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Goncu B. Identification of suitable reference genes for RT-qPCR studies in human parathyroid tissue glandular cells. Gene 2024; 912:148380. [PMID: 38490511 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Identifying a proper reference gene allows us to understand fundamental changes in many biological processes. Normalization during gene expression analyses is essential for every tissue/cell type, including parathyroid tissue glandular cells. Quantitative method of gene expression analyses via qRT-PCR method provides the accurate examination of every target gene. There are limited reports to present commonly used reference genes in human parathyroid tissues rather than for glandular cell types. This study aims to determine and compare the most stable to least stable genes for parathyroid tissue cells. 43 human parathyroid tissue obtained from primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism patients and glandular cells isolated enzymatically by the removal of extracellular matrix components. After extraction of the total RNA, cDNA synthesis was performed, then qRT-PCR evaluated 14 candidate reference genes. Stability was determined by RefFinder software (Delta ct, BestKeeper, Genorm, and NormFinder algorithms), and the outcome was evaluated for five groups. Even if assessed with different groups, the most stable genes were RPLP0 and GAPDH, while the CLTC and RNA 18S were the least stable. We have confirmed the comprehensive ranking of the most stable three genes alone with the NormFinder algorithm to understand intergroup variation and found out that RPLP0>GAPDH>PGK1. Lastly, comparisons of relative target gene (GCM2) expression revealed similar expression patterns for the most stable reference genes. The most stable reference gene is recommended for the stages where stability is evaluated using the results of four different approaches using RefFinder. We aspire for this study to assist future research to conduct thorough assessments of appropriate reference genes before engaging in gene expression analyses for parathyroid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Goncu
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Istanbul, Turkiye; Bezmialem Vakif University Hospital, Organ Transplantation Center, Parathyroid Transplantation Unit, Istanbul, Turkiye.
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2
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Luiskari L, Lindén J, Lehto M, Salmenkari H, Korpela R. Ketogenic Diet Protects from Experimental Colitis in a Mouse Model Regardless of Dietary Fat Source. Nutrients 2024; 16:1348. [PMID: 38732595 PMCID: PMC11085069 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
While ketogenic diets (KDs) may have potential as adjunct treatments for gastrointestinal diseases, there is little knowledge on how the fat source of these diets impacts intestinal health. The objective of this study was to investigate how the source of dietary fat of KD influences experimental colitis. We fed nine-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (n = 36) with a low-fat control diet or KD high either in saturated fatty acids (SFA-KD) or polyunsaturated linoleic acid (LA-KD) for four weeks and then induced colitis with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). To compare the diets, we analyzed macroscopic and histological changes in the colon, intestinal permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran), and the colonic expression of tight junction proteins and inflammatory markers. While the effects were more pronounced with LA-KD, both KDs markedly alleviated DSS-induced histological lesions. LA-KD prevented inflammation-related weight loss and the shortening of the colon, as well as preserved Il1b and Tnf expression at a healthy level. Despite no significant between-group differences in permeability to FITC-dextran, LA-KD mitigated changes in tight junction protein expression. Thus, KDs may have preventive potential against intestinal inflammation, with the level of the effect being dependent on the dietary fat source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Luiskari
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jere Lindén
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Finnish Centre for Laboratory Animal Pathology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Lehto
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (M.L.); (H.S.)
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanne Salmenkari
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (M.L.); (H.S.)
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Korpela
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Nazli A, Qiu J, Tang Z, He Y. Recent Advances and Techniques for Identifying Novel Antibacterial Targets. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:464-501. [PMID: 36734893 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230123143458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, the development of new antibiotics is urgently required. Target-based drug discovery is the most frequently employed approach for the drug development process. However, traditional drug target identification techniques are costly and time-consuming. As research continues, innovative approaches for antibacterial target identification have been developed which enabled us to discover drug targets more easily and quickly. METHODS In this review, methods for finding drug targets from omics databases have been discussed in detail including principles, procedures, advantages, and potential limitations. The role of phage-driven and bacterial cytological profiling approaches is also discussed. Moreover, current article demonstrates the advancements being made in the establishment of computational tools, machine learning algorithms, and databases for antibacterial target identification. RESULTS Bacterial drug targets successfully identified by employing these aforementioned techniques are described as well. CONCLUSION The goal of this review is to attract the interest of synthetic chemists, biologists, and computational researchers to discuss and improve these methods for easier and quicker development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adila Nazli
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Qiu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266 Fangzheng Avenue, Chongqing, 400714, P. R. China
| | - Ziyi Tang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266 Fangzheng Avenue, Chongqing, 400714, P. R. China
| | - Yun He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
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Luiskari L, Launonen H, Lindén J, Lehto M, Vapaatalo H, Salmenkari H, Korpela R. Ketogenic Diet High in Saturated Fat Promotes Colonic Claudin Expression without Changes in Intestinal Permeability to Iohexol in Healthy Mice. Nutrients 2023; 16:18. [PMID: 38201850 PMCID: PMC10780785 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ketogenic diets (KDs) have been studied in preclinical models of intestinal diseases. However, little is known of how the fat source of these diets influences the intestinal barrier. Herein, we studied the impact of four-week feeding with KD high either in saturated fatty acids (SFA-KD) or polyunsaturated linoleic acid (LA-KD) on paracellular permeability of the intestine to iohexol in healthy male C57BL/6J mice. We investigated jejunal and colonic tight junction protein expression, histological changes, and inflammatory markers (Il1b, Il6, Tnf, and Lcn2), as well as the activity and expression of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) in feces and jejunal tissue, respectively, and plasma lipopolysaccharide. KDs did not change intestinal permeability to iohexol after two or twenty-six days of feeding regardless of fat quality. SFA-KD, but not LA-KD, upregulated the colonic expression of tight junction proteins claudin-1 and -4, as well as the activity of IAP. Both KDs resulted in increased epithelial vacuolation in jejunum, and this was pronounced in SFA-KD. Jejunal Il1β expression was lower and colonic Il6 expression higher in LA-KD compared to SFA-KD. In colon, Tnf mRNA was increased in LA-KD when compared to controls. Overall, the results suggest that KDs do not influence intestinal permeability to iohexol but elicit changes in colonic tight junction proteins and inflammatory markers in both jejunum and colon. Future research will show whether these changes become of importance upon proinflammatory insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Luiskari
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (H.L.); (H.V.)
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Launonen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (H.L.); (H.V.)
| | - Jere Lindén
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Finnish Centre for Laboratory Animal Pathology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Lehto
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (M.L.); (H.S.)
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Vapaatalo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (H.L.); (H.V.)
| | - Hanne Salmenkari
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (M.L.); (H.S.)
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Korpela
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (H.L.); (H.V.)
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Noureen S, Hussain T, Noureen A, Altyar AE. Effect of Lactobacillus brevis (MG000874) on antioxidant-related gene expression of the liver and kidney in D-galactose-induced oxidative stress mice model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28203-7. [PMID: 37355509 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is a phenomenon induced by excessive production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in living cells. These increased ROS productions connected, coupled with many neurological and physiological diseases. Several antioxidants were utilized recently to combat OS, and lactic acid bacteria have a potent radical-scavenging activity to minimize OS. The present work was designed to find out the protective effects of Lactobacillus brevis MG000874 (L. brevis MG000874) against oxidative injuries induced by D-galactose (D-gal) in vivo and to explore the gene expression of OS-related gene mice. Sixty male mice were randomly split into six groups. The first four groups were different control groups as no treatment (N), positive (G), probiotic (B), and ascorbic acid (A); the remaining two groups were treatment groups such as probiotic treatment (BG) and ascorbic acid treatment (AG). L. brevis MG000874 (0.2 ml of 1010 CFU/ml) and ascorbic acid (0.2 ml of 25 mg/ml) were administered orally daily for 5 weeks. It was revealed that these significantly affect the weight of treated mice: 40.22 ± 1.5 and 33.0 ± 0.57 g on days 0 and 36, respectively. D-gal induction in mice declined the levels of SOD and CAT determined by spectrophotometer. Administration of L. brevis MG000874 improved the antioxidant status of the stress mice and recovered the antioxidant activities of SOD and CAT enzymes. In addition, L. brevis MG000874-altered gene expression of OS marker at the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels was determined by RT-PCR in the mouse model. L. brevis MG000874 significantly improved the GST, GPX, SOD, CAT, and ß-actin levels in the kidney and the liver of the D-gal-induced mice (p < 0.05). Moreover, the histological investigation indicated that L. brevis MG000874 mitigated damage to the kidney and liver effectively in mice induced by D-gal. Therefore, it could be concluded from the current results that L. brevis MG000874 may act as a powerful antioxidant agent, and this study can provide the baseline data for drug development against OS-linked diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleha Noureen
- Department of Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Tanveer Hussain
- Department of Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Aasma Noureen
- Department of Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
- Department of Zoology, Government College for Women University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed E Altyar
- Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, 80260, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Zhou C, Wang Y, Li C, Xie Z, Dai L. Amelioration of Colitis by a Gut Bacterial Consortium Producing Anti-Inflammatory Secondary Bile Acids. Microbiol Spectr 2023:e0333022. [PMID: 36943054 PMCID: PMC10101101 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03330-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Integrative Human Microbiome Project and other cohort studies have indicated that inflammatory bowel disease is accompanied by dysbiosis of gut microbiota, decreased production of secondary bile acids, and increased levels of primary bile acids. Secondary bile acids, such as ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA), have been reported to be anti-inflammatory, yet it remains to be studied whether introducing selected bacteria strains to restore bile acid metabolism of the gut microbiome can alleviate intestinal inflammation. In this study, we screened human gut bacterial strains for bile acid metabolism and designed a consortium of three species, including Clostridium AP sp000509125, Bacteroides ovatus, and Eubacterium limosum, and named it BAC (bile acid consortium). We showed that the three-strain gut bacterial consortium BAC is capable of converting conjugated primary bile acids taurochenodeoxycholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic acid to secondary bile acids UDCA and LCA in vitro. Oral gavage treatment with BAC in mice resulted in protective effects against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, including reduced weight loss and increased colon length. Furthermore, BAC treatment increased the fecal level of bile acids, including UDCA and LCA. BAC treatment enhanced intestinal barrier function, which may be attributed to the increased activation of the bile acid receptor TGR5 by secondary bile acids. Finally, we examined the remodeling of gut microbiota by BAC treatment. Taken together, the three-strain gut bacterial consortium BAC restored the dysregulated bile acid metabolism and alleviated DSS-induced colitis. Our study provides a proof-of-concept demonstration that a rationally designed bacterial consortium can reshape the metabolism of the gut microbiome to treat diseases. IMPORTANCE Secondary bile acids have been reported to be anti-inflammatory, yet it remains to be studied whether introducing selected bacteria strains to restore bile acid metabolism of the gut microbiome can alleviate intestinal inflammation. To address this gap, we designed a consortium of human gut bacterial strains based on their metabolic capacity to produce secondary bile acids UDCA and LCA, and we evaluated the efficacy of single bacterial strains and the bacterial consortium in treating the murine colitis model. We found that oral gavage of the bacterial consortium to mice restored secondary bile acid metabolism to increase levels of UDCA and LCA, which induced the activation of TGR5 to improve gut-barrier integrity and reduced the inflammation in murine colitis. Overall, our study demonstrates that rationally designed bacterial consortia can reshape the metabolism of the gut microbiome and provides novel insights into the application of live biotherapeutics for treating IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Mishra M, Kane AE, Young AP, Howlett SE. Age, sex, and frailty modify the expression of common reference genes in skeletal muscle from ageing mice. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 210:111762. [PMID: 36509213 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Changes in gene expression with age are typically normalised to constitutively expressed reference genes (RGs). However, RG expression may be affected by age or overall health and most studies use only male animals. We investigated whether expression of common RGs (Gapdh, Gusb, Rplp0, B2m, Tubb5, Rpl7l1, Hprt, Rer1) was affected by age, sex and/or overall health (frailty index) in skeletal muscle from young (4-mos) and aged (25-26-mos) mice. Standard RG selection programs recommended Gapdh (RefFinder/Genorm/NormFinder) or Rpl7l1 (BestKeeper) without considering age and sex. Analysis of raw Cq values showed only Rplp0 was stable in both sexes at both ages. When qPCR data were normalised to Rplp0, age affected RG expression, especially in females. For example, Hprt expression declined with age (Hprt=9.8 ×10-2 ± 4.7 ×10-2 vs. 6.5 ×10-3 ± 8.8 ×10-4; mean±SEM), while Gusb expression increased (6.0 ×10-4 ± 5.5 ×10-5 vs. 1.7 ×10-3 ± 3.1 ×10-4; n = 5/group; p < 0.05). These effects were not seen in males. Tubb5 and Gapdh were not affected by age or sex when normalised to Rplp0. Similar results were seen with normalisation by Gapdh or the Rplp0/Gapdh pair. Interestingly, RG expression was graded not only by age but by frailty. These data demonstrate that age, sex, and frailty of animals must be carefully considered when selecting RGs to normalise mRNA abundance data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Alice E Kane
