1
|
Engert JE, Campbell MJ, Cinner JE, Ishida Y, Sloan S, Supriatna J, Alamgir M, Cislowski J, Laurance WF. Ghost roads and the destruction of Asia-Pacific tropical forests. Nature 2024; 629:370-375. [PMID: 38600390 PMCID: PMC11078755 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Roads are expanding at the fastest pace in human history. This is the case especially in biodiversity-rich tropical nations, where roads can result in forest loss and fragmentation, wildfires, illicit land invasions and negative societal effects1-5. Many roads are being constructed illegally or informally and do not appear on any existing road map6-10; the toll of such 'ghost roads' on ecosystems is poorly understood. Here we use around 7,000 h of effort by trained volunteers to map ghost roads across the tropical Asia-Pacific region, sampling 1.42 million plots, each 1 km2 in area. Our intensive sampling revealed a total of 1.37 million km of roads in our plots-from 3.0 to 6.6 times more roads than were found in leading datasets of roads globally. Across our study area, road building almost always preceded local forest loss, and road density was by far the strongest correlate11 of deforestation out of 38 potential biophysical and socioeconomic covariates. The relationship between road density and forest loss was nonlinear, with deforestation peaking soon after roads penetrate a landscape and then declining as roads multiply and remaining accessible forests largely disappear. Notably, after controlling for lower road density inside protected areas, we found that protected areas had only modest additional effects on preventing forest loss, implying that their most vital conservation function is limiting roads and road-related environmental disruption. Collectively, our findings suggest that burgeoning, poorly studied ghost roads are among the gravest of all direct threats to tropical forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayden E Engert
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Mason J Campbell
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joshua E Cinner
- College of Arts, Society and Education, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Thriving Oceans Research Hub, School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yoko Ishida
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sean Sloan
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Geography, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jatna Supriatna
- Research Center for Climate Change, and Department of Biology, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Mohammed Alamgir
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jaime Cislowski
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zamborain-Mason J, Cinner JE, MacNeil MA, Graham NAJ, Hoey AS, Beger M, Brooks AJ, Booth DJ, Edgar GJ, Feary DA, Ferse SCA, Friedlander AM, Gough CLA, Green AL, Mouillot D, Polunin NVC, Stuart-Smith RD, Wantiez L, Williams ID, Wilson SK, Connolly SR. Sustainable reference points for multispecies coral reef fisheries. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5368. [PMID: 37666831 PMCID: PMC10477311 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainably managing fisheries requires regular and reliable evaluation of stock status. However, most multispecies reef fisheries around the globe tend to lack research and monitoring capacity, preventing the estimation of sustainable reference points against which stocks can be assessed. Here, combining fish biomass data for >2000 coral reefs, we estimate site-specific sustainable reference points for coral reef fisheries and use these and available catch estimates to assess the status of global coral reef fish stocks. We reveal that >50% of sites and jurisdictions with available information have stocks of conservation concern, having failed at least one fisheries sustainability benchmark. We quantify the trade-offs between biodiversity, fish length, and ecosystem functions relative to key benchmarks and highlight the ecological benefits of increasing sustainability. Our approach yields multispecies sustainable reference points for coral reef fisheries using environmental conditions, a promising means for enhancing the sustainability of the world's coral reef fisheries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Zamborain-Mason
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
| | - Joshua E Cinner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - M Aaron MacNeil
- Ocean Frontier Institute, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 3J5, Canada
| | | | - Andrew S Hoey
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Maria Beger
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brooks
- Coastal Research Center, Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - David J Booth
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney 2007 Australia, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Graham J Edgar
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | | | - Sebastian C A Ferse
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology & Chemistry (FB2), University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Alan M Friedlander
- National Geographic Society, Pristine Seas Program, 1145 17th Street N.W, Washington DC, 20036-4688, USA
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, Kāne'ohe, Hawai'i, 96744, USA
| | | | - Alison L Green
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Mouillot
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicholas V C Polunin
- School of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University NE17RU, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rick D Stuart-Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Laurent Wantiez
- University of New Caledonia, BPR4 98851, Noumea cedex, New Caledonia
| | - Ivor D Williams
- Coral Reef Ecosystems Division, NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu, HI, 96818, USA
| | - Shaun K Wilson
- Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, Perth, WA, 6151, Australia
| | - Sean R Connolly
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Simpfendorfer CA, Heithaus MR, Heupel MR, MacNeil MA, Meekan M, Harvey E, Sherman CS, Currey-Randall LM, Goetze JS, Kiszka JJ, Rees MJ, Speed CW, Udyawer V, Bond ME, Flowers KI, Clementi GM, Valentin-Albanese J, Adam MS, Ali K, Asher J, Aylagas E, Beaufort O, Benjamin C, Bernard ATF, Berumen ML, Bierwagen S, Birrell C, Bonnema E, Bown RMK, Brooks EJ, Brown JJ, Buddo D, Burke PJ, Cáceres C, Cambra M, Cardeñosa D, Carrier JC, Casareto S, Caselle JE, Charloo V, Cinner JE, Claverie T, Clua EEG, Cochran JEM, Cook N, Cramp JE, D'Alberto BM, de Graaf M, Dornhege MC, Espinoza M, Estep A, Fanovich L, Farabaugh NF, Fernando D, Ferreira CEL, Fields CYA, Flam AL, Floros C, Fourqurean V, Gajdzik L, Barcia LG, Garla R, Gastrich K, George L, Giarrizzo T, Graham R, Guttridge TL, Hagan V, Hardenstine RS, Heck SM, Henderson AC, Heithaus P, Hertler H, Padilla MH, Hueter RE, Jabado RW, Joyeux JC, Jaiteh V, Johnson M, Jupiter SD, Kaimuddin M, Kasana D, Kelley M, Kessel ST, Kiilu B, Kirata T, Kuguru B, Kyne F, Langlois T, Lara F, Lawe J, Lédée EJI, Lindfield S, Luna-Acosta A, Maggs JQ, Manjaji-Matsumoto BM, Marshall A, Martin L, Mateos-Molina D, Matich P, McCombs E, McIvor A, McLean D, Meggs L, Moore S, Mukherji S, Murray R, Newman SJ, Nogués J, Obota C, Ochavillo D, O'Shea O, Osuka KE, Papastamatiou YP, Perera N, Peterson B, Pimentel CR, Pina-Amargós F, Pinheiro HT, Ponzo A, Prasetyo A, Quamar LMS, Quinlan JR, Reis-Filho JA, Ruiz H, Ruiz-Abierno A, Sala E, de-León PS, Samoilys MA, Sample WR, Schärer-Umpierre M, Schlaff AM, Schmid K, Schoen SN, Simpson N, Smith ANH, Spaet JLY, Sparks L, Stoffers T, Tanna A, Torres R, Travers MJ, van Zinnicq Bergmann M, Vigliola L, Ward J, Warren JD, Watts AM, Wen CK, Whitman ER, Wirsing AJ, Wothke A, Zarza-González E, Chapman DD. Widespread diversity deficits of coral reef sharks and rays. Science 2023; 380:1155-1160. [PMID: 37319199 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade4884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A global survey of coral reefs reveals that overfishing is driving resident shark species toward extinction, causing diversity deficits in reef elasmobranch (shark and ray) assemblages. Our species-level analysis revealed global declines of 60 to 73% for five common resident reef shark species and that individual shark species were not detected at 34 to 47% of surveyed reefs. As reefs become more shark-depleted, rays begin to dominate assemblages. Shark-dominated assemblages persist in wealthy nations with strong governance and in highly protected areas, whereas poverty, weak governance, and a lack of shark management are associated with depauperate assemblages mainly composed of rays. Without action to address these diversity deficits, loss of ecological function and ecosystem services will increasingly affect human communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Simpfendorfer
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Michael R Heithaus
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michelle R Heupel
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - M Aaron MacNeil
- Ocean Frontier Institute, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Mark Meekan
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Euan Harvey
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - C Samantha Sherman
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Earth to Ocean Group, Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | | | - Jordan S Goetze
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Marine Science Program, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jeremy J Kiszka
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Matthew J Rees
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystems Solutions, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Conrad W Speed
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Vinay Udyawer
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Mark E Bond
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kathryn I Flowers
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gina M Clementi
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - M Shiham Adam
- International Pole and Line Foundation-Maldives, Malé, Republic of Maldives
| | - Khadeeja Ali
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
- Maldives Marine Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries, Marine Resources and Agriculture, Malé, Republic of Maldives
| | - Jacob Asher
- Red Sea Global, Department of Environmental Protection and Regeneration, AlRaidah Digital City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eva Aylagas
- Red Sea Global, Department of Environmental Protection and Regeneration, AlRaidah Digital City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Cecilie Benjamin
- Mahonia Na Dari Research and Conservation Centre, Kimbe, Papua New Guinea
| | - Anthony T F Bernard
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, National Research Foundation, Makhanda, South Africa
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Michael L Berumen
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stacy Bierwagen
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Chico Birrell
- Marine Conservation, Madagascar Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Erika Bonnema
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Edward J Brooks
- Cape Eleuthera Institute, Cape Eleuthera, Eleuthera, The Bahamas
| | - J Jed Brown
- Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Dayne Buddo
- Georgia Aquarium-IUCN Center for Species Survival, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Patrick J Burke
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Bimini Biological Field Station, Bimini, Bahama
| | - Camila Cáceres
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Marta Cambra
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- MigraMar, Olema, CA, USA
| | - Diego Cardeñosa
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Sara Casareto
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer E Caselle
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | - Joshua E Cinner
- College of Arts, Society, and Education, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas Claverie
- Centre Universitaire de Formation et de Recherche de Mayotte, Dembeni, France
| | - Eric E G Clua
- Paris Sciences Lettres, Centre de Recherche Insulaire et Observatoire de l'Environnement, Opunohu Bay, Papetoai, French Polynesia
- Laboratoires d'Excellence Corail, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Perpignan, France
| | - Jesse E M Cochran
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neil Cook
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Environmental Research Institute Charlotteville, Charlotteville, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Jessica E Cramp
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Sharks Pacific, Rarotonga, Cook Islands
| | - Brooke M D'Alberto
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Martin de Graaf
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, IJmuiden, Netherlands
| | - Mareike C Dornhege
- Graduate School for Global Environmental Studies, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mario Espinoza
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- MigraMar, Olema, CA, USA
| | | | - Lanya Fanovich
- Environmental Research Institute Charlotteville, Charlotteville, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Naomi F Farabaugh
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Carlos E L Ferreira
- Reef Systems Ecology and Conservation Lab, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Candace Y A Fields
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
- Cape Eleuthera Institute, Cape Eleuthera, Eleuthera, The Bahamas
| | - Anna L Flam
- Marine Megafauna Foundation, Palm Beach, FL, USA
| | - Camilla Floros
- Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, UK
| | - Virginia Fourqurean
- College of Arts, Science, and Education, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
- Science Department, Georgia Jones-Ayers Middle School, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Laura Gajdzik
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Aquatic Resources, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Laura García Barcia
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ricardo Garla
- Centro de Biociências, Departmento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Beacon Development Company, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kirk Gastrich
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lachlan George
