SOCIETY 2018; 46:242-258. [PMID: 31178625 PMCID: PMC6550327 DOI: 10.1080/08920753.2018.1474066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Water quality degradation is a chronic problem which influences the resilience of a social-ecological system differently than acute disturbances, such as disease or storms. Recognizing this, we developed a tailored resilience framework that applies ecosystem service concepts to coastal social-ecological systems affected by degraded water quality. We present the framework as a mechanism for coordinating interdisciplinary research to inform long-term community planning decisions pertaining to chronic challenges in coastal systems. The resulting framework connects the ecological system to the social system via ecological production functions and ecosystem services. The social system then feeds back to the ecological system via policies and interventions to address declining water quality. We apply our resilience framework to the coastal waters and communities of Cape Cod (Barnstable County, Massachusetts, USA) which are affected by nitrogen over-enrichment. This approach allowed us to design research to improve the understanding of the effectiveness and acceptance of water quality improvement efforts and their effect on the delivery of ecosystem services. This framework is intended to be transferable to other geographical settings and more generally applied to systems exposed to chronic disturbances in order to coordinate interdisciplinary research planning and inform coastal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel H Merrill
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, USA
| | - Kate K Mulvaney
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, USA
| | - David M Martin
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, USA
| | - Marnita M Chintala
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, USA
| | - Walter Berry
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, USA
| | - Timothy Gleason
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, USA
| | - Stephen Balogh
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, USA
| | - Austin Humphries
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, USA
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43
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Pratchett MS, Thompson CA, Hoey AS, Cowman PF, Wilson SK. Effects of Coral Bleaching and Coral Loss on the Structure and Function of Reef Fish Assemblages. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75393-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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44
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Braulik G, Wittich A, Macaulay J, Kasuga M, Gordon J, Davenport TRB, Gillespie D. Acoustic monitoring to document the spatial distribution and hotspots of blast fishing in Tanzania. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 125:360-366. [PMID: 28958441 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Destructive fishing using explosives occurs in a number of countries worldwide, negatively impacting coral reefs and fisheries on which millions of people rely. Documenting, quantifying and combating the problem has proved problematic. In March-April 2015 231h of acoustic data were collected over 2692km of systematically laid transects along the entire coast of Tanzania. A total of 318 blasts were confirmed using a combination of manual and supervised semi-autonomous detection. Blasts were detected along the entire coastline, but almost 62% were within 80km of Dar es Salaam, where blast frequency reached almost 10blasts/h. This study is one of the first to use acoustic monitoring to provide a spatial assessment of the intensity of blast fishing. This can be a useful tool that can provide reliable data to define hotspots where the activity is concentrated and determine where enforcement should be focused for maximum impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gill Braulik
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Tanzania Program, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK.
| | | | - Jamie Macaulay
- Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Magreth Kasuga
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Tanzania Program, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Jonathan Gordon
- Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | | | - Douglas Gillespie
- Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK
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45
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D'agata S, Vigliola L, Graham NAJ, Wantiez L, Parravicini V, Villéger S, Mou-Tham G, Frolla P, Friedlander AM, Kulbicki M, Mouillot D. Unexpected high vulnerability of functions in wilderness areas: evidence from coral reef fishes. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.0128. [PMID: 27928042 PMCID: PMC5204136 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High species richness is thought to support the delivery of multiple ecosystem functions and services under changing environments. Yet, some species might perform unique functional roles while others are redundant. Thus, the benefits of high species richness in maintaining ecosystem functioning are uncertain if functions have little redundancy, potentially leading to high vulnerability of functions. We studied the natural propensity of assemblages to be functionally buffered against loss prior to fishing activities, using functional trait combinations, in coral reef fish assemblages across unfished wilderness areas of the Indo-Pacific: Chagos Archipelago, New Caledonia and French Polynesia. Fish functional diversity in these wilderness areas is highly vulnerable to fishing, explained by species- and abundance-based redundancy packed into a small combination of traits, leaving most other trait combinations (60%) sensitive to fishing, with no redundancy. Functional vulnerability peaks for mobile and sedentary top predators, and large species in general. Functional vulnerability decreases for certain functional entities in New Caledonia, where overall functional redundancy was higher. Uncovering these baseline patterns of functional vulnerability can offer early warning signals of the damaging effects from fishing, and may serve as baselines to guide precautionary and even proactive conservation actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie D'agata