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Blavatnik Institute, Department of Genetics, Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Alexander P Young
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Susan E Howlett
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Medicine (Geriatric Medicine), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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8
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Unkovič A, Boštjančič E, Belič A, Perše M. Selection and Evaluation of mRNA and miRNA Reference Genes for Expression Studies (qPCR) in Archived Formalin-Fixed and Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) Colon Samples of DSS-Induced Colitis Mouse Model. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020190. [PMID: 36829468 PMCID: PMC9952917 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The choice of appropriate reference genes is essential for correctly interpreting qPCR data and results. However, the majority of animal studies use a single reference gene without any prior evaluation. Therefore, many qPCR results from rodent studies can be misleading, affecting not only reproducibility but also translatability. In this study, the expression stability of reference genes for mRNA and miRNA in archived FFPE samples of 117 C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice (males and females) from 9 colitis experiments (dextran sulfate sodium; DSS) were evaluated and their expression analysis was performed. In addition, we investigated whether normalization reduced/neutralized the influence of inter/intra-experimental factors which we systematically included in the study. Two statistical algorithms (NormFinder and Bestkeeper) were used to determine the stability of reference genes. Multivariate analysis was made to evaluate the influence of normalization with different reference genes on target gene expression in regard to inter/intra-experimental factors. Results show that archived FFPE samples are a reliable source of RNA and imply that the FFPE procedure does not change the ranking of stability of reference genes obtained in fresh tissues. Multivariate analysis showed that the histological picture is an important factor affecting the expression levels of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Unkovič
- Medical Experimental Centre, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Emanuela Boštjančič
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Belič
- Statistics and Modelling, Technical Development Biologics, Novartis Technical Research & Development, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Perše
- Medical Experimental Centre, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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Evaluation of Reference Genes for Real-Time Quantitative PCR Analysis in Tissues from Bumble Bees ( Bombus Terrestris) of Different Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214371. [PMID: 36430847 PMCID: PMC9692494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bumble bees are important alternative pollinators and model insects due to their highly developed sociality and colony management. In order to better understand their molecular mechanisms, studies focusing on the genetic and molecular aspects of their development and behavior are needed. Although quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) can be used to quantify the relative expression of target genes, internal reference genes (which are stably expressed across different lines and tissues) must first be identified to ensure the accurate normalization of target genes. In order to contribute to molecular studies on bumble bees, we used Bombus terrestris to determine the expression stability of eight reference genes (β-actin (ACT), Arginine Kinase (AK), Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), Elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1), Ribosomal proteins (S5, S18, S28) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)) in five different lines and several tissues (ovary, thorax, fat body, and head) using RT-qPCR procedures and four analysis programs (RefFinder, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and geNorm). In general, the S28, S5, and S18 ribosomal protein genes and the PLA2 and EF-1 genes showed the highest stability and were therefore identified as suitable reference genes for the bumble bee species and their defined lines and tissues. Our results also emphasized the need to evaluate the stability of candidate reference genes for any differently designed lines and tissue conditions in bumble bee species.
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Mabille D, Dirkx L, Thys S, Vermeersch M, Montenye D, Govaerts M, Hendrickx S, Takac P, Van Weyenbergh J, Pintelon I, Delputte P, Maes L, Pérez-Morga D, Timmermans JP, Caljon G. Impact of pulmonary African trypanosomes on the immunology and function of the lung. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7083. [PMID: 36400767 PMCID: PMC9674601 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34757-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 20% of sleeping sickness patients exhibit respiratory complications, however, with a largely unknown role of the parasite. Here we show that tsetse fly-transmitted Trypanosoma brucei parasites rapidly and permanently colonize the lungs and occupy the extravascular spaces surrounding the blood vessels of the alveoli and bronchi. They are present as nests of multiplying parasites exhibiting close interactions with collagen and active secretion of extracellular vesicles. The local immune response shows a substantial increase of monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and γδ and activated αβ T cells and a later influx of neutrophils. Interestingly, parasite presence results in a significant reduction of B cells, eosinophils and natural killer cells. T. brucei infected mice show no infection-associated pulmonary dysfunction, mirroring the limited pulmonary clinical complications during sleeping sickness. However, the substantial reduction of the various immune cells may render individuals more susceptible to opportunistic infections, as evident by a co-infection experiment with respiratory syncytial virus. Collectively, these observations provide insights into a largely overlooked target organ, and may trigger new diagnostic and supportive therapeutic approaches for sleeping sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Mabille
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Laura Dirkx
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sofie Thys
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marjorie Vermeersch
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium ,grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Daniel Montenye
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium ,grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Matthias Govaerts
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sarah Hendrickx
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Peter Takac
- grid.419303.c0000 0001 2180 9405Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84506 Bratislava, Slovakia ,grid.455086.aScientica, Ltd., 83106 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Johan Van Weyenbergh
- grid.415751.3Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Peter Delputte
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - David Pérez-Morga
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium ,grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Fedorov AV, Chelombitko MA, Chernyavskij DA, Galkin II, Pletjushkina OY, Vasilieva TV, Zinovkin RA, Chernyak BV. Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant SkQ1 Prevents the Development of Experimental Colitis in Mice and Impairment of the Barrier Function of the Intestinal Epithelium. Cells 2022; 11:3441. [PMID: 36359839 PMCID: PMC9659222 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants have become promising candidates for the therapy of various pathologies. The mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1, which is a derivative of plastoquinone, has been successfully used in preclinical studies for the treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases, and has demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity in a number of inflammatory disease models. The present work aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of SkQ1 and C12TPP, the analog of SkQ1 lacking the antioxidant quinone moiety, in the prevention of sodium dextran sulfate (DSS) experimental colitis and impairment of the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium in mice. DSS-treated animals exhibited weight loss, bloody stool, dysfunction of the intestinal epithelium barrier (which was observed using FITC-dextran permeability), reduced colon length, and histopathological changes in the colon mucosa. SkQ1 prevented the development of clinical and histological changes in DSS-treated mice. SkQ1 also reduced mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory molecules TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, and ICAM-1 in the proximal colon compared with DSS-treated animals. SkQ1 prevented DSS-induced tight junction disassembly in Caco-2 cells. Pretreatment of mice by C12TPP did not protect against DSS-induced colitis. Furthermore, C12TPP did not prevent DSS-induced tight junction disassembly in Caco-2 cells. Our results suggest that SkQ1 may be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, in particular ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem V. Fedorov
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A. Chelombitko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 129226 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniil A. Chernyavskij
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan I. Galkin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Yu. Pletjushkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tamara V. Vasilieva
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman A. Zinovkin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- HSE University, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris V. Chernyak
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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12
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Mabille D, Ilbeigi K, Hendrickx S, Ungogo MA, Hulpia F, Lin C, Maes L, de Koning HP, Van Calenbergh S, Caljon G. Nucleoside analogues for the treatment of animal trypanosomiasis. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 19:21-30. [PMID: 35567803 PMCID: PMC9111543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal trypanosomiasis (AT) is a parasitic disease with high socio-economic impact. Given the limited therapeutic options and problems of toxicity and drug resistance, this study assessed redirecting our previously identified antitrypanosomal nucleosides for the treatment of AT. Promising hits were identified with excellent in vitro activity across all important animal trypanosome species. Compound 7, an inosine analogue, and our previously described lead compound, 3'-deoxytubercidin (8), showed broad spectrum anti-AT activity, metabolic stability in the target host species and absence of toxicity, but with variable efficacy ranging from limited activity to full cure in mouse models of Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax infection. Several compounds show promise against T. evansi (surra) and T. equiperdum (dourine). Given the preferred target product profile for a broad-spectrum compound against AT, this study emphasizes the need to include T. vivax in the screening cascade given its divergent susceptibility profile and provides a basis for lead optimization towards such broad spectrum anti-AT compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Mabille
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Kayhan Ilbeigi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Sarah Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Marzuq A Ungogo
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Fabian Hulpia
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Cai Lin
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Harry P de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Effect of luxS encoding a synthase of quorum-sensing signal molecule AI-2 of Vibrio vulnificus on mouse gut microbiome. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3721-3734. [PMID: 35488933 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11935-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoinducer-2 (AI-2), a quorum-sensing signal molecule from the human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus, was assessed for its effect on the gut microbiome of mice. For this, we employed 16S rRNA sequencing to compare the gut microbiome of mice infected with either wild-type V. vulnificus or with the isotype ΔluxS that has a deletion in luxS which encodes the biosynthetic function of AI-2. The relative ratio of wild-type Vibrio species in the jejunum and ileum of mice infected with the wild type was significantly higher than that in mice infected with ΔluxS, suggesting that AI-2 plays an important role in the colonization of V. vulnificus in the small intestine. The bacterial composition in the gut of mice infected with ΔluxS comprises a higher proportion of Firmicutes, composed mainly of Lactobacillus, compared to the mice infected with wild-type cells. In the large intestine, Vibrio species were barely detected regardless of genetic background. Three Lactobacillus spp. isolated from fecal samples from mice infected with ΔluxS manifested significant antibacterial activities against V. vulnificus. Culture supernatants from these three species were dissolved by HPLC, and a substance in fractions showing inhibitory activity against V. vulnificus was determined to be lactic acid. Our results suggest that luxS in V. vulnificus affects not only the ability of the species to colonize the host gut but also its susceptibility to the growth-inhibiting activity of commensal bacteria including Lactobacillus. KEY POINTS: • Gut microbiomes of ΔluxS-infected and WT Vibrio-infected mice differed greatly. • Difference was most prominent in the jejunum and ileum compared to the duodenum or large intestine. • In the small and large intestines of mice, the relative proportions of Vibrio and Lactobacillus species showed a negative relationship. • Effector molecules produced by Lactobacillus in mouse gut inhibit Vibrio growth.
