1
|
Didion-Gency M, Vitasse Y, Buchmann N, Gessler A, Gisler J, Schaub M, Grossiord C. Chronic warming and dry soils limit carbon uptake and growth despite a longer growing season in beech and oak. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:741-757. [PMID: 37874743 PMCID: PMC10828195 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Progressively warmer and drier climatic conditions impact tree phenology and carbon cycling with large consequences for forest carbon balance. However, it remains unclear how individual impacts of warming and drier soils differ from their combined effects and how species interactions modulate tree responses. Using mesocosms, we assessed the multiyear impact of continuous air warming and lower soil moisture alone or in combination on phenology, leaf-level photosynthesis, nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations, and aboveground growth of young European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Downy oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) trees. We further tested how species interactions (in monocultures and in mixtures) modulated these effects. Warming prolonged the growing season of both species but reduced growth in oak. In contrast, lower moisture did not impact phenology but reduced carbon assimilation and growth in both species. Combined impacts of warming and drier soils did not differ from their single effects. Under warmer and drier conditions, performances of both species were enhanced in mixtures compared to monocultures. Our work revealed that higher temperature and lower soil moisture have contrasting impacts on phenology vs. leaf-level assimilation and growth, with the former being driven by temperature and the latter by moisture. Furthermore, we showed a compensation in the negative impacts of chronic heat and drought by tree species interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Didion-Gency
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yann Vitasse
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Gisler
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thomas FM, Schunck L, Zisakos A. Legacy Effects in Buds and Leaves of European Beech Saplings ( Fagus sylvatica) after Severe Drought. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:568. [PMID: 36771652 PMCID: PMC9920899 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Against the background of climate change, we studied the effects of a severe summer drought on buds of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) saplings and on leaves formed during the subsequent spring in trees attributed to different drought-damage classes. For the first time, we combined assessments of the vitality (assessed through histochemical staining), mass and stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) of buds from drought-stressed woody plants with morphological and physiological variables of leaves that have emerged from the same plants and crown parts. The number, individual mass and vitality of the buds decreased and δ13C increased with increasing drought-induced damage. Bud mass, vitality and δ13C were significantly intercorrelated. The δ13C of the buds was imprinted on the leaves formed in the subsequent spring, but individual leaf mass, leaf size and specific leaf area were not significantly different among damage classes. Vitality and δ13C of the buds are suitable indicators of the extent of preceding drought impact. Bud vitality may be used as a simple means of screening saplings for the flushing capability in the subsequent spring. European beech saplings are susceptible, but-due to interindividual differences-are resilient, to a certain extent, to a singular severe drought stress.
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang X, Schönbeck L, Gessler A, Yang Y, Rigling A, Yu D, He P, Li M. The effects of previous summer drought and fertilization on winter non-structural carbon reserves and spring leaf development of downy oak saplings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1035191. [PMID: 36407605 PMCID: PMC9669721 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1035191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is still unknown whether the previous summer season drought and fertilization will affect the winter non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) reserves, spring leaf development, and mortality of trees in the next year. We, therefore, conducted an experiment with Quercus pubescens (downy oaks) saplings grown under four drought levels from field capacity (well-watered; ~25% volumetric water content) to wilting point (extreme drought; ~6%), in combination with two fertilizer treatments (0 vs. 50 kg/ha/year blended) for one growing season to answer this question. We measured the pre- and post-winter NSC, and calculated the over-winter NSC consumption in storage tissues (i.e. shoots and roots) following drought and fertilization treatment, and recorded the spring leaf phenology, leaf biomass, and mortality next year. The results showed that, irrespective of drought intensity, carbon reserves were abundant in storage tissues, especially in roots. Extreme drought did not significantly alter NSC levels in tissues, but delayed the spring leaf expansion and reduced the leaf biomass. Previous season fertilization promoted shoot NSC use in extreme drought-stressed saplings over winter (showing reduced carbon reserves in shoots after winter), but it also showed positive effects on survival next year. We conclude that: (1) drought-stressed downy oak saplings seem to be able to maintain sufficient mobile carbohydrates for survival, (2) fertilization can alleviate the negative effects of extreme drought on survival and recovery growth of tree saplings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Leonie Schönbeck
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, United States
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yue Yang
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dapao Yu
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Peng He
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Maihe Li
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- School of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Didion‐Gency M, Gessler A, Buchmann N, Gisler J, Schaub M, Grossiord C. Impact of warmer and drier conditions on tree photosynthetic properties and the role of species interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:547-560. [PMID: 35842790 PMCID: PMC9804646 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Increased temperature and prolonged soil moisture reduction have distinct impacts on tree photosynthetic properties. Yet, our knowledge of their combined effect is limited. Moreover, how species interactions alter photosynthetic responses to warming and drought remains unclear. Using mesocosms, we studied how photosynthetic properties of European beech and downy oak were impacted by multi-year warming and soil moisture reduction alone or combined, and how species interactions (intra- vs inter-specific interactions) modulated these effects. Warming of +5°C enhanced photosynthetic properties in oak but not beech, while moisture reduction decreased them in both species. Combined warming and moisture reduction reduced photosynthetic properties for both species, but no exacerbated effects were observed. Oak was less impacted by combined warming and limited moisture when interacting with beech than in intra-specific stands. For beech, species interactions had no impact on the photosynthetic responses to warming and moisture reduction, alone or combined. Warming had either no or beneficial effects on the photosynthetic properties, while moisture reduction and their combined effects strongly reduced photosynthetic responses. However, inter-specific interactions mitigated the adverse impacts of combined warming and drought in oak, thereby highlighting the need to deepen our understanding of the role of species interactions under climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Didion‐Gency
