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Li X, He K, Qian W, Li C, Hu S, Zhang M, Wang T, Yan W, Qi M. Transcriptome profiling of Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells uncover differences in the susceptibility of cattle to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. Vet Parasitol 2023; 324:110072. [PMID: 37944350 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are two major apicomplexan protozoan parasites with heteroxenous life cycles and worldwide distributions. The transplacental transmission of N. caninum causes bovine abortion, which resulting in serious economic losses to the dairy industry. Although T. gondii was also reported to cause abortions in pregnant woman and small ruminants, scarce cases about the symptom to the host cattle and the causality remains unknown. In this study, transcriptome analysis of Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells infected with T. gondii and N. caninum was performed to uncover the differences in susceptibility of cattle to the two parasites. The results showed that 256 and 2225 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in cells infected with N. caninum and T. gondii, respectively. Moreover, significant biological differences were revealed by the functional analysis including GO and KEGG enrichment. One serpin peptidase inhibitor (SEPRINA14), which is associated with immunosuppression during pregnancy, was found to significantly decrease in cells infected with N. caninum and increase in cells infected with T. gondii-infected cells. Pattern recognition receptors TLR3 and NOD2 were also significantly upregulated in N. caninum-infected MDBK cells, but not in T. gondii. They could induce an increased inflammatory response leading to severe tissue damage. In addition, the interleukin 12 receptor subunit beta 2 (IL12β2), which plays an essential role in Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation and inflammatory bowel disease, was also markedly upregulated in the N. caninum infected cells, which led to an imbalance in the Th1 and Th2 cells by promoting the Th1 cellular response. Altogether, our findings recognized a new understanding on the differences between T. gondii and N. caninum infection of MDBK cells, where SEPRINA14, TLR3, NOD2, and IL12β2 may be the key genes that affect the difference in susceptibility of cattle to T. gondii and N. caninum, especially in pregnant animals. This study provides more clues as to why N. caninum is more likely to cause abortions in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Li
- Parasitology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kai He
- Parasitology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weifeng Qian
- Parasitology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
| | - Chen Li
- Parasitology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Suhui Hu
- Parasitology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Parasitology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Parasitology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Wenchao Yan
- Parasitology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China.
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2
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Deng S, Graham ML, Chen XM. The Complexity of Interferon Signaling in Host Defense against Protozoan Parasite Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020319. [PMID: 36839591 PMCID: PMC9962834 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites, such as Plasmodium, Leishmania, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, and Trypanosoma, are causative agents of health-threatening diseases in both humans and animals, leading to significant health risks and socioeconomic losses globally. The development of effective therapeutic and prevention strategies for protozoan-caused diseases requires a full understanding of the pathogenesis and protective events occurring in infected hosts. Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines with diverse biological effects in host antimicrobial defense and disease pathogenesis, including protozoan parasite infection. Type II IFN (IFN-γ) has been widely recognized as the essential defense cytokine in intracellular protozoan parasite infection, whereas recent studies also revealed the production and distinct function of type I and III IFNs in host defense against these parasites. Decoding the complex network of the IFN family in host-parasite interaction is critical for exploring potential new therapeutic strategies against intracellular protozoan parasite infection. Here, we review the complex effects of IFNs on the host defense against intracellular protozoan parasites and the crosstalk between distinct types of IFN signaling during infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silu Deng
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Marion L. Graham
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Correspondence:
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Gibson AR, Sateriale A, Dumaine JE, Engiles JB, Pardy RD, Gullicksrud JA, O’Dea KM, Doench JG, Beiting DP, Hunter CA, Striepen B. A genetic screen identifies a protective type III interferon response to Cryptosporidium that requires TLR3 dependent recognition. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010003. [PMID: 35584177 PMCID: PMC9154123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of severe diarrhea and diarrheal-related death in children worldwide. As an obligate intracellular parasite, Cryptosporidium relies on intestinal epithelial cells to provide a niche for its growth and survival, but little is known about the contributions that the infected cell makes to this relationship. Here we conducted a genome wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen to discover host genes that influence Cryptosporidium parvum infection and/or host cell survival. Gene enrichment analysis indicated that the host interferon response, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor biosynthesis are important determinants of susceptibility to C. parvum infection and impact on the viability of host cells in the context of parasite infection. Several of these pathways are linked to parasite attachment and invasion and C-type lectins on the surface of the parasite. Evaluation of transcript and protein induction of innate interferons revealed a pronounced type III interferon response to Cryptosporidium in human cells as well as in mice. Treatment of mice with IFNλ reduced infection burden and protected immunocompromised mice from severe outcomes including death, with effects that required STAT1 signaling in the enterocyte. Initiation of this type III interferon response was dependent on sustained intracellular growth and mediated by the pattern recognition receptor TLR3. We conclude that host cell intrinsic recognition of Cryptosporidium results in IFNλ production critical to early protection against this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis R. Gibson
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Adam Sateriale
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jennifer E. Dumaine
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Julie B. Engiles
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiology, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ryan D. Pardy
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jodi A. Gullicksrud
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Keenan M. O’Dea
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John G. Doench
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel P. Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Boris Striepen
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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4
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Del'Arco AE, Argolo DS, Guillemin G, Costa MDFD, Costa SL, Pinheiro AM. Neurological Infection, Kynurenine Pathway, and Parasitic Infection by Neospora caninum. Front Immunol 2022; 12:714248. [PMID: 35154065 PMCID: PMC8826404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.714248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the most frequently studied topics of neurosciences as it is a common feature in almost all neurological disorders. Although the primary function of neuroinflammation is to protect the nervous system from an insult, the complex and sequential response of activated glial cells can lead to neurological damage. Depending on the type of insults and the time post-insult, the inflammatory response can be neuroprotective, neurotoxic, or, depending on the glial cell types, both. There are multiple pathways activated and many bioactive intermediates are released during neuroinflammation. One of the most common one is the kynurenine pathway, catabolizing tryptophan, which is involved in immune regulation, neuroprotection, and neurotoxicity. Different models have been used to study the kynurenine pathway metabolites to understand their involvements in the development and maintenance of the inflammatory processes triggered by infections. Among them, the parasitic infection Neospora caninum could be used as a relevant model to study the role of the kynurenine pathway in the neuroinflammatory response and the subset of cells involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Elisa Del'Arco
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Veterinary Immunology, Center of Agrarian, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Recôncavo of Bahia (UFRB), Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Deivison Silva Argolo
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Bahia, Brazil
| | - Gilles Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie Medicine School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria de Fátima Dias Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Bahia, Brazil
| | - Silvia Lima Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Bahia, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Moraes Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Veterinary Immunology, Center of Agrarian, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Recôncavo of Bahia (UFRB), Cruz das Almas, Brazil
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5
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Wang J, Wang X, Gong P, Ren F, Li X, Zhang N, Zhang X, Zhang X, Li J. The Protective Role of TLR2 Mediates Impaired Autophagic Flux by Activating the mTOR Pathway During Neospora caninum Infection in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:788340. [PMID: 34900761 PMCID: PMC8662348 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.788340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has been shown to play an essential role in defending against intracellular bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Mounting evidence suggests that autophagy plays different roles in the infection process of different pathogens. Until now, there has been no conclusive evidence regarding whether host autophagy is involved in Neospora caninum infection. In the current study, we first monitored the activation of autophagy by N. caninum, which occurred mainly in the early stages of infection, and examined the role of host autophagy in N. caninum infection. Here, we presented evidence that N. caninum induced an increase in autophagic vesicles with double-membrane structures in macrophages at the early stage of infection. LC3-II expression peaked and decreased as infection continued. However, the expression of P62/SQSTM1 showed significant accumulation within 12 h of infection, indicating that autophagic flux was blocked. A tandem fluorescence protein mCherry-GFP-LC3 construct was used to corroborate the impaired autophagic flux. Subsequently, we found that N. caninum infection induced the activation of the TLR2–AKT–mTOR pathways. Further investigation revealed that TLR2–mTOR, accompanied by the blockade of autophagic flux, was responsible for impaired autophagy but was not associated with AKT. In vitro and in vivo, N. caninum replication was strongly blocked by the kinase inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA, autophagy inhibitor). In contrast, rapamycin (Rapa, an autophagy inducer) was able to promote intracellular proliferation and reduce the survival rate of N. caninum-infected mice. On the other hand, the accumulation of autophagosomes facilitated the proliferation of N. caninum. Collectively, our findings suggest that activation of host autophagy facilitates N. caninum replication and may counteract the innate immune response of the host. In short, inhibition of the early stages of autophagy could potentially be a strategy for neosporosis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Graduate College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xiaocen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fu Ren