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Tommaso Giarrizzo
- Instituto de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Grupo de Ecologia Aquática, Espaço Inovação do Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia Guamá, Guamá, Pará, Brazil
| | - Rory Graham
- Ocean Frontier Institute, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Tristan L Guttridge
- Bimini Biological Field Station Foundation, South Bimini, The Bahamas
- Saving the Blue, Cooper City, FL, USA
| | - Valerie Hagan
- Sharks and Rays Conservation Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Royale S Hardenstine
- Maldives Marine Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries, Marine Resources and Agriculture, Malé, Republic of Maldives
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stephen M Heck
- Sharks and Rays Conservation Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Aaron C Henderson
- The School for Field Studies, Center for Marine Resource Studies, South Caicos, Turks and Caicos Islands
| | - Patricia Heithaus
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Heidi Hertler
- The School for Field Studies, Center for Marine Resource Studies, South Caicos, Turks and Caicos Islands
| | | | - Robert E Hueter
- Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA
- OCEARCH, Park City, UT, USA
| | - Rima W Jabado
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Elasmo Project, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jean-Christophe Joyeux
- Departamento de Oceanografia e Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Jaiteh
- Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Stacy D Jupiter
- Melanesia Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Suva, Fiji
| | - Muslimin Kaimuddin
- Operation Wallacea, Spilsby, Lincolnshire, UK
- Wasage Divers, Wakatobi & Buton, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Devanshi Kasana
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Megan Kelley
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Steven T Kessel
- Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and Research, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Taratau Kirata
- Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Kiritimati, Kiribati
| | - Baraka Kuguru
- Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Fabian Kyne
- University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Tim Langlois
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- The UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Frida Lara
- Departamento de Pesquerias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas del IPN, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
- Pelagios Kakunjá, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Jaedon Lawe
- Yardie Environmental Conservationists Limited, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Elodie J I Lédée
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Andrea Luna-Acosta
- Departamento de Ecología y Territorio, Facultad de Estudios Ambientales y Rurales, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jade Q Maggs
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Lucy Martin
- Island Conservation Society Seychelles, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - Daniel Mateos-Molina
- Emirates Nature - World Wide Fund for Nature, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- College of Marine Sciences and Aquatic Biology, University of Khorfakkan, Sharjah, UAE
| | | | | | - Ashlie McIvor
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/Aquatic Research Network, Regional Agency for the Development of Research, Technology and Innovation, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Dianne McLean
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, WA, Australia
- Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Llewelyn Meggs
- Yardie Environmental Conservationists Limited, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Stephen Moore
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Sushmita Mukherji
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Stephen J Newman
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Hillarys, WA, Australia
| | - Josep Nogués
- Island Conservation Society Seychelles, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - Clay Obota
- CORDIO East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya
- Blue Ventures, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Domingo Ochavillo
- American Samoa Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, Pago Pago, American Samoa
| | - Owen O'Shea
- The Centre for Ocean Research and Education, Gregory Town, Eleuthera, The Bahamas
- Department of Ocean Science, Memorial University, NL, Canada
| | - Kennedy E Osuka
- CORDIO East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
| | - Yannis P Papastamatiou
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nishan Perera
- Marine Conservation, Madagascar Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Bradley Peterson
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Caio R Pimentel
- Departamento de Oceanografia e Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, São Mateus, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Fabián Pina-Amargós
- Blue Sanctuary-Avalon, Jardines de la Reina, Cuba
- Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de La Habana, Habana, Cuba
| | - Hudson T Pinheiro
- Center for Marine Biology, University of São Paulo, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Ponzo
- Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute Philippines, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines
| | - Andhika Prasetyo
- Center for Fisheries Research, Ministry for Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jakarta Utara, Indonesia
| | - L M Sjamsul Quamar
- Fisheries Department, Universitas Dayanu Ikhsanuddin, Bau Bau, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Jessica R Quinlan
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - José Amorim Reis-Filho
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia: Teoria, Aplicação e Valores, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Enric Sala
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Pelayo Salinas de-León
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
- Save Our Seas Foundation Shark Research Center and Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL, USA
| | - Melita A Samoilys
- CORDIO East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya
- School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - William R Sample
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Audrey M Schlaff
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Kurt Schmid
- Beacon Development Company, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Thurgau Hunting and Fishing Administration, Frauenfeld, Switzerland
| | - Sara N Schoen
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nikola Simpson
- SalvageBlue, Kingstown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
| | - Adam N H Smith
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Julia L Y Spaet
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lauren Sparks
- Indo Ocean Project, Jln Toyapakeh DESA Toyapakeh, Nusa Penida, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Twan Stoffers
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Rubén Torres
- Reef Check Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Michael J Travers
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Hillarys, WA, Australia
| | - Maurits van Zinnicq Bergmann
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
- Independent consultant, Hull, UK
| | - Laurent Vigliola
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR Entropie (IRD-UR-UNC-CNRS-IFREMER), Nouméa, New Caledonia, France
| | - Juney Ward
- Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Apia, Samoa
| | - Joseph D Warren
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra M Watts
- Reef Systems Ecology and Conservation Lab, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Colin K Wen
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Elizabeth R Whitman
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Aaron J Wirsing
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aljoscha Wothke
- Environmental Research Institute Charlotteville, Charlotteville, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Esteban Zarza-González
- GIBEAM Research Group, Universidad del Sinú, Cartagena, Colombia
- Corales del Rosario and San Bernardo National Natural Park, Colombia
| | - Demian D Chapman
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
- Saving the Blue, Cooper City, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cannon SE, Donner SD, Liu A, González Espinosa PC, Baird AH, Baum JK, Bauman AG, Beger M, Benkwitt CE, Birt MJ, Chancerelle Y, Cinner JE, Crane NL, Denis V, Depczynski M, Fadli N, Fenner D, Fulton CJ, Golbuu Y, Graham NAJ, Guest J, Harrison HB, Hobbs JPA, Hoey AS, Holmes TH, Houk P, Januchowski-Hartley FA, Jompa J, Kuo CY, Limmon GV, Lin YV, McClanahan TR, Muenzel D, Paddack MJ, Planes S, Pratchett MS, Radford B, Reimer JD, Richards ZT, Ross CL, Rulmal J, Sommer B, Williams GJ, Wilson SK. Macroalgae exhibit diverse responses to human disturbances on coral reefs. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:3318-3330. [PMID: 37020174 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Scientists and managers rely on indicator taxa such as coral and macroalgal cover to evaluate the effects of human disturbance on coral reefs, often assuming a universally positive relationship between local human disturbance and macroalgae. Despite evidence that macroalgae respond to local stressors in diverse ways, there have been few efforts to evaluate relationships between specific macroalgae taxa and local human-driven disturbance. Using genus-level monitoring data from 1205 sites in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, we assess whether macroalgae percent cover correlates with local human disturbance while accounting for factors that could obscure or confound relationships. Assessing macroalgae at genus level revealed that no genera were positively correlated with all human disturbance metrics. Instead, we found relationships between the division or genera of algae and specific human disturbances that were not detectable when pooling taxa into a single functional category, which is common to many analyses. The convention to use percent cover of macroalgae as an indication of local human disturbance therefore likely obscures signatures of local anthropogenic threats to reefs. Our limited understanding of relationships between human disturbance, macroalgae taxa, and their responses to human disturbances impedes the ability to diagnose and respond appropriately to these threats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Cannon
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Simon D Donner
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Angela Liu
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pedro C González Espinosa
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andrew H Baird
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Queensland, Townsville, Australia
| | - Julia K Baum
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Victoria, Canada
| | - Andrew G Bauman
- Department of Marine and Environmental Science, Nova Southeastern University, Florida, Dania Beach, USA
| | - Maria Beger
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Pattimura University, Ambon, Indonesia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | | | - Matthew J Birt
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Yannick Chancerelle
- CRIOBE, UAR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Moorea French Polynesia and the French Center for Excellence for Coral Reefs (LabEx Corail), PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Joshua E Cinner
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Queensland, Townsville, Australia
| | - Nicole L Crane
- One People One Reef, California, Santa Cruz, USA
- Department of Biology, Cabrillo College, California, Aptos, USA
| | - Vianney Denis
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Martial Depczynski
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Nur Fadli
- Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | | | - James Guest
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hugo B Harrison
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Queensland, Townsville, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jean-Paul A Hobbs
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew S Hoey
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Queensland, Townsville, Australia
| | - Thomas H Holmes
- Marine Science Program, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, Western Australia, Kensington, Australia
| | - Peter Houk
- University of Guam Marine Laboratory, UOG Station, Mangilao, Guam
| | | | - Jamaluddin Jompa
- Department of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, South Sulawesi, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Chao-Yang Kuo
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Queensland, Townsville, Australia
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gino Valentino Limmon
- Department of Marine Biology, Pattimura University, Ambon, Indonesia
- Maritime and Marine Science Centre of Excellence, Pattimura University, Ambon, Indonesia
| | - Yuting V Lin
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Dominic Muenzel
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Michelle J Paddack
- One People One Reef, California, Santa Cruz, USA
- Santa Barbara City College, California, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Serge Planes
- CRIOBE, UAR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Moorea French Polynesia and the French Center for Excellence for Coral Reefs (LabEx Corail), PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Morgan S Pratchett
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Queensland, Townsville, Australia
| | - Ben Radford
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - James Davis Reimer
- Department of Marine Science, Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Zoe T Richards
- Coral Conservation and Research Group, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Western Australia, Bently, Australia
- Collections and Research, Western Australian Museum, Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Claire L Ross
- Marine Science Program, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, Western Australia, Kensington, Australia
- Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - John Rulmal