- MARBEC, UMR IRD-CNRS-UM-IFREMER 9190, Université Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France .,ENTROPIE, UMR IRD-UR-CNRS 9220, Laboratoire d'Excellence LABEX CORAIL, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, BP A5, 98848 Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Programs, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Laurent Vigliola
- ENTROPIE, UMR IRD-UR-CNRS 9220, Laboratoire d'Excellence LABEX CORAIL, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, BP A5, 98848 Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia
| | - Nicholas A J Graham
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.,Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Laurent Wantiez
- Université de Nouvelle Calédonie-Laboratoire « LIVE » EA4243, BP R4-98851, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Valeriano Parravicini
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, USR 3278 EPHE-CNRS-UPVD CRIOBE, University of Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Villéger
- MARBEC, UMR IRD-CNRS-UM-IFREMER 9190, Université Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Gerard Mou-Tham
- ENTROPIE, UMR IRD-UR-CNRS 9220, Laboratoire d'Excellence LABEX CORAIL, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, BP A5, 98848 Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia
| | - Philippe Frolla
- Entreprise Générale de Logistique Environnementale (EGLE SARL), Tribu de Fatanaoué, 98833 Voh-Temala, New Caledonia
| | - Alan M Friedlander
- Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, University of Hawaii, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.,Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, 1145 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Michel Kulbicki
- ENTROPIE, UMR IRD-UR-CNRS 9220, Laboratoire d'Excellence LABEX CORAIL, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan Cedex 9, France
| | - David Mouillot
- MARBEC, UMR IRD-CNRS-UM-IFREMER 9190, Université Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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46
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Bakker J, Wangensteen OS, Chapman DD, Boussarie G, Buddo D, Guttridge TL, Hertler H, Mouillot D, Vigliola L, Mariani S. Environmental DNA reveals tropical shark diversity in contrasting levels of anthropogenic impact. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16886. [PMID: 29203793 PMCID: PMC5715122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sharks are charismatic predators that play a key role in most marine food webs. Their demonstrated vulnerability to exploitation has recently turned them into flagship species in ocean conservation. Yet, the assessment and monitoring of the distribution and abundance of such mobile species in marine environments remain challenging, often invasive and resource-intensive. Here we pilot a novel, rapid and non-invasive environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding approach specifically targeted to infer shark presence, diversity and eDNA read abundance in tropical habitats. We identified at least 21 shark species, from both Caribbean and Pacific Coral Sea water samples, whose geographical patterns of diversity and read abundance coincide with geographical differences in levels of anthropogenic pressure and conservation effort. We demonstrate that eDNA metabarcoding can be effectively employed to study shark diversity. Further developments in this field have the potential to drastically enhance our ability to assess and monitor elusive oceanic predators, and lead to improved conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Bakker
- Ecosystems & Environment Research Centre, School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK
| | - Owen S Wangensteen
- Ecosystems & Environment Research Centre, School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK
| | - Demian D Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 S.W., 8th Street, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Germain Boussarie
- MARBEC, UMR IRD-CNRS-UM-IFREMER 9190, Université Montpellier, Languedoc-Roussillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex, France
- IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), Laboratoire d'Excellence Labex Corail, UMR IRD-UR-CNRS ENTROPIE, Centre IRD de Noumea, BP A5, 98800, Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia, France
| | - Dayne Buddo
- University of the West Indies, Discovery Bay Marine Laboratory and Field Station, P.O. Box 35, Discovery Bay, St. Ann, Jamaica
| | | | - Heidi Hertler
- The SFS Centre for Marine Resource Studies, Turks and Caicos Islands, UK
| | - David Mouillot
- MARBEC, UMR IRD-CNRS-UM-IFREMER 9190, Université Montpellier, Languedoc-Roussillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Vigliola
- IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), Laboratoire d'Excellence Labex Corail, UMR IRD-UR-CNRS ENTROPIE, Centre IRD de Noumea, BP A5, 98800, Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia, France
| | - Stefano Mariani
- Ecosystems & Environment Research Centre, School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK.