- Department of Anatomy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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6
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Song Y, Hou G, Diep J, Ooi YS, Akopyants NS, Beverley SM, Carette JE, Greenberg HB, Ding S. Inhibitor of growth protein 3 epigenetically silences endogenous retroviral elements and prevents innate immune activation. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:12706-12715. [PMID: 34791430 PMCID: PMC8682784 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are subject to transcriptional repression in adult tissues, in part to prevent autoimmune responses. However, little is known about the epigenetic silencing of ERV expression. Here, we describe a new role for inhibitor of growth family member 3 (ING3), to add to an emerging group of ERV transcriptional regulators. Our results show that ING3 binds to several ERV promoters (for instance MER21C) and establishes an EZH2-mediated H3K27 trimethylation modification. Loss of ING3 leads to decreases of H3K27 trimethylation enrichment at ERVs, induction of MDA5-MAVS-interferon signaling, and functional inhibition of several virus infections. These data demonstrate an important new function of ING3 in ERV silencing and contributing to innate immune regulation in somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaopeng Hou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan Diep
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yaw Shin Ooi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Natalia S Akopyants
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen M Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jan E Carette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Harry B Greenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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7
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Keswani T, Delcroix-Genete D, Herbert F, Leleu I, Lambert C, Draheim M, Salome-Desnoulez S, Saliou JM, Cazenave PA, Silvie O, Roland J, Pied S. Plasmodium yoelii Uses a TLR3-Dependent Pathway to Achieve Mammalian Host Parasitism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:3071-3082. [PMID: 33148715 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is associated with complicated immunopathogenesis. In this study, we provide evidence for an unexpected role of TLR3 in promoting the establishment of Plasmodium yoelii infection through delayed clearance of parasitemia in wild type C57BL/6jRj (B6) compared with TLR3 knockout mice. In this study, we confirmed an increased expression of Tlr3, Trif, Tbk1, and Irf7/Irf3 in the liver 42 h postinfection and the initiation of an early burst of proinflammatory response such as Ifng, NF-kB, and Tnfa in B6 mice that may promote parasite fitness. Interestingly, in the absence of TLR3, we showed the involvement of high IFN-γ and lower type I IFN response in the early clearance of parasitemia. In parallel, we observed an increase in splenic NK and NKT cells expressing TLR3 in infected B6 mice, suggesting a role for TLR sensing in the innate immune response. Finally, we find evidence that the increase in the frequency of CD19+TLR3+ B cells along with reduced levels of total IgG in B6 mice possibly suggests the initiation of TLR3-dependent pathway early during P. yoelii infection. Our results thus reveal a new mechanism in which a parasite-activated TLR3 pathway promotes blood stage infection along with quantitative and qualitative differences in Ab responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Keswani
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Delphine Delcroix-Genete
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Fabien Herbert
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ines Leleu
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Claire Lambert
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marion Draheim
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Jean Michel Saliou
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Pierre-André Cazenave
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Olivier Silvie
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Roland
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sylviane Pied
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France;
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8
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Ma Y, Su XZ, Lu F. The Roles of Type I Interferon in Co-infections With Parasites and Viruses, Bacteria, or Other Parasites. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1805. [PMID: 33193291 PMCID: PMC7649121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites, bacteria, and viruses pose serious threats to public health. Many parasite infections, including infections of protozoa and helminths, can inhibit inflammatory responses and impact disease outcomes caused by viral, bacterial, or other parasitic infections. Type I interferon (IFN-I) has been recognized as an essential immune effector in the host defense against various pathogens. In addition, IFN-I responses induced by co-infections with different pathogens may vary according to the host genetic background, immune status, and pathogen burden. However, there is only limited information on the roles of IFN-I in co-infections with parasites and viruses, bacteria, or other parasites. This review summarizes some recent findings on the roles of IFN-I in co-infections with parasites, including Leishmania spp., Plasmodium spp., Eimeria maxima, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Brugia malayi, or Schistosoma mansoni, and viruses or bacteria and co-infections with different parasites (such as co-infection with Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii, and co-infection with Plasmodium spp. and H. polygyrus). The potential mechanisms of host responses associated with co-infections, which may provide targets for immune intervention and therapies of the co-infections, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlin Ma
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Fangli Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Li L, Wang XC, Gong PT, Zhang N, Zhang X, Li S, Li X, Liu SX, Zhang XX, Li W, Li JH, Zhang XC. ROS-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation participates in the response against Neospora caninum infection. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:449. [PMID: 32891167 PMCID: PMC7487665 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular protozoan that causes neosporosis, N. caninum infection is a major cause of abortion in cattle worldwide. Currently, specific treatment for neosporosis is not available. The NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a cytoplasmic protein complex that plays an important role in host defense against N. caninum infection, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Methods The reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor and the ROS inducer, wild-type (WT) and NLRP3-deficient peritoneal macrophages or mice were used to investigate the role of ROS in NLRP3 inflammasome activation and controlling parasite burdens. ROS production, cell death and cell viability, production of inflammasome-mediated IL-1β or IL-18, cleavage of caspase-1 and NLRP3 expression, as well as parasite burdens were detected. Results In vitro, N. caninum induced ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner in peritoneal macrophages. The pretreatment of ROS inhibitor N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) significantly attenuated N. caninum-induced ROS production, LDH release, IL-1β secretion and NLRP3 expression, whereas N. caninum proliferation was notably increased. In contrary, the ROS inducer pyrogallol (PG) significantly enhanced ROS production and NLRP3 inflammasome activity and decreased the parasite burden in N. caninum-infected peritoneal macrophages. NADPH-dependent ROS-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation induced by N. caninum can also be confirmed by using the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI). However, the NAC or DPI pre-treatment or PG treatment did not significantly alter N. caninum-induced inflammasome activities and parasite proliferation in Nlrp3−/− peritoneal macrophages. In vivo, IL-18 releases in serum and parasite burdens in peritoneal exudate cells were significantly increased in PG-treated WT mice after infection with N. caninum; however, IL-18 productions and parasite burdens were not changed in PG-treated Nlrp3−/− mice. Furthermore, PG treatment in WT mice infected with N. caninum significantly decreased the mortality, weight loss and parasite burdens in tissues and histopathological lesions. Conclusions Neospora caninum-induced NADPH-dependent ROS generation plays an important role in NLRP3 inflammasome activation and controlling parasites. The ROS inducer PG can control N. caninum infection mainly by promoting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. ROS-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome axis can be a potential therapeutic target for neosporosis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China
| | - Xiao-Cen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China
| | - Peng-Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China
| | - Shan Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China
| | - Shao-Xiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jian-Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China.
| | - Xi-Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China.
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10
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Elsheikha HM, Alkurashi M, Palfreman S, Castellanos M, Kong K, Ning E, Elsaied NA, Geraki K, MacNaughtan W. Impact of Neospora caninum Infection on the Bioenergetics and Transcriptome of Cerebrovascular Endothelial Cells. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090710. [PMID: 32872199 PMCID: PMC7559149 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the effects of the protozoan Neospora caninum on the bioenergetics, chemical composition, and elemental content of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) were investigated. We showed that N. caninum can impair cell mitochondrial (Mt) function and causes an arrest in host cell cycling at S and G2 phases. These adverse effects were also associated with altered expression of genes involved in Mt energy metabolism, suggesting Mt dysfunction caused by N. caninum infection. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis of hBMECs revealed alterations in the FTIR bands as a function of infection, where infected cells showed alterations in the absorption bands of lipid (2924 cm−1), amide I protein (1649 cm−1), amide II protein (1537 cm−1), nucleic acids and carbohydrates (1092 cm−1, 1047 cm−1, and 939 cm−1). By using quantitative synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (μSR-XRF) imaging and quantification of the trace elements Zn, Cu and Fe, we detected an increase in the levels of Zn and Cu from 3 to 24 h post infection (hpi) in infected cells compared to control cells, but there were no changes in the level of Fe. We also used Affymetrix array technology to investigate the global alteration in gene expression of hBMECs and rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (rBMVECs) in response to N. caninum infection at 24 hpi. The result of transcriptome profiling identified differentially expressed genes involved mainly in immune response, lipid metabolism and apoptosis. These data further our understanding of the molecular events that shape the interaction between N. caninum and blood-brain-barrier endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M. Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK; (M.A.); (S.P.); (N.A.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-0115-951-6445
| | - Mamdowh Alkurashi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK; (M.A.); (S.P.); (N.A.E.)