- One People One Reef, California, Santa Cruz, USA
- Ulithi Falalop Community Action Program, Yap, Micronesia
| | - Brigitte Sommer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, 2007, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Shaun K Wilson
- Marine Science Program, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, Western Australia, Kensington, Australia
- Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cumming GS, Adamska M, Barnes ML, Barnett J, Bellwood DR, Cinner JE, Cohen PJ, Donelson JM, Fabricius K, Grafton RQ, Grech A, Gurney GG, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Hoey AS, Hoogenboom MO, Lau J, Lovelock CE, Lowe R, Miller DJ, Morrison TH, Mumby PJ, Nakata M, Pandolfi JM, Peterson GD, Pratchett MS, Ravasi T, Riginos C, Rummer JL, Schaffelke B, Wernberg T, Wilson SK. Research priorities for the sustainability of coral-rich western Pacific seascapes. Reg Environ Change 2023; 23:66. [PMID: 37125023 PMCID: PMC10119535 DOI: 10.1007/s10113-023-02051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nearly a billion people depend on tropical seascapes. The need to ensure sustainable use of these vital areas is recognised, as one of 17 policy commitments made by world leaders, in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14 ('Life below Water') of the United Nations. SDG 14 seeks to secure marine sustainability by 2030. In a time of increasing social-ecological unpredictability and risk, scientists and policymakers working towards SDG 14 in the Asia-Pacific region need to know: (1) How are seascapes changing? (2) What can global society do about these changes? and (3) How can science and society together achieve sustainable seascape futures? Through a horizon scan, we identified nine emerging research priorities that clarify potential research contributions to marine sustainability in locations with high coral reef abundance. They include research on seascape geological and biological evolution and adaptation; elucidating drivers and mechanisms of change; understanding how seascape functions and services are produced, and how people depend on them; costs, benefits, and trade-offs to people in changing seascapes; improving seascape technologies and practices; learning to govern and manage seascapes for all; sustainable use, justice, and human well-being; bridging communities and epistemologies for innovative, equitable, and scale-crossing solutions; and informing resilient seascape futures through modelling and synthesis. Researchers can contribute to the sustainability of tropical seascapes by co-developing transdisciplinary understandings of people and ecosystems, emphasising the importance of equity and justice, and improving knowledge of key cross-scale and cross-level processes, feedbacks, and thresholds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme S. Cumming
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
| | - Maja Adamska
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Michele L. Barnes
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
| | - Jon Barnett
- School of Geography, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David R. Bellwood
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Joshua E. Cinner
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
| | | | - Jennifer M. Donelson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
| | | | - R. Quentin Grafton
- Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Alana Grech
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
| | - Georgina G. Gurney
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
| | - Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Hoey
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
| | - Mia O. Hoogenboom
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Lau
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
- WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Ryan Lowe
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - David J. Miller
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811 Australia
| | - Tiffany H. Morrison
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
| | - Peter J. Mumby
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Martin Nakata
- Indigenous Education and Research Centre, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811 Australia
| | - John M. Pandolfi
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Garry D. Peterson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Morgan S. Pratchett
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
| | - Timothy Ravasi
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
- Marine Climate Change Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-Son, Okinawa Japan
| | - Cynthia Riginos
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jodie L. Rummer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | | | - Thomas Wernberg
- Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Institute of Marine Research, Floedevigen Research Station, Nis, Norway
| | - Shaun K. Wilson
- Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Western Australia Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ruano‐Chamorro
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Douglas QLD Australia
| | - Georgina G. Gurney
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Douglas QLD Australia
| | - Joshua E. Cinner
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Douglas QLD Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lau J, Sutcliffe S, Barnes M, Mbaru E, Muly I, Muthiga N, Wanyonyi S, Cinner JE. COVID-19 impacts on coastal communities in Kenya. Mar Policy 2021; 134:104803. [PMID: 34566239 PMCID: PMC8455284 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is continuing to have far-reaching impacts around the world, including on small-scale fishing communities. This study details the findings from 39 in-depth interviews with community members, community leaders, and fish traders in five communities in Kenya about their experiences since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in March, 2020. The interviews were conducted by mobile phone between late August and early October 2020. In each community, people were impacted by curfews, rules about gathering, closed travel routes, and bans on certain activities. Fish trade and fisheries livelihoods were greatly disrupted. Respondents from all communities emphasized how COVID-19 had disrupted relationships between fishers, traders, and customers; changed market demand; and ultimately made fishing and fish trading livelihoods very difficult to sustain. While COVID-19 impacted different groups in the communities-i.e., fishers, female fish traders, and male fish traders-all experienced a loss of income and livelihoods, reduced cash flow, declining food security, and impacts on wellbeing. As such, although small-scale fisheries can act as a crucial safety net in times of stress, the extent of COVID-19 disruptions to alternative and informal livelihoods stemmed cash flow across communities, and meant that fishing was unable to fulfil a safety net function as it may have done during past disruptions. As the pandemic continues to unfold, ensuring that COVID-19 safe policies and protocols support continued fishing or diversification into other informal livelihoods, and that COVID-19 support reaches the most vulnerable, will be critical in safeguarding the wellbeing of families in these coastal communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Lau
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- WorldFish, Batu Maung, Malaysia
| | - Sarah Sutcliffe
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Michele Barnes
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Mbaru
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Innocent Muly
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Program, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Nyawira Muthiga
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Program, Bronx, NY, USA
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Program, Mombasa, Kenya
| | | | - Joshua E Cinner
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mbaru EK, Hicks CC, Gurney GG, Cinner JE. Evaluating outcomes of conservation with multidimensional indicators of well-being. Conserv Biol 2021; 35:1417-1425. [PMID: 33938596 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many conservation interventions are hypothesized to be beneficial for both the environment and people's well-being, but this has rarely been tested rigorously. We examined the effects of adoption or nonadoption of a conservation intervention on 3 dimensions of people's well-being (material, relational, and subjective) over time. We focused on a fisheries bycatch management initiative intended to reduce environmental externalities associated with resource extraction. We collected panel data from fishers (n = 250) in villages with (adopters and nonadopters) and without (control) the conservation intervention 3 times over 2 years. We found no evidence that adoption reduced any of the 3 dimensions of well-being in the local populations affected by the intervention. There were modest improvements in material (t = -1.58) and subjective livelihood well-being (p = 0.04) for adopters relative to nonadopters over time. The variations in well-being experiences (in terms of magnitude of change) among adopters, nonadopters, and controls across the different domains over time affirmed the dynamic and social nature of well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel K Mbaru
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), Mombasa, Kenya
| | | | - Georgina G Gurney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joshua E Cinner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cinner JE, Barnes ML, Gurney GG, Lockie S, Rojas C. Markets and the crowding out of conservation-relevant behavior. Conserv Biol 2021; 35:816-823. [PMID: 32779761 PMCID: PMC8247338 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Markets are increasingly being incorporated into many aspects of daily life and are becoming an important part of the conservation solution space. Although market-based solutions to environmental problems can result in improvements to conservation, a body of social science research highlights how markets may also have unforeseen consequences by crowding out or displacing 3 key types of behaviors potentially relevant to conservation, including people's willingness to engage in collective action and civic duty; tolerance for inflicting harm on others (third-party externalities); and desire for equity. Better understanding of the contexts and mechanisms through which this crowding out occurs and whether specific market-based instruments are more prone to different types of crowding out will be crucial to developing novel conservation initiatives that can reduce or prevent crowding out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E. Cinner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQLD4811Australia
| | - Michele L. Barnes
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQLD4811Australia
| | - Georgina G. Gurney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQLD4811Australia
| | | | - Cristian Rojas
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQLD4811Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Loiseau N, Thuiller W, Stuart-Smith RD, Devictor V, Edgar GJ, Velez L, Cinner JE, Graham NAJ, Renaud J, Hoey AS, Manel S, Mouillot D. Maximizing regional biodiversity requires a mosaic of protection levels. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001195. [PMID: 34010287 PMCID: PMC8133472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protected areas are the flagship management tools to secure biodiversity from anthropogenic impacts. However, the extent to which adjacent areas with distinct protection levels host different species numbers and compositions remains uncertain. Here, using reef fishes, European alpine plants, and North American birds, we show that the composition of species in adjacent Strictly Protected, Restricted, and Non-Protected areas is highly dissimilar, whereas the number of species is similar, after controlling for environmental conditions, sample size, and rarity. We find that between 12% and 15% of species are only recorded in Non-Protected areas, suggesting that a non-negligible part of regional biodiversity occurs where human activities are less regulated. For imperiled species, the proportion only recorded in Strictly Protected areas reaches 58% for fishes, 11% for birds, and 7% for plants, highlighting the fundamental and unique role of protected areas and their environmental conditions in biodiversity conservation. This study shows that the dissimilarity in species composition between sites with different levels of protection is consistently high, suggesting that adjacent and connected areas with different protection levels host very dissimilar species assemblages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Loiseau
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE-PSL University, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Rick D. Stuart-Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Vincent Devictor
- CNRS, ISEM, Université de Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Graham J. Edgar
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Laure Velez
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Joshua E. Cinner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Julien Renaud
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Andrew S. Hoey
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephanie Manel
- EPHE, PSL Research University, CNRS, UM, SupAgro, IRD, INRA, UMR 5175 CEFE, F-Montpellier, France
| | - David Mouillot
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, IUF, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