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Aktar A, Shan L, Koussih L, Almiski MS, Basu S, Halayko A, Okwor I, Uzonna JE, Gounni AS. PlexinD1 Deficiency in Lung Interstitial Macrophages Exacerbates House Dust Mite-Induced Allergic Asthma. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1272-1279. [PMID: 35110420 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial macrophages (IMs) are key regulators of allergic inflammation. We previously showed that the absence of semaphorin 3E (Sema3E) exacerbates asthma features in both acute and chronic asthma models. However, it has not been studied whether Sema3E, via its receptor plexinD1, regulates IM function in allergic asthma. Therefore, we investigated the role of plexinD1 deficiency on IMs in allergic asthma. We found that the absence of plexinD1 in IMs increased airway hyperresponsiveness, airway leukocyte numbers, allergen-specific IgE, goblet cell hyperplasia, and Th2/Th17 cytokine response in the house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic asthma model. Muc5ac, Muc5b, and α-SMA genes were increased in mice with Plxnd1-deficient IMs compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, plexinD1-deficient bone marrow-derived macrophages displayed reduced IL-10 mRNA expression, at both the baseline and following HDM challenge, compared with their wild-type counterpart mice. Our data suggest that Sema3E/plexinD1 signaling in IMs is a critical pathway that modulates airway inflammation, airway resistance, and tissue remodeling in the HDM murine model of allergic asthma. Reduced IL-10 expression by plexinD1-deficient macrophages may account for these enhanced allergic asthma features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amena Aktar
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lianyu Shan
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Latifa Koussih
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Experimental Biology, Université de Saint-Boniface, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mohamed S Almiski
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; and
| | - Sujata Basu
- Department of Physiology and Physiopathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Andrew Halayko
- Department of Physiology and Physiopathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ifeoma Okwor
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Abdelilah S Gounni
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada;
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15
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Kapoor K, Eissa N, Tshikudi D, Bernstein CN, Ghia JE. Impact of intrarectal chromofungin treatment on dendritic cells-related markers in different immune compartments in colonic inflammatory conditions. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:8138-8155. [PMID: 35068859 PMCID: PMC8704268 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i47.8138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromofungin (CHR: chromogranin-A 47-66) is a chromogranin-A derived peptide with anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by a colonic decrease of CHR and a dysregulation of dendritic CD11c+ cells.
AIM To investigate the association between CHR treatment and dendritic cells (DCs)-related markers in different immune compartments in colitis.
METHODS A model of acute UC-like colitis using dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) was used in addition to biopsies collected from UC patients.
RESULTS Intrarectal CHR treatment reduced the severity of DSS-induced colitis and was associated with a significant decrease in the expression of CD11c, CD40, CD80, CD86 and interleukin (IL)-12p40 in the inflamed colonic mucosa and CD11c, CD80, CD86 IL-6 and IL-12p40 within the mesenteric lymph nodes and the spleen. Furthermore, CHR treatment decreased CD80 and CD86 expression markers of splenic CD11c+ cells and decreased NF-κB expression in the colon and of splenic CD11c+ cells. In vitro, CHR decreased CD40, CD80, CD86 IL-6 and IL-12p40 expression in naïve bone marrow-derived CD11c+ DCs stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Pharmacological studies demonstrated an impact of CHR on the NF-κB pathway. In patients with active UC, CHR level was reduced and showed a negative linear relationship with CD11c and CD86.
CONCLUSION CHR has protective properties against intestinal inflammation via the regulation of DC-related markers and CD11c+ cells. CHR could be a potential therapy of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Kapoor
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E0T5, MB, Canada
| | - Nour Eissa
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E0T5, MB, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E0T5, MB, Canada
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E0T5, MB, Canada
- University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E0T5, MB, Canada
| | - Diane Tshikudi
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E0T5, MB, Canada
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E0T5, MB, Canada
- University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E0T5, MB, Canada
| | - Jean-Eric Ghia
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E0T5, MB, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E0T5, MB, Canada
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E0T5, MB, Canada
- University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E0T5, MB, Canada
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16
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France MM, Rio TD, Travers H, Raftery E, Langer R, Traverso G, Schoellhammer CM. Platform for the Delivery of Unformulated RNA In Vivo. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1770-1775. [PMID: 34906584 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The successful delivery of RNA therapeutics is the gating hurdle to greater clinical translation and utility of this novel class of therapeutics. Delivery strategies today are limited and predominantly rely on lipid nanoparticles or conjugates, which can facilitate hepatic delivery but are poor for achieving uptake outside the liver. The ability to deliver RNA to other organs outside the liver in a formulation-agnostic approach could serve to unlock the broader potential of these therapies and enable their use in a broader set of disease. Here we demonstrate this formulation-agnostic delivery of two model siRNAs using low-frequency ultrasound to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Unformulated siRNAs targeting β-catenin (Ctnnb 1) and Sjögren syndrome antigen B (SSB) genes were successfully delivered to colonic mucosa in mice, achieving robust knockdown of the target mRNA from whole-colon tissue samples. Indeed, the capacity to target and successfully suppress expression from genes underscores the power of this platform to rapidly deliver unformulated and unoptimized sequences against a range of targets in the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion M France
- Suono Bio, Inc., 200 Foxborough Blvd., Suite 100, Foxborough, MA 02035, USA
| | - Tony Del Rio
- Suono Bio, Inc., 200 Foxborough Blvd., Suite 100, Foxborough, MA 02035, USA
| | - Hannah Travers
- Suono Bio, Inc., 200 Foxborough Blvd., Suite 100, Foxborough, MA 02035, USA; Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Erin Raftery
- Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., Suite 252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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17
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In vivo prophylactic efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri MT180537 against aerobic vaginitis. Microb Pathog 2021; 160:105197. [PMID: 34547410 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic vaginitis is a recently described vaginal infection that is treated with antibiotics, which cause undesirable effects leading to disturbance in normal vaginal flora and antibiotic resistance among pathogens. Probiotics may be considered as a natural alternative therapy. We investigated antagonistic and immunomodulatory potential of intravaginally administered probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri-MT180537 against vaginal colonization by Enterococcus faecalis-MW051601 in mice. In vitro antimicrobial potential of lactic acid bacteria was determined against major pathogens of aerobic vaginitis. Moreover, in vivo prophylactic efficacy of L. reuteri-MT180537 against E. faecalis-MW051601 induced AV, in β-estradiol immunosuppressed mice was determined for the first time. Lactic acid bacteria displayed antibacterial activity against pathogens with zone of inhibition (11.33-20.00 mm) and co-aggregation (40-67%). Animals receiving L. reuteri-MT180537 followed by E. faecalis-MW051601 challenge exhibited significant reduction in clinical index, vaginal bacterial load, and histopathological changes in vaginal tissues compared to animals receiving E. faecalis-MW051601 only. L. reuteri-MT180537 upregulated expression of anti-inflammatory (Foxp3, IFN-γ) cytokines and resulted in controlling E. faecalis-MW051601 induced over expression of pro-inflammatory (IL-6, IL-1β) cytokines. Altogether, L. reuteri-MT180537 displayed antagonistic properties in vitro and prevented aerobic vaginitis by inhibiting the growth of E. faecalis-MW051601 and regulating expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in mice.