- Animal Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suzy Palfreman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK; (M.A.); (S.P.); (N.A.E.)
| | - Marcos Castellanos
- Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Kenny Kong
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Evita Ning
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK;
| | - Nashwa A. Elsaied
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK; (M.A.); (S.P.); (N.A.E.)
| | | | - William MacNaughtan
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK;
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11
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García-Sánchez M, Jiménez-Pelayo L, Horcajo P, Collantes-Fernández E, Ortega-Mora LM, Regidor-Cerrillo J. Neospora caninum infection induces an isolate virulence-dependent pro-inflammatory gene expression profile in bovine monocyte-derived macrophages. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:374. [PMID: 32711550 PMCID: PMC7382829 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular parasite, and its ability to survive inside host immune cells may be a key mechanism for the establishment of infection in cattle. In vitro studies carried out by our group have shown that N. caninum is able to replicate in bovine macrophages (MØs), alter their microbicidal mechanisms and exploit their motility. Furthermore, host-cell control seems to be isolate virulence-dependent. Methods To investigate the molecular basis underlying the innate responses in MØs against N. caninum and the mechanisms of parasite manipulation of the host cell environment, the transcriptome profile of bovine monocyte-derived MØs infected with high-virulence (Nc-Spain7) or low-virulence (Nc-Spain1H) N. caninum isolates was studied. Results Functional enrichment revealed upregulation of genes involved in chemokine signalling, inflammation, cell survival, and inhibition of genes related with metabolism and phagolysosome formation. MØs activation was characterized by the induction of a predominantly M1 phenotype with expression of TLR2, TLR3 and TLR9 and activation of the NF-ƙB signalling pathway. Heat-killed N. caninum tachyzoites failed to activate NF-ƙB, and to inhibit lysosomal activity and apoptosis, which indicates active modulation by the parasite. The FoxO signalling pathway, Th1-Th2 differentiation, glycosaminoglycan degradation and apoptosis were pathways enriched only for low virulent Nc-Spain1H infection. In addition, Nc-Spain1H infection upregulated the IL12A and IL8 pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas IL23 was downregulated by high virulent Nc-Spain7. Conclusions This study revealed mechanisms implicated in the recognition of N. caninum by bovine MØs and in the development of the subsequent immune response. NF-ƙB seems to be the main signalling pathway implicated in the pro-inflammatory bovine MØs response against this pathogen. Apoptosis and phagolysosome maturation are processes repressed by N. caninum infection, which may guarantee its intracellular survival. The results also indicate that Nc-Spain7 may be able to partially circumvent the pro-inflammatory response whereas Nc-Spain1H induces a protective response to infection, which may explain the more efficient transmission of the high-virulence Nc-Spain7 isolate observed in vivo.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta García-Sánchez
- Saluvet, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Jiménez-Pelayo
- Saluvet, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Horcajo
- Saluvet, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Collantes-Fernández
- Saluvet, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- Saluvet, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Regidor-Cerrillo
- Saluvet, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Saluvet-Innova, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Mota CM, Lima-Junior DDS, Ferreira França FB, Aguillón Torres JD, Barros PDSC, Santiago FM, Silva JS, Mineo JR, Zamboni DS, Mineo TWP. Interplay Between Reactive Oxygen Species and the Inflammasome Are Crucial for Restriction of Neospora caninum Replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:243. [PMID: 32523898 PMCID: PMC7261871 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum poses as a considerable threat to animal health and generates significant economic impact in livestock production worldwide. Here, we have investigated the mechanism that underlies the participation of the inflammasome complex and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the regulation of immune responses during N. caninum infection. For that purpose, we used in vitro (bone marrow derived macrophages) and in vivo mouse models of infection. Our results show that NLRP3 and NLRC4 receptors, alongside with ASC and Caspase-1, are required for proper activation of the inflammasome during N. caninum infection. As expected, the engagement of these pathways is crucial for IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-18 production, as well as the induction of pyroptosis. Our results also show that N. caninum induces ROS production dependent of the inflammasome assembly, which in its turn also depends on MyD88/NF-κB-induced ROS to maintain its activation and, ultimately, lead to restriction of parasite replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Mota
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia Batista Ferreira França
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Jhoan David Aguillón Torres
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Patrício da Silva Cardoso Barros
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Maria Santiago
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Joāo Santana Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago W P Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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13
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From Signaling Pathways to Distinct Immune Responses: Key Factors for Establishing or Combating Neospora caninum Infection in Different Susceptible Hosts. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050384. [PMID: 32429367 PMCID: PMC7281608 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
: Neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan parasite affecting numerous animal species. It induces significant economic losses because of abortion and neonatal abnormalities in cattle. In case of infection, the parasite secretes numerous arsenals to establish a successful infection in the host cell. In the same context but for a different purpose, the host resorts to different strategies to eliminate the invading parasite. During this battle, numerous key factors from both parasite and host sides are produced and interact for the maintaining and vanishing of the infection, respectively. Although several reviews have highlighted the role of different compartments of the immune system against N. caninum infection, each one of them has mostly targeted specific points related to the immune component and animal host. Thus, in the current review, we will focus on effector molecules derived from the host cell or the parasite using a comprehensive survey method from previous reports. According to our knowledge, this is the first review that highlights and discusses immune response at the host cell-parasite molecular interface against N. caninum infection in different susceptible hosts.
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14
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Wong ZS, Borrelli SLS, Coyne CC, Boyle JP. Cell type- and species-specific host responses to Toxoplasma gondii and its near relatives. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:423-431. [PMID: 32407716 PMCID: PMC8281328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is remarkably unique in its ability to successfully infect vertebrate hosts from multiple phyla and can successfully infect most cells within these organisms. The infection outcome in each of these species is determined by the complex interaction between parasite and host genotype. As techniques to quantify global changes in cell function become more readily available and precise, new data are coming to light about how (i) different host cell types respond to parasitic infection and (ii) different parasite species impact the host. Here we focus on recent studies comparing the response to intracellular parasitism by different cell types and insights into understanding host-parasite interactions from comparative studies on T. gondii and its close extant relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhee S Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sarah L Sokol Borrelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Carolyn C Coyne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jon P Boyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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15
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Immediate Interferon Gamma Induction Determines Murine Host Compatibility Differences between Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00027-20. [PMID: 32014892 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00027-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents are critical for the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii to the definitive feline host via predation, and this relationship has been extensively studied as a model for immune responses to parasites. Neospora caninum is a closely related coccidian parasite of ruminants and canines but is not naturally transmitted by rodents. We compared mouse innate immune responses to N. caninum and T. gondii and found marked differences in cytokine levels and parasite growth kinetics during the first 24 h postinfection (hpi). N. caninum-infected mice produced significantly higher levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) by as early as 4 hpi, but the level of IFN-γ was significantly lower or undetectable in T. gondii-infected mice during the first 24 hpi. "Immediate" IFN-γ and IL-12p40 production was not detected in MyD88-/- mice. However, unlike IL-12p40-/- and IFN-γ-/- mice, MyD88-/- mice survived N. caninum infections at the dose used in this study. Serial measures of parasite burden showed that MyD88-/- mice were more susceptible to N. caninum infections than wild-type (WT) mice, and control of parasite burdens correlated with a pulse of serum IFN-γ at 3 to 4 days postinfection in the absence of detectable IL-12. Immediate IFN-γ was partially dependent on the T. gondii mouse profilin receptor Toll-like receptor 11 (TLR11), but the ectopic expression of N. caninum profilin in T. gondii had no impact on early IFN-γ production or parasite proliferation. Our data indicate that T. gondii is capable of evading host detection during the first hours after infection, while N. caninum is not, and this is likely due to the early MyD88-dependent recognition of ligands other than profilin.
