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Chuliá-Peris L, Carreres-Rey C, Gabasa M, Alcaraz J, Carretero J, Pereda J. Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Pulmonary Fibrosis: EMMPRIN/CD147 Comes into Play. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136894. [PMID: 35805895 PMCID: PMC9267107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is characterized by aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, activation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and parenchymal disorganization, which have an impact on the biomechanical traits of the lung. In this context, the balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) is lost. Interestingly, several MMPs are overexpressed during PF and exhibit a clear profibrotic role (MMP-2, -3, -8, -11, -12 and -28), but a few are antifibrotic (MMP-19), have both profibrotic and antifibrotic capacity (MMP7), or execute an unclear (MMP-1, -9, -10, -13, -14) or unknown function. TIMPs are also overexpressed in PF; hence, the modulation and function of MMPs and TIMP are more complex than expected. EMMPRIN/CD147 (also known as basigin) is a transmembrane glycoprotein from the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) that was first described to induce MMP activity in fibroblasts. It also interacts with other molecules to execute non-related MMP aactions well-described in cancer progression, migration, and invasion. Emerging evidence strongly suggests that CD147 plays a key role in PF not only by MMP induction but also by stimulating fibroblast myofibroblast transition. In this review, we study the structure and function of MMPs, TIMPs and CD147 in PF and their complex crosstalk between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Chuliá-Peris
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (L.C.-P.); (C.C.-R.); (J.C.)
| | - Cristina Carreres-Rey
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (L.C.-P.); (C.C.-R.); (J.C.)
| | - Marta Gabasa
- Unit of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.G.); (J.A.)
| | - Jordi Alcaraz
- Unit of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.G.); (J.A.)
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julián Carretero
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (L.C.-P.); (C.C.-R.); (J.C.)
| | - Javier Pereda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (L.C.-P.); (C.C.-R.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Kim HY, Kim MS, Kim SH, Joen D, Lee K. Protective Effects of Nintedanib against Polyhexamethylene Guanidine Phosphate-Induced Lung Fibrosis in Mice. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23081974. [PMID: 30087305 PMCID: PMC6222351 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nintedanib (NDN), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been shown to have anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic effects in several reports. We investigated the protective effects of NDN against polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG)-induced lung fibrosis in mice. The following three experimental groups were evaluated: (1) vehicle control; (2) PHMG (1.1 mg/kg); and (3) PHMG & NDN (60 mg/kg). PHMG induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis by intratracheal instillation in mice. In contrast, NDN treatment effectively alleviated the PHMG induced lung injury, and attenuated the number of total cells and inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, including the fibrotic histopathological changes, and also reduced the hydroxyproline content. NDN also significantly decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines and fibrotic factors, and the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in lung tissues. These results suggest that NDN may mitigate the inflammatory response and development of pulmonary fibrosis in the lungs of mice treated with PHMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Young Kim
- National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30, Baekhak 1-gil, Jeongeup-si 56212, Korea.
- Department of Toxicology Evaluation, Graduate School of Pre-Clinical Laboratory Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Min-Seok Kim
- National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30, Baekhak 1-gil, Jeongeup-si 56212, Korea.
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30, Baekhak 1-gil, Jeongeup-si 56212, Korea.
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Doin Joen
- National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30, Baekhak 1-gil, Jeongeup-si 56212, Korea.
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30, Baekhak 1-gil, Jeongeup-si 56212, Korea.
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
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Cholesterol-modified Hydroxychloroquine-loaded Nanocarriers in Bleomycin-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10737. [PMID: 28878315 PMCID: PMC5587549 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11450-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of reports have suggested the use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as an adjunct anti-cancer treatment to enhance the chemotherapeutic response, as well as for the treatment of several fibrotic skin diseases and cystic fibrosis. In this study, we synthesized a cholesterol-modified HCQ (Chol-HCQ) and hypothesized that a systemic delivery system with Chol-HCQ nanocarriers could be effective for the treatment of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Chol-HCQ significantly inhibits the proliferation of rat lung fibroblasts, regulates inflammation and ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. It regulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α; reduces the infiltration of inflammatory neutrophils; and inhibits the phosphorylation of NF-κB. Chol-HCQ also reduces the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinase (p-ERK) in rats with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Chol-HCQ nanocarriers reduce early pulmonary inflammation and inhibit the CTGF/ERK signalling pathway in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. These results demonstrate that Chol-HCQ liposomes suppress pulmonary inflammation and reduce pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin. The systemic administration safety of Chol-HCQ liposomes was confirmed after intravenous administration for 28 days in rats. The present study provides evidence that Chol-HCQ liposomes may be a potential therapeutic agent for inflammation associated with pulmonary fibrosis.