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Bulté D, Van Bockstal L, Dirkx L, Van den Kerkhof M, De Trez C, Timmermans JP, Hendrickx S, Maes L, Caljon G. Miltefosine enhances infectivity of a miltefosine-resistant Leishmania infantum strain by attenuating its innate immune recognition. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009622. [PMID: 34292975 PMCID: PMC8330912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Miltefosine (MIL) is currently the only oral drug available to treat visceral leishmaniasis but its use as first-line monotherapy has been compromised by an increasing treatment failure. Despite the scarce number of resistant clinical isolates, MIL-resistance by mutations in a single aminophospholipid transporter gene can easily be selected in a laboratory environment. These mutations result in a reduced survival in the mammalian host, which can partially be restored by exposure to MIL, suggesting a kind of drug-dependency. Methodology/Principal findings To enable a combined study of the infection dynamics and underlying immunological events for differential in vivo survival, firefly luciferase (PpyRE9) / red fluorescent protein (DsRed) double-reporter strains were generated of MIL-resistant (MIL-R) and syngeneic MIL-sensitive (MIL-S) Leishmania infantum. Results in C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mice show that MIL-R parasites induce an increased innate immune response that is characterized by enhanced influx and infection of neutrophils, monocytes and dendritic cells in the liver and elevated serum IFN-γ levels, finally resulting in a less efficient establishment in liver macrophages. The elevated IFN-γ levels were shown to originate from an increased response of hepatic NK and NKT cells to the MIL-R parasites. In addition, we demonstrated that MIL could increase the in vivo fitness of MIL-R parasites by lowering NK and NKT cell activation, leading to a reduced IFN-γ production. Conclusions/Significance Differential induction of innate immune responses in the liver was found to underlie the attenuated phenotype of a MIL-R parasite and its peculiar feature of drug-dependency. The impact of MIL on hepatic NK and NKT activation and IFN-γ production following recognition of a MIL-R strain indicates that this mechanism may sustain infections with resistant parasites and contribute to treatment failure. Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that is fatal if left untreated. Miltefosine is currently the only oral drug available but is increasingly failing to cure patients, resulting in its discontinuation as first-line drug in some endemic areas. To understand these treatment failures, we investigated the complex interplay of the parasite with the host immune system in the presence and absence of miltefosine. Our data indicate that miltefosine-resistant Leishmania parasites become severely hampered in their in vivo infectivity, which could be attributed to the induction of a pronounced innate immune response. Interestingly, the infection deficit was partially restored in the presence of miltefosine. Our results further indicate that miltefosine can exacerbate infections with resistant parasites by reducing innate immune recognition. This study provides new insights into the complex interplay between parasite, drug and host and discloses an immune-related mechanism of treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Bulté
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Lieselotte Van Bockstal
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Laura Dirkx
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Magali Van den Kerkhof
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Carl De Trez
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- University of Antwerp, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Cell biology & Histology, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sarah Hendrickx
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Wilrijk, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Alpuche-Lazcano SP, Saliba J, Costa VV, Campolina-Silva GH, Marim FM, Ribeiro LS, Blank V, Mouland AJ, Teixeira MM, Gatignol A. Profound downregulation of neural transcription factor Npas4 and Nr4a family in fetal mice neurons infected with Zika virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009425. [PMID: 34048439 PMCID: PMC8191876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection of neurons leads to neurological complications and congenital malformations of the brain of neonates. To date, ZIKV mechanism of infection and pathogenesis is not entirely understood and different studies on gene regulation of ZIKV-infected cells have identified a dysregulation of inflammatory and stem cell maintenance pathways. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators of cellular genes and they contribute to cell development in normal function and disease. Previous reports with integrative analyses of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and miRNAs during ZIKV infection have not identified neurological pathway defects. We hypothesized that dysregulation of pathways involved in neurological functions will be identified by RNA profiling of ZIKV-infected fetal neurons. We therefore used microarrays to analyze gene expression levels following ZIKV infection of fetal murine neurons. We observed that the expression levels of transcription factors such as neural PAS domain protein 4 (Npas4) and of three members of the orphan nuclear receptor 4 (Nr4a) were severely decreased after viral infection. We confirmed that their downregulation was at both the mRNA level and at the protein level. The dysregulation of these transcription factors has been previously linked to aberrant neural functions and development. We next examined the miRNA expression profile in infected primary murine neurons by microarray and found that various miRNAs were dysregulated upon ZIKV infection. An integrative analysis of the differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs indicated that miR-7013-5p targets Nr4a3 gene. Using miRmimics, we corroborated that miR-7013-5p downregulates Nr4a3 mRNA and protein levels. Our data identify a profound dysregulation of neural transcription factors with an overexpression of miR-7013-5p that results in decreased Nr4a3 expression, likely a main contributor to ZIKV-induced neuronal dysfunction. Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging virus transmitted horizontally between humans through mosquito bites, and sexual intercourse generally inducing a mild disease. ZIKV is also transmitted vertically from mother-to-child producing congenital ZIKV syndrome (CZVS) in neonates. CZVS leads to severe microcephaly associated with neurological, ocular, musculoskeletal, genitourinary disorders and other disabilities. Although numerous studies have been performed on ZIKV infection of brain cells, we are still far from understanding how ZIKV infection leads to dysregulation of host genes, virus-induced cytopathicity and consequent pathology. Micro (mi)RNAs are small noncoding RNAs encoded and processed by the host cell. They regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in a process called RNA interference (RNAi). Here, we evaluated the relationship between ZIKV infection and the level of mRNAs and miRNAs expressed in the cell. ZIKV infection of mouse embryo neurons downregulated several neural immediate-early genes (IEG). Moreover, we revealed that ZIKV infection led to aberrant regulation of several miRNAs, and identified one whose cognate target was a neural IEG. Our work identifies novel genes and miRNAs that are modulated upon ZIKV infection of fetal murine neurons, therefore linking neuronal dysfunction to transcription and the RNA interference pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio P. Alpuche-Lazcano
- Virus-Cell Interactions Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Canada
- RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - James Saliba
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Canada
| | - Vivian V. Costa
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia do Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Departamento de Morfologia do Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gabriel H. Campolina-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia do Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M. Marim
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia do Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucas S. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia do Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Volker Blank
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Mouland
- RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mauro M. Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia do Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anne Gatignol
- Virus-Cell Interactions Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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20
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Dorronsoro A, Santiago FE, Grassi D, Zhang T, Lai RC, McGowan SJ, Angelini L, Lavasani M, Corbo L, Lu A, Brooks RW, Garcia‐Contreras M, Stolz DB, Amelio A, Boregowda SV, Fallahi M, Reich A, Ricordi C, Phinney DG, Huard J, Lim SK, Niedernhofer LJ, Robbins PD. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles reduce senescence and extend health span in mouse models of aging. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13337. [PMID: 33728821 PMCID: PMC8045949 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging drives progressive loss of the ability of tissues to recover from stress, partly through loss of somatic stem cell function and increased senescent burden. We demonstrate that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) rapidly senescence and become dysfunctional in culture. Injection of BM-MSCs from young mice prolonged life span and health span, and conditioned media (CM) from young BM-MSCs rescued the function of aged stem cells and senescent fibroblasts. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from young BM-MSC CM extended life span of Ercc1-/- mice similarly to injection of young BM-MSCs. Finally, treatment with EVs from MSCs generated from human ES cells reduced senescence in culture and in vivo, and improved health span. Thus, MSC EVs represent an effective and safe approach for conferring the therapeutic effects of adult stem cells, avoiding the risks of tumor development and donor cell rejection. These results demonstrate that MSC-derived EVs are highly effective senotherapeutics, slowing the progression of aging, and diseases driven by cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akaitz Dorronsoro
- Center on Aging and Departments of Molecular Medicine Scripps Research Jupiter Florida USA
| | - Fernando E. Santiago
- Center on Aging and Departments of Molecular Medicine Scripps Research Jupiter Florida USA
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism and Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Diego Grassi
- Center on Aging and Departments of Molecular Medicine Scripps Research Jupiter Florida USA
| | - Tianpeng Zhang
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism and Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | | | - Sara J. McGowan
- Center on Aging and Departments of Molecular Medicine Scripps Research Jupiter Florida USA
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism and Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Luise Angelini
- Center on Aging and Departments of Molecular Medicine Scripps Research Jupiter Florida USA
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism and Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | | | - Lana Corbo
- Center on Aging and Departments of Molecular Medicine Scripps Research Jupiter Florida USA
| | - Aiping Lu
- The Steadman Philippon Research Institute Vail Colorado USA
| | - Robert W. Brooks
- Center on Aging and Departments of Molecular Medicine Scripps Research Jupiter Florida USA
| | | | - Donna B. Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylveniya USA
| | - Antonio Amelio
- Lineberger Cancer Center University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
- Department of Bioinformatics Scripps Research Jupiter Florida USA
| | - Siddaraju V. Boregowda
- Center on Aging and Departments of Molecular Medicine Scripps Research Jupiter Florida USA
| | - Mohammad Fallahi
- Center on Aging and Departments of Molecular Medicine Scripps Research Jupiter Florida USA
- Department of Bioinformatics Scripps Research Jupiter Florida USA
| | - Adrian Reich
- Center on Aging and Departments of Molecular Medicine Scripps Research Jupiter Florida USA
- Department of Bioinformatics Scripps Research Jupiter Florida USA
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Diabetes Research Institute University of Miami Miami Florida USA
| | - Donald G. Phinney
- Center on Aging and Departments of Molecular Medicine Scripps Research Jupiter Florida USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- The Steadman Philippon Research Institute Vail Colorado USA
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Institute of Medical Biology ASTAR Singapore Singapore
| | - Laura J. Niedernhofer
- Center on Aging and Departments of Molecular Medicine Scripps Research Jupiter Florida USA
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism and Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Paul D. Robbins
- Center on Aging and Departments of Molecular Medicine Scripps Research Jupiter Florida USA
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism and Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
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21
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Persimmon-derived tannin ameliorates the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis in a murine model through inhibition of the inflammatory response and alteration of microbiota. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7286. [PMID: 33790314 PMCID: PMC8012611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) induced by dysregulation of the immune response in the intestinal mucosa. Although the underlying mechanisms of UC development are not fully understood, disruption of gut microbiota, “dysbiosis”, is thought to lead to the development of IBD. Persimmon (Ebenaceae Diospyros kaki Thunb.)-derived tannin, which is a condensed polymeric tannin consisting of catechin groups, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. In this study, we assessed the effect of persimmon-derived tannin on a murine model of UC established by dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in female mice. Dietary supplementation of tannin significantly decreased disease activity and colon inflammation. A hydrolysate of tannin directly suppressed expression of inflammatory genes in macrophages in vitro. In faecal microbiota, the relative abundance of Bacteroides was increased significantly by tannin supplementation. Alpha-diversity indices in colitis-induced mice were significantly higher in the tannin diet group compared with the control diet group. Additionally, expansion of Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus, which is associated with disease progression of IBD, was remarkably suppressed in the tannin diet group. These results suggest that persimmon-derived tannin ameliorates colon inflammation in UC through alteration of the microbiota composition and immune response, which may be a promising candidate for IBD therapy.
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22
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Ertle CM, Rommel FR, Tumala S, Moriwaki Y, Klein J, Kruse J, Gieler U, Peters EMJ. New Pathways for the Skin's Stress Response: The Cholinergic Neuropeptide SLURP-1 Can Activate Mast Cells and Alter Cytokine Production in Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631881. [PMID: 33815383 PMCID: PMC8012551 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (Chrna7) plays an essential anti-inflammatory role in immune homeostasis and was recently found on mast cells (MC). Psychosocial stress can trigger MC hyperactivation and increases pro-inflammatory cytokines in target tissues such as the skin. If the cholinergic system (CS) and Chrna7 ligands play a role in these cascades is largely unknown. Objective: To elucidate the role of the CS in the response to psychosocial stress using a mouse-model for stress-triggered cutaneous inflammatory circuits. Methods: Key CS markers (ACh, Ch, SLURP-1, SLURP-2, Lynx1, Chrm3, Chrna7, Chrna9, ChAT, VAChT, Oct3, AChE, and BChE) in skin and its MC (sMC), MC activation, immune parameters (TNFα, IL1β, IL10, TGFβ, HIF1α, and STAT3) and oxidative stress were analyzed in skin from 24 h noise-stressed mice and in cultured MC (cMC) from C57BL/6 or Chrna7-Knockout mice. Results: First, Chrna7 and SLURP-1 mRNA were exclusively upregulated in stressed skin. Second, histomorphometry located Chrna7 and SLURP-1 in nerves and sMC and demonstrated upregulated contacts and increased Chrna7+ sMC in stressed skin, while 5 ng/mL SLURP-1 degranulated cMC. Third, IL1β+ sMC were high in stressed skin, and while SLURP-1 alone had no significant effect on cMC cytokines, it upregulated IL1β in cMC from Chrna7-KO and in IL1β-treated wildtype cMC. In addition, HIF1α+ sMC were high in stressed skin and Chrna7-agonist AR-R 17779 induced ROS in cMC while SLURP-1 upregulated TNFα and IL1β in cMC when HIF1α was blocked. Conclusions: These data infer that the CS plays a role in the regulation of stress-sensitive inflammatory responses but may have a surprising pro-inflammatory effect in healthy skin, driving IL1β expression if SLURP-1 is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph M Ertle
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank R Rommel
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Tumala
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yasuhiro Moriwaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jochen Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter N260, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Johannes Kruse
- Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Gieler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Eva M J Peters
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Charité Center 12 for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Eissa N, Elgazzar O, Hussein H, Hendy GN, Bernstein CN, Ghia JE. Pancreastatin Reduces Alternatively Activated Macrophages, Disrupts the Epithelial Homeostasis and Aggravates Colonic Inflammation. A Descriptive Analysis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020134. [PMID: 33535452 PMCID: PMC7912769 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by modifying alternatively activated macrophages (AAM) and epithelial homeostasis. Chromogranin-A (CHGA), released by enterochromaffin cells, is elevated in UC and is implicated in inflammation progression. CHGA can be cleaved into several derived peptides, including pancreastatin (PST), which is involved in proinflammatory mechanisms. Previously, we showed that the deletion of Chga decreased the onset and severity of colitis correlated with an increase in AAM and epithelial cells’ functions. Here, we investigated PST activity in colonic biopsies of participants with active UC and investigated PST treatment in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis using Chga−/− mice, macrophages, and a human colonic epithelial cells line. We found that the colonic protein expression of PST correlated negatively with mRNA expression of AAM markers and tight junction (TJ) proteins and positively with mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-8, IL18, and collagen in human. In a preclinical setting, intra-rectal administration of PST aggravated DSS-induced colitis by decreasing AAM’s functions, enhancing colonic collagen deposition and disrupting epithelial homeostasis in Chga+/+ and Chga−/− mice. This effect was associated with a significant reduction in AAM markers, increased colonic IL-18 release, and decreased TJ proteins’ gene expression. In vitro, PST reduced Chga+/+ and Chga−/− AAM polarization and decreased anti-inflammatory mediators’ production. Conditioned medium harvested from PST-treated Chga+/+ and Chga−/− AAM reduced Caco-2 cell migration, viability, proliferation, and mRNA levels of TJ proteins and increased oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and proinflammatory cytokines release. In conclusion, PST is a CHGA proinflammatory peptide that enhances the severity of colitis and the inflammatory process via decreasing AAM functions and disrupting epithelial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Eissa
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada or (N.E.); (O.E.)