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16
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Edgerton EB, McCrea AR, Berry CT, Kwok JY, Thompson LK, Watson B, Fuller EM, Nolan TJ, Lok JB, Povelones M. Activation of mosquito immunity blocks the development of transmission-stage filarial nematodes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3711-3717. [PMID: 32015105 PMCID: PMC7035481 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909369117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne helminth infections are responsible for a significant worldwide disease burden in both humans and animals. Accordingly, development of novel strategies to reduce disease transmission by targeting these pathogens in the vector are of paramount importance. We found that a strain of Aedes aegypti that is refractory to infection by Dirofilaria immitis, the agent of canine heartworm disease, mounts a stronger immune response during infection than does a susceptible strain. Moreover, activation of the Toll immune signaling pathway in the susceptible strain arrests larval development of the parasite, thereby decreasing the number of transmission-stage larvae. Notably, this strategy also blocks transmission-stage Brugia malayi, an agent of human lymphatic filariasis. Our data show that mosquito immunity can play a pivotal role in restricting filarial nematode development and suggest that genetically engineering mosquitoes with enhanced immunity will help reduce pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Edgerton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Abigail R McCrea
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Corbett T Berry
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jenny Y Kwok
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Letitia K Thompson
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Brittany Watson
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Thomas J Nolan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - James B Lok
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Michael Povelones
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
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17
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Zhang Y, He J, Zheng H, Huang S, Lu F. Association of TREM-1, IL-1β, IL-33/ST2, and TLR Expressions With the Pathogenesis of Ocular Toxoplasmosis in Mouse Models on Different Genetic Backgrounds. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2264. [PMID: 31649630 PMCID: PMC6794992 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) is one of the most common causes of posterior uveitis. The signaling of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1 amplifies inflammation, whereas TREM-2 signaling is anti-inflammatory. IL-1β is a major driver of inflammation during infection. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play important roles in protective immune response during Toxoplasma gondii infection, and interleukin (IL)-33 receptor (T1/ST2) signaling prevents toxoplasmic encephalitis in mice. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of OT are not yet well elucidated. To investigate the role of TREM-1, TREM-2, IL-1β, IL-33/ST2, and TLRs in OT of susceptible C57BL/6 (B6) and resistant BALB/c mice, both strains of mice were intravitreally infected with 500 tachyzoites of the RH strain of T. gondii. Histopathological analysis showed that T. gondii-infected B6 mice had more severe ocular damage observed by light microscopy, higher number of neutrophil elastase-positive cells in the eyes detected by immunohistochemical staining, more T. gondii tachyzoites in the eyes observed by transmission electron microscopy, and higher mRNA expression levels of tachyzoite-specific surface antigen 1 detected by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in comparison of T. gondii-infected BALB/c mice. Detected by using qRT-PCR, the mRNA expression levels of TREM-1, IL-1β, IL-33, ST2, TLR11, TLR12, and TLR13 were significantly higher in the eyes of T. gondii-infected B6 mice than those of T. gondii-infected BALB/c mice, whereas the mRNA expression levels of TLR3 and TLR9 were significantly higher in the eyes of T. gondii-infected BALB/c mice than those of T. gondii-infected B6 mice. Correlation analysis showed that significant positive correlations existed between TREM-1 and IL-1β/IL-33/ST2/TLR9/TLR11 in the eyes of B6 mice and existed between TREM-1 and IL-33/ST2/TLR3/TLR9/TLR13 in the eyes of BALB/c mice after ocular T. gondii infection. Our data revealed that, compared with T. gondii-resistant BALB/c mice, ocular T. gondii infection can stimulate higher production of TREM-1, IL-33, ST2, TLR11, TLR12, and TLR13 in the eyes of T. gondii-susceptible B6 mice, however, whether those lead to more severe ocular pathology in the susceptible B6 mice remain to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Public Experimental Teaching Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanqin Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiguang Huang
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangli Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Toxoplasma gondii effector TgIST blocks type I interferon signaling to promote infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:17480-17491. [PMID: 31413201 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904637116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the importance of type II interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in control of toxoplasmosis, the role of type I IFN is less clear. We demonstrate here that TgIST, a secreted effector previously implicated in blocking type II IFN-γ signaling, also blocked IFN-β responses by inhibiting STAT1/STAT2-mediated transcription in infected cells. Consistent with a role for type I IFN in cell intrinsic control, ∆Tgist mutants were more susceptible to growth inhibition by murine and human macrophages activated with IFN-β. Additionally, type I IFN was important for production of IFN-γ by natural killer (NK) cells and recruitment of inflammatory monocytes at the site of infection. Mice lacking type I IFN receptors (Ifnar1-/-) showed increased mortality following infection with wild-type parasites and decreased virulence of ∆Tgist parasites was restored in Ifnar1-/- mice. The findings highlight the importance of type I IFN in control of toxoplasmosis and illuminate a parasite mechanism to counteract the effects of both type I and II IFN-mediated host defenses.
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19
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Ali S, Mann-Nüttel R, Schulze A, Richter L, Alferink J, Scheu S. Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the Driver's Seat. Front Immunol 2019; 10:778. [PMID: 31031767 PMCID: PMC6473462 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I Interferons (IFNs) are hallmark cytokines produced in immune responses to all classes of pathogens. Type I IFNs can influence dendritic cell (DC) activation, maturation, migration, and survival, but also directly enhance natural killer (NK) and T/B cell activity, thus orchestrating various innate and adaptive immune effector functions. Therefore, type I IFNs have long been considered essential in the host defense against virus infections. More recently, it has become clear that depending on the type of virus and the course of infection, production of type I IFN can also lead to immunopathology or immunosuppression. Similarly, in bacterial infections type I IFN production is often associated with detrimental effects for the host. Although most cells in the body are thought to be able to produce type I IFN, plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) have been termed the natural "IFN producing cells" due to their unique molecular adaptations to nucleic acid sensing and ability to produce high amounts of type I IFN. Findings from mouse reporter strains and depletion experiments in in vivo infection models have brought new insights and established that the role of pDCs in type I IFN production in vivo is less important than assumed. Production of type I IFN, especially the early synthesized IFNβ, is rather realized by a variety of cell types and cannot be mainly attributed to pDCs. Indeed, the cell populations responsible for type I IFN production vary with the type of pathogen, its tissue tropism, and the route of infection. In this review, we summarize recent findings from in vivo models on the cellular source of type I IFN in different infectious settings, ranging from virus, bacteria, and fungi to eukaryotic parasites. The implications from these findings for the development of new vaccination and therapeutic designs targeting the respectively defined cell types are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafaqat Ali
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany
| | - Ritu Mann-Nüttel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anja Schulze
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lisa Richter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Judith Alferink
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Toll-Like Receptor 3-TRIF Pathway Activation by Neospora caninum RNA Enhances Infection Control in Mice. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00739-18. [PMID: 30670552 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00739-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite closely related to Toxoplasma gondii and has been studied for causing neuromuscular disease in dogs and abortions in cattle. It is recognized as one of the main transmissible causes of reproductive failure in cattle and consequent economic losses to the sector. In that sense, this study aimed to evaluate the role of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-TRIF-dependent resistance against N. caninum infection in mice. We observed that TLR3-/- and TRIF-/- mice presented higher parasite burdens, increased inflammatory lesions, and reduced production of interleukin 12p40 (IL-12p40), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and nitric oxide (NO). Unlike those of T. gondii, N. caninum tachyzoites and RNA recruited TLR3 to the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) and translocated interferon response factor 3 (IRF3) to the nucleus. We also observed that N. caninum upregulated the expression of TRIF in murine macrophages, which in turn upregulated IFN-α and IFN-β in the presence of the parasite. Furthermore, TRIF-/- infected macrophages produced lower levels of IL-12p40, while exogenous IFN-α replacement was able to completely restore the production of this key cytokine. Our results show that the TLR3-TRIF signaling pathway enhances resistance against N. caninum infection in mice, since it improves Th1 immune responses that result in controlled parasitism and reduced tissue inflammation, which are hallmarks of the disease.
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Syrett CM, Sierra I, Berry CL, Beiting D, Anguera MC. Sex-Specific Gene Expression Differences Are Evident in Human Embryonic Stem Cells and During In Vitro Differentiation of Human Placental Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1360-1375. [PMID: 29993333 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is a short-lived tissue required for embryonic growth and survival, and it is fetal derived. Fetal sex influences gestation, and many sexual dimorphic diseases have origins in utero. There is sex-biased gene expression in third-trimester human placentas, yet the origin of sex-specific expression is unknown. Here, we used an in vitro differentiation model to convert human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into trophoblastic progenitor cells of the first-trimester placenta, which will eventually become mature extravillous trophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts. We observed significant sex differences in transcriptomic profiles of hESCs and trophoblastic progenitors, and also with the differentiation process itself. Male cells had higher dosage of X/Y gene pairs relative to female samples, supporting functions for Y-linked genes beyond spermatogenesis in the hESCs and in the early placenta. Female-specific differentiation altered the expression of several thousand genes compared with male cells, and female cells specifically upregulated numerous autosomal genes with known roles in trophoblast function. Sex-biased upregulation of cellular pathways during trophoblast differentiation was also evident. This study is the first to identify sex differences in trophoblastic progenitor cells of the first-trimester human placenta, and reveal early origins for sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille M Syrett
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Isabel Sierra
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Corbett L Berry
- 2 Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel Beiting
- 2 Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Montserrat C Anguera
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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22