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White ES, Xia M, Murray S, Dyal R, Flaherty CM, Flaherty KR, Moore BB, Cheng L, Doyle TJ, Villalba J, Dellaripa PF, Rosas IO, Kurtis JD, Martinez FJ. Plasma Surfactant Protein-D, Matrix Metalloproteinase-7, and Osteopontin Index Distinguishes Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis from Other Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 194:1242-1251. [PMID: 27149370 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201505-0862oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, fatal interstitial lung disease (ILD) characterized by abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. We hypothesized that ECM remodeling might result in a plasma profile of proteins specific for IPF that could distinguish patients with IPF from other idiopathic ILDs. OBJECTIVES To identify biomarkers that might assist in distinguishing IPF from non-IPF ILD. METHODS We developed a panel of 35 ECM, ECM-related, and lung-specific analytes measured in plasma from 86 patients with IPF (derivation cohort) and in 63 patients with IPF (validation cohort). Comparison groups included patients with rheumatoid arthritis-associated ILD (RA-ILD; n = 33), patients with alternative idiopathic ILDs (a-ILD; n = 41), and healthy control subjects (n = 127). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models identified biomarkers that differentiated patients with IPF from those with a-ILD. Both continuous and diagnostic threshold versions of biomarkers were considered; thresholds were chosen to maximize summed diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in univariate receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis. A diagnostic score was created from the most promising analytes. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Plasma surfactant protein (SP)-D > 31 ng/ml, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-7 > 1.75 ng/ml, and osteopontin > 6 ng/ml each significantly distinguished patients with IPF from patients with a-ILD, both individually and in a combined index. The odds ratio for IPF when at least one analyte in the index exceeded the threshold was 4.4 (95% confidence interval, 2.0-9.7; P = 0.0003). When at least two analytes were elevated, the odds ratio for IPF increased to 5.0 (95% confidence interval, 2.2-11.5; P = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS A biomarker index of SP-D, MMP-7, and osteopontin enhanced diagnostic accuracy in patients with IPF compared with those with non-IPF ILD. Our data suggest that this biomarker index may improve diagnostic confidence in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S White
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Meng Xia
- 2 Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Susan Murray
- 2 Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rachel Dyal
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Candace M Flaherty
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin R Flaherty
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bethany B Moore
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ling Cheng
- 3 Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | | | - Paul F Dellaripa
- 5 Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | | | - Jonathan D Kurtis
- 3 Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Fernando J Martinez
- 6 Joan and Sanford Weill Department of Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College New York, New York
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Involvement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inflammasome pathway in molecular mechanisms of fibrosis. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20160107. [PMID: 27247426 PMCID: PMC4945993 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a basic connective tissue lesion defined by the increase in the fibrillar extracellular matrix (ECM) components in tissue or organ. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a major group of proteases known to regulate the turn-over of ECM and so they are suggested to be important in tissue remodelling observed during fibrogenic process associated with chronic inflammation. Tissue remodelling is the result of an imbalance in the equilibrium of the normal processes of synthesis and degradation of ECM components markedly controlled by the MMPs/TIMP imbalance. We previously showed an association of the differences in collagen deposition in the lungs of bleomycin-treated mice with a reduced molar pro-MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio. Using the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) preclinical model of liver fibrosis in mice, we observed a significant increase in collagen deposition with increased expression and release of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 both at 24 h and 3 weeks later. This suggests an early altered regulation of matrix turnover involved in the development of fibrosis. We also demonstrated an activation of NLRP3-inflammasome pathway associated with the IL-1R/MyD88 signalling in the development of experimental fibrosis both in lung and liver. This was also associated with an increased expression of purinergic receptors mainly P2X7. Finally, these observations emphasize those effective therapies for these disorders must be given early in the natural history of the disease, prior to the development of tissue remodelling and fibrosis.
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Abuelezz SA, Hendawy N, Osman WM. Aliskiren attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats: focus on oxidative stress, advanced glycation end products, and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 389:897-909. [PMID: 27154762 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive lung disorder with high mortality rate and limited successful treatment. This study was designed to assess the potential anti-oxidant and anti-fibrotic effects of aliskiren (Alsk) during bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Male Wistar rats were used as control untreated or treated with the following: a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg of BLM endotracheally and BLM and Alsk (either low dose 30 mg/kg/day or high dose 60 mg/kg/day), and another group was given Alsk 60 mg/kg/day alone. Alsk was given by gavage. Alsk anti-oxidant and anti-fibrotic effects were assessed. BLM significantly increased relative lung weight and the levels of lactate dehydrogenase and total and differential leucocytic count in bronchoalveolar lavage that was significantly ameliorated by high-dose Alsk treatment. As markers of oxidative stress, BLM caused a significant increase in the levels of lipid peroxides and nitric oxide accompanied with a significant decrease of superoxide dismutase and glutathione transferase enzymes. High-dose Alsk treatment restored these markers toward normal values. Alsk counteracted the overexpression of advanced glycation end products, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 in lung tissue induced by BLM. Fibrosis assessed by measuring hydroxyproline content, which markedly increased in the BLM group, was also significantly reduced by Alsk. These were confirmed by histopathological and immunohistochemical examination which revealed that Alsk attenuates signs of pulmonary fibrosis and decreased the overexpressed MMP-9 and transforming growth factor β1. Collectively, these findings indicate that Alsk has a potential anti-fibrotic effect beside its anti-oxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Abuelezz
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Nevien Hendawy
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wesam M Osman
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Cervantes-Madrid D, Dueñas-González A. Antitumor effects of a drug combination targeting glycolysis, glutaminolysis and de novo synthesis of fatty acids. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1533-42. [PMID: 26134042 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a strong rationale for targeting the metabolic alterations of cancer cells. The most studied of these are the higher rates of glycolysis, glutaminolysis and de novo synthesis of fatty acids (FAs). Despite the availability of pharmacological inhibitors of these pathways, no preclinical studies targeting them simultaneously have been performed. In the present study it was determined whether three key enzymes for glycolysis, glutaminolysis and de novo synthesis of FAs, hexokinase-2, glutaminase and fatty acid synthase, respectively, were overexpressed as compared to primary fibroblasts. In addition, we showed that at clinically relevant concentrations lonidamine, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine and orlistat, known inhibitors of the mentioned enzymes, exerted a cell viability inhibitory effect. Genetic downregulation of the three enzymes also reduced cell viability. The three drugs were highly synergistic when administered as a triple combination. Of note, the cytotoxicity of the triple combination was low in primary fibroblasts and was well tolerated when administered into healthy BALB/c mice. The results suggest the feasibility and potential clinical utility of the triple metabolic targeting which merits to be further studied by using either repositioned old drugs or newer, more selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cervantes-Madrid
- Division of Basic Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Tlalpan 14080, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Dueñas-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Tlalpan 14080, Mexico