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSLCH‐8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSLCH‐8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH ZurichCH‐8092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichCH‐8092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jonas Gisler
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSLCH‐8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSLCH‐8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental EngineeringEPFLCH‐1015LausanneSwitzerland
- Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSLCH‐1015LausanneSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Meger J, Ulaszewski B, Burczyk J. Genomic signatures of natural selection at phenology-related genes in a widely distributed tree species Fagus sylvatica L. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:583. [PMID: 34332553 PMCID: PMC8325806 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07907-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diversity among phenology-related genes is predicted to be a contributing factor in local adaptations seen in widely distributed plant species that grow in climatically variable geographic areas, such as forest trees. European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is widespread, and is one of the most important broadleaved tree species in Europe; however, its potential for adaptation to climate change is a matter of uncertainty, and little is known about the molecular basis of climate change-relevant traits like bud burst. RESULTS We explored single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) at candidate genes related to bud burst in beech individuals sampled across 47 populations from Europe. SNP diversity was monitored for 380 candidate genes using a sequence capture approach, providing 2909 unlinked SNP loci. We used two complementary analytical methods to find loci significantly associated with geographic variables, climatic variables (expressed as principal components), or phenotypic variables (spring and autumn phenology, height, survival). Redundancy analysis (RDA) was used to detect candidate markers across two spatial scales (entire study area and within subregions). We revealed 201 candidate SNPs at the broadest scale, 53.2% of which were associated with phenotypic variables. Additive polygenic scores, which provide a measure of the cumulative signal across significant candidate SNPs, were correlated with a climate variable (first principal component, PC1) related to temperature and precipitation availability, and spring phenology. However, different genotype-environment associations were identified within Southeastern Europe as compared to the entire geographic range of European beech. CONCLUSIONS Environmental conditions play important roles as drivers of genetic diversity of phenology-related genes that could influence local adaptation in European beech. Selection in beech favors genotypes with earlier bud burst under warmer and wetter habitats within its range; however, selection pressures may differ across spatial scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Meger
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bartosz Ulaszewski
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Burczyk
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cremaschi M, Griggs C, Kocik C, Mutti A, Zerboni A, Manning SW. Dating the Noceto Vasca Votiva, a unique wooden structure of the 15th century BCE, and the timing of a major societal change in the Bronze Age of northern Italy. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251341. [PMID: 34106951 PMCID: PMC8189450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Noceto ‘Vasca Votiva’ (votive tank), discovered in excavations on a terrace at the southern edge of the Po Plain, northern Italy, is a unique well-preserved wooden (primarily oak) structure dated to the advanced through late Middle Bronze Age (~1600–1300 BCE). This complex monument, comprising two super-imposed tanks, is generally linked with an important but uncertain ritual role involving water. The context provides extraordinary preservation of both wooden, other organic, and cultural finds. The key question until now, hindering further interpretation of this remarkable structure, has been the precise date of the tanks. Initial work pointed to use of the two tanks over about a century. Using dendrochronology and radiocarbon ‘wiggle-matching’ we report near-absolute construction dates for both of the tanks. The lower (older) tank is dated ~1444±4 BCE and the upper (more recent) tank is dated 12 years later at ~1432±4 BCE. This dating of the construction of the Noceto tanks in the 3rd quarter of the 15th century BCE further enables us to reassess the overall period of activity of this wooden complex and its association with a major period of societal change in the Bronze Age of northern Italy starting in the later 15th century BCE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cremaschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra "A. Desio", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Carol Griggs
- Cornell Tree-Ring Laboratory, Department of Classics, B48 Goldwin Smith Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Kocik
- Cornell Tree-Ring Laboratory, Department of Classics, B48 Goldwin Smith Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States of America
| | - Angela Mutti
- Complesso Monumentale della Pilotta–Museo Archeologico, Ministero della Cultura, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Zerboni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra "A. Desio", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Sturt W. Manning
- Cornell Tree-Ring Laboratory, Department of Classics, B48 Goldwin Smith Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cuervo-Alarcon L, Arend M, Müller M, Sperisen C, Finkeldey R, Krutovsky KV. A candidate gene association analysis identifies SNPs potentially involved in drought tolerance in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Sci Rep 2021; 11:2386. [PMID: 33504857 PMCID: PMC7840767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81594-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of genetic variation underlying traits related to drought tolerance in forest trees are of great importance for understanding their adaptive potential under a climate change scenario. In this study, using a candidate gene approach, associations between SNPs and drought related traits were assessed in saplings of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) representing trees growing along steep precipitation gradients. The saplings were subjected to experimentally controlled drought treatments. Response of the saplings was assessed by the evaluation of stem diameter growth (SDG) and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters FV/FM, PIabs, and PItot. The evaluation showed that saplings from xeric sites were less affected by the drought treatment. Five SNPs (7.14%) in three candidate genes were significantly associated with the evaluated traits; saplings with particular genotypes at these SNPs showed better performance under the drought treatment. The SNPs were located in the cytosolic class I small heat-shock protein, CTR/DRE binding transcription factor, and isocitrate dehydrogenase genes and explained 5.8-13.4% of the phenotypic variance. These findings provide insight into the genetic basis of traits related to drought tolerance in European beech and could support the development of forest conservation management strategies under future climatic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cuervo-Alarcon
- Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Arend
- Physiological Plant Ecology, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Müller
- Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Sperisen
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Reiner Finkeldey
- University of Kassel, Mönchebergstrasse 19, 34109, Kassel, Germany
| | - Konstantin V Krutovsky
- Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Gubkina Str., Moscow, Russia, 119333.