MacNeil MA, Chapman DD, Heupel M, Simpfendorfer CA, Heithaus M, Meekan M, Harvey E, Goetze J, Kiszka J, Bond ME, Currey-Randall LM, Speed CW, Sherman CS, Rees MJ, Udyawer V, Flowers KI, Clementi G, Valentin-Albanese J, Gorham T, Adam MS, Ali K, Pina-Amargós F, Angulo-Valdés JA, Asher J, Barcia LG, Beaufort O, Benjamin C, Bernard ATF, Berumen ML, Bierwagen S, Bonnema E, Bown RMK, Bradley D, Brooks E, Brown JJ, Buddo D, Burke P, Cáceres C, Cardeñosa D, Carrier JC, Caselle JE, Charloo V, Claverie T, Clua E, Cochran JEM, Cook N, Cramp J, D'Alberto B, de Graaf M, Dornhege M, Estep A, Fanovich L, Farabaugh NF, Fernando D, Flam AL, Floros C, Fourqurean V, Garla R, Gastrich K, George L, Graham R, Guttridge T, Hardenstine RS, Heck S, Henderson AC, Hertler H, Hueter R, Johnson M, Jupiter S, Kasana D, Kessel ST, Kiilu B, Kirata T, Kuguru B, Kyne F, Langlois T, Lédée EJI, Lindfield S, Luna-Acosta A, Maggs J, Manjaji-Matsumoto BM, Marshall A, Matich P, McCombs E, McLean D, Meggs L, Moore S, Mukherji S, Murray R, Kaimuddin M, Newman SJ, Nogués J, Obota C, O'Shea O, Osuka K, Papastamatiou YP, Perera N, Peterson B, Ponzo A, Prasetyo A, Quamar LMS, Quinlan J, Ruiz-Abierno A, Sala E, Samoilys M, Schärer-Umpierre M, Schlaff A, Simpson N, Smith ANH, Sparks L, Tanna A, Torres R, Travers MJ, van Zinnicq Bergmann M, Vigliola L, Ward J, Watts AM, Wen C, Whitman E, Wirsing AJ, Wothke A, Zarza-Gonzâlez E, Cinner JE. Global status and conservation potential of reef sharks. Nature 2020; 583:801-806. [PMID: 32699418 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Decades of overexploitation have devastated shark populations, leaving considerable doubt as to their ecological status1,2. Yet much of what is known about sharks has been inferred from catch records in industrial fisheries, whereas far less information is available about sharks that live in coastal habitats3. Here we address this knowledge gap using data from more than 15,000 standardized baited remote underwater video stations that were deployed on 371 reefs in 58 nations to estimate the conservation status of reef sharks globally. Our results reveal the profound impact that fishing has had on reef shark populations: we observed no sharks on almost 20% of the surveyed reefs. Reef sharks were almost completely absent from reefs in several nations, and shark depletion was strongly related to socio-economic conditions such as the size and proximity of the nearest market, poor governance and the density of the human population. However, opportunities for the conservation of reef sharks remain: shark sanctuaries, closed areas, catch limits and an absence of gillnets and longlines were associated with a substantially higher relative abundance of reef sharks. These results reveal several policy pathways for the restoration and management of reef shark populations, from direct top-down management of fishing to indirect improvement of governance conditions. Reef shark populations will only have a high chance of recovery by engaging key socio-economic aspects of tropical fisheries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Aaron MacNeil
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Demian D Chapman
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michelle Heupel
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Colin A Simpfendorfer
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Heithaus
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mark Meekan
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,The UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Euan Harvey
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jordan Goetze
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia.,Marine Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy Kiszka
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mark E Bond
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Conrad W Speed
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,The UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - C Samantha Sherman
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew J Rees
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Sustainable Ecosystems Solutions, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vinay Udyawer
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Arafura Timor Research Facility, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Kathryn I Flowers
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gina Clementi
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Taylor Gorham
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - M Shiham Adam
- International Pole and Line Foundation, Malé, Maldives
| | - Khadeeja Ali
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA.,Maldives Marine Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries, Marine Resources and Agriculture, Malé, Maldives
| | - Fabián Pina-Amargós
- Centro de Investigaciones de Ecosistemas Costeros (CIEC), Cayo Coco, Morón, Ciego de Ávila, Cuba
| | - Jorge A Angulo-Valdés
- Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de la Habana, Havana, Cuba.,Galbraith Marine Science Laboratory, Eckerd College, St Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Jacob Asher
- Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.,Habitat and Living Marine Resources Program, Ecosystem Sciences Division, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Laura García Barcia
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Océane Beaufort
- Réseau requins des Antilles Francaises, Kap Natirel, Vieux-Fort, Guadeloupe
| | - Cecilie Benjamin
- Mahonia Na Dari Research and Conservation Centre, Kimbe, Papua New Guinea
| | - Anthony T F Bernard
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa.,Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Michael L Berumen
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stacy Bierwagen
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Erika Bonnema
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Darcy Bradley
- Bren School of Environmental Sciences and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Edd Brooks
- Shark Research and Conservation Program, Cape Eleuthera Institute, Cape Eleuthera, Eleuthera, Bahamas
| | - J Jed Brown
- Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Dayne Buddo
- University of the West Indies, Discovery Bay Marine Laboratory, Discovery Bay, Jamaica
| | - Patrick Burke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Camila Cáceres
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Diego Cardeñosa
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Jennifer E Caselle
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas Claverie
- CUFR Mayotte & Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, IFREMER, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Clua
- PSL Research University, LABEX CORAIL, CRIOBE USR3278 EPHE-CNRS-UPVD, Mòorea, French Polynesia
| | - Jesse E M Cochran
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neil Cook
- Environmental Research Institute Charlotteville, Charlotteville, Trinidad and Tobago.,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jessica Cramp
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.,Sharks Pacific, Rarotonga, Cook Islands
| | - Brooke D'Alberto
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin de Graaf
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, IJmuiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mareike Dornhege
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Lanya Fanovich
- Environmental Research Institute Charlotteville, Charlotteville, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Naomi F Farabaugh
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Anna L Flam
- Marine Megafauna Foundation, Truckee, CA, USA
| | - Camilla Floros
- The South African Association for Marine Biological Research, Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Virginia Fourqurean
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ricardo Garla
- Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Kirk Gastrich
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lachlan George
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Tristan Guttridge
- Bimini Biological Field Station Foundation, South Bimini, Bahamas.,Saving the Blue, Kendall, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Royale S Hardenstine
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stephen Heck
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Aaron C Henderson
- Biology Department, College of Science, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,The School for Field Studies Center for Marine Resource Studies, South Caicos, Turks and Caicos Islands
| | - Heidi Hertler
- The School for Field Studies Center for Marine Resource Studies, South Caicos, Turks and Caicos Islands
| | - Robert Hueter
- Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | | | - Stacy Jupiter
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Melanesia Program, Suva, Fiji
| | - Devanshi Kasana
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Steven T Kessel
- Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and Research, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Taratu Kirata
- Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Development, Kiritimati, Kiribati
| | - Baraka Kuguru
- Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Fabian Kyne
- University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Tim Langlois
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elodie J I Lédée
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Andrea Luna-Acosta
- Departamento de Ecología y Territorio, Facultad de Estudios Ambientales y Rurales, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jade Maggs
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hataitai, New Zealand
| | - B Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto
- Endangered Marine Species Research Unit, Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | | | - Philip Matich
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Dianne McLean
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,The UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Llewelyn Meggs
- Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation, Annapolis, MD, USA
| | - Stephen Moore
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation & Attractions, Parks & Wildlife WA, Pilbara Region, Nickol, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sushmita Mukherji
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ryan Murray
- Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute Philippines, Jagna, The Philippines
| | | | - Stephen J Newman
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, North Beach, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Josep Nogués
- Island Conservation Society Seychelles, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
| | | | - Owen O'Shea
- The Centre for Ocean Research and Education, Gregory Town, Eleuthera, Bahamas
| | - Kennedy Osuka
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
| | - Yannis P Papastamatiou
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Bradley Peterson
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Alessandro Ponzo
- Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute Philippines, Jagna, The Philippines
| | - Andhika Prasetyo
- Center for Fisheries Research, Ministry for Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jakarta Utara, Indonesia
| | | | - Jessica Quinlan
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Enric Sala
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Melita Samoilys
- CORDIO East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Audrey Schlaff
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nikola Simpson
- SalvageBlue, Kingstown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
| | - Adam N H Smith
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lauren Sparks
- Indo Ocean Project, PT Nomads Diving Bali, Nusa Penida, Indonesia
| | - Akshay Tanna
- Blue Resources Trust, Colombo, Sri Lanka.,Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Rubén Torres
- Reef Check Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Michael J Travers
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, North Beach, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Maurits van Zinnicq Bergmann
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA.,Bimini Biological Field Station Foundation, South Bimini, Bahamas
| | - Laurent Vigliola
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR ENTROPIE (IRD-UR-UNC-CNRS-IFREMER), Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Juney Ward
- Secretariat of the Pacific Regional, Environment Programme, Apia, Samoa
| | - Alexandra M Watts
- Marine Megafauna Foundation, Truckee, CA, USA.,Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Colin Wen
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Elizabeth Whitman
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Aaron J Wirsing
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aljoscha Wothke
- Environmental Research Institute Charlotteville, Charlotteville, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Esteban Zarza-Gonzâlez
- Corales del Rosario and San Bernardo National Natural Park, GIBEAM Research Group, Universidad del Sinú, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Joshua E Cinner
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cinner JE, Zamborain-Mason J, Gurney GG, Graham NAJ, MacNeil MA, Hoey AS, Mora C, Villéger S, Maire E, McClanahan TR, Maina JM, Kittinger JN, Hicks CC, D’agata S, Huchery C, Barnes ML, Feary DA, Williams ID, Kulbicki M, Vigliola L, Wantiez L, Edgar GJ, Stuart-Smith RD, Sandin SA, Green AL, Beger M, Friedlander AM, Wilson SK, Brokovich E, Brooks AJ, Cruz-Motta JJ, Booth DJ, Chabanet P, Tupper M, Ferse SCA, Sumaila UR, Hardt MJ, Mouillot D. Meeting fisheries, ecosystem function, and biodiversity goals in a human-dominated world. Science 2020; 368:307-311. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aax9412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide decline of coral reefs necessitates targeting management solutions that can sustain reefs and the livelihoods of the people who depend on them. However, little is known about the context in which different reef management tools can help to achieve multiple social and ecological goals. Because of nonlinearities in the likelihood of achieving combined fisheries, ecological function, and biodiversity goals along a gradient of human pressure, relatively small changes in the context in which management is implemented could have substantial impacts on whether these goals are likely to be met. Critically, management can provide substantial conservation benefits to most reefs for fisheries and ecological function, but not biodiversity goals, given their degraded state and the levels of human pressure they face.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E. Cinner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica Zamborain-Mason
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Georgina G. Gurney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas A. J. Graham
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK
| | | | - Andrew S. Hoey
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Camilo Mora
- University of Hawai‘i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - Eva Maire
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Joseph M. Maina
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USA
- Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Christina C. Hicks