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Wang C, Li D, Qian Y, Wang J, Jing H. Increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity and mRNA expression in lung injury following cardiopulmonary bypass. J Transl Med 2012; 92:910-6. [PMID: 22449799 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether the presence of Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is associated with acute lung injury following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), we evaluated the activity and gene expression of matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) of lungs using rat model of CPB. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: Group I (underwent cannulation + heparinization only); group II (underwent 60 min of normothermic CPB); and group III (underwent 60 min of normothermic of CPB, which rats received doxycycline treat by filling stomach 1 week ahead of CPB). Lung injury was evaluated histologically. The enzyme activity of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was detected by western-blot analysis. The expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in lung tissue was assessed using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction method. We found there was significantly pulmonary edema and lung injury in groups II and III compared with group I, and the histological markers of pulmonary edema in the Group III were less pronounced in comparison with Group II. The MMP-9 activity and gene expression were increased significantly, but the TIMP-1 increased slowly in group II, and the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 was imbalanced severely. More significantly, the MMP-9 decreased significantly and the TIMP-1 mRNA increased gradually in group III compared with group II, and the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 was improved significantly. We concluded MMP-9 might have an important role in acute lung injury following CPB. TIMP-1 increased in the rats treated with doxycycline ahead and might compensate for the activity of MMP-9. The doxycycline might have the protective effect against acute lung injury following CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changtian Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Vohwinkel CU, Lecuona E, Sun H, Sommer N, Vadász I, Chandel NS, Sznajder JI. Elevated CO(2) levels cause mitochondrial dysfunction and impair cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:37067-76. [PMID: 21903582 PMCID: PMC3199454 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.290056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated CO(2) concentrations (hypercapnia) occur in patients with severe lung diseases. Here, we provide evidence that high CO(2) levels decrease O(2) consumption and ATP production and impair cell proliferation independently of acidosis and hypoxia in fibroblasts (N12) and alveolar epithelial cells (A549). Cells exposed to elevated CO(2) died in galactose medium as well as when glucose-6-phosphate isomerase was knocked down, suggesting mitochondrial dysfunction. High CO(2) levels led to increased levels of microRNA-183 (miR-183), which in turn decreased expression of IDH2 (isocitrate dehydrogenase 2). The high CO(2)-induced decrease in cell proliferation was rescued by α-ketoglutarate and overexpression of IDH2, whereas proliferation decreased in normocapnic cells transfected with siRNA for IDH2. Also, overexpression of miR-183 decreased IDH2 (mRNA and protein) as well as cell proliferation under normocapnic conditions, whereas inhibition of miR-183 rescued the normal proliferation phenotype in cells exposed to elevated levels of CO(2). Accordingly, we provide evidence that high CO(2) induces miR-183, which down-regulates IDH2, thus impairing mitochondrial function and cell proliferation. These results are of relevance to patients with hypercapnia such as those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, cystic fibrosis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine U. Vohwinkel
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Memorial Hospital, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60614, and
| | - Emilia Lecuona
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Haying Sun
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Natascha Sommer
- the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - István Vadász
- the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Navdeep S. Chandel
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Jacob I. Sznajder
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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García-Alvarez J, Ramirez R, Checa M, Nuttall RK, Sampieri CL, Edwards DR, Selman M, Pardo A. TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE-3 IS UP-REGULATED BY TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-β1 IN VITRO AND EXPRESSED IN FIBROBLASTIC FOCI IN VIVO IN IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Exp Lung Res 2009; 32:201-14. [PMID: 16908447 DOI: 10.1080/01902140600817481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by fibroblast expansion and extracellular matrix accumulation. However, the mechanisms involved in matrix remodeling have not been elucidated. In this study, the authors aimed to evaluate the expression of the tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in human fibroblasts and whole tissues from IPF and normal lungs. They also determined the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in TIMP3 expression. TIMP1, TIMP2, and TIMP3 were highly expressed in lung fibroblasts. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, a profibrotic mediator, induced strong up-regulation of TIMP3 at the mRNA and protein levels. The authors examined whether the MAPK pathway was involved in TGF-beta1-induced TIMP3 expression. TGF-beta1 induced the phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2. Biochemical blockade of p38 by SB203580, but not of the ERK MAPK pathway, inhibited the effect of this factor. The effect was also blocked by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein and by antagonizing TGF-beta1 receptor type I (activin-linked kinase [ALK5]). In IPF tissues TIMP3 gene expression was significantly increased and the protein was localized to fibroblastic foci and extracellular matrix. Our findings suggest that TGF-beta1-induced TIMP3 may be an important mediator in lung fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Alvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, México
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Vuga LJ, Ben-Yehudah A, Kovkarova-Naumovski E, Oriss T, Gibson KF, Feghali-Bostwick C, Kaminski N. WNT5A is a regulator of fibroblast proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 41:583-9. [PMID: 19251946 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0201oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) is a specific histopathologic pattern of interstitial lung fibrosis that may be idiopathic or secondary to autoimmune diseases and environmental exposures. In this study, we compared gene expression patterns in primary fibroblasts isolated from lung tissues with UIP histology and fibroblasts isolated from lung tissues with normal histology using expression microarrays. We found that WNT5A was significantly increased in fibroblasts obtained from UIP lung tissues compared with normal lung fibroblasts, an observation verified by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. Because the role of WNT5A in UIP is unknown, we treated normal lung fibroblasts or UIP lung fibroblasts with WNT5A, and found that WNT5A increased proliferation as well as relative resistance to H2O2-induced apoptosis. This effect was not mediated through the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway, as WNT5A induced a decrease in beta-catenin levels in the same cells. In addition, WNT5A induced increases in fibronectin and alpha(5)-integrin in normal lung fibroblasts. Collectively, our data suggest that WNT5A may play a role in fibroblast expansion and survival characteristics of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other fibrotic interstitial lung diseases that exhibit UIP histological patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Vuga
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Diseases, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Aoki T, Yamasawa F, Kawashiro T, Shibata T, Ishizaka A, Urano T, Okada Y. Effects of long-term low-dose oxygen supplementation on the epithelial function, collagen metabolism and interstitial fibrogenesis in the guinea pig lung. Respir Res 2008; 9:37. [PMID: 18439301 PMCID: PMC2377243 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-9-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The patient population receiving long-term oxygen therapy has increased with the rising morbidity of COPD. Although high-dose oxygen induces pulmonary edema and interstitial fibrosis, potential lung injury caused by long-term exposure to low-dose oxygen has not been fully analyzed. This study was designed to clarify the effects of long-term low-dose oxygen inhalation on pulmonary epithelial function, edema formation, collagen metabolism, and alveolar fibrosis. Methods Guinea pigs (n = 159) were exposed to either 21% or 40% oxygen for a maximum of 16 weeks, and to 90% oxygen for a maximum of 120 hours. Clearance of inhaled technetium-labeled diethylene triamine pentaacetate (Tc-DTPA) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid-to-serum ratio (BAL/Serum) of albumin (ALB) were used as markers of epithelial permeability. Lung wet-to-dry weight ratio (W/D) was measured to evaluate pulmonary edema, and types I and III collagenolytic activities and hydroxyproline content in the lung were analyzed as indices of collagen metabolism. Pulmonary fibrotic state was evaluated by histological quantification of fibrous tissue area stained with aniline blue. Results The clearance of Tc-DTPA was higher with 2 week exposure to 40% oxygen, while BAL/Serum Alb and W/D did not differ between the 40% and 21% groups. In the 40% oxygen group, type I collagenolytic activities at 2 and 4 weeks and type III collagenolytic activity at 2 weeks were increased. Hydroxyproline and fibrous tissue area were also increased at 2 weeks. No discernible injury was histologically observed in the 40% group, while progressive alveolar damage was observed in the 90% group. Conclusion These results indicate that epithelial function is damaged, collagen metabolism is affected, and both breakdown of collagen fibrils and fibrogenesis are transiently induced even with low-dose 40% oxygen exposure. However, these changes are successfully compensated even with continuous exposure to low-dose oxygen. We conclude that long-term low-dose oxygen exposure does not significantly induce permanent lung injury in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Aoki
- Respiratory Division, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan.