- Laboratory of Foresty Genomics, Genome Research and Education Center, Siberian Federal University, 50a/2 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, Russia, 660036.
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, 2138 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-2138, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Manning SW, Kromer B, Cremaschi M, Dee MW, Friedrich R, Griggs C, Hadden CS. Mediterranean radiocarbon offsets and calendar dates for prehistory. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz1096. [PMID: 32206721 PMCID: PMC7080444 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A single Northern Hemisphere calibration curve has formed the basis of radiocarbon dating in Europe and the Mediterranean for five decades, setting the time frame for prehistory. However, as measurement precision increases, there is mounting evidence for some small but substantive regional (partly growing season) offsets in same-year radiocarbon levels. Controlling for interlaboratory variation, we compare radiocarbon data from Europe and the Mediterranean in the second to earlier first millennia BCE. Consistent with recent findings in the second millennium CE, these data suggest that some small, but critical, periods of variation for Mediterranean radiocarbon levels exist, especially associated with major reversals or plateaus in the atmospheric radiocarbon record. At high precision, these variations potentially affect calendar dates for prehistory by up to a few decades, including, for example, Egyptian history and the much-debated Thera/Santorini volcanic eruption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sturt W. Manning
- Cornell Tree Ring Laboratory, Department of Classics, B-48 Goldwin Smith Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bernd Kromer
- Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mauro Cremaschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra “Ardito Desio,” Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Michael W. Dee
- Centre for Isotope Research, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 6, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ronny Friedrich
- Curt-Engelhorn-Center Archaeometry gGmbH, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carol Griggs
- Cornell Tree Ring Laboratory, Department of Classics, B-48 Goldwin Smith Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Carla S. Hadden
- Center for Applied Isotope Studies, University of Georgia, 120 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Faticov M, Ekholm A, Roslin T, Tack AJM. Climate and host genotype jointly shape tree phenology, disease levels and insect attacks. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Faticov
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm Univ. Stockholm Sweden
| | - Adam Ekholm
- Dept of Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Dept of Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Ayco J. M. Tack
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm Univ. Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Torres-Ruiz JM, Kremer A, Carins-Murphy MR, Brodribb TJ, Lamarque LJ, Truffaut L, Bonne F, Ducousso A, Delzon S. Genetic differentiation in functional traits among European sessile oak populations. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1736-1749. [PMID: 31553461 PMCID: PMC6954098 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The vulnerability of forest species and tree populations to climate change is related to the exposure of the ecosystem to extreme climatic conditions and to the adaptive capacity of the population to cope with those conditions. Adaptive capacity is a relatively under-researched topic within the forest science community, and there is an urgent need to understand to what extent particular combinations of traits have been shaped by natural selection under climatic gradients, potentially resulting in adaptive multi-trait associations. Thus, our aim was to quantify genetic variation in several leaf and woody traits that may contribute to multi-trait associations in which intra-specific variation could represent a source for species adaptation to climate change. A multi-trait approach was performed using nine Quercus petraea provenances originating from different locations that cover most of the species' distribution range over Europe and that were grown in a common garden. Multiple adaptive differences were observed between oak provenances but also some evolutionary stasis. In addition, our results revealed higher genetic differentiation in traits related to phenology and growth than in those related to xylem anatomy, physiology and hydraulics, for which no genetic differentiation was observed. The multiple associations between those traits and climate variables resulting from multivariate and path analyses suggest a multi-trait association largely involving phenological and growth traits for Q. petraea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JM Torres-Ruiz
- Universite Clermont-Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - A Kremer
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Biodiversité Genes & Communautés (UMR 1202 BIOGECO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – Université de Bordeaux, 69 route d’Arcachon, Cestas F-33610, France
| | - MR Carins-Murphy
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - TJ Brodribb
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - LJ Lamarque
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Biodiversité Genes & Communautés (UMR 1202 BIOGECO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – Université de Bordeaux, 69 route d’Arcachon, Cestas F-33610, France
| | - L Truffaut
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Biodiversité Genes & Communautés (UMR 1202 BIOGECO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – Université de Bordeaux, 69 route d’Arcachon, Cestas F-33610, France
| | - F Bonne
- UMR SILVA, INRA, Nancy, France
| | - A Ducousso
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Biodiversité Genes & Communautés (UMR 1202 BIOGECO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – Université de Bordeaux, 69 route d’Arcachon, Cestas F-33610, France
| | - S Delzon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Biodiversité Genes & Communautés (UMR 1202 BIOGECO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – Université de Bordeaux, 69 route d’Arcachon, Cestas F-33610, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Seidel H, Matiu M, Menzel A. Compensatory Growth of Scots Pine Seedlings Mitigates Impacts of Multiple Droughts Within and Across Years. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:519. [PMID: 31105722 PMCID: PMC6491932 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tree seedling resistance to and recovery from abiotic stressors such as drought and warming are crucial for forest regeneration and persistence. Selection of more resilient provenances and their use in forest management programs might alleviate pressures of climate change on forest ecosystems. Scots pine forests in particular have suffered frequent drought-induced mortality, suggesting high vulnerability to extreme events. Here, we conducted an experiment using potted Scots pine seedlings from ten provenances of its south-western distribution range to investigate provenance-specific impacts of multiple drought events. Seedlings were grown under ambient and elevated temperatures for 1.5 years and were subjected to consecutive droughts during spring and summer. Growth (height, diameter, and needle) and spring phenology were monitored during the whole study period and complemented by biomass assessments (bud, needle, wood, and needle/wood ratio) as well as measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence and of needle stable carbon isotope ratio. Phenology, growth and biomass parameters as well as carbon isotope ratio and their (direct) responses to reoccurring droughts differed between