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada;
- The IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - Omar Elgazzar
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada or (N.E.); (O.E.)
| | - Hayam Hussein
- National Research Centre, Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Geoffrey N. Hendy
- Metabolic Disorders and Complications, McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
| | - Charles N. Bernstein
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada;
- The IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - Jean-Eric Ghia
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada or (N.E.); (O.E.)
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada;
- The IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada
- Correspondence: or
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24
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Eissa N, Hussein H, Tshikudi DM, Hendy GN, Bernstein CN, Ghia JE. Interdependence between Chromogranin-A, Alternatively Activated Macrophages, Tight Junction Proteins and the Epithelial Functions. A Human and In-Vivo/In-Vitro Descriptive Study. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217976. [PMID: 33121008 PMCID: PMC7662632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by altered chromogranin-A (CHGA), alternatively activated macrophages (M2) and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). We previously demonstrated that CHGA is implicated in colitis progression by regulating the macrophages. Here, we investigated the interplay between CHGA, M2, tight junctions (TJ) and IECs in an inflammatory environment. Methods: Correlations between CHGA mRNA expression of and TJ proteins mRNA expressions of (Occludin [OCLN], zonula occludens-1 [ZO1], Claudin-1 [CLDN1]), epithelial associated cytokines (interleukin [IL]-8, IL-18), and collagen (COL1A2) were determined in human colonic mucosal biopsies isolated from active UC and healthy patients. Acute UC-like colitis (5% dextran sulphate sodium [DSS], five days) was induced in Chga-C57BL/6-deficient (Chga−/−) and wild type (Chga+/+) mice. Col1a2 TJ proteins, Il-18 mRNA expression and collagen deposition were determined in whole colonic sections. Naïve Chga−/− and Chga+/+ peritoneal macrophages were isolated and exposed six hours to IL-4/IL-13 (20 ng/mL) to promote M2 and generate M2-conditioned supernatant. Caco-2 epithelial cells were cultured in the presence of Chga−/− and Chga+/+ non- or M2-conditioned supernatant for 24 h then exposed to 5% DSS for 24 h, and their functional properties were assessed. Results: In humans, CHGA mRNA correlated positively with COL1A2, IL-8 and IL-18, and negatively with TJ proteins mRNA markers. In the experimental model, the deletion of Chga reduced IL-18 mRNA and its release, COL1A2 mRNA and colonic collagen deposition, and maintained colonic TJ proteins. Chga−/− M2-conditioned supernatant protected caco-2 cells from DSS and oxidative stress injuries by improving caco-2 cells functions (proliferation, viability, wound healing) and by decreasing the release of IL-8 and IL-18 and by maintaining the levels of TJ proteins, and when compared with Chga+/+ M2-conditioned supernatant. Conclusions: CHGA contributes to the development of intestinal inflammation through the regulation of M2 and epithelial cells. Targeting CHGA may lead to novel biomarkers and therapeutic strategies in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Eissa
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (N.E.); (D.M.T.)
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada;
- University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - Hayam Hussein
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Diane M. Tshikudi
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (N.E.); (D.M.T.)
| | - Geoffrey N. Hendy
- Metabolic Disorders and Complications, McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
| | - Charles N. Bernstein
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada;
- University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - Jean-Eric Ghia
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (N.E.); (D.M.T.)
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada;
- University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-(204)-789-3802; Fax: +1-(204)-789-3921-431
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25
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Chanin RB, Winter MG, Spiga L, Hughes ER, Zhu W, Taylor SJ, Arenales A, Gillis CC, Büttner L, Jimenez AG, Smoot MP, Santos RL, Winter SE. Epithelial-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species Enable AppBCX-Mediated Aerobic Respiration of Escherichia coli during Intestinal Inflammation. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:780-788.e5. [PMID: 33053375 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium separates host tissue and gut-associated microbial communities. During inflammation, the host releases reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as an antimicrobial response. The impact of these radicals on gut microbes is incompletely understood. We discovered that the cryptic appBCX genes, predicted to encode a cytochrome bd-II oxidase, conferred a fitness advantage for E. coli in chemical and genetic models of non-infectious colitis. This fitness advantage was absent in mice that lacked epithelial NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) activity. In laboratory growth experiments, supplementation with exogenous hydrogen peroxide enhanced E. coli growth through AppBCX-mediated respiration in a catalase-dependent manner. We conclude that epithelial-derived reactive oxygen species are degraded in the gut lumen, which gives rise to molecular oxygen that supports the aerobic respiration of E. coli. This work illustrates how epithelial host responses intersect with gut microbial metabolism in the context of gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael B Chanin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Maria G Winter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Luisella Spiga
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Hughes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wenhan Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Savannah J Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Alexandre Arenales
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270, Brazil
| | - Caroline C Gillis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lisa Büttner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Angel G Jimenez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Madeline P Smoot
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Renato L Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270, Brazil
| | - Sebastian E Winter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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26
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Beatty AE, Schwartz TS. Gene expression of the IGF hormones and IGF binding proteins across time and tissues in a model reptile. Physiol Genomics 2020; 52:423-434. [PMID: 32776803 PMCID: PMC7509249 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00059.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin and insulin-like signaling (IIS) network regulates cellular processes including pre- and postnatal growth, cellular development, wound healing, reproduction, and longevity. Despite their importance in the physiology of vertebrates, the study of the specific functions of the top regulators of the IIS network, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), has been mostly limited to a few model organisms. To expand our understanding of this network, we performed quantitative gene expression of IGF hormones in liver and qualitative expression of IGFBPs across tissues and developmental stages in a model reptile, the brown anole lizard (Anolis sagrei). We found that lizards express IGF2 across all life stages (preoviposition embryos to adulthood) and at a higher level than IGF1, which is opposite to patterns seen in laboratory rodents but similar to those seen in humans and other vertebrate models. IGFBP expression was ubiquitous across tissues (brain, gonad, heart, liver, skeletal muscle, tail, and regenerating tail) in adults, apart from IGFBP5, which was variable. These findings provide an essential foundation for further developing the anole lizard as a physiological and biomedical reptile model, as well as expanding our understanding of the function of the IIS network across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby E Beatty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Tonia S Schwartz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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27
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Lin EYH, Lai HJ, Cheng YK, Leong KQ, Cheng LC, Chou YC, Peng YC, Hsu YH, Chiang HS. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Impair Intestinal Barrier Function during Experimental Colitis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080275. [PMID: 32764411 PMCID: PMC7459452 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and the loss of barrier integrity in inflamed intestinal tissues have long been associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, whether NETs alter intestinal epithelium permeability during colitis remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated that NETs promote the breakdown in intestinal barrier function for the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation in mouse models of colitis. NETs were abundant in the colon of mice with colitis experimentally induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) or 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Analysis of the intestinal barrier integrity revealed that NETs impaired gut permeability, enabling the initiation of luminal bacterial translocation and inflammation. Furthermore, NETs induced the apoptosis of epithelial cells and disrupted the integrity of tight junctions and adherens junctions. Intravenous administration of DNase I, an enzyme that dissolves the web-like DNA filaments of NETs, during colitis restored the mucosal barrier integrity which reduced the dissemination of luminal bacteria and attenuated intestinal inflammation in both DSS and TNBS models. We conclude that NETs serve a detrimental factor in the gut epithelial barrier function leading to the pathogenesis of mucosal inflammation during acute colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Yi-Hsin Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (E.Y.-H.L.); (H.-J.L.); (Y.-K.C.); (K.-Q.L.); (L.-C.C.); (Y.-C.P.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Hsuan-Ju Lai
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (E.Y.-H.L.); (H.-J.L.); (Y.-K.C.); (K.-Q.L.); (L.-C.C.); (Y.-C.P.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Yuan-Kai Cheng
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (E.Y.-H.L.); (H.-J.L.); (Y.-K.C.); (K.-Q.L.); (L.-C.C.); (Y.-C.P.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Kai-Quan Leong
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (E.Y.-H.L.); (H.-J.L.); (Y.-K.C.); (K.-Q.L.); (L.-C.C.); (Y.-C.P.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Li-Chieh Cheng
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (E.Y.-H.L.); (H.-J.L.); (Y.-K.C.); (K.-Q.L.); (L.-C.C.); (Y.-C.P.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Yi-Chun Chou
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Chun Peng
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (E.Y.-H.L.); (H.-J.L.); (Y.-K.C.); (K.-Q.L.); (L.-C.C.); (Y.-C.P.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Yi-Hsuan Hsu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (E.Y.-H.L.); (H.-J.L.); (Y.-K.C.); (K.-Q.L.); (L.-C.C.); (Y.-C.P.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Hao-Sen Chiang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (E.Y.-H.L.); (H.-J.L.); (Y.-K.C.); (K.-Q.L.); (L.-C.C.); (Y.-C.P.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-3366-2454
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Khafipour A, Eissa N, Munyaka PM, Rabbi MF, Kapoor K, Kermarrec L, Khafipour E, Bernstein CN, Ghia JE. Denosumab Regulates Gut Microbiota Composition and Cytokines in Dinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid (DNBS)-Experimental Colitis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1405. [PMID: 32670246 PMCID: PMC7331113 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory mediator receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) plays a significant role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis; however, its role in inflammatory bowel disease is unknown. Genome-wide association meta-analysis for Crohn's disease (CD) identified a variant near the TNFSF11 gene that encodes RANKL and CD risk allele increased expression of RANKL in specific cell lines. This study aims to elucidate if the RANKL inhibitor denosumab can reduce the severity of experimental colitis and modify the gut microbiota composition using murine dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (DNBS)-experimental model of colitis mimicking CD. In colitic conditions, denosumab treatment significantly decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α within the colonic mucosa. Moreover, colitis was accompanied by disruption of gut microbiota, and preventative treatment with denosumab modulated this disruption. Denosumab treatment also modified the alpha- and beta diversity of colonic mucosa and fecal microbiota. These results provide a rationale for considering denosumab as a future potential therapy in CD; however, more detailed experimental and clinical studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azin Khafipour
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nour Eissa
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Peris M Munyaka
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mohammad F Rabbi
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kunal Kapoor
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Laetitia Kermarrec
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ehsan Khafipour
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jean-Eric Ghia
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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29
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Shi C, Jin T, Guo D, Zhang W, Yang B, Su D, Xia X. Citral Attenuated Intestinal Inflammation Induced by Cronobacter sakazakii in Newborn Mice. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 17:243-252. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tong Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Du Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wenting Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Baowei Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dongfang Su
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
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30
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Abstract
Macrophages are professional innate immune cells that are broadly disseminated throughout the body, shape various innate and adaptive immune responses, and play crucial roles in inflammation, homeostasis, wound healing, and tissue remodelling. According to their surrounding microenvironments, macrophages can differentiate themselves in different phenotypes. Over the last two decades, gene expression profiling has been used to decipher new transcripts associated with macrophage phenotypes. This chapter outlines protocols used to isolate and culture murine macrophages and how they can be "polarized" to obtain a specific phenotype. Furthermore, we describe a protocol for gene expression profiling using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), a high-standard technology in the field of gene expression.