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47
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Biocultural approaches to well-being and sustainability indicators across scales. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:1798-1806. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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48
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Community- and government-managed marine protected areas increase fish size, biomass and potential value. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182342. [PMID: 28806740 PMCID: PMC5555630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Government-managed marine protected areas (MPAs) can restore small fish stocks, but have been heavily criticized for excluding resource users and creating conflicts. A promising but less studied alternative are community-managed MPAs, where resource users are more involved in MPA design, implementation and enforcement. Here we evaluated effects of government- and community-managed MPAs on the density, size and biomass of seagrass- and coral reef-associated fish, using field surveys in Kenyan coastal lagoons. We also assessed protection effects on the potential monetary value of fish; a variable that increases non-linearly with fish body mass and is particularly important from a fishery perspective. We found that two recently established community MPAs (< 1 km2 in size, ≤ 5 years of protection) harbored larger fish and greater total fish biomass than two fished (open access) areas, in both seagrass beds and coral reefs. As expected, protection effects were considerably stronger in the older and larger government MPAs. Importantly, across management and habitat types, the protection effect on the potential monetary value of the fish was much stronger than the effects on fish biomass and size (6.7 vs. 2.6 and 1.3 times higher value in community MPAs than in fished areas, respectively). This strong effect on potential value was partly explained by presence of larger (and therefore more valuable) individual fish, and partly by higher densities of high-value taxa (e.g. rabbitfish). In summary, we show that i) small and recently established community-managed MPAs can, just like larger and older government-managed MPAs, play an important role for local conservation of high-value fish, and that ii) these effects are equally strong in coral reefs as in seagrass beds; an important habitat too rarely included in formal management. Consequently, community-managed MPAs could benefit both coral reef and seagrass ecosystems and provide spillover of valuable fish to nearby fisheries.
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49
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Current limitations of global conservation to protect higher vulnerability and lower resilience fish species. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7702. [PMID: 28794436 PMCID: PMC5550462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Estuaries are threatened by intense and continuously increasing human activities. Here we estimated the sensitivity of fish assemblages in a set of estuaries distributed worldwide (based on species vulnerability and resilience), and the exposure to cumulative stressors and coverage by protected areas in and around those estuaries (from marine, estuarine and freshwater ecosystems, due to their connectivity). Vulnerability and resilience of estuarine fish assemblages were not evenly distributed globally and were driven by environmental features. Exposure to pressures and extent of protection were also not evenly distributed worldwide. Assemblages with more vulnerable and less resilient species were associated with estuaries in higher latitudes (in particular Europe), and with higher connectivity with the marine ecosystem, moreover such estuaries were generally under high intensity of pressures but with no concomitant increase in protection. Current conservation schemes pay little attention to species traits, despite their role in maintaining ecosystem functioning and stability. Results emphasize that conservation is weakly related with the global distribution of sensitive fish species in sampled estuaries, and this shortcoming is aggravated by their association with highly pressured locations, which appeals for changes in the global conservation strategy (namely towards estuaries in temperate regions and highly connected with marine ecosystems).
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50
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Zhang J, Sun J, Ma B, Du W. Assessing the ecological vulnerability of the upper reaches of the Minjiang River. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181825. [PMID: 28753635 PMCID: PMC5533336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The upper reaches of the Minjiang River (URMR), located on the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau in southwestern China, are an important component of the ecological barrier of the Upper Yangtze River Basin. Climate change and human activities have increased the ecological sensitivity and vulnerability of the region, which may pose a threat to the ecological security of the Yangtze River Basin and have negative impacts on local social and economic development. In this study, we analyzed land use and cover change (LUCC) of the URMR between 2000 and 2010, and found that the total rate of LUCC was less than 0.50% during this period. In addition, net primary production (NPP) was employed to describe the changes in ecosystem sensitivity and vulnerability, and the results demonstrated that slightly and moderately sensitive and vulnerable zones occupied the largest area, distributed mainly in forest, shrub, and grassland ecosystems. However, compared with the period from 2000 to 2005, the ecological sensitivity and vulnerability showed a worsening trend in the period 2005-2010. Exploring the relationship between vulnerability/sensitivity and environmental factors, we found that sensitivity and vulnerability were positively correlated with precipitation (>700 mm) and aridity index (>36 mm/°C). The results highlight that the future ecological sensitivity and vulnerability of URMR should be further investigated, and that the LUCC induced by human activities and climate change have caused alteration of in ecosystem vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifei Zhang
- Center for Mountain Development Research, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Baibing Ma
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Earth Science and Resource, Chang'an University, Xian, China
| | - Wenpeng Du
- School of Earth Science and Resource, Chang'an University, Xian, China
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