provenances, indicating genotypic adaptation. Seedling growth was plastic during drought with intra- and inter-annual compensatory growth after drought stress release (carryover effects), however, not fully compensating the initial impact. For (smaller) seedlings from southern/drier origins, sometimes greater drought resistance was observed which diminished under warmer conditions in the greenhouse. Warming increased diameter growth and advanced phenological development, which was (partly) delayed by drought in 2013, but advanced in 2014. Earlier phenology was linked to higher growth in 2013, but interestingly later phenology had positive effects on wood and needle biomass when subjected to drought. Lastly, stable carbon isotope ratios indicated a clear drought response of carbon assimilation. Drought-induced reduction of the photosystem II efficiency was only observed under warmer conditions but showed compensation under ambient temperatures. Besides these direct drought impacts, also interactive effects of previous drought events were shown, either reinforcing or sometimes attenuating the actual impact. Thus, depending on amount and timing of events, Scots pine seedlings, particularly from southern origins, might be well adapted and resilient to drought stress and should be considered when discussing assisted migration under changing climatic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Seidel
- Professorship of Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Matiu
- Professorship of Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Institute for Earth Observation, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Annette Menzel
- Professorship of Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching bei München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wiesner S, Staudhammer CL, Javaheri CL, Hiers JK, Boring LR, Mitchell RJ, Starr G. The role of understory phenology and productivity in the carbon dynamics of longleaf pine savannas. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Wiesner
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama 35487 USA
| | | | - Chloe L. Javaheri
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama 35487 USA
| | - J. Kevin Hiers
- Tall Timbers Research Station 13093 Henry Beadel Dr. Tallahassee Florida 32312 USA
| | | | | | - Gregory Starr
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama 35487 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Drought Impact on Leaf Phenology and Spring Frost Susceptibility in a Quercus robur L. Provenance Trial. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Research highlights: The susceptibility of oaks to late spring and early autumn frosts is directly related to their leaf phenology. Drought may alter the leaf phenology and therefore frost tolerance of oaks. However, the effects of drought on oak leaf phenology and frost resistance have not been thoroughly studied. Background and objectives: One of the consequences of climate change is an increase in the frequency of dry episodes during the vegetation period. Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) is an economically and ecologically important forest tree species that prefers humid habitats. Therefore, knowledge of the impact of drought on this species is of great importance for the adaptation of forestry strategies and practices to altered environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of drought on leaf phenology and spring frost susceptibility in nine provenances. Materials and methods: One-year-old saplings originating from nine European provenances were used in the trial. The saplings were exposed to experimental drought and then re-watered in two subsequent years. Spring and autumn leaf phenology were scored. The trial was impacted by a late spring frost in the third year, and the resulting leaf frost injury was scored. The effects of drought treatment on the phenology and frost susceptibility of plants from the provenances were analysed. Results: Leaf phenology of plants from most of the studied provenances was significantly influenced by the drought treatment (p < 0.001). Drought induced a carry-over effect on flushing phenology, which was observed as delayed bud burst (from 0.6 to 2.4 days) in the second year and as advanced bud burst (from 0.1 to 6.3 days) in the third year. Therefore, opposite shifts in flushing phenology may be induced as a result of differences in the time span when plants sense water deficits. In contrast to flushing, autumn leaf phenology was unambiguously delayed following the drought treatments for all studied provenances (from 2.1 to 25.8 days). Differences in late frost susceptibility were predominantly caused by among-provenance differences in flushing phenology. However, the drought treatment significantly increased frost susceptibility in the plants (the rate of frost-injured plants per provenance increased from 3% to 78%). This higher susceptibility to spring frost was most likely caused by the advanced flushing phenology that resulted from the drought treatment in the previous year.
Collapse
|
14
|
Varsamis G, Papageorgiou AC, Merou T, Takos I, Malesios C, Manolis A, Tsiripidis I, Gailing O. Adaptive Diversity of Beech Seedlings Under Climate Change Scenarios. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1918. [PMID: 30671071 PMCID: PMC6331410 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) populations to adapt to the ongoing climate change is especially important in the southern part of Europe, where environmental change is expected to be more intense. In this study, we tested the existing adaptive potential of eight beech populations from two provenances in N.E. Greece (Evros and Drama) that show differences in their environmental conditions and biogeographical background. Seedling survival, growth and leaf phenological traits were selected as adaptive traits and were measured under simulated controlled climate change conditions in a growth chamber. Seedling survival was also tested under current conditions in the field. In the growth chamber, simulated conditions of temperature and precipitation for the year 2050 were applied for 3 years, under two different irrigation schemes, where the same amount of water was distributed either frequently (once every week) or non-frequently (once in 20 days). The results showed that beech seedlings were generally able to survive under climate change conditions and showed adaptive differences among provenances and populations. Furthermore, changes in the duration of the growing season of seedlings were recorded in the growth chamber, allowing them to avoid environmental stress and high selection pressure. Differences were observed between populations and provenances in terms of temporal distribution patterns of precipitation and temperature, rather than the average annual or monthly values of these measures. Additionally, different adaptive strategies appeared among beech seedlings when the same amount of water was distributed differently within each month. This indicates that the physiological response mechanisms of beech individuals are very complex and depend on several interacting parameters. For this reason, the choice of beech provenances for translocation and use in afforestation or reforestation projects should consider the small scale ecotypic diversity of the species and view multiple environmental and climatic parameters in connection to each other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Varsamis
- Forest Genetics Laboratory, Department of Forestry, Environmental Management and Natural Resources, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
- Department of Forestry and Natural Environment Management, Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology, Drama, Greece
| | - Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou
- Forest Genetics Laboratory, Department of Forestry, Environmental Management and Natural Resources, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