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13
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Ouchi H, Fujita M, Ikegame S, Ye Q, Inoshima I, Harada E, Kuwano K, Nakanishi Y. The role of collagenases in experimental pulmonary fibrosis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2007; 21:401-8. [PMID: 18060817 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression plays a critical role in extracellular matrix deposition. Although several pieces of evidence have so far indicated that gelatinase contributes to the development of pulmonary fibrosis, the role of collagenase remains uncertain. In this study, we attempted to determine the role of collagenase using a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. Bleomycin was instilled into mice intratracheally. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) specimens were analyzed for gelatin and casein zymography, as well as by immunoblotting. The histology of the lungs and hydroxyproline contents were also assessed. MMPs inhibitor, CGS27023A, was simultaneously orally administered. Collagenases were induced in BAL fluids after bleomycin administration based on the data of zymography and immunohistochemistry. The co-administration of MMPs inhibitor, CGS27023A, with bleomycin resulted in worsening pulmonary fibrosis with inhibition of collagenase. The worsening of pulmonary fibrosis was mainly induced by CGS27023A administration in the late phase of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis development, but not in the early phase. The present data indicated that collagenase plays an anti-fibrotic role in the bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. Collagenase has a greater effect on fibrosis phase than inflammatory phase in the bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ouchi
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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14
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Fibrotic response as a distinguishing feature of resistance and susceptibility to pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. Infect Immun 2007; 76:78-88. [PMID: 17938213 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00369-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The differential susceptibility of inbred mouse strains DBA/2J (susceptible) and C57BL/6J (resistant) to pulmonary tuberculosis following aerosol infection is under complex genetic control. In this report, transcriptional profiling with RNAs from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected lungs was used to investigate the physiological response, cell type, and biochemical pathways underlying differential susceptibility to infection. Statistical analysis of cDNA-based microarrays revealed that 1,097 transcripts showed statistically significant changes in abundance (changes of > or = 1.5-fold) in at least one of four experimental group comparisons (C57BL/6J [day 0] versus DBA/2J [day 0] mice, C57BL/6J [day 90] versus DBA/2J [day 90] mice, C57BL/6J [day 90] versus C57BL/6J [day 0] mice, or DBA/2J [day 90] versus DBA/2J [day 0] mice). A group of genes showing very high degrees of significance (changes of > or = 2.0-fold) displayed enrichment for transcripts associated with tissue remodeling and the fibrotic response. The differential expression of fibrotic response genes (Sparc, Col1a1, Col1a2, Col4a1, and Col4a2) in the infected lungs of the two mouse strains was validated by another microarray platform (Affymetrix oligonucleotide chips) and by reverse transcription-PCR. Furthermore, the differential expression of additional genes known to be associated with fibrosis (Mmp2, Timp1, and Arg1) was also validated by these approaches. Overall, these results identify the differential fibrotic response as a pathological basis for the high susceptibility of DBA/2J mice to pulmonary tuberculosis.
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15
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Yucesoy B, Luster MI. Genetic susceptibility in pneumoconiosis. Toxicol Lett 2007; 168:249-54. [PMID: 17161563 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A large number of cellular mediators such as cytokines, antioxidants and growth factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. Common functional polymorphisms in these genes have been shown to influence individual susceptibility to these diseases. Silicosis, coal worker pneumoconiosis, progressive massive fibrosis and berylliosis are examples of fibrotic pneumoconiosis and are characterized by irreversible fibrotic lesions in the lung resulting from chronic dust inhalation. Although the materials are the major contributory factors of the disease pathogenesis, not all individuals exposed to similar levels develop disease. This suggests that there is a genetic predisposition to their development. Therefore, an understanding of genetic variability and the interaction between genetic and environmental factors is crucial to the identification of high-risk individuals and prevention and treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berran Yucesoy
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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16
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Yoshimura S, Nishimura Y, Nishiuma T, Yamashita T, Kobayashi K, Yokoyama M. Overexpression of nitric oxide synthase by the endothelium attenuates bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis and impairs MMP-9/TIMP-1 balance. Respirology 2006; 11:546-56. [PMID: 16916326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2006.00894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) produced by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) is thought to effect an anti-inflammatory response, but its mechanism is still unknown. METHODS eNOS transgenic (eNOS-TG) mice and their littermate controls (C57/BL6) were used to clarify the role of NO derived from eNOS. Bleomycin hydrochloride (1 U/body/day) or PBS was injected intraperitoneally. RESULTS Subpleural fibrotic changes and hydroxyproline content in the eNOS-TG mice were significantly reduced compared with those of the wild-type (WT) mice by day 56. Administration of N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a potent inhibitor of NO synthase, worsened the fibrotic response in bleomycin-treated eNOS-TG mice. Gelatinolytic activity in lung homogenates, corresponding to metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), was significantly increased in bleomycin-injured WT mice on day 14. In contrast, the level of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), an endogenous MMP-9 inhibitor, was increased in the bleomycin-treated eNOS-TG mice compared with WT. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were strongly expressed in inflammatory cells, including subpleural fibrotic lesions. CONCLUSION These data suggested that eNOS overexpression attenuates bleomycin-induced lung injury by ameliorating the MMP-9/TIMP-1 balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Yoshimura
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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17