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Wang X, Gong P, Zhang X, Li S, Lu X, Zhao C, Yu Q, Wei Z, Yang Y, Liu Q, Yang Z, Li J, Zhang X. NLRP3 Inflammasome Participates in Host Response to Neospora caninum Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1791. [PMID: 30105037 PMCID: PMC6077289 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan parasite closely related to Toxoplasma gondii that mainly infects canids as the definitive host and cattle as the intermediate host, resulting in abortion in cattle and leading to financial losses worldwide. Commercial vaccines or drugs are not available for the prevention and treatment of bovine neosporosis. Knowledge about the hallmarks of the immune response to this infection could form the basis of important prevention strategies. The innate immune system first responds to invading parasite and subsequently initiates the appropriate adaptive immune response against this parasite. Upon infection, activation of host pattern-recognition receptors expressed by immune cells triggers the innate immune response. Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, and C-type lectin receptors play key roles in recognizing protozoan parasite. Therefore, we aimed to explore the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome during the acute period of N. caninum infection. In vitro results showed that N. caninum infection of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages activated the NLRP3 inflammasome, accompanied by the release of IL-1β and IL-18, cleavage of caspase-1, and induction of cell death. K+ efflux induced by N. caninum infection participated in the activation of the inflammasome. Infection of mice deficient in NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1/11 resulted in decreased production of IL-18 and reduced IFN-γ in serum. Elevated numbers of monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils were found at the initial infection site, but they failed to limit N. caninum replication. These findings suggest that the NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in the host response to N. caninum infection at the acute stage and plays an important role in limiting parasite growth, and it may enhance Th1 response by inducing production of IFN-γ. These findings may help devise protocols for controlling neosporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangyun Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qile Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhengkai Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yongjun Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qun Liu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Freudenschuss B, Ruttkowski B, Shrestha A, Abd-Elfattah A, Pagès M, Ladinig A, Joachim A. Antibody and cytokine response to Cystoisospora suis infections in immune-competent young pigs. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:390. [PMID: 29973271 PMCID: PMC6031197 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2974-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To date, investigations on the immune response to Cystoisospora suis infections focused on suckling piglets, the age group clinically most affected. Actively immunizing piglets is unfeasible due to their immature immune system and the typically early infection in the first days after birth. Therefore, understanding and possibly enhancing the immune response of immune-competent animals is the prerequisite to develop a passive immunization strategy for piglets which currently rely on very limited treatment options. Methods To investigate antibody and cytokine responses of immune-competent animals and the impact of the oral immunization protocol on their immune response, growers with unknown previous exposure to C. suis (10–11 weeks-old) were infected one or three times with different doses (600 and 6000 or 200 and 2000, respectively) of C. suis oocysts, and compared to uninfected controls. Oocyst excretion was evaluated, and blood and intestinal mucus antibody titers were determined by IFAT. Systemic production of Th1, Th2, inflammatory and regulatory cytokines was determined in different immune compartments at mRNA and (after stimulation with a recombinant merozoite-protein) at protein level by PCR and multiplex fluorescent immunoassay, respectively. Results Infection generated significantly increased serum IgA and IgG levels against C. suis sporozoites and merozoites, irrespective of infection mode, with IgG against merozoites showing the strongest increase. No clinical signs and only occasional excretion were observed. The systemic cytokine response to C. suis was only weak. Nonetheless, in white blood cells, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 mRNA-levels significantly increased after infection, whereas IFN-ɣ, IL-2 and TGF-β expression tended to decrease. In mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), IL-10 and TNF-α levels were elevated while splenic cytokine expression was unaltered upon infection. Stimulated MLN-derived lymphocytes from infected pigs produced slightly more IL-12 and less IFN-α than controls. Conclusions An infection and a subsequent systemic immune response can be induced in immune-competent animals by all evaluated infection models and growers can be used as models to mimic sow immunizations. The immune response to C. suis, although mild and with considerable variation in cytokine expression, was characterized by a Th2-associated and regulatory cytokine profile and antibody production. However, none of the parameters clearly stood out as a potential marker associated with protection. Antibody titers were significantly positively related with oocyst excretion and might thus serve as correlates for parasite replication or severity of infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2974-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Freudenschuss
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bärbel Ruttkowski
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aruna Shrestha
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ahmed Abd-Elfattah
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Joachim
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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Gene Profile Expression Related to Type I Interferons in HT-29 Cells Exposed to Cryptosporidium parvum. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.63071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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25
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Napolitano A, van der Veen AG, Bunyan M, Borg A, Frith D, Howell S, Kjaer S, Beling A, Snijders AP, Knobeloch KP, Frickel EM. Cysteine-Reactive Free ISG15 Generates IL-1β-Producing CD8α + Dendritic Cells at the Site of Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:604-614. [PMID: 29891555 PMCID: PMC6036233 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) 15 is a ubiquitin-like protein induced after type I IFN stimulation. There is a dearth of in vivo models to study free unconjugated ISG15 function. We found that free ISG15 enhances the production of IFN-γ and IL-1β during murine infection with Toxoplasma gondii. In our model, ISG15 is induced in a type I IFN–dependent fashion and released into the serum. Increased ISG15 levels are dependent on an actively invading and replicating parasite. Two cysteine residues in the hinge domain are necessary determinants for ISG15 to induce increased cytokine levels during infection. Increased ISG15 is concurrent with an influx of IL-1β–producing CD8α+ dendritic cells to the site of infection. In this article, we present Toxoplasma infection as a novel in vivo murine model to study the immunomodulatory properties of free ISG15 and uniquely link it to IL-1β production by CD8α+ dendritic cells driven by two cysteines in the hinge region of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Napolitano
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Monique Bunyan
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Annabel Borg
- Structural Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - David Frith
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Howell
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Svend Kjaer
- Structural Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Antje Beling
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Biochemistry, 10117 Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eva-Maria Frickel
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom;
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26
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Viral discovery and diversity in trypanosomatid protozoa with a focus on relatives of the human parasite Leishmania. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:E506-E515. [PMID: 29284754 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717806115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of viral diversity is expanding greatly, but many lineages remain underexplored. We surveyed RNA viruses in 52 cultured monoxenous relatives of the human parasite Leishmania (Crithidia and Leptomonas), as well as plant-infecting PhytomonasLeptomonas pyrrhocoris was a hotbed for viral discovery, carrying a virus (Leptomonas pyrrhocoris ostravirus 1) with a highly divergent RNA-dependent RNA polymerase missed by conventional BLAST searches, an emergent clade of tombus-like viruses, and an example of viral endogenization. A deep-branching clade of trypanosomatid narnaviruses was found, notable as Leptomonas seymouri bearing Narna-like virus 1 (LepseyNLV1) have been reported in cultures recovered from patients with visceral leishmaniasis. A deep-branching trypanosomatid viral lineage showing strong affinities to bunyaviruses was termed "Leishbunyavirus" (LBV) and judged sufficiently distinct to warrant assignment within a proposed family termed "Leishbunyaviridae" Numerous relatives of trypanosomatid viruses were found in insect metatranscriptomic surveys, which likely arise from trypanosomatid microbiota. Despite extensive sampling we found no relatives of the totivirus Leishmaniavirus (LRV1/2), implying that it was acquired at about the same time the Leishmania became able to parasitize vertebrates. As viruses were found in over a quarter of isolates tested, many more are likely to be found in the >600 unsurveyed trypanosomatid species. Viral loss was occasionally observed in culture, providing potentially isogenic virus-free lines enabling studies probing the biological role of trypanosomatid viruses. These data shed important insights on the emergence of viruses within an important trypanosomatid clade relevant to human disease.
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27
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Syrett CM, Sindhava V, Hodawadekar S, Myles A, Liang G, Zhang Y, Nandi S, Cancro M, Atchison M, Anguera MC. Loss of Xist RNA from the inactive X during B cell development is restored in a dynamic YY1-dependent two-step process in activated B cells. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007050. [PMID: 28991910 PMCID: PMC5648283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in female lymphocytes is uniquely regulated, as the inactive X (Xi) chromosome lacks localized Xist RNA and heterochromatin modifications. Epigenetic profiling reveals that Xist RNA is lost from the Xi at the pro-B cell stage and that additional heterochromatic modifications are gradually lost during B cell development. Activation of mature B cells restores Xist RNA and heterochromatin to the Xi in a dynamic two-step process that differs in timing and pattern, depending on the method of B cell stimulation. Finally, we find that DNA binding domain of YY1 is necessary for XCI in activated B cells, as ex-vivo YY1 deletion results in loss of Xi heterochromatin marks and up-regulation of X-linked genes. Ectopic expression of the YY1 zinc finger domain is sufficient to restore Xist RNA localization during B cell activation. Together, our results indicate that Xist RNA localization is critical for maintaining XCI in female lymphocytes, and that chromatin changes on the Xi during B cell development and the dynamic nature of YY1-dependent XCI maintenance in mature B cells predisposes X-linked immunity genes to reactivation. Females are predisposed to develop various autoimmune disorders, and the genetic basis for this susceptibility is the X-chromosome. X-linked genes are dosage compensated between sexes by X-chromosome Inactivation (XCI) during embryogenesis and maintained into adulthood. Here we show that the chromatin of the inactive X loses epigenetic modifications during B cell lineage development. We found that female mature B cells, which are the pathogenic cells in autoimmunity, have a dynamic two-step mechanism of maintaining XCI during stimulation. The transcription factor YY1, which regulates DNA looping during V(D)J recombination in B cells, is necessary for relocalizing Xist RNA back to the inactive X in activated B cells. YY1 deletion ex vivo in mature B cells impairs heterochromatin mark enrichment on the inactive X, and results in increased X-linked gene expression. We demonstrate that the DNA binding domain of YY1 is sufficient for localizing Xist RNA to the inactive X during B cell stimulation. Our study indicates that Xist RNA localization is critical for maintaining XCI in female lymphocytes. We propose that chromatin changes on the Xi during B cell development and the dynamic nature of YY1-dependent XCI maintenance in mature B cells predisposes X-linked immunity genes to reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille M. Syrett
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of America
| | - Vishal Sindhava
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Suchita Hodawadekar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of America
| | - Arpita Myles
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Guanxiang Liang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of America
| | - Satabdi Nandi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of America
| | - Michael Cancro
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Michael Atchison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of America
| | - Montserrat C. Anguera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Aguado-Martínez A, Basto AP, Leitão A, Hemphill A. Neospora caninum in non-pregnant and pregnant mouse models: cross-talk between infection and immunity. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:723-735. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Nishikawa Y. Towards a preventive strategy for neosporosis: challenges and future perspectives for vaccine development against infection with Neospora caninum. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1374-1380. [PMID: 28690279 PMCID: PMC5573824 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neosporosis is caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite Neospora
caninum. This major disease-causing pathogen is responsible for inducing
abortion in cattle, and these adverse events occur sporadically all over the world,
including Japan. Currently, there are no vaccines on the market against infection with