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK
| | - Stephanie D’agata
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USA
- Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- ENTROPIE, IRD-UR-UNC-CNRS-IFREMER, La Réunion/New Caledonia, France
| | - Cindy Huchery
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michele L. Barnes
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Ivor D. Williams
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michel Kulbicki
- ENTROPIE, IRD-UR-UNC-CNRS-IFREMER, La Réunion/New Caledonia, France
| | - Laurent Vigliola
- ENTROPIE, IRD-UR-UNC-CNRS-IFREMER, La Réunion/New Caledonia, France
| | - Laurent Wantiez
- ENTROPIE, IRD-UR-UNC-CNRS-IFREMER, La Réunion/New Caledonia, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Beger
- University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | | | - Shaun K. Wilson
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, WA, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Pascale Chabanet
- ENTROPIE, IRD-UR-UNC-CNRS-IFREMER, La Réunion/New Caledonia, France
| | - Mark Tupper
- University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK
| | | | | | | | - David Mouillot
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel K. Mbaru
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) Mombasa Kenya
| | | | | | - Joshua E. Cinner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Thiault L, Gelcich S, Cinner JE, Tapia‐Lewin S, Chlous F, Claudet J. Generic and specific facets of vulnerability for analysing trade‐offs and synergies in natural resource management. People and Nature 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauric Thiault
- National Center for Scientific ResearchPSL Université ParisCRIOBEUSR 3278 CNRS‐EPHE‐UPVD Paris France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence CORAIL Moorea French Polynesia
- Museum National d’Histoire NaturellePALOCUMR208 MNHN‐IRD Paris France
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) and Center for the Study of Multiple‐Drivers on Marine Socio‐Ecological Systems (MUSELS) Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) and Center for the Study of Multiple‐Drivers on Marine Socio‐Ecological Systems (MUSELS) Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Joshua E. Cinner
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| | - Sebastian Tapia‐Lewin
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Frédérique Chlous
- Museum National d’Histoire NaturellePALOCUMR208 MNHN‐IRD Paris France
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific ResearchPSL Université ParisCRIOBEUSR 3278 CNRS‐EPHE‐UPVD Paris France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence CORAIL Moorea French Polynesia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Thiault L, Mora C, Cinner JE, Cheung WWL, Graham NAJ, Januchowski-Hartley FA, Mouillot D, Sumaila UR, Claudet J. Escaping the perfect storm of simultaneous climate change impacts on agriculture and marine fisheries. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaaw9976. [PMID: 31807697 PMCID: PMC6881155 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw9976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Climate change can alter conditions that sustain food production and availability, with cascading consequences for food security and global economies. Here, we evaluate the vulnerability of societies to the simultaneous impacts of climate change on agriculture and marine fisheries at a global scale. Under a "business-as-usual" emission scenario, ~90% of the world's population-most of whom live in the most sensitive and least developed countries-are projected to be exposed to losses of food production in both sectors, while less than 3% would live in regions experiencing simultaneous productivity gains by 2100. Under a strong mitigation scenario comparable to achieving the Paris Agreement, most countries-including the most vulnerable and many of the largest CO2 producers-would experience concomitant net gains in agriculture and fisheries production. Reducing societies' vulnerability to future climate impacts requires prompt mitigation actions led by major CO2 emitters coupled with strategic adaptation within and across sectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauric Thiault
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison des Océans, 195 rue Saint-Jacques, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence CORAIL, Moorea, French Polynesia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Camilo Mora
- Department of Geography, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822, USA
| | - Joshua E. Cinner
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Queensland, Australia
| | - William W. L. Cheung
- Changing Ocean Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Fraser A. Januchowski-Hartley
- UMR 9190 MARBEC, IRD-CNRS-UM-IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
- UMR ENTROPIE, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - David Mouillot
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Queensland, Australia
- UMR 9190 MARBEC, IRD-CNRS-UM-IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - U. Rashid Sumaila
- Fisheries Economics Research Unit, The University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison des Océans, 195 rue Saint-Jacques, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence CORAIL, Moorea, French Polynesia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Darling ES, McClanahan TR, Maina J, Gurney GG, Graham NAJ, Januchowski-Hartley F, Cinner JE, Mora C, Hicks CC, Maire E, Puotinen M, Skirving WJ, Adjeroud M, Ahmadia G, Arthur R, Bauman AG, Beger M, Berumen ML, Bigot L, Bouwmeester J, Brenier A, Bridge TCL, Brown E, Campbell SJ, Cannon S, Cauvin B, Chen CA, Claudet J, Denis V, Donner S, Estradivari, Fadli N, Feary DA, Fenner D, Fox H, Franklin EC, Friedlander A, Gilmour J, Goiran C, Guest J, Hobbs JPA, Hoey AS, Houk P, Johnson S, Jupiter SD, Kayal M, Kuo CY, Lamb J, Lee MAC, Low J, Muthiga N, Muttaqin E, Nand Y, Nash KL, Nedlic O, Pandolfi JM, Pardede S, Patankar V, Penin L, Ribas-Deulofeu L, Richards Z, Roberts TE, Rodgers KS, Safuan CDM, Sala E, Shedrawi G, Sin TM, Smallhorn-West P, Smith JE, Sommer B, Steinberg PD, Sutthacheep M, Tan CHJ, Williams GJ, Wilson S, Yeemin T, Bruno JF, Fortin MJ, Krkosek M, Mouillot D. Social–environmental drivers inform strategic management of coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:1341-1350. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
18
|
Jones JPG, Ratsimbazafy J, Ratsifandrihamanana AN, Watson JEM, Andrianandrasana HT, Cabeza M, Cinner JE, Goodman SM, Hawkins F, Mittermeier RA, Rabearisoa AL, Rakotonarivo OS, Razafimanahaka JH, Razafimpahanana AR, Wilmé L, Wright PC. Madagascar: Crime threatens biodiversity. Science 2019; 363:825. [PMID: 30792294 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw6402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia P G Jones
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2DG, UK.
| | - Jonah Ratsimbazafy
- Department of Anthropology and Durable Development, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - James E M Watson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | | | - Mar Cabeza
- Global Change and Conservation Lab, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joshua E Cinner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD 4814, Australia
| | | | - Frank Hawkins
- IUCN North America Office, Washington, DC 20009, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Beyer HL, Kennedy EV, Beger M, Chen CA, Cinner JE, Darling ES, Eakin CM, Gates RD, Heron SF, Knowlton N, Obura DO, Palumbi SR, Possingham HP, Puotinen M, Runting RK, Skirving WJ, Spalding M, Wilson KA, Wood S, Veron JE, Hoegh‐Guldberg O. Risk‐sensitive planning for conserving coral reefs under rapid climate change. Conserv Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hawthorne L. Beyer
- Global Change Institute University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Emma V. Kennedy
- Global Change Institute University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Maria Beger
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Chaolun Allen Chen
- Biodiversity Research Center Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Oceanography National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Joshua E. Cinner
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Australia
| | - Emily S. Darling
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Marine Program Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx New York
| | - C. Mark Eakin
- Coral Reef Watch National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration College Park Maryland
| | - Ruth D. Gates
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Kāne‘ohe Hawaii
| | - Scott F. Heron
- Coral Reef Watch National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration College Park Maryland
- Marine Geophysical Laboratory, Physics Department, College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Nancy Knowlton
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington District of Columbia
| | | | - Stephen R. Palumbi
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station Stanford University Pacific Grove California
| | - Hugh P. Possingham
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- The Nature Conservancy South Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Marji Puotinen
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
| | - Rebecca K. Runting
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - William J. Skirving
- Coral Reef Watch National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration College Park Maryland
| | - Mark Spalding
- Global Ocean Team, The Nature Conservancy and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge. c/‐Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Siena Siena Italy
| | - Kerrie A. Wilson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Sally Wood
- School of Geographical Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | | | - Ove Hoegh‐Guldberg
- Global Change Institute University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Daw TM, Cinner JE, McClanahan TR, Brown K, Stead SM, Graham NAJ, Maina J. Correction: To Fish or Not to Fish: Factors at Multiple Scales Affecting Artisanal Fishers' Readiness to Exit a Declining Fishery. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172075. [PMID: 28178343 PMCID: PMC5298262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
21
|
Graham NAJ, McClanahan TR, MacNeil MA, Wilson SK, Cinner JE, Huchery C, Holmes TH. Human Disruption of Coral Reef Trophic Structure. Curr Biol 2017; 27:231-236. [PMID: 28089513 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of biomass among trophic levels provides a theoretical basis for understanding energy flow and the hierarchical structure of animal communities. In the absence of energy subsidies [1], bottom-heavy trophic pyramids are expected to predominate, based on energy transfer efficiency [2] and empirical evidence from multiple ecosystems [3]. However, the predicted pyramid of biomass distribution among trophic levels may be disrupted through trophic replacement by alternative organisms in the ecosystem, trophic cascades, and humans preferentially impacting specific trophic levels [4-6]. Using empirical data spanning >250 coral reefs, we show how trophic pyramid shape varies given human-mediated gradients along two orders of magnitude in reef fish biomass. Mean trophic level of the assemblage increased modestly with decreasing biomass, contrary to predictions of fishing down the food web [7]. The mean trophic level pattern is explained by trophic replacement of herbivorous fish by sea urchins at low biomass and the accumulation of slow-growing, large-bodied, herbivorous fish at high biomass. Further, at high biomass, particularly where fishers are not selectively removing higher trophic level individuals, a concave trophic distribution emerges. The concave trophic distribution implies a more direct link between lower and upper trophic levels, which may confer greater energy efficiency. This trophic distribution emerges when community biomass exceeds ∼650 kg/ha, suggesting that fisheries for upper trophic level species will only be supported under lightly fished scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A J Graham
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
| | - Tim R McClanahan
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Programs, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - M Aaron MacNeil
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3 Townsville MC, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Shaun K Wilson
- Department of Parks and Wildlife, Kensington, Perth, WA 6151, Australia; School of Plant Biology, Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Joshua E Cinner
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Cindy Huchery
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Thomas H Holmes
- Department of Parks and Wildlife, Kensington, Perth, WA 6151, Australia; School of Plant Biology, Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gurney GG, Pressey RL, Cinner JE, Pollnac R, Campbell SJ. Integrated conservation and development: evaluating a community-based marine protected area project for equality of socioeconomic impacts. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0277. [PMID: 26460130 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of protected areas, evidence of their impacts on people is weak and remains hotly contested in conservation policy. A key question in this debate is whether socioeconomic impacts vary according to social subgroup. Given that social inequity can create conflict and impede poverty reduction, understanding how protected areas differentially affect people is critical to designing them to achieve social and biological goals. Understanding heterogeneous responses to protected areas can improve targeting of management activities and help elucidate the pathways through which impacts of protected areas occur. Here, we assessed whether the socioeconomic impacts of marine protected areas (MPAs)-designed to achieve goals for both conservation and poverty alleviation-differed according to age, gender or religion in associated villages in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Using data from pre-, mid- and post-implementation of the MPAs for control and project villages, we found little empirical evidence that impacts on five key socioeconomic indicators related to poverty differed according to social subgroup. We found suggestive empirical evidence that the effect of the MPAs on environmental knowledge differed by age and religion; over the medium and long terms, younger people and Muslims showed greater improvements compared with older people and Christians, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina G Gurney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert L Pressey