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Sinuani I, Averbukh Z, Gitelman I, Rapoport MJ, Sandbank J, Albeck M, Sredni B, Weissgarten J. Mesangial cells initiate compensatory renal tubular hypertrophy via IL-10-induced TGF-β secretion: effect of the immunomodulator AS101 on this process. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 291:F384-94. [PMID: 16571592 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00418.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the role of IL-10 produced by the mesangial cells in postnephrectomy compensatory renal growth and the effect of the immunomodulator AS101 on this process. One hundred forty unilateral nephrectomized and sham-operated male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated by AS101 or PBS before and after surgery. The results show that secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β by mesangial cells isolated from the remaining kidneys was increased significantly, compared with those of control and sham animals. Moreover, TGF-β secretion by mesangial cells was increased after the addition of exogenous recombinant IL-10 and inhibited in the presence of neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibodies. In vivo, compensatory growth of the remaining kidneys was associated with significant increase in IL-10 content in renal tissues and plasma. Immunohistochemical studies show that IL-10 was produced by mesangial cells. Elevated IL-10 levels were followed by the rise in TGF-β content in plasma and renal tissue. AS101 treatment decreased IL-10 and TGF-β expression in plasma and kidney tissues and results in 25% reduction in the fresh and fractional kidney weight and decreased hypertrophy of tubular cells (protein/DNA ratio, morphometric analysis). Taken together, these data demonstrate that TGF-β production by mesangial cells is IL-10 dependent. Mesangial cells are the major source of IL-10 in kidneys. AS101, by inhibiting the activity of IL-10, decreases TGF-β production by mesangial cells, thus limiting compensatory tubular cell hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Sinuani
- Nephrology Division, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, 70300 Zerifin, Israel
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18
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Kaarteenaho-Wiik R, Lammi L, Lakari E, Kinnula VL, Risteli J, Ryhänen L, Pääkkö P. Localization of precursor proteins and mRNA of type I and III collagens in usual interstitial pneumonia and sarcoidosis. J Mol Histol 2006; 36:437-46. [PMID: 16521042 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-006-9018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess and compare the accumulation and distribution of newly synthesized type I and III collagens in usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) and pulmonary sarcoidosis. Lung biopsies from 10 patients with UIP and 13 patients with sarcoidosis were investigated by immunohistochemical technique and mRNA in situ hybridization. The antibodies for the aminoterminal propeptide of type I procollagen and the aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PINP and PIIINP, respectively) were used. When compared to healthy lung, levels of type I pN- and type III pN-collagens were increased in both of these disorders. Type I procollagen was mostly present as intracellular spots in newly formed fibrosis in UIP while type III pN-collagen was expressed extracellularly underneath metaplastic alveolar epithelium. Type I procollagen was present intracellularly within and around the granulomas of sarcoidosis, whereas type III pN-collagen was expressed extracellularly, mainly around the granulomas. mRNAs of both collagens colocalized with the precursor proteins. We conclude that the expression of precursor proteins and mRNA of type I and type III collagens is increased in UIP and sarcoidosis, reflecting mainly active synthesis of these collagens in different areas of the lung.
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Mizuguchi S, Takemura S, Minamiyama Y, Kodai S, Tsukioka T, Inoue K, Okada S, Suehiro S. S-allyl cysteine attenuated CCl4-induced oxidative stress and pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Biofactors 2006; 26:81-92. [PMID: 16614485 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520260108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examined effects of S-allyl cysteine (SAC) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced interstitial pulmonary fibrosis in Wistar rats. CCl4 (0.5 ml/kg) was intraperitoneally injected into rats twice a week for 8 weeks, and SAC (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg), N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, 200 or 600 mg/kg), or L-cysteine (CYS, 600 mg/kg) were orally administrated to rats everyday for 8 weeks. SAC significantly reduced the increases of transforming growth factor beta, lipid peroxides, AST, and ALT in plasma, induced by CCl4. Although CCl4 is mainly metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450, CCl4 induced systemic inflammation and some organ fibrosis. SAC dose-dependently and significantly attenuated CCl4-induced systemic inflammation and fibrosis of lung. SAC also inhibited the decrease of thiol levels, the increase of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, the infiltration of leukocytes, and the generation of reactive oxygen species in lungs. Although NAC and CYS attenuated CCl4-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis, the order of preventive potency was SAC > NAC > CYS according to their applied doses. These results indicate that SAC is more effective than other cysteine compounds in reducing CCl4-induced lung injury, and might be useful in prevention of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjiro Mizuguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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20
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Abstract
In this comprehensive review, two very closely related interstitial pneumonias are discussed: the cryptogenic form of organizing pneumonia (COP); and secondary forms of organizing pneumonia (OP), which occur in association with identifiable medical conditions. Some newer and lesser known of these associated conditions are described, most importantly post-radiation OP.Rapidly progressive, corticosteroid-resistant and poor prognostic forms of OP have been described. These types purportedly occur more frequently in secondary OP. However, OPs frequently coexist with other interstitial pneumonias, especially when associated with connective tissue diseases. Therefore, tissue sampling error or an incorrect morphologic diagnosis can be the basis for the occurrence of clinically aggressive OPs. By using the 2002 American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society diagnostic criteria, some pre-2002 cases reported as OP would be re-classified today.Although COP is considered to have a good prognosis and to be corticosteroid responsive, approximately 70% of patients, treated with corticosteroids, relapse even during initial treatment. Multiple and late relapses occur in about one-third of the patients. We performed a meta-analysis of second-line treatment options for corticosteroid-refractory forms of OP. Three alternative nonsteroid agents - cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and cyclosporin - have been used in combination with corticosteroids. On careful review, in a number of cases reported as secondary OP, other histologic interstitial patterns besides OP were described. The need for second-line therapy in these patients might have been dictated by the non-organizing pneumonic component. Most of the scant number of reports come from outside the US. World experience with these is limited, but good clinical outcomes have been noted, even in patients with interstitial patterns in addition to OP.The initiation of the OP tissue response in the bronchiolar and sub-bronchiolar location may be due to the presence of bronchiolar-associated lymphoid tissue found at the bifurcations of the bronchioles. Inhaled antigens stimulate granulocyte colony stimulating factor-mediated airway inflammation, followed later by CD44-mediated clearance. Repair requires intrabronchiolar formation of granulation tissue and a favorable ratio of matrix metalloproteinase to tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (MMP : TIMP) within the stroma. This reparative milieu allows extracellular matrix degradation and re-synthesis to occur. MMP-expressing fibroblasts then phagocytose the collagen fibrils and microfibrils produced earlier in repair, reversing the initial fibrosis.