| | - Theodora Merou
- Department of Forestry and Natural Environment Management, Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology, Drama, Greece
| | - Ioannis Takos
- Department of Forestry and Natural Environment Management, Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology, Drama, Greece
| | | | - Apostolos Manolis
- Forest Genetics Laboratory, Department of Forestry, Environmental Management and Natural Resources, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tsiripidis
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Oliver Gailing
- Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Effects of Growing-Season Drought on Phenology and Productivity in the West Region of Central Hardwood Forests, USA. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9070377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
16
|
Bykova O, Limousin JM, Ourcival JM, Chuine I. Water deficit disrupts male gametophyte development in Quercus ilex. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:450-455. [PMID: 29350475 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tree species distribution, and hence forest biodiversity, relies on the reproductive capacity of trees, which is currently affected by climate change. Drought-induced pollen sterility could increase as a consequence of more intense and more frequent droughts projected for temperate and Mediterranean regions, and threaten the sexual regeneration of trees in these regions. To evaluate this possibility, we examined the effect of long-term partial rainfall exclusion (-27% precipitation) on male reproductive development in holm oak, Quercus ilex, one of the most important and widespread tree species of the Mediterranean region. We examined anther area, pollen production, pollen abortion as well as viable pollen production in control and dry treatments. Microscopic examinations revealed significant differences in pollen development between trees in the dry and the control treatments, even though anthesis occurred before the onset of annual drought. Our results demonstrate that anthers collected from Q. ilex trees in the dry treatment, which experienced long-term increased drought stress especially during the summer, were the same size as anthers in the control treatment, but displayed 25% pollen abortion and almost 20% reduction in pollen production. Subsequently, the number of viable pollen grains in anthers from dry treatment was 35% less than in control. These results suggest a carry-over effect of drought stress on pollen production that could reduce the reproductive success of Q. ilex. The results have broad implications for better understanding of the determinants of tree reproduction by masting and anticipate the outcomes of expected drought increase in the Mediterranean on forest dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Bykova
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR CEFE CNRS 5175, Montpellier, France
| | - J-M Limousin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR CEFE CNRS 5175, Montpellier, France
| | - J-M Ourcival
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR CEFE CNRS 5175, Montpellier, France
| | - I Chuine
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR CEFE CNRS 5175, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Meineke EK, Frank SD. Water availability drives urban tree growth responses to herbivory and warming. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Meineke
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Herbaria Cambridge MA USA
| | - Steven D. Frank
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bruffaerts N, De Smedt T, Delcloo A, Simons K, Hoebeke L, Verstraeten C, Van Nieuwenhuyse A, Packeu A, Hendrickx M. Comparative long-term trend analysis of daily weather conditions with daily pollen concentrations in Brussels, Belgium. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2018; 62:483-491. [PMID: 29064036 PMCID: PMC5854748 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-017-1457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A clear rise in seasonal and annual temperatures, a gradual increase of total radiation, and a relative trend of change in seasonal precipitation have been observed for the last four decades in Brussels (Belgium). These local modifications may have a direct and indirect public health impact by altering the timing and intensity of allergenic pollen seasons. In this study, we assessed the statistical correlations (Spearman's test) between pollen concentration and meteorological conditions by using long-term daily datasets of 11 pollen types (8 trees and 3 herbaceous plants) and 10 meteorological parameters observed in Brussels between 1982 and 2015. Furthermore, we analyzed the rate of change in the annual cycle of the same selected pollen types by the Mann-Kendall test. We revealed an overall trend of increase in daily airborne tree pollen (except for the European beech tree) and an overall trend of decrease in daily airborne pollen from herbaceous plants (except for Urticaceae). These results revealed an earlier onset of the flowering period for birch, oak, ash, plane, grasses, and Urticaceae. Finally, the rates of change in pollen annual cycles were shown to be associated with the rates of change in the annual cycles of several meteorological parameters such as temperature, radiation, humidity, and rainfall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bruffaerts
- Service Mycology & Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Rue Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Tom De Smedt
- Service Health & Environment, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
- P-95, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Andy Delcloo
- Ozone, UV and Aerosols Group, Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Koen Simons
- Service Health & Environment, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lucie Hoebeke
- Service Mycology & Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Rue Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Verstraeten
- Service Mycology & Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Rue Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - An Van Nieuwenhuyse
- Service Health & Environment, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ann Packeu
- Service Mycology & Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Rue Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marijke Hendrickx
- Service Mycology & Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Rue Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bruffaerts N, De Smedt T, Delcloo A, Simons K, Hoebeke L, Verstraeten C, Van Nieuwenhuyse A, Packeu A, Hendrickx M. Comparative long-term trend analysis of daily weather conditions with daily pollen concentrations in Brussels, Belgium. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29064036 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-017-1457-3)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A clear rise in seasonal and annual temperatures, a gradual increase of total radiation, and a relative trend of change in seasonal precipitation have been observed for the last four decades in Brussels (Belgium). These local modifications may have a direct and indirect public health impact by altering the timing and intensity of allergenic pollen seasons. In this study, we assessed the statistical correlations (Spearman's test) between pollen concentration and meteorological conditions by using long-term daily datasets of 11 pollen types (8 trees and 3 herbaceous plants) and 10 meteorological parameters observed in Brussels between 1982 and 2015. Furthermore, we analyzed the rate of change in the annual cycle of the same selected pollen types by the Mann-Kendall test. We revealed an overall trend of increase in daily airborne tree pollen (except for the European beech tree) and an overall trend of decrease in daily airborne pollen from herbaceous plants (except for Urticaceae). These results revealed an earlier onset of the flowering period for birch, oak, ash, plane, grasses, and Urticaceae. Finally, the rates of change in pollen annual cycles were shown to be associated with the rates of change in the annual cycles of several meteorological parameters such as temperature, radiation, humidity, and rainfall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bruffaerts