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joshua E Cinner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard Pollnac
- Marine Affairs Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Stuart J Campbell
- Indonesia Marine Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bogor, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cinner JE, Huchery C, MacNeil MA, Graham NA, McClanahan TR, Maina J, Maire E, Kittinger JN, Hicks CC, Mora C, Allison EH, D’Agata S, Hoey A, Feary DA, Crowder L, Williams ID, Kulbicki M, Vigliola L, Wantiez L, Edgar G, Stuart-Smith RD, Sandin SA, Green AL, Hardt MJ, Beger M, Friedlander A, Campbell SJ, Holmes KE, Wilson SK, Brokovich E, Brooks AJ, Cruz-Motta JJ, Booth DJ, Chabanet P, Gough C, Tupper M, Ferse SCA, Sumaila UR, Mouillot D. Bright spots among the world’s coral reefs. Nature 2016; 535:416-9. [PMID: 27309809 DOI: 10.1038/nature18607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
24
|
Waldie PA, Almany GR, Sinclair-Taylor TH, Hamilton RJ, Potuku T, Priest MA, Rhodes KL, Robinson J, Cinner JE, Berumen ML. Restricted grouper reproductive migrations support community-based management. R Soc Open Sci 2016; 3:150694. [PMID: 27069662 PMCID: PMC4821273 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Conservation commonly requires trade-offs between social and ecological goals. For tropical small-scale fisheries, spatial scales of socially appropriate management are generally small-the median no-take locally managed marine area (LMMA) area throughout the Pacific is less than 1 km(2). This is of particular concern for large coral reef fishes, such as many species of grouper, which migrate to aggregations to spawn. Current data suggest that the catchment areas (i.e. total area from which individuals are drawn) of such aggregations are at spatial scales that preclude effective community-based management with no-take LMMAs. We used acoustic telemetry and tag-returns to examine reproductive migrations and catchment areas of the grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus at a spawning aggregation in Papua New Guinea. Protection of the resultant catchment area of approximately 16 km(2) using a no-take LMMA is socially untenable here and throughout much of the Pacific region. However, we found that spawning migrations were skewed towards shorter distances. Consequently, expanding the current 0.2 km(2) no-take LMMA to 1-2 km(2) would protect approximately 30-50% of the spawning population throughout the non-spawning season. Contrasting with current knowledge, our results demonstrate that species with moderate reproductive migrations can be managed at scales congruous with spatially restricted management tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Waldie
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Glenn R. Almany
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
- CRIOBE—USR 3278, CNRS-EPHE-UPVD and Laboratoire d’Excellence ‘CORAIL’, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan Cedex 66860, France
| | - Tane H. Sinclair-Taylor
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Richard J. Hamilton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
- Indo-Pacific Division, The Nature Conservancy, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tapas Potuku
- Kavieng Field Office, The Nature Conservancy, Kavieng, Papua New Guinea
| | - Mark A. Priest
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Marine Spatial Ecology Laboratory and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | - Jan Robinson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Joshua E. Cinner
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Michael L. Berumen
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hicks CC, Cinner JE, Stoeckl N, McClanahan TR. Linking ecosystem services and human-values theory. Conserv Biol 2015; 29:1471-1480. [PMID: 26129942 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding why people make the decisions they do remains a fundamental challenge facing conservation science. Ecosystem service (ES) (a benefit people derive from an ecosystem) approaches to conservation reflect efforts to anticipate people's preferences and influence their environmental behavior. Yet, the design of ES approaches seldom includes psychological theories of human behavior. We sought to alleviate this omission by applying a psychological theory of human values to a cross-cultural ES assessment. We used interviews and focus groups with fish workers from 28 coral reef fishing communities in 4 countries to qualitatively identify the motivations (i.e., human values) underlying preferences for ES; quantitatively evaluate resource user ES priorities; and identify common patterns among ES motivations and ES priorities (i.e., trade-offs and synergies). Three key findings are evident that align with human values theory. First, motivations underlying preferences for individual ESs reflected multiple human values within the same value domain (e.g., self-enhancement). Second, when averaged at community or country scales, the order of ES priorities was consistent. However, the order belied significant variation that existed among individuals. Third, in line with human values theory, ESs related to one another in a consistent pattern; certain service pairs reflected trade-off relationships (e.g., supporting and provisioning), whereas other service pairs reflected synergistic relationships (e.g., supporting and regulating). Together, these findings help improve understanding of when and why convergence and trade-offs in people's preferences for ESs occur, and this knowledge can inform the development of suitable conservation actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina C Hicks
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Monterey, CA, 93940, U.S.A
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Joshua E Cinner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Natalie Stoeckl
- School of Business, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
McClanahan TR, Graham NAJ, MacNeil MA, Cinner JE. Biomass-based targets and the management of multispecies coral reef fisheries. Conserv Biol 2015; 29:409-417. [PMID: 25494592 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The failure of fisheries management among multispecies coral reef fisheries is well documented and has dire implications for the 100 million people engaged in these small-scale operations. Weak or missing management institutions, a lack of research capacity, and the complex nature of these ecosystems have heralded a call for ecosystem-based management approaches. However, ecosystem-based management of coral reef fisheries has proved challenging due to the multispecies nature of catches and the diversity of fish functional roles. We used data on fish communities collected from 233 individual sites in 9 western Indian Ocean countries to evaluate changes in the site's functional composition and associated life-history characteristics along a large range of fish biomass. As biomass increased along this range, fish were larger and grew and matured more slowly while the abundance of scraping and predatory species increased. The greatest changes in functional composition occurred below relatively low standing stock biomass (<600 kg/ha); abundances of piscivores, apex predators, and scraping herbivores were low at very light levels of fishing. This suggests potential trade-offs in ecosystem function and estimated yields for different management systems. Current fishing gear and area restrictions are not achieving conservation targets (proposed here as standing stock biomass of 1150 kg/ha) and result in losses of life history and ecological functions. Fish in reefs where destructive gears were restricted typically had very similar biomass and functions to young and low compliance closures. This indicates the potentially important role of fisheries restrictions in providing some gains in biomass and associated ecological functions when fully protected area enforcement potential is limited and likely to fail. Our results indicate that biomass alone can provide broad ecosystem-based fisheries management targets that can be easily applied even where research capacity and information is limited. Of particular value, is our finding that current management tools may be used to reach key ecosystem-based management targets, enabling ecosystem-based management in many socioeconomic contexts.
Collapse
|
27
|
Aguilera SE, Cole J, Finkbeiner EM, Le Cornu E, Ban NC, Carr MH, Cinner JE, Crowder LB, Gelcich S, Hicks CC, Kittinger JN, Martone R, Malone D, Pomeroy C, Starr RM, Seram S, Zuercher R, Broad K. Managing small-scale commercial fisheries for adaptive capacity: insights from dynamic social-ecological drivers of change in Monterey Bay. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118992. [PMID: 25790464 PMCID: PMC4366077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, small-scale fisheries are influenced by dynamic climate, governance, and market drivers, which present social and ecological challenges and opportunities. It is difficult to manage fisheries adaptively for fluctuating drivers, except to allow participants to shift effort among multiple fisheries. Adapting to changing conditions allows small-scale fishery participants to survive economic and environmental disturbances and benefit from optimal conditions. This study explores the relative influence of large-scale drivers on shifts in effort and outcomes among three closely linked fisheries in Monterey Bay since the Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Act of 1976. In this region, Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax), northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), and market squid (Loligo opalescens) fisheries comprise a tightly linked system where shifting focus among fisheries is a key element to adaptive capacity and reduced social and ecological vulnerability. Using a cluster analysis of landings, we identify four modes from 1974 to 2012 that are dominated (i.e., a given species accounting for the plurality of landings) by squid, sardine, anchovy, or lack any dominance, and seven points of transition among these periods. This approach enables us to determine which drivers are associated with each mode and each transition. Overall, we show that market and climate drivers are predominantly attributed to dominance transitions. Model selection of external drivers indicates that governance phases, reflected as perceived abundance, dictate long-term outcomes. Our findings suggest that globally, small-scale fishery managers should consider enabling shifts in effort among fisheries and retaining existing flexibility, as adaptive capacity is a critical determinant for social and ecological resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy E. Aguilera
- Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, 1365 Memorial Drive, Ungar Building 230M, Coral Gables, FL 33124, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Cole
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Oceanview Blvd., Pacific Grove, CA 93950, United States of America
| | - Elena M. Finkbeiner
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Oceanview Blvd., Pacific Grove, CA 93950, United States of America
| | - Elodie Le Cornu
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, 99 Pacific Street, Suite 555E, Monterey, CA 93940, United States of America
| | - Natalie C. Ban
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Mark H. Carr
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, United States of America
| | - Joshua E. Cinner
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Larry B. Crowder
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Oceanview Blvd., Pacific Grove, CA 93950, United States of America
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, 99 Pacific Street, Suite 555E, Monterey, CA 93940, United States of America
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) & Centro de Conservacion Marina, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Chile
| | - Christina C. Hicks
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, 99 Pacific Street, Suite 555E, Monterey, CA 93940, United States of America
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - John N. Kittinger
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, 99 Pacific Street, Suite 555E, Monterey, CA 93940, United States of America
- Conservation International, Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science and Oceans, 7192 Kalanianaole Hwy, Ste G-230, Honolulu, Hawaii 96825, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Martone
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, 99 Pacific Street, Suite 555E, Monterey, CA 93940, United States of America
| | - Daniel Malone
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, United States of America
| | - Carrie Pomeroy
- University of California Sea Grant Extension Program and Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Center for Ocean Health, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Starr
- University of California Sea Grant Extension Program, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, California 95039, United States of America
| | - Sanah Seram
- McGill School of Environment, McGill University, 3534 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2A7, Canada
| | - Rachel Zuercher
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Broad
- Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, 1365 Memorial Drive, Ungar Building 230M, Coral Gables, FL 33124, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cinner JE, Huchery C, Darling ES, Humphries AT, Graham NAJ, Hicks CC, Marshall N, McClanahan TR. Evaluating social and ecological vulnerability of coral reef fisheries to climate change. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74321. [PMID: 24040228 PMCID: PMC3770588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing need to evaluate the links between the social and ecological dimensions of human vulnerability to climate change. We use an empirical case study of 12 coastal communities and associated coral reefs in Kenya to assess and compare five key ecological and social components of the vulnerability of coastal social-ecological systems to temperature induced coral mortality [specifically: 1) environmental exposure; 2) ecological sensitivity; 3) ecological recovery potential; 4) social sensitivity; and 5) social adaptive capacity]. We examined whether ecological components of vulnerability varied between government operated no-take marine reserves, community-based reserves, and openly fished areas. Overall, fished sites were marginally more vulnerable than community-based and government marine reserves. Social sensitivity was indicated by the occupational composition of each community, including the importance of fishing relative to other occupations, as well as the susceptibility of different fishing gears to the effects of coral bleaching on target fish species. Key components of social adaptive capacity varied considerably between the communities. Together, these results show that different communities have relative strengths and weaknesses in terms of social-ecological vulnerability to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E. Cinner