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21
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Hetzel M, Bachem M, Anders D, Trischler G, Faehling M. Different effects of growth factors on proliferation and matrix production of normal and fibrotic human lung fibroblasts. Lung 2005; 183:225-37. [PMID: 16211459 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-004-2534-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES AND METHODS In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), proliferation of fibroblasts and increased matrix deposition result in pulmonary damage and respiratory insufficiency. We cultured human fibroblasts from lung biopsies of healthy adults and of three patients with IPF (histologically usual interstital pneumonitis, UIP) in order to compare proliferation ([(3)H]thymidine incorporation, cell count) and matrix protein expression (immune fluorescence, quantification of fibronectin synthesis using time-resolved immune fluorescence) of normal and UIP fibroblasts in response to various growth factors. FINDINGS The growth factors platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta(1)), and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) stimulate proliferation of normal lung fibroblasts significantly more than proliferation of UIP fibroblasts. Immunofluorescence reveals extensive expression of collagen I, collagen III, and fibronectin induced by serum, TGFbeta(1), and TNFalpha. This expression is more pronounced in UIP fibroblasts than in normal fibroblasts. Quantification of fibronectin synthesis reveals an enhanced fibronectin synthesis by UIP fibroblasts in response to PDGF, EGF, IGF-1, IGF-2, TNFalpha, TGFbeta(1), and FGF-2). CONCLUSIONS Fibroblasts from normal and UIP lungs differ in their response to growth factors: Whereas normal fibroblasts show a predominantly proliferative response, UIP fibroblasts show an enhanced synthetic activity. Different fibroblast responses may contribute to progressive pulmonary fibrosis in patients with UIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hetzel
- Abt. Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
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22
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Lagente V, Manoury B, Nénan S, Le Quément C, Martin-Chouly C, Boichot E. Role of matrix metalloproteinases in the development of airway inflammation and remodeling. Braz J Med Biol Res 2005; 38:1521-30. [PMID: 16172745 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2005001000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a major group of proteases known to regulate extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover and so they have been suggested to be important in the process of lung disease associated with tissue remodeling. This has led to the concept that modulation of airway remodeling including excessive proteolysis damage to the tissue may be of interest for future treatment. Within the MMP family, macrophage elastase (MMP-12) is able to degrade ECM components such as elastin and is involved in tissue remodeling processes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease including emphysema. Pulmonary fibrosis has an aggressive course and is usually fatal within an average of 3 to 6 years after the onset of symptoms. Pulmonary fibrosis is associated with deposition of ECM components in the lung interstitium. The excessive airway remodeling as a result of an imbalance in the equilibrium of the normal processes of synthesis and degradation of ECM components could justify anti-protease treatments. Indeed, the correlation of the differences in hydroxyproline levels in the lungs of bleomycin-treated mice strongly suggests that a reduced molar pro-MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is associated with collagen deposition, beginning as early as the inflammatory events at day 1 after bleomycin administration. Finally, these observations emphasize that effective treatment of these disorders must be started early during the natural history of the disease, prior to the development of extensive lung destruction and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lagente
- INSERM U620, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Basic information as well as more recent concepts regarding cryptogenic organizing pneumonia and secondary forms of the disease. RECENT FINDINGS More recently described and less well recognized illnesses associated with organizing pneumonia, such as organizing pneumonia associated with radiation, are enumerated. In vitro studies from separate laboratories are integrated to create a proposed model of the pathogenesis and repair mechanisms that occur in organizing pneumonias. Using current criteria, we note other interstitial lung processes, in addition to organizing pneumonia, are present in some earlier reports. SUMMARY Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia has been reported to respond to corticosteroids with clinico-radiographic resolution in 70-80% of cases. Treatment duration is lengthy, and despite this, recurrences and late recurrences are common. Rapidly progressive, steroid resistant and poor prognostic forms of organizing pneumonia have been described and have been reported more frequently with secondary organizing pneumonia. Since other histologic interstitial patterns often coexist with organizing pneumonia, tissue sampling error or an incorrect morphologic diagnosis can be the reason for aggressive clinical behavior. Steroid nonresponsive patients have been treated with secondary non-steroidal agents. Good clinical outcomes have been reported. Inhaled antigens stimulate GM-CSF-mediated airway inflammation in organizing pneumonia. Repair requires the following: granulation tissue, upon which re-epithelialization occurs; a favorable stromal ratio of matrix metalloproteinase to tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase; concurrent resolution of inflammation; and stromal fibroblast ingestion of collagen produced earlier in repair, reversing the initial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Schlesinger
- Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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24
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Edwards ST, Cruz AC, Donnelly S, Dazin PF, Schulman ES, Jones KD, Wolters PJ, Hoopes C, Dolganov GM, Fang KC. c-Kit immunophenotyping and metalloproteinase expression profiles of mast cells in interstitial lung diseases. J Pathol 2005; 206:279-90. [PMID: 15887294 DOI: 10.1002/path.1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diverse interstitial lung diseases (ILD) demonstrate mesenchymal infiltration by an abundance of activated mast cells whose role in parenchymal fibrogenesis remains unclear. Since mast cells differentiate in a dynamic, tissue-specific manner via signals transduced by c-Kit receptor, we examined the effect of ILD microenvironments on c-Kit expression and metalloproteinase phenotypes of mesenchymal mast cell populations. Immunohistochemical and flow cytometric analyses characterized surface expression of c-Kit on mast cells in tissues obtained from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, systemic sclerosis, sarcoidosis, and lymphangioleiomyomatosis, thus identifying a unique immunophenotype not shared by normal lung mast cells. Isolation of c-Kit+/FcepsilonRI+/CD34- mast cells via immunocytometric sorting of heterogeneous cell populations from mechanically disaggregated lung tissues permitted analysis of gene expression patterns by two-step real-time polymerase chain reaction. Transcriptional profiling identified expression of c-Kit and the neutral serine proteases, tryptase and chymase, establishing the identity of sorted populations as mature mast cells. Mast cells harvested from ILD tissues demonstrated characteristic metalloproteinase phenotypes which included expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM)-9, -10, and -17. Immunohistochemical co-localization guided by gene profiling data confirmed expression of chymase, MMP-1, and ADAM-17 protein in subpopulations of mast cells in remodelling interstitium. Gene profiling of harvested mast cells also showed increased transcript copy numbers for TNFalpha and CC chemokine receptor 2, which play critical roles in lung injury. We conclude that ILD microenvironments induce unique c-Kit receptor and metalloproteinase mast cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Edwards
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0911, USA
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25
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Westergren-Thorsson G, Sime P, Jordana M, Gauldie J, Särnstrand B, Malmström A. Lung fibroblast clones from normal and fibrotic subjects differ in hyaluronan and decorin production and rate of proliferation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 36:1573-84. [PMID: 15147736 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2004] [Revised: 01/02/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Development of fibrosis involves an increase in the deposition of connective tissue components including collagens, fibronectin and proteoglycans. One hypothesis to account for matrix deposition in fibrosis is that fibroblast with differing matrix producing capacity are involved in the fibrotic process. To test this hypothesis, primary fibroblast cultures and clones derived from these primary lines were established from the lung tissue of control patients and patients with pulmonary fibrosis. The primary lines and derived clones were studied in relation to their capacity to proliferate and to produce proteoglycans and hyaluronan. Primary fibroblast cultures and clones from normal subjects and patients with lung fibrosis differed considerably, with up to 13-fold difference, in both hyaluronan and proteoglycan production. The major proteoglycan produced was decorin in both controls and cultures from fibrotic patients, while cultures from patients with lung fibrosis had a higher expression of mRNA for both collagen and decorin. Clones derived from a primary line from a fibrotic patient secreted 3-fold greater amounts of decorin than those from a control subject. Furthermore, a negative correlation between proliferation and synthesis of decorin was noted. We suggest that different fibroblast clones accumulate in the lung, and that specific cell populations of high decorin producing fibroblasts may exist which are crucial in the pathogenesis of fibrosis.