N. caninum. Because live and attenuated vaccines against N.
caninum have had safety and effectiveness issues, development of a
next-generation vaccine is urgently required. To develop a vaccine against neosporosis, my
laboratory has been focused on the following: 1) understanding the host immune responses
against Neospora infection, 2) identifying vaccine antigens and 3)
developing an effective antigen-delivery system. The research strategy taken in my
laboratory will have strong potential to progress current understanding of the
pathogenesis of N. caninum infection and promote development of a novel
subunit vaccine based on the specific vaccine antigen with an antigen-delivery system for
controlling neosporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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30
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Marin MS, Hecker YP, Quintana S, Pérez SE, Leunda MR, Cantón GJ, Cobo ER, Moore DP, Odeón AC. Immunization with inactivated antigens of Neospora caninum induces toll-like receptors 3, 7, 8 and 9 in maternal-fetal interface of infected pregnant heifers. Vet Parasitol 2017; 243:12-17. [PMID: 28807280 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an obligate parasite and a major cause of abortion in cattle. Pregnancy failures appear to be associated with weak innate defences on the maternal-fetal interface during infection with N. caninum. Herein, we studied the gene expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in pregnant heifers immunized with different vaccine formulations against N. caninum before mating and then challenged the heifers with live N. caninum on day 70 of gestation. TLR7 and TLR8 expression was upregulated in the placental caruncle of infected-pregnant heifers previously exposed to live N. caninum as immunogen. However, TLR7 and 8 expression in both placenta and caruncle as well as, TLR3 and 9 expression in caruncle were upregulated when heifers were previously immunized with inactivated soluble whole antigens and recombinant NcSAG1, NcHSP20 and NcGRA7 proteins. All dams were carrying viable fetuses when they were culled at day 104 of gestation. Upregulation of TLR7 and IFNγ expression was detected in fetal spleen when their mothers where previously vaccinated with soluble antigens and recombinant NcSAG1, NcHSP20 and NcGRA7 proteins. These studies demonstrate that soluble or recombinant NcSAG1, NcHSP20 and NcGRA7 antigens induce key TLRs expression at the maternal-fetal interface, probably triggering damaging inflammatory cellular immune responses associated with abortion. Previous infection with N. caninum seems to attenuate the innate immune response at the maternal-fetal interface, which could favour pregnancy maintenance and perpetuation of the disease. This finding represents novel information on how N. caninum vaccination and infection modulate TLRs expression at the placenta and fetal spleen, the possible role in the pregnancy outcomes and transplacental transmission of the protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Marin
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Ruta 226 Km 73.5, 7620 Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Y P Hecker
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Ruta 226 Km 73.5, 7620 Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Quintana
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UNMDP, Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S E Pérez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000 Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M R Leunda
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Ruta 226 Km 73.5, 7620 Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G J Cantón
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Ruta 226 Km 73.5, 7620 Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E R Cobo
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - D P Moore
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Ruta 226 Km 73.5, 7620 Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A C Odeón
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Ruta 226 Km 73.5, 7620 Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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31
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Wang X, Gong P, Zhang X, Wang J, Tai L, Wang X, Wei Z, Yang Y, Yang Z, Li J, Zhang X. NLRP3 inflammasome activation in murine macrophages caused by Neospora caninum infection. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:266. [PMID: 28558839 PMCID: PMC5450200 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neospora caninum is an intracellular parasite that causes significant economic losses in cattle industry. Understanding the host resistance mechanisms in the innate immune response to neosporosis could facilitate the exploration of approaches for controlling N. caninum infection. The NLR inflammasome is a multiprotein platform in the cell cytoplasm and plays critical roles in the host response against microbes. Methods Neospora caninum-infected wild-type (WT) macrophages and Nlrp3−/− macrophages, and inhibitory approaches were used to investigate inflammasome activation and its role in N. caninum infection. Inflammasome RT Profiler PCR Arrays were used to identify the primary genes involved in N. caninum infection. The expression of the sensor protein NLRP3, processing of caspase-1, secretion of IL-1β and cell death were detected. Neospora caninum replication in macrophages was also assessed. Results Many NLR molecules participated in the recognition of N. caninum, especially the sensor protein NLRP3, and further study revealed that the NLRP3 distribution became punctate in the cell cytoplasm, which facilitated inflammasome activation. Inflammasome activation-mediated caspase-1 processing and IL-1β cleavage in response to N. caninum infection were observed and were correlated with the time of infection and number of infecting parasites. LDH-related cell death was also observed, and this death was regarded as beneficial for the clearance of N. caninum. Treatment of N. caninum-infected macrophages with caspase-1, pan-caspase and NLRP3 inhibitors led to the impaired release of active IL-1β and a failure to restrict parasite replication. And Neospora caninum infected peritoneal macrophages from Nlrp3-deficient mice displayed greatly decreased release of active IL-1β and the failure of caspase-1 cleavage. Conclusions The NLRP3 inflammasome can be activated in N. caninum-infected macrophages, and plays a protective role in the host response to control N. caninum. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2197-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jielin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Lixin Tai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zhengkai Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yongjun Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Xichen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130062, China.
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da Silva MV, Ferreira França FB, Mota CM, de Macedo Júnior AG, Ramos ELP, Santiago FM, Mineo JR, Mineo TWP. Dectin-1 Compromises Innate Responses and Host Resistance against Neospora caninum Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:245. [PMID: 28326085 PMCID: PMC5339258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan parasite that has drawn increasing interest due to its association with worldwide repetitive bovine abortions, which cause billionaire losses to the meat and dairy industries annually. Innate immunity plays an important role in infection control, and N. caninum activates the production of inflammatory mediators through toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Advances in the knowledge of initial host–parasite interactions are desirable for the design of control measures against the infection, obliterating its pathogenesis. In that sense, we here aimed to describe the role of the innate C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1 during the infection by N. caninum. With that intent, we observed that the absence of Dectin-1, observed in genetically depleted (Dectin-1−/−) mice or competitively inhibited by an inert agonist [laminarin (LAM)], rescued 50% of the mice infected with lethal doses of N. caninum. Dectin-1−/− and LAM-treated mice also presented a reduction in the parasite load during acute and chronic phases, associated with decreased inflammatory scores in the central nervous system. Among all the cell phenotypes that migrated to the initial site of infection, dendritic cells and macrophages gained subpopulations with high Dectin-1 surface expression. The impairment of the receptor in these cells led to a decreased parasite burden, as well as augmented production of IL-12p40. We also found that Dectin-1+ cells produced less reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the initial site of the infection, while mice deficient in NADPH oxidase isoform 2 (NOX2−/−) were not able to control parasite replication and produce IL-12p40, even upon LAM treatment. Interestingly, the absence of functional Dectin-1 did not alter the susceptibility of mice against closely related Toxoplasma gondii. In conclusion, the gathered data suggest that Dectin-1 is involved in the parasite-induced downmodulation of ROS, and other key molecules triggered for the control of N. caninum infection and are a promising target for future development of protocols intended for intervention against neosporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Vieira da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia , Brazil
| | - Flávia Batista Ferreira França
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia , Brazil
| | - Caroline Martins Mota
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia , Brazil
| | - Arlindo Gomes de Macedo Júnior
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia , Brazil
| | - Eliézer Lucas Pires Ramos
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia , Brazil
| | - Fernanda Maria Santiago
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia , Brazil
| | - José Roberto Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia , Brazil
| | - Tiago Wilson Patriarca Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia , Brazil
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Marin M, Hecker Y, Quintana S, Pérez S, Leunda M, Cantón G, Cobo E, Moore D, Odeón A. Toll-like receptors 3, 7 and 8 are upregulated in the placental caruncle and fetal spleen of Neospora caninum experimentally infected cattle. Vet Parasitol 2017; 236:58-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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STAT1 Signaling in Astrocytes Is Essential for Control of Infection in the Central Nervous System. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.01881-16. [PMID: 27834206 PMCID: PMC5101356 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01881-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The local production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) is important to control Toxoplasma gondii in the brain, but the basis for these protective effects is not fully understood. The studies presented here reveal that the ability of IFN-γ to inhibit parasite replication in astrocytes in vitro is dependent on signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and that mice that specifically lack STAT1 in astrocytes are unable to limit parasite replication in the central nervous system (CNS). This susceptibility is associated with a loss of antimicrobial pathways and increased cyst formation in astrocytes. These results identify a critical role for astrocytes in limiting the replication of an important opportunistic pathogen. Astrocytes are the most numerous cell type in the brain, and they are activated in response to many types of neuroinflammation, but their function in the control of CNS-specific infection is unclear. The parasite Toxoplasma gondii is one of the few clinically relevant microorganisms that naturally infects astrocytes, and the studies presented here establish that the ability of astrocytes to inhibit parasite replication is essential for the local control of this opportunistic pathogen. Together, these studies establish a key role for astrocytes as effector cells and in the coordination of many aspects of the protective immune response that operates in the brain.