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Cindy Huchery
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emily S. Darling
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Austin T. Humphries
- Coastal Research Group, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
- Coral Reef Conservation Project, Wildlife Conservation Society, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Nicholas A. J. Graham
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christina C. Hicks
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nadine Marshall
- Ecosystem Sciences, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tim R. McClanahan
- Marine Programs, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cinner JE, Graham NAJ, Huchery C, Macneil MA. Global effects of local human population density and distance to markets on the condition of coral reef fisheries. Conserv Biol 2013; 27:453-8. [PMID: 23025334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Coral reef fisheries support the livelihoods of millions of people but have been severely and negatively affected by anthropogenic activities. We conducted a systematic review of published data on the biomass of coral reef fishes to explore how the condition of reef fisheries is related to the density of local human populations, proximity of the reef to markets, and key environmental variables (including broad geomorphologic reef type, reef area, and net productivity). When only population density and environmental covariates were considered, high variability in fisheries conditions at low human population densities resulted in relatively weak explanatory models. The presence or absence of human settlements, habitat type, and distance to fish markets provided a much stronger explanatory model for the condition of reef fisheries. Fish biomass remained relatively low within 14 km of markets, then biomass increased exponentially as distance from reefs to markets increased. Our results suggest the need for an increased science and policy focus on markets as both a key driver of the condition of reef fisheries and a potential source of solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Cinner
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Brewer TD, Cinner JE, Green A, Pressey RL. Effects of human population density and proximity to markets on coral reef fishes vulnerable to extinction by fishing. Conserv Biol 2013; 27:443-452. [PMID: 23282178 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Coral reef fisheries are crucial to the livelihoods of tens of millions of people; yet, widespread habitat degradation and unsustainable fishing are causing severe depletion of stocks of reef fish. Understanding how social and economic factors, such as human population density, access to external markets, and modernization interact with fishing and habitat degradation to affect fish stocks is vital to sustainable management of coral reef fisheries. We used fish survey data, national social and economic data, and path analyses to assess whether these factors explain variation in biomass of coral reef fishes among 25 sites in Solomon Islands. We categorized fishes into 3 groups on the basis of life-history characteristics associated with vulnerability to extinction by fishing (high, medium, and low vulnerability). The biomass of fish with low vulnerability was positively related to habitat condition. The biomass of fishes with high vulnerability was negatively related to fishing conducted with efficient gear. Use of efficient gear, in turn, was strongly and positively related to both population density and market proximity. This result suggests local population pressure and external markets have additive negative effects on vulnerable reef fish. Biomass of the fish of medium vulnerability was not explained by fishing intensity or habitat condition, which suggests these species may be relatively resilient to both habitat degradation and fishing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T D Brewer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Januchowski-Hartley FA, Graham NAJ, Cinner JE, Russ GR. Spillover of fish naïveté from marine reserves. Ecol Lett 2012; 16:191-7. [PMID: 23126388 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spillover of adult fish biomass is an expected benefit from no-take marine reserves to adjacent fisheries. Here, we show fisher-naïve behaviour in reef fishes also spills over from marine reserves, potentially increasing access to fishery benefits by making fishes more susceptible to spearguns. The distance at which two targeted families of fishes began to flee a potential fisher [flight initiation distance (FID)] was lower inside reserves than in fished areas, and this reduction extended outside reserve boundaries. Reduced FID persisted further outside reserves than increases in fish biomass. This finding could help increase stakeholder support for marine reserves and improve current models of spillover by informing estimates for spatial changes in catchability. Behavioural changes of fish could help explain differences between underwater visual census and catch data in quantifying the spatial extent of spillover from marine reserves, and should be considered in the management of adjacent fisheries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fraser A Januchowski-Hartley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Steneck RS, Hughes TP, Cinner JE, Adger WN, Arnold SN, Berkes F, Boudreau SA, Brown K, Folke C, Gunderson L, Olsson P, Scheffer M, Stephenson E, Walker B, Wilson J, Worm B. Creation of a gilded trap by the high economic value of the Maine lobster fishery. Conserv Biol 2011; 25:904-912. [PMID: 21797925 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Unsustainable fishing simplifies food chains and, as with aquaculture, can result in reliance on a few economically valuable species. This lack of diversity may increase risks of ecological and economic disruptions. Centuries of intense fishing have extirpated most apex predators in the Gulf of Maine (United States and Canada), effectively creating an American lobster (Homarus americanus) monoculture. Over the past 20 years, the economic diversity of marine resources harvested in Maine has declined by almost 70%. Today, over 80% of the value of Maine's fish and seafood landings is from highly abundant lobsters. Inflation-corrected income from lobsters in Maine has steadily increased by nearly 400% since 1985. Fisheries managers, policy makers, and fishers view this as a success. However, such lucrative monocultures increase the social and ecological consequences of future declines in lobsters. In southern New England, disease and stresses related to increases in ocean temperature resulted in more than a 70% decline in lobster abundance, prompting managers to propose closing that fishery. A similar collapse in Maine could fundamentally disrupt the social and economic foundation of its coast. We suggest the current success of Maine's lobster fishery is a gilded trap. Gilded traps are a type of social trap in which collective actions resulting from economically attractive opportunities outweigh concerns over associated social and ecological risks or consequences. Large financial gain creates a strong reinforcing feedback that deepens the trap. Avoiding or escaping gilded traps requires managing for increased biological and economic diversity. This is difficult to do prior to a crisis while financial incentives for maintaining the status quo are large. The long-term challenge is to shift fisheries management away from single species toward integrated social-ecological approaches that diversify local ecosystems, societies, and economies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Steneck
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Darling Marine Center, Walpole, ME 04573, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Januchowski-Hartley FA, Graham NAJ, Feary DA, Morove T, Cinner JE. Fear of fishers: human predation explains behavioral changes in coral reef fishes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22761. [PMID: 21853046 PMCID: PMC3154266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prey flight decisions in response to predation risk are increasingly being considered in conservation and management decisions in the terrestrial realm, but are rarely considered in marine systems. This field-based study investigated how the behavioral response of coral reef fish families varied along a gradient of subsistence fishing pressure in Papua New Guinea. Specifically, we examined how fishing pressure was related to pre-flight behavior and flight initiation distance (FID), and whether FID was influenced by body size (centimeters total length), group size (including both con- and hetero-specific individuals), or life-history phase. Fishing pressure was positively associated with higher FID, but only in families that were primarily targeted by spear guns. Among these families, there were variable responses in FID; some families showed increased FID monotonically with fishing pressure, while others showed increased FID only at the highest levels of fishing pressure. Body size was more significant in varying FID at higher levels of fishing pressure. Although family-level differences in pre-flight behavior were reported, such behavior showed low concordance with fishing pressure. FID shows promise as a tool by which compliance and effectiveness of management of reef fisheries can be assessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fraser A Januchowski-Hartley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mora C, Aburto-Oropeza O, Ayala Bocos A, Ayotte PM, Banks S, Bauman AG, Beger M, Bessudo S, Booth DJ, Brokovich E, Brooks A, Chabanet P, Cinner JE, Cortés J, Cruz-Motta JJ, Cupul Magaña A, Demartini EE, Edgar GJ, Feary DA, Ferse SCA, Friedlander AM, Gaston KJ, Gough C, Graham NAJ, Green A, Guzman H, Hardt M, Kulbicki M, Letourneur Y, López Pérez A, Loreau M, Loya Y, Martinez C, Mascareñas-Osorio I, Morove T, Nadon MO, Nakamura Y, Paredes G, Polunin NVC, Pratchett MS, Reyes Bonilla H, Rivera F, Sala E, Sandin SA, Soler G, Stuart-Smith R, Tessier E, Tittensor DP, Tupper M, Usseglio P, Vigliola L, Wantiez L, Williams I, Wilson SK, Zapata FA. Global human footprint on the linkage between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in reef fishes. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1000606. [PMID: 21483714 PMCID: PMC3071368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Difficulties in scaling up theoretical and experimental results have raised controversy over the consequences of biodiversity loss for the functioning of natural ecosystems. Using a global survey of reef fish assemblages, we show that in contrast to previous theoretical and experimental studies, ecosystem functioning (as measured by standing biomass) scales in a non-saturating manner with biodiversity (as measured by species and functional richness) in this ecosystem. Our field study also shows a significant and negative interaction between human population density and biodiversity on ecosystem functioning (i.e., for the same human density there were larger reductions in standing biomass at more diverse reefs). Human effects were found to be related to fishing, coastal development, and land use stressors, and currently affect over 75% of the world's coral reefs. Our results indicate that the consequences of biodiversity loss in coral reefs have been considerably underestimated based on existing knowledge and that reef fish assemblages, particularly the most diverse, are greatly vulnerable to the expansion and intensity of anthropogenic stressors in coastal areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Mora
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Feary DA, Cinner JE, Graham NAJ, Januchowski-Hartley FA. Effects of customary marine closures on fish behavior, spear-fishing success, and underwater visual surveys. Conserv Biol 2011; 25:341-349. [PMID: 21129032 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Customary management systems (i.e., management systems that limit the use of marine resources), such as rotational fisheries closures, can limit harvest of resources. Nevertheless, the explicit goals of customary management are often to influence fish behavior (in particular flight distance, i.e., distance at which an organism begins to flee an approaching threat), rather than fish abundance. We explored whether the flight distance of reef fishes targeted by local artisanal fishers differed between a customary closure and fished reefs. We also examined whether flight distance of these species affected fishing success and accuracy of underwater visual census (UVC) between customary closed areas and areas open to fishing. Several species demonstrated significant differences in flight distance between areas, indicating that fishing activity may increase flight distance. These relatively long flight distances mean that in fished areas most target species may stay out of the range of spear fishers. In addition, mean flight distances for all species both inside and outside the customary-closure area were substantially smaller than the observation distance of an observer conducting a belt-transect UVC (mean [SE]= 8.8 m [0.48]). For targeted species that showed little ability to evade spear fishers, customary closures may be a vital management technique. Our results show that customary closures can have a substantial, positive effect on resource availability and that conventional UVC techniques may be insensitive to changes in flight behavior of fishes associated with fishing. We argue that short, periodic openings of customary closures may allow the health of the fish community to be maintained and local fishers to effectively harvest fishes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Feary