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26
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Nakoman C, Resmi H, Ay O, Acikel U, Atabey N, Güner G. Effects of basic fibroblast factor (bFGF) on MMP-2, TIMP-2, and type-I collagen levels in human lung carcinoma fibroblasts. Biochimie 2005; 87:343-51. [PMID: 15781321 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2004.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP's) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP's) possess a preponderant role in the metabolism of the major extracellular matrix protein, collagen, and are thought to be important in the mechanism of tumor invasion. Lung cancer occupies the first position in mortality and the second position in incidence, among all cancers. In the present investigation, we studied the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on collagen, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and tissue metalloproteinase inhibitor-2 (TIMP-2) levels in normal and carcinoma lung tissue fibroblast cultures. MMP-2 was selected because of its high specificity in the degradation of type IV collagen, major component of the basal membrane. The effect of bFGF on MMP-2, TIMP-2, total collagen, and type I collagen levels of normal and carcinoma lung fibroblast cultures was investigated at 0, 10, and 100 ng/ml. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Mann-Whitney-U test and possible correlations were searched using the Spearman correlation analysis method. MMP-2, TIMP-2, total collagen, and type-1 collagen levels based on cell counts (10(3) cells) showed no statistically significant differences between the carcinoma and normal fibroblast cultures. However, positive correlations were found between MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in normal (P = 0.016) and carcinoma (P = 0.001) tissue fibroblast cultures. Positive correlations were also found between total collagen and TIMP-2 levels in normal and carcinoma tissue fibroblast cultures (P = 0.002 and P = 0.032). Total collagen and TIMP-2 levels also showed positive and strong correlations in all cultures except in 100 ng/ml bFGF concentrations. In addition, type I collagen and MMP-2 levels showed positive significant correlations only in normal and carcinoma control cultures, while type I collagen and TIMP-2 levels showed positive correlations in all cultures except carcinoma fibroblasts at 100 ng/ml bFGF. It may be concluded that bFGF does not affect MMP-2, TIMP-2, total collagen, and type-1 collagen levels in fibroblast cultures grown from human carcinoma and normal lung tissues. However, bFGF was noted, in vitro, to disturb the equilibrium which normally exists between the four parameters, both in normal and carcinoma tissue fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nakoman
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, Inciralti 35340, Izmir, Turkey
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27
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Bonniaud P, Kolb M, Galt T, Robertson J, Robbins C, Stampfli M, Lavery C, Margetts PJ, Roberts AB, Gauldie J. Smad3 null mice develop airspace enlargement and are resistant to TGF-beta-mediated pulmonary fibrosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2099-108. [PMID: 15265946 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.3.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 plays a key role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, mediating extracellular matrix (ECM) gene expression through a series of intracellular signaling molecules, including Smad2 and Smad3. We show that Smad3 null mice (knockout (KO)) develop progressive age-related increases in the size of alveolar spaces, associated with high spontaneous presence of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-9 and MMP-12) in the lung. Moreover, transient overexpression of active TGF-beta 1 in lungs, using adenoviral vector-mediated gene transfer, resulted in progressive pulmonary fibrosis in wild-type mice, whereas no fibrosis was seen in the lungs of Smad3 KO mice up to 28 days. Significantly higher levels of matrix components (procollagen 3A1, connective tissue growth factor) and antiproteinases (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1) were detected in wild-type lungs 4 days after TGF-beta 1 administration, while no such changes were seen in KO lungs. These data suggest a pivotal role of the Smad3 pathway in ECM metabolism. Basal activity of the pathway is required to maintain alveolar integrity and ECM homeostasis, but excessive signaling through the pathway results in fibrosis characterized by inhibited degradation and enhanced ECM deposition. The Smad3 pathway is involved in pathogenic mechanisms mediating tissue destruction (lack of repair) and fibrogenesis (excessive repair).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bonniaud
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Tatekawa Y, Kanehiro H, Hisanaga M, Nakajima Y. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1: expression in the lung of fetal rats with nitrofen-induced diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Surg Int 2003; 19:25-8. [PMID: 12721718 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-002-0890-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2002] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The surrounding extracellular matrix of airway wall tissues changes in response to mechanical stresses and hypoxia. The presence of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and its inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), is correlated with collagen degradation and tissue repair in lung disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in the lung of fetal rats with nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Administering 100 mg of nitrofen dissolved in 1 ml olive oil to pregnant Wistar rats on day 9 of gestation induced left-sided CDH in fetal rats. In control animals, the same dose of olive oil was given without nitrofen. Cesarean section was performed on day 21 of gestation. The fetuses were divided into two groups: normal controls (n = 10) and nitrofen-induced left-sided CDH (n = 10). Immunoreactivity of the staining for MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in the lung tissues was semiquantitatively analyzed using the staining scores. The relative amount of MMP-9 or TIMP-1 divided by the amount of beta-actin for each lung sample was measured by using the real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The immunoreactivity of MMP-9 was significantly increased in the CDH group (n = 5) compared with the control group (n = 5) (p = 0.031). On the other hand, the immunoreactivity of TIMP-1 in the two groups was not significantly different (n = 0.134). The relative amount of MMP-9 (or TIMP-1) in the CDH group (n = 5) does not differ significantly from that in the control group (n = 5) (p = 0.059, 0.596, respectively), but the relative amount of MMP-9 is higher in the CDH group, although it is not significantly higher. On the other hand, the ratios of MMP-9 to TIMP-1 were significantly higher in the CDH group (p = 0.028). In conclusion, fetal rats with nitrofen-induced CDH, a model of respiratory disorders, manifested the excess of MMP-9 activity due to the absence of TIMP-1 that would suggest a trend toward disruption of the extracellular matrix in the CDH lung tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tatekawa