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31
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Hulpia F, Mabille D, Campagnaro GD, Schumann G, Maes L, Roditi I, Hofer A, de Koning HP, Caljon G, Van Calenbergh S. Combining tubercidin and cordycepin scaffolds results in highly active candidates to treat late-stage sleeping sickness. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5564. [PMID: 31804484 PMCID: PMC6895180 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis is a disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei parasites with limited treatment options. Trypanosoma is unable to synthesize purines de novo and relies solely on their uptake and interconversion from the host, constituting purine nucleoside analogues a potential source of antitrypanosomal agents. Here we combine structural elements from known trypanocidal nucleoside analogues to develop a series of 3’-deoxy-7-deazaadenosine nucleosides, and investigate their effects against African trypanosomes. 3’-Deoxytubercidin is a highly potent trypanocide in vitro and displays curative activity in animal models of acute and CNS-stage disease, even at low doses and oral administration. Whole-genome RNAi screening reveals that the P2 nucleoside transporter and adenosine kinase are involved in the uptake and activation, respectively, of this analogue. This is confirmed by P1 and P2 transporter assays and nucleotide pool analysis. 3’-Deoxytubercidin is a promising lead to treat late-stage sleeping sickness. Trypanosoma brucei relies on uptake and conversion of purines from the host, which constitutes a potential drug target. Here, Hulpia et al. combine structural elements from known trypanocidal nucleoside analogues and develop a potent trypanocide with curative activity in animal models of acute and late stage sleeping sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Hulpia
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (Campus Heymans), Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Dorien Mabille
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Gustavo D Campagnaro
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Gabriela Schumann
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Isabel Roditi
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anders Hofer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Harry P de Koning
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (Campus Heymans), Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Gent, Belgium.
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32
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Yang G, Jin T, Yin S, Guo D, Zhang C, Xia X, Shi C. trans-Cinnamaldehyde mitigated intestinal inflammation induced by Cronobacter sakazakii in newborn mice. Food Funct 2019; 10:2986-2996. [PMID: 31074758 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00410f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious intestinal disease associated with a high mortality (40-60%) in newborn infants. Cronobacter sakazakii is an important factor for NEC. However, studies regarding NEC pathogenesis and therapeutic treatments are still limited. Here, a C. sakazakii-induced mouse neonatal intestinal inflammation model was employed to determine the effects of trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) on infections. TC treatment reduced the number of C. sakazakii colony-forming units in the ileal tissues and mitigated the morphological damage in intestinal tissues. Additionally, it reduced the mRNA transcription of inflammatory genes and production of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in mice infected with C. sakazakii. Moreover, TC treatment suppressed caspase-3 activity, modulated enterocyte apoptosis, and inhibited the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway activation induced by C. sakazakii. These findings suggest that TC has protective effects on C. sakazakii-induced murine intestinal inflammation and that it may be a potential agent for preventing NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoji Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China.
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33
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Selection of suitable reference genes for gene expression studies in myxosporean (Myxozoa, Cnidaria) parasites. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15073. [PMID: 31636316 PMCID: PMC6803631 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxozoans (Cnidaria: Myxozoa) are an extremely diversified group of endoparasites some of which are causative agents of serious diseases in fish. New methods involving gene expression studies have emerged over the last years to better understand and control myxozoan diseases. Quantitative RT-PCR is the most extensively used approach for gene expression studies. However, the accuracy of the results depends on the normalization of the data to reference genes. We studied the expression of eight commonly used reference genes, adenosylhomocysteinase (AHC1), beta actin (ACTB), eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (EF2), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1), DNA-directed RNA polymerase II (RPB2), 18S ribosomal RNA (18S), 28S ribosomal RNA (28S) across different developmental stages of three myxozoan species, Sphaerospora molnari, Myxobolus cerebralis and Ceratonova shasta, representing the three major myxozoan linages from the largest class Myxosporea. The stable reference genes were identified using four algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, Bestkeeper and ΔCq method. Additionally, we analyzed transcriptomic data from S. molnari proliferative and spore-forming stages to compare the relative amount of expressed transcripts with the most stable reference genes suggested by RT-qPCR. Our results revealed that GAPDH and EF2 are the most uniformly expressed genes across the different developmental stages of the studied myxozoan species.
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34
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Young AP, Landry CF, Jackson DJ, Wyeth RC. Tissue-specific evaluation of suitable reference genes for RT-qPCR in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7888. [PMID: 31637135 PMCID: PMC6798871 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is a robust technique for the quantification and comparison of gene expression. To obtain reliable results with this method, one or more reference genes must be employed to normalize expression measurements among treatments or tissue samples. Candidate reference genes must be validated to ensure that they are stable prior to use in qPCR experiments. The pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) is a common research organism, particularly in the areas of learning and memory, and is an emerging model for the study of biological asymmetry, biomineralization, and evolution and development. However, no systematic assessment of qPCR reference genes has been performed in this animal. Therefore, the aim of our research was to identify stable reference genes to normalize gene expression data from several commonly studied tissues in L. stagnalis as well as across the entire body. We evaluated a panel of seven reference genes across six different tissues in L. stagnalis with RT-qPCR. The genes included: elongation factor 1-alpha, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, beta-actin, beta-tubulin, ubiquitin, prenylated rab acceptor protein 1, and a voltage gated potassium channel. These genes exhibited a wide range of expression levels among tissues. The tissue-specific stability of each of the genes was consistent when measured by the standard stability assessment algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder. Our data indicate that the most stable reference genes vary among the tissues that we examined (central nervous system, tentacles, lips, penis, foot, mantle). Our results were generally congruent with those obtained from similar studies in other molluscs. Given that a minimum of two reference genes are recommended for data normalization, we provide suggestions for strong pairs of reference genes for single- and multi-tissue analyses of RT-qPCR data in L. stagnalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Young
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
| | - Carmen F Landry
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
| | - Daniel J Jackson
- Department of Geobiology, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Russell C Wyeth
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
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35
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Palmer N, Talib SZA, Ratnacaram CK, Low D, Bisteau X, Lee JHS, Pfeiffenberger E, Wollmann H, Tan JHL, Wee S, Sobota R, Gunaratne J, Messerschmidt DM, Guccione E, Kaldis P. CDK2 regulates the NRF1/ Ehmt1 axis during meiotic prophase I. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2896-2918. [PMID: 31350280 PMCID: PMC6719441 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201903125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmer et al. identify NRF1 as a novel CDK2 interactor and substrate. This interaction was found to be important for the DNA-binding activity of NRF1. Their findings demonstrate that the loss of CDK2 expression impairs the regulation of NRF1 transcriptional activity, leading to inappropriate transcription during meiotic division. Meiosis generates four genetically distinct haploid gametes over the course of two reductional cell divisions. Meiotic divisions are characterized by the coordinated deposition and removal of various epigenetic marks. Here we propose that nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) regulates transcription of euchromatic histone methyltransferase 1 (EHMT1) to ensure normal patterns of H3K9 methylation during meiotic prophase I. We demonstrate that cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK2) can bind to the promoters of a number of genes in male germ cells including that of Ehmt1 through interaction with the NRF1 transcription factor. Our data indicate that CDK2-mediated phosphorylation of NRF1 can occur at two distinct serine residues and negatively regulates NRF1 DNA binding activity in vitro. Furthermore, induced deletion of Cdk2 in spermatocytes results in increased expression of many NRF1 target genes including Ehmt1. We hypothesize that the regulation of NRF1 transcriptional activity by CDK2 may allow the modulation of Ehmt1 expression, therefore controlling the dynamic methylation of H3K9 during meiotic prophase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Palmer
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Zakiah A Talib
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | | | - Diana Low
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Xavier Bisteau
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Joanna Hui Si Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | | | - Heike Wollmann
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Joel Heng Loong Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sheena Wee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Radoslaw Sobota
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Jayantha Gunaratne
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Daniel M Messerschmidt
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Ernesto Guccione
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore .,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Philipp Kaldis
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore .,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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36
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The good side of inflammation: Staphylococcus aureus proteins SpA and Sbi contribute to proper abscess formation and wound healing during skin and soft tissue infections. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:2657-2670. [PMID: 31299217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the most prominent cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) worldwide. Mortality associated with invasive SSTI is a major threat to public health considering the incidence of antibiotic resistant isolates in particular methicillin resistant S. aureus both in the hospital (HA-MRSA) and in the community (CA-MRSA). To overcome the increasing difficulties in the clinical management of SSTI due to MRSA, new prophylactic and therapeutic approaches are urgently needed and a preventive vaccine would be welcome. The rational design of an anti-S. aureus vaccine requires a deep knowledge of the role that the different bacterial virulence factors play according to the type of infection. In the present study, using a set of isogenic deficient mutants and their complemented strains we determined that the staphylococcal surface proteins SpA and Sbi play an important role in the induction of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the skin during SSTI. SpA and Sbi initiate signaling cascades that lead to the early recruitment of neutrophils, modulate their lifespan in the skin milieu and contribute to proper abscess formation and bacterial eradication. Moreover, the expression of SpA and Sbi appear critical for skin repair and wound healing. Thus, these results indicate that SpA and Sbi can promote immune responses in the skin that are beneficial for the host and therefore, should not be neutralized with vaccine formulations designed to prevent SSTI.