- United Nations University, Institute for Water, Environment and Health, Hamilton, ON L8P 0A1, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
MacNeil MA, Graham NAJ, Cinner JE, Dulvy NK, Loring PA, Jennings S, Polunin NVC, Fisk AT, McClanahan TR. Transitional states in marine fisheries: adapting to predicted global change. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 365:3753-63. [PMID: 20980322 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Global climate change has the potential to substantially alter the production and community structure of marine fisheries and modify the ongoing impacts of fishing. Fish community composition is already changing in some tropical, temperate and polar ecosystems, where local combinations of warming trends and higher environmental variation anticipate the changes likely to occur more widely over coming decades. Using case studies from the Western Indian Ocean, the North Sea and the Bering Sea, we contextualize the direct and indirect effects of climate change on production and biodiversity and, in turn, on the social and economic aspects of marine fisheries. Climate warming is expected to lead to (i) yield and species losses in tropical reef fisheries, driven primarily by habitat loss; (ii) community turnover in temperate fisheries, owing to the arrival and increasing dominance of warm-water species as well as the reduced dominance and departure of cold-water species; and (iii) increased diversity and yield in Arctic fisheries, arising from invasions of southern species and increased primary production resulting from ice-free summer conditions. How societies deal with such changes will depend largely on their capacity to adapt--to plan and implement effective responses to change--a process heavily influenced by social, economic, political and cultural conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Aaron MacNeil
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3 Townsville MC, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Fuentes MMPB, Cinner JE. Using expert opinion to prioritize impacts of climate change on sea turtles' nesting grounds. J Environ Manage 2010; 91:2511-2518. [PMID: 20702026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 06/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Managers and conservationists often need to prioritize which impacts from climate change to deal with from a long list of threats. However, data which allows comparison of the relative impact from climatic threats for decision-making is often unavailable. This is the case for the management of sea turtles in the face of climate change. The terrestrial life stages of sea turtles can be negatively impacted by various climatic processes, such as sea level rise, altered cyclonic activity, and increased sand temperatures. However, no study has systematically investigated the relative impact of each of these climatic processes, making it challenging for managers to prioritize their decisions and resources. To address this we offer a systematic method for eliciting expert knowledge to estimate the relative impact of climatic processes on sea turtles' terrestrial reproductive phase. For this we used as an example the world's largest population of green sea turtles and asked 22 scientists and managers to answer a paper based survey with a series of pair-wise comparison matrices that compared the anticipated impacts from each climatic process. Both scientists and managers agreed that increased sand temperature will likely cause the most threat to the reproductive output of the nGBR green turtle population followed by sea level rise, then altered cyclonic activity. The methodology used proved useful to determine the relative impact of the selected climatic processes on sea turtles' reproductive output and provided valuable information for decision-making. Thus, the methodological approach can potentially be applied to other species and ecosystems of management concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M P B Fuentes
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cinner JE, Bodin O. Livelihood diversification in tropical coastal communities: a network-based approach to analyzing 'livelihood landscapes'. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11999. [PMID: 20711442 PMCID: PMC2920305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diverse livelihood portfolios are frequently viewed as a critical component of household economies in developing countries. Within the context of natural resources governance in particular, the capacity of individual households to engage in multiple occupations has been shown to influence important issues such as whether fishers would exit a declining fishery, how people react to policy, the types of resource management systems that may be applicable, and other decisions about natural resource use. Methodology/Principal Findings This paper uses network analysis to provide a novel methodological framework for detailed systemic analysis of household livelihood portfolios. Paying particular attention to the role of natural resource-based occupations such as fisheries, we use network analyses to map occupations and their interrelationships- what we refer to as ‘livelihood landscapes’. This network approach allows for the visualization of complex information about dependence on natural resources that can be aggregated at different scales. We then examine how the role of natural resource-based occupations changes along spectra of socioeconomic development and population density in 27 communities in 5 western Indian Ocean countries. Network statistics, including in- and out-degree centrality, the density of the network, and the level of network centralization are compared along a multivariate index of community-level socioeconomic development and a gradient of human population density. The combination of network analyses suggests an increase in household-level specialization with development for most occupational sectors, including fishing and farming, but that at the community-level, economies remained diversified. Conclusions/Significance The novel modeling approach introduced here provides for various types of livelihood portfolio analyses at different scales of social aggregation. Our livelihood landscapes approach provides insights into communities' dependencies and usages of natural resources, and shows how patterns of occupational interrelationships relate to socioeconomic development and population density. A key question for future analysis is how the reduction of household occupational diversity, but maintenance of community diversity we see with increasing socioeconomic development influences key aspects of societies' vulnerability to environmental change or disasters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Cinner
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cinner JE, McClanahan TR, Graham NAJ, Pratchett MS, Wilson SK, Raina JB. Gear-based fisheries management as a potential adaptive response to climate change and coral mortality. J Appl Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01648.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
40
|
McClanahan TR, Cinner JE, Graham NAJ, Daw TM, Maina J, Stead SM, Wamukota A, Brown K, Venus V, Polunin NVC. Identifying reefs of hope and hopeful actions: contextualizing environmental, ecological, and social parameters to respond effectively to climate change. Conserv Biol 2009; 23:662-71. [PMID: 19245493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Priorities for conservation, management, and associated activities will differ based on the interplay between nearness of ecosystems to full recovery from a disturbance (pristineness), susceptibility to climate change (environmental susceptibility [ES]), and capacity of human communities to cope with and adapt to change (social adaptive capacity [AC]). We studied 24 human communities and adjacent coral reef ecosystems in 5 countries of the southwestern Indian Ocean. We used ecological measures of abundance and diversity of fishes and corals, estimated reef pristineness, and conducted socioeconomic household surveys to determine the AC of communities adjacent to selected coral reefs. We also used Web-based oceanographic and coral mortality data to predict each site's ES to climate warming. Coral reefs of Mauritius and eastern Madagascar had low ES and consequently were not predicted to be affected strongly by warm water, although these sites were differentiated by the AC of the human community. The higher AC in Mauritius may increase the chances for successful self-initiated recovery and protective management of reefs of this island. In contrast, Madagascar may require donor support to build AC as a prerequisite to preservation efforts. The Seychelles and Kenya had high ES, but their levels of AC and disturbance differed. The high AC in the Seychelles could be used to develop alternatives to dependence on coral reef resources and reduce the effects of climate change. Pristineness weighted toward measures of fish recovery was greatest for Kenya's marine protected areas; however, most protected areas in the region were far from pristine. Conservation priorities and actions with realistic chances for success require knowledge of where socioecological systems lie among the 3 axes of environment, ecology, and society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T R McClanahan
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Program, Bronx, NY 10460-1099, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
The emerging world crisis created by declining fish stocks poses a challenge to resource users and managers. The problem is particularly acute in poor nations, such as those in East Africa, where fishing is an important subsistence activity but high fishing intensity and use of destructive gear have resulted in declining catches. In this context developing effective management strategies requires an understanding of how fishers may respond to declines in catch. We examined the readiness of 141 Kenyan fishers to stop fishing under hypothetical scenarios of declines in catch and how socioeconomic conditions influenced their decisions. As expected, the proportion of fishers that would exit the fishery increased with magnitude of decline in catch. Fishers were more likely to say they would stop fishing if they were from households that had a higher material style of life and a greater number of occupations. Variables such as capital investment in the fishery and the proportion of catch sold had weak, nonsignificant relationships. Our finding that fishers from poorer households would be less likely to exit a severely declining fishery is consistent with the literature on poverty traps, which suggests the poor are unable to mobilize the necessary resources to overcome either shocks or chronic low-income situations and consequently may remain in poverty. This finding supports the proposition that wealth generation and employment opportunities directed at the poorest fishers may help reduce fishing effort on overexploited fisheries, but successful interventions such as these will require an understanding of the socioeconomic context in which fishers operate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Cinner
- ARC Center of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811 Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Customary forms of resource management, such as taboos, have received considerable attention as a potential basis for conservation initiatives in the Indo-Pacific. Yet little is known about how socioeconomic factors influence the ability of communities to use customary management practices and whether socioeconomic transformations within communities will weaken conservation initiatives with a customary foundation. We used a comparative approach to examine how socioeconomic factors may influence whether communities use customary fisheries management in Papua New Guinea. We examined levels of material wealth (modernization), dependence on marine resources, population, and distance to market in 15 coastal communities. We compared these socioeconomic conditions in 5 communities that used a customary method of closing their fishing ground with 10 communities that did not use this type of management. There were apparent threshold levels of dependence on marine resources, modernization, distance to markets (<16.5 km), and population (>600 people) beyond which communities did not use customary fisheries closures. Nevertheless, economic inequality, rather than mean modernization levels seemed to influence the use of closures. Our results suggest that customary management institutions are not resilient to factors such as population growth and economic modernization. If customary management is to be used as a basis for modern conservation initiatives, cross-scale institutional arrangements such as networks and bridging organizations may be required to help filter the impacts of socioeconomic transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Cinner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
McClanahan TR, Marnane MJ, Cinner JE, Kiene WE. A Comparison of Marine Protected Areas and Alternative Approaches to Coral-Reef Management. Curr Biol 2006; 16:1408-13. [PMID: 16860739 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Revised: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been widely adopted as the leading tool for coral-reef conservation, but resource users seldom accept them , and many have failed to produce tangible conservation benefits [3]. Few studies have objectively and simultaneously examined the types of MPAs that are most effective in conserving reef resources and the socioeconomic factors responsible for effective conservation [4-6]. We simultaneously explored measures of reef and socioeconomic conservation success at four national parks, four comanaged reserves, and three traditionally managed areas in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Underwater visual censuses of key ecological indicators [7, 8] revealed that the average size and biomass of fishes were higher in all areas under traditional management and at one comanaged reserve when compared to nearby unmanaged areas. Socioeconomic assessments [6, 9, 10] revealed that this "effective conservation" was positively related to compliance, visibility of the reserve, and length of time the management had been in place but negatively related to market integration, wealth, and village population size. We suggest that in cases where the resources for enforcement are lacking, management regimes that are designed to meet community goals can achieve greater compliance and subsequent conservation success than regimes designed primarily for biodiversity conservation.
Collapse
|