- Service Mycology & Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Rue Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Tom De Smedt
- Service Health & Environment, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
- P-95, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Andy Delcloo
- Ozone, UV and Aerosols Group, Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Koen Simons
- Service Health & Environment, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lucie Hoebeke
- Service Mycology & Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Rue Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Verstraeten
- Service Mycology & Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Rue Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - An Van Nieuwenhuyse
- Service Health & Environment, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ann Packeu
- Service Mycology & Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Rue Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marijke Hendrickx
- Service Mycology & Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Rue Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Species and structural diversity affect growth of oak, but not pine, in uneven-aged mature forests. Basic Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
22
|
Nechita C, Popa I, Eggertsson Ó. Climate response of oak (Quercus spp.), an evidence of a bioclimatic boundary induced by the Carpathians. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:1598-1607. [PMID: 28531967 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tree-ring information and climate response data were applied to investigate the potential of the Carpathian Mountains to influence tree-growth patterns. Recent studies reveal the importance of constructing a dense spatial network of oak tree-ring chronologies in this area, which may be the key to linking the North Central European and East Mediterranean tree records. We establish sixteen oak (Quercus robur L.) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) site chronologies along a longitudinal gradient (from 22.47 to 26.58 E) in Northern Romania in an attempt to elucidate the impact of climate on oak growth. Even with differences generated by interspecific features, habitats and climatic regimes, a common macroclimatic marker for the NW and NE sites was established by comparing two groups of chronologies separated by the Carpathian chain. We found that precipitation in April (P4) and June (P6) were the primary climate factors that affected tree growth in the NW region. For the NE region, the temperature in January (T1) and March (T3) and precipitation in May (P5) were revealed to be the major limiting climatic factors. The spatial variability of the correlation coefficients indicates a decreasing trend in correlation intensity with precipitation from NW to NE, particularly during the current growing season (March-July). Oak trees from the NW and NE regions have adapted to different local climatic conditions and only respond uniformly to severe climate events (e.g., the 1904 drought). The higher occurrence of extreme years during the 20th century, particularly in the NE region, was in accordance with the rise of precipitation variability in the current growing season. The changes in the tree-growth pattern and climatic response of the chronologies of the studied sites in the NW and NE regions were linked to the local climates induced by the Carpathian Mountains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Nechita
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Drăcea", Calea Bucovinei, 73 bis, 725100 Câmpulung Moldovenesc, Romania; Departament of Geography, Universității 13, 720229, "Ștefan cel Mare", University of Suceava, Romania.
| | - Ionel Popa
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Drăcea", Calea Bucovinei, 73 bis, 725100 Câmpulung Moldovenesc, Romania
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Responses of Contrasting Tree Functional Types to Air Warming and Drought. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8110450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
24
|
Taxon-Independent and Taxon-Dependent Responses to Drought in Seedlings from Quercus robur L., Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Their Morphological Intermediates. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8110407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
25
|
Bontemps A, Davi H, Lefèvre F, Rozenberg P, Oddou-Muratorio S. How do functional traits syndromes covary with growth and reproductive performance in a water-stressed population ofFagus sylvatica? OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Bontemps
- INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc; FR-84914 Avignon Cedex 9 France
| | - Hendrik Davi
- INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc; FR-84914 Avignon Cedex 9 France
| | - François Lefèvre
- INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc; FR-84914 Avignon Cedex 9 France
| | - Philippe Rozenberg
- INRA, UR0588 AGPF Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières; Orleans France
| | - Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio
- INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc; FR-84914 Avignon Cedex 9 France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Brunner AM, Varkonyi-Gasic E, Jones RC. Phase Change and Phenology in Trees. COMPARATIVE AND EVOLUTIONARY GENOMICS OF ANGIOSPERM TREES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/7397_2016_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
27
|
Rita A, Borghetti M, Todaro L, Saracino A. Interpreting the Climatic Effects on Xylem Functional Traits in Two Mediterranean Oak Species: The Role of Extreme Climatic Events. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1126. [PMID: 27532008 PMCID: PMC4970489 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the Mediterranean region, the widely predicted rise in temperature, change in the precipitation pattern, and increase in the frequency of extreme climatic events are expected to alter the shape of ecological communities and to affect plant physiological processes that regulate ecosystem functioning. Although change in the mean values are important, there is increasing evidence that plant distribution, survival, and productivity respond to extremes rather than to the average climatic condition. The present study aims to assess the effects of both mean and extreme climatic conditions on radial growth and functional anatomical traits using long-term tree-ring time series of two co-existing Quercus spp. from a drought-prone site in Southern Italy. In particular, this is the first attempt to apply the Generalized Additive Model for Location, Scale, and Shape (GAMLSS) technique and Bayesian modeling procedures to xylem traits data set, with the aim of (i) detecting non-linear long-term responses to climate and (ii) exploring relationships between climate extreme and xylem traits variability in terms of probability of occurrence. This study demonstrates the usefulness of long-term xylem trait chronologies as records of environmental conditions at annual resolution. Statistical analyses revealed that most of the variability in tree-ring width and specific hydraulic conductivity might be explained by cambial age. Additionally, results highlighted appreciable relationships between xylem traits and climate variability more than tree-ring width, supporting also the evidence that the plant hydraulic traits are closely linked to local climate extremes rather than average climatic conditions. We reported that the probability of extreme departure in specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks) rises at extreme values of Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Therefore, changing frequency or intensity of extreme events might overcome the adaptive limits of vascular transport, resulting in substantial reduction of hydraulic functionality and, hence increased incidence of xylem dysfunctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Rita