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37
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Semaphorin 3E regulates apoptosis in the intestinal epithelium during the development of colitis. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 166:264-273. [PMID: 31170375 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorin 3E (SEMA3E) has emerged as an axon-guiding molecule that regulates various biological processes including the immune responses and apoptosis. However, its role in the pathophysiology of colitis remains elusive. We investigated the role of SEMA3E in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) activation, using biopsies from patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC), a mouse model of UC, and an in-vitro model of intestinal mucosal healing. In this study, we confirmed that the mRNA level of SEMA3E is reduced significantly in patients with UC and demonstrated a negative linear association between SEMA3E mRNA and p53-associated genes. In mice, genetic deletion of Sema3e resulted in an increase onset and severity of colitis, p53-associated genes, apoptosis, and IL-1beta production. Recombinant SEMA3E treatment protected against colitis and decreased these effects. Furthermore, in stimulated epithelial cells, recombinant SEMA3E treatment enhanced wound healing, resistance to oxidative stress and decreased apoptosis and p53-associated genes. Together, these findings identify SEMA3E as a novel regulator in intestinal inflammation that regulates IECs apoptosis and suggest a potential novel approach to treat UC.
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38
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Evaluating the applicability of mouse SINEs as an alternative normalization approach for RT-qPCR in brain tissue of the APP23 model for Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 320:128-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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39
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Kermarrec L, Eissa N, Wang H, Kapoor K, Diarra A, Gounni AS, Bernstein CN, Ghia JE. Semaphorin-3E attenuates intestinal inflammation through the regulation of the communication between splenic CD11C + and CD4 + CD25 - T-cells. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1235-1250. [PMID: 30736100 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE An alteration in the communication between the innate and adaptive immune cells is a hallmark of ulcerative colitis (UC). Semaphorin-3E (SEMA3E), a secreted guidance protein, regulates various immune responses. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We investigated the expression of SEMA3E in colonic biopsies of active UC patients and its mechanisms in Sema3e-/- mice using an experimental model of UC. KEY RESULTS SEMA3E level was decreased in active UC patients and negatively correlated with pro-inflammatory mediators. Colonic expression of SEMA3E was reduced in colitic Sema3e+/+ mice, and recombinant (rec-) Plexin-D1 treatment exacerbated disease severity. In vivo rec-SEMA3E treatment restored SEMA3E level in colitic Sema3e+/+ mice. In Sema3e-/- mice, disease severity was increased, and rec-SEMA3E ameliorated these effects. Lack of Sema3e increased the expression of CD11c and CD86 markers. Colitic Sema3e-/- splenocytes and splenic CD11c+ cells produced more IL-12/23 and IFN-γ compared to Sema3e+/+ , and rec-SEMA3E reduced their release as much as NF-κB inhibitors, whereas an NF-κB activator increased their production and attenuated the effect of rec-SEMA3E. Colitic Sema3e-/- splenic CD11c+ /CD4+ CD25- T-cell co-cultures produced higher concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-17 when compared to colitic Sema3e+/+ splenic cell co-cultures, and rec-SEMA3E decreased these effects. In vitro, anti-IL-12p19 and -12p35 antibodies and rec-IL-12 and -23 treatment confirmed the crosstalk between CD11c+ and CD4+ CD25- T-cells. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS SEMA3E is reduced in colitis and modulates colonic inflammation by regulating the interaction between CD11c+ and CD4+ CD25- T-cells via an NF-κB-dependent mechanism. Thus, SEMA3E could be a potential therapeutic target for UC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laëtitia Kermarrec
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Nour Eissa
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Children Research Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Internal Medicine Section of Gastroenterology, IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hongxing Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kunal Kapoor
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Abdoulaye Diarra
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Abdelilah S Gounni
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- Department of Internal Medicine Section of Gastroenterology, IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jean-Eric Ghia
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Children Research Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Internal Medicine Section of Gastroenterology, IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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40
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Sakurai T, Hayasaka T, Sekiguchi H, Satoh H, Chen Z, Chiba H, Hui SP. Dietary salmon milt extracts attenuate hepatosteatosis and liver dysfunction in diet-induced fatty liver model. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:1675-1681. [PMID: 30198086 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary nucleotides have several reported beneficial effects. Here, we report on a proteomic analysis of the effect of dietary nucleotides-rich salmon milt extract (SME) on the liver in a diet-induced fatty liver model. RESULTS Young male normal ddY mice were fed a normal chow diet, high carbohydrate diet (HCD), HCD containing 1% SME, or HCD containing 10% SME for 5 days following by a 2-day fast. Increased serum alanine transferase and aspartate transferase activities were observed in the HCD group and were significantly attenuated in the SME groups (P < 0.05). Hepatic steatosis was observed in all the HCD groups. Hepatic expression of Tnfα was significantly suppressed in the 10% SME group (P < 0.05). Comprehensive proteomic analysis of the liver in the SME groups revealed an increase in the levels of major proteins involved in mitochondrial bioenergetics, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 alpha, mitochondrial thioredoxin, cardiolipin synthase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I. CONCLUSION Dietary SME improved liver function in the diet-induced fatty liver model. Activation of mitochondrial biogenetic function might be involved in this process. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Sakurai
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Food and Health Research, Life Science Institute Co. Ltd and Nissei Bio Co. Ltd, Center for Food and Medical Innovation, Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hayasaka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Food and Health Research, Life Science Institute Co. Ltd and Nissei Bio Co. Ltd, Center for Food and Medical Innovation, Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sekiguchi
- Department of Food and Health Research, Life Science Institute Co. Ltd and Nissei Bio Co. Ltd, Center for Food and Medical Innovation, Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- R&D Planning and Administration Department, Life Science Institute Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Satoh
- Department of Food and Health Research, Life Science Institute Co. Ltd and Nissei Bio Co. Ltd, Center for Food and Medical Innovation, Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Research and Development division, Hokkaido Research Institute, Nissei Bio Co. Ltd, Eniwa, Japan
| | - Zhen Chen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Food and Health Research, Life Science Institute Co. Ltd and Nissei Bio Co. Ltd, Center for Food and Medical Innovation, Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Food and Health Research, Life Science Institute Co. Ltd and Nissei Bio Co. Ltd, Center for Food and Medical Innovation, Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Nutrition, Sapporo University of Health Sciences, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Food and Health Research, Life Science Institute Co. Ltd and Nissei Bio Co. Ltd, Center for Food and Medical Innovation, Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Jiang D, Ryals RC, Huang SJ, Weller KK, Titus HE, Robb BM, Saad FW, Salam RA, Hammad H, Yang P, Marks DL, Pennesi ME. Monomethyl Fumarate Protects the Retina From Light-Induced Retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:1275-1285. [PMID: 30924852 PMCID: PMC6440526 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We determine if monomethyl fumarate (MMF) can protect the retina in mice subjected to light-induced retinopathy (LIR). Methods Albino BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with 50 to 100 mg/kg MMF before or after exposure to bright white light (10,000 lux) for 1 hour. Seven days after light exposure, retinal structure and function were evaluated by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and electroretinography (ERG), respectively. Retinal histology also was performed to evaluate photoreceptor loss. Expression levels of Hcar2 and markers of microglia activation were measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in the neural retina with and without microglia depletion. At 24 hours after light exposure, retinal sections and whole mount retinas were stained with Iba1 to evaluate microglia status. The effect of MMF on the nuclear factor kB subunit 1 (NF-kB) and Nrf2 pathways was measured by qPCR and Western blot. Results MMF administered before light exposure mediated dose-dependent neuroprotection in a mouse model of LIR. A single dose of 100 mg/kg MMF fully protected retinal structure and function without side effects. Expression of the Hcar2 receptor and the microglia marker Cd14 were upregulated by LIR, but suppressed by MMF. Depleting microglia reduced Hcar2 expression and its upregulation by LIR. Microglial activation, upregulation of proinflammatory genes (Nlrp3, Caspase1, Il-1β, Tnf-α), and upregulation of antioxidative stress genes (Hmox1) associated with LIR were mitigated by MMF treatment. Conclusions MMF can completely protect the retina from LIR in BALB/c mice. Expression of Hcar2, the receptor of MMF, is microglia-dependent in the neural retina. MMF-mediated neuroprotection was associated with attenuation of microglia activation, inflammation and oxidative stress in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jiang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Renee C Ryals
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Samuel J Huang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Kyle K Weller
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Hope E Titus
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Bryan M Robb
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Firas W Saad
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Ribal A Salam
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Hytham Hammad
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Paul Yang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Daniel L Marks
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Mark E Pennesi
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
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Comparison of Reliable Reference Genes Following Different Hormone Treatments by Various Algorithms for qRT-PCR Analysis of Metasequoia. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010034. [PMID: 30577651 PMCID: PMC6337471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is the most sensitive technique for evaluating gene expression levels. Choosing appropriate reference genes for normalizing target gene expression is important for verifying expression changes. Metasequoia is a high-quality and economically important wood species. However, few systematic studies have examined reference genes in Metasequoia. Here, the expression stability of 14 candidate reference genes in different tissues and following different hormone treatments were analyzed using six algorithms. Candidate reference genes were used to normalize the expression pattern of FLOWERING LOCUS T and pyrabactin resistance-like 8. Analysis using the GrayNorm algorithm showed that ACT2 (Actin 2), HIS (histone superfamily protein H3) and TATA (TATA binding protein) were stably expressed in different tissues. ACT2, EF1α (elongation factor-1 alpha) and HIS were optimal for leaves treated with the flowering induction hormone solution, while Cpn60β (60-kDa chaperonin β-subunit), GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and HIS were the best reference genes for treated buds. EF1α, HIS and TATA were useful reference genes for accurate normalization in abscisic acid-response signaling. Our results emphasize the importance of validating reference genes for qRT-PCR analysis in Metasequoia. To avoid errors, suitable reference genes should be used for different tissues and hormone treatments to increase normalization accuracy. Our study provides a foundation for reference gene normalization when analyzing gene expression in Metasequoia.