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Mota CM, Oliveira ACM, Davoli-Ferreira M, Silva MV, Santiago FM, Nadipuram SM, Vashisht AA, Wohlschlegel JA, Bradley PJ, Silva JS, Mineo JR, Mineo TWP. Neospora caninum Activates p38 MAPK as an Evasion Mechanism against Innate Immunity. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1456. [PMID: 27679624 PMCID: PMC5020094 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the high prevalence and economic impact of neosporosis, the development of safe and effective vaccines and therapies against this parasite has been a priority in the field and is crucial to limit horizontal and vertical transmission in natural hosts. Limited data is available regarding factors that regulate the immune response against this parasite and such knowledge is essential in order to understand Neospora caninum induced pathogenesis. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) govern diverse cellular processes, including growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune-mediated responses. In that sense, our goal was to understand the role of MAPKs during the infection by N. caninum. We found that p38 phosphorylation was quickly triggered in macrophages stimulated by live tachyzoites and antigen extracts, while its chemical inhibition resulted in upregulation of IL-12p40 production and augmented B7/MHC expression. In vivo blockade of p38 resulted in an amplified production of cytokines, which preceded a reduction in latent parasite burden and enhanced survival against the infection. Additionally, the experiments indicate that the p38 activation is induced by a mechanism that depends on GPCR, PI3K and AKT signaling pathways, and that the phenomena here observed is distinct that those induced by Toxoplasma gondii’s GRA24 protein. Altogether, these results showed that N. caninum manipulates p38 phosphorylation in its favor, in order to downregulate the host’s innate immune responses. Additionally, those results infer that active interference in this signaling pathway may be useful for the development of a new therapeutic strategy against neosporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Mota
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo," Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Ana C M Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo," Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Marcela Davoli-Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Murilo V Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo," Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Santiago
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo," Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Santhosh M Nadipuram
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
| | - Ajay A Vashisht
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
| | - James A Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
| | - Peter J Bradley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los AngelesCA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los AngelesCA, USA
| | - João S Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - José R Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo," Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Tiago W P Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo," Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia, Brazil
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Abstract
We report here the sequences for all three segments of a novel RNA virus (LepmorLBV1) from the insect trypanosomatid parasite Leptomonas moramango This virus belongs to a newly discovered group of bunyavirus-like elements termed Leishbunyaviruses (LBV), the first discovered from protists related to arboviruses infecting humans.
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A Narnavirus-Like Element from the Trypanosomatid Protozoan Parasite Leptomonas seymouri. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/4/e00713-16. [PMID: 27491984 PMCID: PMC4974305 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00713-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Genome sequences were determined for a novel RNA virus, Leptomonas seymouri Narna-like virus 1 (LepseyNLV1). A 2.9-kb segment encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), while a smaller 1.5-kb segment showed no database search matches. This is the first report of bisegmented Narnaviridae from insect trypanosomatids.
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Akopyants NS, Lye LF, Dobson DE, Lukeš J, Beverley SM. A Narnavirus in the Trypanosomatid Protist Plant Pathogen Phytomonas serpens. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:e00711-16. [PMID: 27469953 PMCID: PMC4966457 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00711-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe here a new RNA virus (PserNV1) from the plant protist parasite Phytomonas serpens (family Trypanosomatidae, Kinetoplastida, supergroup Excavata). The properties of PserNV1 permit assignment to the genus Narnavirus (Narnaviridae), the first reported from a host other than fungi or oomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Akopyants
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lon-Fye Lye
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Deborah E Dobson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre and Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen M Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 prompts potent inflammatory stimuli during Neospora caninum infection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29289. [PMID: 27377650 PMCID: PMC4932631 DOI: 10.1038/srep29289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite responsible for major economic losses due to abortions in cattle. Innate immune responses are crucial for host resistance against the infection, however the molecules involved in parasite recognition are still poorly understood. Nod2 is a cytosolic receptor that recognizes several pathogens and its role during N. caninum infection has not yet been described. In that sense, we evaluated the role of Nod2 in host response against this parasite. We found that infection of macrophages induced increased expression of Nod2, which colocalized with the parasites' vacuoles. Nod2-deficient macrophages showed an impaired induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased production of modulatory molecules, and failure to restrict parasite replication. In vivo, Nod2-knockout mice showed a reduction of MAPK phosphorylation and proinflammatory cytokines, followed by decreased inflammation in target organs and increment in parasite burden. Surprisingly, these mice were partially resistant to lethal doses of tachyzoites. In addition, these phenomena were not observed in Rip2-/- mice. In conclusion, our study indicates that Nod2-dependent responses account for N. caninum elimination. On the other hand, the inflammatory milieu induced by this innate receptor provoked pathogenesis and death in severe experimental neosporosis.
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40
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Dickerson F, Stallings C, Origoni A, Schroeder J, Katsafanas E, Schweinfurth L, Savage C, Khushalani S, Yolken R. Inflammatory Markers in Recent Onset Psychosis and Chronic Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:134-41. [PMID: 26294704 PMCID: PMC4681560 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune markers have been associated with schizophrenia, but few studies have examined multiple markers in both recent onset and chronic schizophrenia patients. METHODS The sample of 588 individuals included 79 with recent onset psychosis, 249 with chronic schizophrenia, and 260 controls. A combined inflammation score was calculated by principal components factor analysis of the levels of C-reactive protein, Pentraxin 3, and IgG antibodies to gliadin, casein, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae measured in blood samples. Inflammation scores among groups were compared by multivariate analyses. RESULTS The chronic schizophrenia group showed significant elevations in the combined inflammation score compared with controls. The recent onset group surprisingly showed a reduction in the combined inflammation score. Consistent with these findings, the chronic schizophrenia group had significantly increased odds of a combined inflammation score greater than the 75th and the 90th percentile of that of the controls. The recent onset group had significantly increased odds of a combined inflammation score less than the 10th and the 25th percentile level of the controls. CONCLUSIONS The recent onset of psychosis may be associated with inherent deficits in innate immunity. Individuals later in the course of disease may have increased levels of innate immunity. The reasons for these changes are not known with certainty but may be related to compensatory increases as the disease progresses. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine the course of immune abnormalities in schizophrenia and their role in the clinical manifestations of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith Dickerson
- The Stanley Research Program at Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore, MD;
| | | | - Andrea Origoni
- The Stanley Research Program at Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert Yolken
- The Stanley Neurovirology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Kraeva N, Butenko A, Hlaváčová J, Kostygov A, Myškova J, Grybchuk D, Leštinová T, Votýpka J, Volf P, Opperdoes F, Flegontov P, Lukeš J, Yurchenko V. Leptomonas seymouri: Adaptations to the Dixenous Life Cycle Analyzed by Genome Sequencing, Transcriptome Profiling and Co-infection with Leishmania donovani. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005127. [PMID: 26317207 PMCID: PMC4552786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-infection cases involving dixenous Leishmania spp. (mostly of the L. donovani complex) and presumably monoxenous trypanosomatids in immunocompromised mammalian hosts including humans are well documented. The main opportunistic parasite has been identified as Leptomonas seymouri of the sub-family Leishmaniinae. The molecular mechanisms allowing a parasite of insects to withstand elevated temperature and substantially different conditions of vertebrate tissues are not understood. Here we demonstrate that L. seymouri is well adapted for the environment of the warm-blooded host. We sequenced the genome and compared the whole transcriptome profiles of this species cultivated at low and high temperatures (mimicking the vector and the vertebrate host, respectively) and identified genes and pathways differentially expressed under these experimental conditions. Moreover, Leptomonas seymouri was found to persist for several days in two species of Phlebotomus spp. implicated in Leishmania donovani transmission. Despite of all these adaptations, L. seymouri remains a predominantly monoxenous species not capable of infecting vertebrate cells under normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Kraeva
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Anzhelika Butenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hlaváčová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexei Kostygov
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jitka Myškova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Danyil Grybchuk
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Leštinová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fred Opperdoes
- de Duve Institute and Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pavel Flegontov
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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42
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Liehl P, Zuzarte-Luis V, Mota MM. Unveiling the pathogen behind the vacuole. Nat Rev Microbiol 2015; 13:589-98. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Adaui V, Lye LF, Akopyants NS, Zimic M, Llanos-Cuentas A, Garcia L, Maes I, De Doncker S, Dobson DE, Arevalo J, Dujardin JC, Beverley SM. Association of the Endobiont Double-Stranded RNA Virus LRV1 With Treatment Failure for Human Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania braziliensis in Peru and Bolivia. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:112-21. [PMID: 26123565 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis, caused in South America by Leishmania braziliensis, is difficult to cure by chemotherapy (primarily pentavalent antimonials [Sb(V)]). Treatment failure does not correlate well with resistance in vitro, and the factors responsible for treatment failure in patients are not well understood. Many isolates of L. braziliensis (>25%) contain a double-stranded RNA virus named Leishmaniavirus 1 (LRV1), which has also been reported in Leishmania guyanensis, for which an association with increased pathology, metastasis, and parasite replication was found in murine models. Here we probed the relationship of LRV1 to drug treatment success and disease in 97 L. braziliensis-infected patients from Peru and Bolivia. In vitro cultures were established, parasites were typed as L. braziliensis, and the presence of LRV1 was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, followed by sequence analysis. LRV1 was associated significantly with an increased risk of treatment failure (odds ratio, 3.99; P = .04). There was no significant association with intrinsic Sb(V) resistance among parasites, suggesting that treatment failure arises from LRV1-mediated effects on host metabolism and/or parasite survival. The association of LRV1 with clinical drug treatment failure could serve to guide more-effective treatment of tegumentary disease caused by L. braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Adaui