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico IIPortici, Italy
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università della BasilicataPotenza, Italy
| | - Marco Borghetti
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università della BasilicataPotenza, Italy
| | - Luigi Todaro
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università della BasilicataPotenza, Italy
| | - Antonio Saracino
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico IIPortici, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Vander Mijnsbrugge K, Turcsán A, Maes J, Duchêne N, Meeus S, Steppe K, Steenackers M. Repeated Summer Drought and Re-watering during the First Growing Year of Oak (Quercus petraea) Delay Autumn Senescence and Bud Burst in the Following Spring. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:419. [PMID: 27064667 PMCID: PMC4814502 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Climate change predicts harsher summer droughts for mid-latitudes in Europe. To enhance our understanding of the putative impacts on forest regeneration, we studied the response of oak seedlings (Quercus petraea) to water deficit. Potted seedlings originating from three locally sourced provenances were subjected to two successive drought periods during the first growing season each followed by a plentiful re-watering. Here, we describe survival and phenological responses after the second drought treatment, applying general linear mixed modeling. From the 441 drought treated seedlings 189 subsisted with higher chances of survival among smaller plants and among single plants per pot compared to doubles. Remarkably, survival was independent of the provenance, although relatively more plants had died off in two provenances compared to the third one with mean plant height being higher in one provenance and standard deviation of plant height being higher in the other. Timing of leaf senescence was clearly delayed after the severe drought treatment followed by re-watering, with two seedlings per pot showing a lesser retardation compared to single plants. This delay can be interpreted as a compensation time in which plants recover before entering the subsequent developmental process of leaf senescence, although it renders seedlings more vulnerable to early autumn frosts because of the delayed hardening of the shoots. Onset of bud flush in the subsequent spring still showed a significant but small delay in the drought treated group, independent of the number of seedlings per pot, and can be considered as an after effect of the delayed senescence. In both phenological models significant differences among the three provenances were detected independent from the treatment. The only provenance that is believed to be local of origin, displayed the earliest leaf senescence and the latest flushing, suggesting an adaptation to the local maritime climate. This provenance also displayed the highest standard deviation of plant height, which can be interpreted as an adaptation to variable and unpredictable weather conditions, favoring smaller plants in drought-prone summers and higher plants in more normal growing seasons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arion Turcsán
- Department of Forest Genetic Resources, Research Institute for Nature and ForestGeraardsbergen, Belgium
- Department of Biometrics and Agricultural Informatics, Corvinus University of BudapestBudapest, Hungary
- Department of Forest Reproductive Material and Plantation Management, Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection, West-Hungarian UniversitySopron, Hungary
| | - Jorne Maes
- Department of Agro- and Biotechnology, School of Technology, Odisee University CollegeSint-Niklaas, Belgium
| | - Nils Duchêne
- Department of Agro- and Biotechnology, School of Technology, Odisee University CollegeSint-Niklaas, Belgium
| | - Steven Meeus
- Department of Agro- and Biotechnology, School of Technology, Odisee University CollegeSint-Niklaas, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Marijke Steenackers
- Department of Forest Genetic Resources, Research Institute for Nature and ForestGeraardsbergen, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Arend M, Gessler A, Schaub M. The influence of the soil on spring and autumn phenology in European beech. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:78-85. [PMID: 26420791 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tree phenology is a key discipline in forest ecology linking seasonal fluctuations of photoperiod and temperature with the annual development of buds, leaves and flowers. Temperature and photoperiod are commonly considered as main determinants of tree phenology while little is known about interactions with soil chemical characteristics. Seedlings of 12 European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances were transplanted in 2011 to model ecosystems and grown for 4 years on acidic or calcareous forest soil. Spring bud burst and autumnal leaf senescence were assessed in the last 2 years, 2013 and 2014, which were characterized by contrasting annual temperatures with a very warm spring and autumn in 2014. In 2013, spring bud burst and autumnal leaf senescence were advanced on acidic soil with a greater effect on leaf senescence. Hence, the vegetation period 2013 was shorter on this soil type compared with that on calcareous soil. In 2014, a similar soil effect was observed for spring bud burst while autumnal leaf senescence and the length of the vegetation period were not affected, probably due to interferences with the overall extension of the vegetation period in this exceptionally warm year. A different soil responsiveness was observed among the provenances with early bursting or senescing provenances being more sensitive than late bursting or senescing provenances. The findings of this study highlight the soil as an ecologically relevant factor in tree phenology and might help explain existing uncertainties in current phenology models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Arend
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Adams HD, Collins AD, Briggs SP, Vennetier M, Dickman LT, Sevanto SA, Garcia-Forner N, Powers HH, McDowell NG. Experimental drought and heat can delay phenological development and reduce foliar and shoot growth in semiarid trees. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:4210-20. [PMID: 26149972 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Higher temperatures associated with climate change are anticipated to trigger an earlier start to the growing season, which could increase the terrestrial C sink strength. Greater variability in the amount and timing of precipitation is also expected with higher temperatures, bringing increased drought stress to many ecosystems. We experimentally assessed the effects of higher temperature and drought on the foliar phenology and shoot growth of mature trees of two semiarid conifer species. We exposed field-grown trees to a ~45% reduction in precipitation with a rain-out structure ('drought'), a ~4.8 °C temperature increase with open-top chambers ('heat'), and a combination of both simultaneously ('drought + heat'). Over the 2013 growing season, drought, heat, and drought + heat treatments reduced shoot and needle growth in piñon pine (Pinus edulis) by ≥39%, while juniper (Juniperus monosperma) had low growth and little response to these treatments. Needle emergence on primary axis branches of piñon pine was delayed in heat, drought, and drought + heat treatments by 19-57 days, while secondary axis branches were less likely to produce needles in the heat treatment, and produced no needles at all in the drought + heat treatment. Growth of shoots and needles, and the timing of needle emergence correlated inversely with xylem water tension and positively with nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations. Our findings demonstrate the potential for delayed phenological development and reduced growth with higher temperatures and drought in tree species that are vulnerable to drought and reveal potential mechanistic links to physiological stress responses. Climate change projections of an earlier and longer growing season with higher temperatures, and consequent increases in terrestrial C sink strength, may be incorrect for regions where plants will face increased drought stress with climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry D Adams