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43
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Celiberto LS, Pinto RA, Rossi EA, Vallance BA, Cavallini DCU. Isolation and Characterization of Potentially Probiotic Bacterial Strains from Mice: Proof of Concept for Personalized Probiotics. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111684. [PMID: 30400640 PMCID: PMC6266017 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the gut microbiota through the use of probiotics has been widely used to treat or prevent several intestinal diseases. However, inconsistent results have compromised the efficacy of this approach, especially in severe conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The purpose of our study was to develop a personalized probiotic strategy and assess its efficacy in a murine model of intestinal inflammation. Commensal bacterial strains were isolated from the feces of healthy mice and then administered back to the host as a personalized treatment in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Colonic tissues were collected for histological analysis and to investigate inflammatory markers such as Il-1β, Il-6, TGF-β, and Il-10, and the enzyme myeloperoxidase as a neutrophil marker. The group that received the personalized probiotic showed reduced susceptibility to DSS-colitis as compared to a commercial probiotic. This protection was characterized by a lower disease activity index and reduced histopathological damage in the colon. Moreover, the personalized probiotic was more effective in modulating the host immune response, leading to decreased Il-1β and Il-6 and increased TGF-β and Il-10 expression. In conclusion, our study suggests that personalized probiotics may possess an advantage over commercial probiotics in treating dysbiotic-related conditions, possibly because they are derived directly from the host's own microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa S Celiberto
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Roseli Aparecida Pinto
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Elizeu Antonio Rossi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Daniela C U Cavallini
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
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Catestatin Regulates Epithelial Cell Dynamics to Improve Intestinal Inflammation. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6040067. [PMID: 30241336 PMCID: PMC6313945 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by aberrant regulation of tight junctions (TJ), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and interleukin (IL)-8/18, which lead to intestinal barrier defects. Catestatin (CST), an enterochromaffin-derived peptide, regulates immune communication and STAT-3 in the inflamed intestine. Here, we investigated the effects of CST during the development of inflammation using human biopsies from patients with active UC, human colonic epithelial cells (Caco2), and an experimental model of UC (dextran sulfate sodium [DSS]-colitis). In UC patients, the protein and mRNA level of CST was significantly decreased. Colonic expression of CST showed a strong positive linear relationship with TJ proteins and STAT3, and a strong negative correlation with IL-8 and IL-18. Intra-rectal administration of CST reduced the severity of experimental colitis, IL-18 colonic levels, maintained TJ proteins and enhanced the phosphorylation of STAT3. CST administration increased proliferation, viability, migration, TJ proteins, and p-STAT3 levels, and reduced IL-8 & IL-18 in LPS- & DSS-induced Caco2 cell epithelial injury, and the presence of STAT-3 inhibitor abolished the beneficial effect of CST. In inflammatory conditions, we conclude that CST could regulate intestinal mucosal dynamic via a potential STAT3-dependent pathway that needs to be further defined. Targeting CST in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) should be a promising therapeutic approach such as when intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis is compromised in UC patients.
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Validation and Evaluation of Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR in Macrobrachium Nipponense. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082258. [PMID: 30071669 PMCID: PMC6121487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is widely used in molecular biology, although the accuracy of the quantitative results is determined by the stability of the reference genes used. Recent studies have investigated suitable reference genes for some crustaceans under various conditions, but studies in Macrobrachium nipponense are currently lacking. In this study, we selected the following seven genes from among 35 commonly used housekeeping genes as candidate qPCR reference genes for temporal and spatial expression: EIF (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A), 18S (18S ribosomal RNA), EF-1α (elongation factor-1α), GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), TUB (α-tubulin), β-act (β-actin), and RPL18 (Ribosomal protein L18). The stability of each reference gene was evaluated by GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and comparative ∆C t methods, and was comprehensively ranked using RefFinder. RPL18 was shown to be the most suitable reference gene for adult M. nipponense tissues, while EIF was the most stable in different ovarian and embryo stages and in white spot syndrome virus infection, and β-act was the most stable reference gene under hypoxia stress. The reliability of the rankings was confirmed by RNA interference experiments. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first systematic analysis of reference genes for qPCR experiments in M. nipponense, and the results will provide invaluable information for future research in closely related crustaceans.
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Oldak B, Cruz-Rivera M, Flisser A, Mendlovic F. RNA Purity, Real-Time PCR Sensitivity, and Colon Segment Influence mRNA Relative Expression in Murine Dextran Sodium Sulfate Experimental Colitis. J Biomol Tech 2018; 29:61-70. [PMID: 30034295 DOI: 10.7171/jbt.18-2903-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model of colitis is widely used as a result of its simplicity and reproducibility and because it mimics clinicopathological disease features. Its effectiveness depends on the mouse strain, DSS MW, and brand. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) is highly sensitive for analyzing cytokine mRNA expression. We analyzed an acute model of DSS treatment in Balb/c mice for the onset of colitis using qRT-PCR for the quantification of a mouse cytokine transcript. We compared differences among 1--and 2-step qRT-PCR for transcript quantification, the effect of multiple concentrations of DSS, and the use of 2 reference genes in 3 portions of the colon. A reliable and sensitive 1-step protocol for qRT-PCR was established with a modified double LiCl precipitation for RNA isolation. The variability of 2 reference genes, β-actin and eukaryotic elongation factor 2, was compared, and expression of IL-6 was analyzed in 3 segments of the colon. The RNA cleaning protocol prevented inhibition of qRT-PCR by DSS, and RNA loss was minimized. No clinical differences among the different DSS concentrations were seen on d 7, but higher concentrations resulted in the appearance of earlier symptoms. Higher efficiency and sensitivity of the 1-step qRT-PCR reaction using eukaryotic elongation factor 2 were obtained and also less variability. Although expression levels of IL-6 were high in the middle and distal colon, the middle section had consistently less variability in values. Thus, this segment is recommended for future studies. These factors influence the statistical significance of data and need to be considered to get accurate and reliable results and to improve comparisons of the published colitis experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Oldak
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anahuac Mexico Norte, Huixquilucan, State of Mexico, Mexico; and
| | - Mayra Cruz-Rivera
- Departamento de Microbiologia y Parasitologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Flisser
- Departamento de Microbiologia y Parasitologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fela Mendlovic
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anahuac Mexico Norte, Huixquilucan, State of Mexico, Mexico; and.,Departamento de Microbiologia y Parasitologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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47
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Lightly Cooked Broccoli Is as Effective as Raw Broccoli in Mitigating Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060748. [PMID: 29890681 PMCID: PMC6024548 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary broccoli is anti-inflammatory. Past studies have typically investigated raw broccoli, even though most consumers prefer cooked broccoli, where the plant myrosinase is inactivated by heat, resulting in failure of formation of the anti-inflammatory bioactive compound sulforaphane (SF). This study compareed efficacy of lightly cooked broccoli (CB) containing greatly diminished myrosinase activity, with raw broccoli (RB), in mitigating colitis in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed for two weeks on a 10% RB, 10% CB or control diet, all based on the AIN-93M diet. Half (n = 9) of each group received drinking water, half received 2.5% DSS in water for one week, starting from Day 7 of the diet. Even with far less plant myrosinase activity, CB was essentially as effective as RB in lessening damage by DSS, evidenced by decreased disease activity index, attenuated colon length shrinkage, less endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) leakage into blood, and less severe colon lesions as assessed by histopathology. mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines indicated that broccoli anti-inflammatory action may be through inhibition of the IL-6 trans-signaling pathway, as evidenced by reversal of the DSS-increased expression of IL-6, CCR2 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1).
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48
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Mixed Bacillus Species Enhance the Innate Immune Response and Stress Tolerance in Yellow Perch Subjected to Hypoxia and Air-Exposure Stress. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6891. [PMID: 29720669 PMCID: PMC5932011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25269-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress enhances the disease susceptibility in fish by altering the innate immune responses, which are essential defense mechanisms. The use of probiotics is increasingly popular in the aquaculture industry. Yellow perch is a promising candidate for aquaculture. We investigated the efficiency of a mixed Bacillus species in minimizing the potential problems resulting from husbandry practices such as hypoxia and exposure to air in yellow perch. We showed that hypoxia and air exposure conditions induced a significant reduction in the early innate immune response (lysozyme activity, interferon-induced-GTP-binding protein-Mx1 [mx], interleukin-1β [il1β], serum amyloid-A [saa]), and a substantial increase in cortisol, heat shock protein (Hsp70), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), superoxide dismutase (Sod1) that associated with a decline in insulin-like growth factor-1 (Igf1). Mixed Bacillus species administration improved the early innate responses, reduced cortisol, Hsp70, Gpx and Sod1, and elevated Igf1 levels. Bacillus species treated group showed faster recovery to reach the baseline levels during 24 h compared to untreated group. Therefore, mixed Bacillus species may enhance yellow perch welfare by improving the stress tolerance and early innate immune response to counterbalance the various husbandry stressors. Further studies are warranted to investigate the correlations between the aquaculture practices and disease resistance in yellow perch.
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49
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Eissa N, Hussein H, Hendy GN, Bernstein CN, Ghia JE. Chromogranin-A and its derived peptides and their pharmacological effects during intestinal inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 152:315-326. [PMID: 29656116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the largest endocrine organ that produces a broad range of active peptides. Mucosal changes during inflammation alter the distribution and products of enteroendocrine cells (EECs) that play a role in immune activation and regulation of gut homeostasis by mediating communication between the nervous, endocrine and immune systems. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) typically have altered expression of chromogranin (CHG)-A (CHGA), a major soluble protein secreted by EECs that functions as a pro-hormone. CHGA gives rise to several bioactive peptides that have direct or indirect effects on intestinal inflammation. In IBD, CHGA and its derived peptides are correlated with the disease activity. In this review we describe the potential immunomodulatory roles of CHGA and its derived peptides and their clinical relevance during the progression of intestinal inflammation. Targeting CHGA and its derived peptides could be of benefit for the diagnosis and clinical management of IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Eissa
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hayam Hussein
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Geoffrey N Hendy
- Metabolic Disorders and Complications, McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jean-Eric Ghia
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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50
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Ali AY, Wu X, Eissa N, Hou S, Ghia JE, Murooka TT, Banerji V, Johnston JB, Lin F, Gibson SB, Marshall AJ. Distinct roles for phosphoinositide 3-kinases γ and δ in malignant B cell migration. Leukemia 2018; 32:1958-1969. [PMID: 29479062 PMCID: PMC6127087 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The PI 3-kinases (PI3K) are essential mediators of chemokine receptor signaling necessary for migration of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells and their interaction with tissue-resident stromal cells. While the PI3Kδ-specific inhibitor idelalisib shows efficacy in treatment of CLL and other B cell malignancies, the function of PI3Kγ has not been extensively studied in B cells. Here, we assess whether PI3Kγ has non-redundant functions in CLL migration and adhesion to stromal cells. We observed that pharmaceutical PI3Kγ inhibition with CZC24832 significantly impaired CLL cell migration, while dual PI3Kδ/γ inhibitor duvelisib had a greater impact than single isoform-selective inhibitors. Knockdown of PI3Kγ reduced migration of CLL cells and cell lines. Expression of the PI3Kγ subunits increased in CLL cells in response to CD40L/IL-4, whereas BCR cross-linking had no effect. Overexpression of PI3Kγ subunits enhanced cell migration in response to SDF1α/CXCL12, with the strongest effect observed within ZAP70 + CLL samples. Microscopic tracking of cell migration within chemokine gradients revealed that PI3Kγ functions in gradient sensing and impacts cell morphology and F-actin polarization. PI3Kγ inhibition also reduced CLL adhesion to stromal cells to a similar extent as idelalisib. These findings provide the first evidence that PI3Kγ has unique functions in malignant B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Y Ali
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada.,Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Xun Wu
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Nour Eissa
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Sen Hou
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Jean-Eric Ghia
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada.,Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Manitoba, 820 Sherbrooke St., Winnipeg, MB, R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - Thomas T Murooka
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Versha Banerji
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0V9, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - James B Johnston
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Francis Lin
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Allen Building, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Spencer B Gibson
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada.,Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0V9, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Aaron J Marshall
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada. .,Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0V9, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada.
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