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Unidad de Pathoantigenos
| | - Lon-Fye Lye
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Natalia S Akopyants
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mirko Zimic
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Lineth Garcia
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular-IIBISMED, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Ilse Maes
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp
| | | | - Deborah E Dobson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jorge Arevalo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Unidad de Pathoantigenos
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stephen M Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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English ED, Adomako-Ankomah Y, Boyle JP. Secreted effectors in Toxoplasma gondii and related species: determinants of host range and pathogenesis? Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:127-40. [PMID: 25655311 PMCID: PMC4359005 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the discovery of a number of secreted proteins in Toxoplasma gondii that play important roles in host-pathogen interactions and parasite virulence, particularly in the mouse model. However, the role that these proteins play in driving the unique features of T. gondii compared to some of its nearest apicomplexan relatives (Hammondia hammondi and Neospora caninum) is unknown. These unique features include distinct dissemination characteristics in vivo and a vast host range. In this review we comprehensively survey what is known about disease outcome, the host response and host range for T. gondii, H. hammondi, and N. caninum. We then review what is presently known about recently identified secreted virulence effectors in these three genetically related, but phenotypically distinct, species. Finally we exploit the existence of genome sequences for these three organisms and discuss what is known about the presence, and functionality, of key T. gondii effectors in these three species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D English
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Majumdar T, Chattopadhyay S, Ozhegov E, Dhar J, Goswami R, Sen GC, Barik S. Induction of interferon-stimulated genes by IRF3 promotes replication of Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004779. [PMID: 25811886 PMCID: PMC4374777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against microbial insult. The transcription factor, IRF3, is needed by mammalian cells to mount innate immune responses against many microbes, especially viruses. IRF3 remains inactive in the cytoplasm of uninfected cells; upon virus infection, it gets phosphorylated and then translocates to the nucleus, where it binds to the promoters of antiviral genes and induces their expression. Such genes include type I interferons (IFNs) as well as Interferon Stimulated Genes (ISGs). IRF3-/- cells support enhanced replication of many viruses and therefore, the corresponding mice are highly susceptible to viral pathogenesis. Here, we provide evidence for an unexpected pro-microbial role of IRF3: the replication of the protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, was significantly impaired in IRF3-/- cells. In exploring whether the transcriptional activity of IRF3 was important for its pro-parasitic function, we found that ISGs induced by parasite-activated IRF3 were indeed essential, whereas type I interferons were not important. To delineate the signaling pathway that activates IRF3 in response to parasite infection, we used genetically modified human and mouse cells. The pro-parasitic signaling pathway, which we termed PISA (Parasite-IRF3 Signaling Activation), activated IRF3 without any involvement of the Toll-like receptor or RIG-I-like receptor pathways, thereby ruling out a role of parasite-derived RNA species in activating PISA. Instead, PISA needed the presence of cGAS, STING, TBK1 and IRF3, indicating the necessity of DNA-triggered signaling. To evaluate the physiological significance of our in vitro findings, IRF3-/- mice were challenged with parasite infection and their morbidity and mortality were measured. Unlike WT mice, the IRF3-/- mice did not support replication of the parasite and were resistant to pathogenesis caused by it. Our results revealed a new paradigm in which the antiviral host factor, IRF3, plays a cell-intrinsic pro-parasitic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Majumdar
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, and Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Evgeny Ozhegov
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, and Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jayeeta Dhar
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, and Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ramansu Goswami
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, and Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ganes C. Sen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sailen Barik
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, and Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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Mahmoud ME, Ui F, Salman D, Nishimura M, Nishikawa Y. Mechanisms of interferon-beta-induced inhibition ofToxoplasma gondiigrowth in murine macrophages and embryonic fibroblasts: role of immunity-related GTPase M1. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1069-83. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Motamed Elsayed Mahmoud
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases; Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Inada-cho Obihiro Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
- Department of Animal Behavior; Management; Genetics and Breeding; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Sohag University; Sohag City Sohag 82524 Egypt
| | - Fumiki Ui
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases; Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Inada-cho Obihiro Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Doaa Salman
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases; Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Inada-cho Obihiro Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
- Department of Animal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Sohag University; Sohag City Sohag 82524 Egypt
| | - Maki Nishimura
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases; Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Inada-cho Obihiro Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases; Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Inada-cho Obihiro Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
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Han SJ, Melichar HJ, Coombes JL, Chan SW, Koshy AA, Boothroyd JC, Barton GM, Robey EA. Internalization and TLR-dependent type I interferon production by monocytes in response to Toxoplasma gondii. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:872-81. [PMID: 25155465 PMCID: PMC4245188 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The classic anti-viral cytokine interferon (IFN)-β can be induced during parasitic infection, but relatively little is know about the cell types and signaling pathways involved. Here we show that inflammatory monocytes (IMs), but not neutrophils, produce IFN-β in response to T. gondii infection. This difference correlated with the mode of parasite entry into host cells, with phagocytic uptake predominating in IMs and active invasion predominating in neutrophils. We also show that expression of IFN-β requires phagocytic uptake of the parasite by IMs, and signaling through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and MyD88. Finally, we show that IMs are major producers of IFN-β in mesenteric lymph nodes following in vivo oral infection of mice, and mice lacking the receptor for type I IFN-1 show higher parasite loads and reduced survival. Our data reveal a TLR and internalization-dependent pathway in IMs for IFN-β induction to a non-viral pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Ji Han
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Heather J. Melichar
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Janine L. Coombes
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shiao Wei Chan
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Anita A. Koshy
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Disease) and Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - John C. Boothroyd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gregory M. Barton
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ellen A. Robey
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Votýpka J, Kostygov AY, Kraeva N, Grybchuk-Ieremenko A, Tesařová M, Grybchuk D, Lukeš J, Yurchenko V. Kentomonas gen. n., a new genus of endosymbiont-containing trypanosomatids of Strigomonadinae subfam. n. Protist 2014; 165:825-38. [PMID: 25460233 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Compared to their relatives, the diversity of endosymbiont-containing Trypanosomatidae remains under-investigated, with only two new species described in the past 25 years, bringing the total to six. The possible reasons for such a poor representation of this group are either their overall scarcity or susceptibility of their symbionts to antibiotics that are traditionally used for cultivation of flagellates. In this work we describe the isolation, cultivation, as well as morphological and molecular characterization of a novel endosymbiont-harboring trypanosomatid species, Kentomonas sorsogonicus sp. n. The newly erected genus Kentomonas gen. n. shares many common features with the genera Angomonas and Strigomonas, such as the presence of an extensive system of peripheral mitochondrial branches distorting the corset of subpellicular microtubules, large and loosely packed kinetoplast, and a rudimentary paraflagellar rod. Here we also propose to unite all endosymbiont-bearing trypanosomatids into the new subfamily Strigomonadinae subfam. n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Votýpka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Alexei Yu Kostygov
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic; Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalya Kraeva
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | | | - Martina Tesařová
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Danyil Grybchuk
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
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A healthy appetite for Toxoplasma at the cellular level. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:813-4. [PMID: 25178968 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Beiting DP. Protozoan parasites and type I interferons: a cold case reopened. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:491-8. [PMID: 25153940 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Protozoan parasites, such as Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, trypanosomes, and Leishmania, are a major cause of disease in both humans and other animals, highlighting the need to understand the full spectrum of strategies used by the host immune system to sense and respond to parasite infection. Although type II interferon (IFN-γ) has long been recognized as an essential antiparasite immune effector, much less is known about the role of type I interferons (IFN-α and -β) in host defense, particularly in vivo. Recent studies are reviewed which collectively highlight that type I IFN can be induced in response to parasite infection and influence the outcome of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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