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Adam D Collins
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Samuel P Briggs
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Michel Vennetier
- Irstea, UR Ecosystèmes Méditerranéens et Risques, Le Tholonet Aix-en-Provence, F-13182, France
| | - L Turin Dickman
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Sanna A Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Núria Garcia-Forner
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Heath H Powers
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pflug EE, Siegwolf R, Buchmann N, Dobbertin M, Kuster TM, Günthardt-Goerg MS, Arend M. Growth cessation uncouples isotopic signals in leaves and tree rings of drought-exposed oak trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:1095-1105. [PMID: 26377873 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An increase in temperature along with a decrease in summer precipitation in Central Europe will result in an increased frequency of drought events and gradually lead to a change in species composition in forest ecosystems. In the present study, young oaks (Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) were transplanted into large mesocosms and exposed for 3 years to experimental warming and a drought treatment with yearly increasing intensities. Carbon and oxygen isotopic (δ(13)C and δ(18)O) patterns were analysed in leaf tissue and tree-ring cellulose and linked to leaf physiological measures and tree-ring growth. Warming had no effect on the isotopic patterns in leaves and tree rings, while drought increased δ(18)O and δ(13)C. Under severe drought, an unexpected isotopic pattern, with a decrease in δ(18)O, was observed in tree rings but not in leaves. This decrease in δ(18)O could not be explained by concurrent physiological analyses and is not supported by current physiological knowledge. Analysis of intra-annual tree-ring growth revealed a drought-induced growth cessation that interfered with the record of isotopic signals imprinted on recently formed leaf carbohydrates. This missing record indicates isotopic uncoupling of leaves and tree rings, which may have serious implications for the interpretation of tree-ring isotopes, particularly from trees that experienced growth-limiting stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E Pflug
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Siegwolf
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - N Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Dobbertin
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - T M Kuster
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland Institute for Plant Production Sciences, Agroscope, CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - M S Günthardt-Goerg
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - M Arend
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chiatante D, Tognetti R, Scippa GS, Congiu T, Baesso B, Terzaghi M, Montagnoli A. Interspecific variation in functional traits of oak seedlings (Quercus ilex, Quercus trojana, Quercus virgiliana) grown under artificial drought and fire conditions. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:595-611. [PMID: 25968344 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-015-0729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To face summer drought and wildfire in Mediterranean-type ecosystems, plants adopt different strategies that involve considerable rearrangements of biomass allocation and physiological activity. This paper analyses morphological and physiological traits in seedlings of three oak species (Quercus ilex, Quercus trojana and Quercus virgiliana) co-occurring under natural conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate species-specific characteristics and the response of these oak seedlings to drought stress and fire treatment. Seedlings were kept in a growth chamber that mimicked natural environmental conditions. All three species showed a good degree of tolerance to drought and fire treatments. Differences in specific biomass allocation patterns and physiological traits resulted in phenotypic differences between species. In Q. ilex, drought tolerance depended upon adjustment of the allocation pattern. Q. trojana seedlings undergoing mild to severe drought presented a higher photosystem II (PSII) efficiency than control seedlings. Moreover, Q. trojana showed a very large root system, which corresponded to higher soil area exploitation, and bigger leaf midrib vascular bundles than the other two species. Morphological and physiological performances indicated Q. trojana as the most tolerant to drought and fire. These characteristics contribute to a high recruitment potential of Q. trojana seedlings, which might be the reason for the dominance of this species under natural conditions. Drought increase as a result of climate change is expected to favour Q. trojana, leading to an increase in its spatial distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Chiatante
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hu B, Simon J, Günthardt-Goerg MS, Arend M, Kuster TM, Rennenberg H. Changes in the dynamics of foliar N metabolites in oak saplings by drought and air warming depend on species and soil type. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126701. [PMID: 25961713 PMCID: PMC4427272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change poses direct or indirect influences on physiological mechanisms in plants. In particular, long living plants like trees have to cope with the predicted climate changes (i.e. drought and air warming) during their life span. The present study aimed to quantify the consequences of simulated climate change for foliar N metabolites over a drought-rewetting-drought course. Saplings of three Central European oak species (i.e. Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Q. pubescens) were tested on two different soil types (i.e. acidic and calcareous). Consecutive drought periods increased foliar amino acid-N and soluble protein-N concentrations at the expense of structural N in all three oak species. In addition, transient effects on foliar metabolite dynamics were observed over the drought-rewetting-drought course. The lowest levels of foliar soluble protein-N, amino acid-N and potassium cation with a minor response to drought and air warming were found in the oak species originating from the driest/warmest habitat (Q. pubescens) compared to Q. robur and Q. petraea. Higher foliar osmolyte-N and potassium under drought and air warming were observed in all oak species when grown on calcareous versus acidic soil. These results indicate that species-specific differences in physiological mechanisms to compensate drought and elevated temperature are modified by soil acidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
- Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Judy Simon
- Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Arend
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M. Kuster
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|