- First Department of Surgery, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
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Belperio JA, Dy M, Burdick MD, Xue YY, Li K, Elias JA, Keane MP. Interaction of IL-13 and C10 in the pathogenesis of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 27:419-27. [PMID: 12356575 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0009oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial stimulus for inflammatory cell recruitment and the mechanisms responsible for the perpetuation and evolution of chronic inflammation, granulation tissue formation, and fibrosis have not been fully elucidated. Although interleukin (IL)-13, a Th2 cytokine, has been shown to have direct effects on fibroblasts that support fibroproliferation, it is also a potent inducer of a novel CC chemokine, C10, which is chemotactic for mononuclear phagocytes. The macrophage/mononuclear phagocyte has been shown to have a role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, serving as an important source of growth factors that regulate extracellular matrix synthesis. In this study we demonstrate that IL-13 and C10 are elevated in the pathogenesis of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Neutralization of IL-13, but not IL-4, attenuated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and levels of C10, suggesting that IL-13 has an important role in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. IL-13 is a potent inducer of C10 in vivo, and neutralization of C10 attenuated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and intrapulmonary macrophage numbers. This suggests that IL-13 has a role in the development of pulmonary fibrosis that is independent of its direct effect on fibroblasts and is evidence for an interaction between Th2 cytokines and specific CC chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Belperio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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30
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Dik WA, De Krijger RR, Bonekamp L, Naber BA, Zimmermann LJ, Versnel MA. Localization and potential role of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 and -2 in different phases of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Res 2001; 50:761-6. [PMID: 11726737 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200112000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) can evolve in prematurely born infants who require mechanical ventilation because of hyaline membrane disease (HMD). The development of BPD can be divided in an acute, a regenerative, a transitional, and a chronic phase. During these different phases, extensive remodeling of the lung parenchyma with re-epithelialization of the alveoli and formation of fibrosis occurs. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) is an enzyme that is involved in re-epithelialization processes, and dysregulation of MMP-1 activity contributes to fibrosis. Localization of MMP-1 and its inhibitors, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2, were investigated in lung tissue obtained from infants who died during different phases of BPD development. In all studied cases (n = 50) type-II pneumocytes were found to be immunoreactive for MMP-1, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2. During the acute and regenerative phase of BPD, type-II pneumocytes re-epithelialize the injured alveoli. This may suggest that MMP-1 and its inhibitors, expressed by type-II pneumocytes, play a role in the re-epithelialization process after acute lung injury. Although MMP-1 staining intensity remained constant in type-II pneumocytes during BPD development, TIMP-1 increased during the chronic fibrotic phase. This relative elevation of TIMP-1 compared with MMP-1 is indicative for reduced collagenolytic activity by type-II pneumocytes in chronic BPD and may contribute to fibrosis. Fibrotic foci in chronic BPD contained fibroblasts immunoreactive for MMP-1 and TIMP-1 and -2. This may indicate that decreased collagen turnover by fibroblasts contributes to fibrosis in BPD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Dik
- Department of Immunology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus University Rotterdam and University Hospital Rotterdam-Dijkzigt, The Netherlands.
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31
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Liu XD, Umino T, Ertl R, Veys T, Skold CM, Takigawa K, Romberger DJ, Spurzem JR, Zhu YK, Kohyama T, Wang H, Rennard SI. Persistence of TGF-beta1 induction of increased fibroblast contractility. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2001; 37:193-201. [PMID: 11370814 DOI: 10.1290/1071-2690(2001)037<0193:potioi>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast contraction of collagen gels is regarded as a model of wound contraction. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta added to such gels can augment contraction consistent with its suggested role as a mediator of fibrotic repair. Since fibroblasts isolated from fibrotic tissues have been suggested to express a "fibrotic phenotype," we hypothesized that TGF-beta exposure may lead to a persistent increase in fibroblasts' contractility. To evaluate this question, confluent human fetal lung fibroblasts were treated with serum-free Dulbecco modified Eagle medium (DMEM), with or without 100 pM [corrected] TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, or TGF-beta3 for 48 h. Fibroblasts were then trypsinized and cast into gels composed of native type I collagen isolated from rat tail tendons. After 20 min for gelation, the gels were released and maintained in serum-free DMEM. TGF-beta-pretreated fibroblasts caused significantly more rapid gel contraction (52.5+/-0.6, 50.9+/-0.2, and 50.3+/-0.5% by TGF-beta1, -beta2, and -beta3 pretreated fibroblasts, respectively) than control fibroblasts (74.0+/-0.3%, P < 0.01). This effect is concentration dependent (50-200 nM), and all three isoforms had equal activity. The effect of TGF-beta1, however, persisted for only a short period of time following the removal of TGF-beta, and was lost with sequential passage. These observations suggest that the persistent increase in collagen-gel contractility, mediated by fibroblasts from fibrotic tissues, would not appear to be solely due to previous exposure of these cells to TGF-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- X D Liu
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-5300, USA
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32
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Sasaki M, Ito T, Kashima M, Fukui S, Izumiyama N, Watanabe A, Sano M, Fujiwara Y, Miura M. Erythromycin and clarithromycin modulation of growth factor-induced expression of heparanase mRNA on human lung cancer cells in vitro. Mediators Inflamm 2001; 10:259-67. [PMID: 11759110 PMCID: PMC1781717 DOI: 10.1080/09629350120093731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase activity is correlated with the metastatic potential of several cancer cells and is a key enzyme in the breakdown of tissue barriers. It is also involved in the regulation of growth factor and cytokine activity. However, little is known about the factors that induce heparanase in cancer cells. We investigated the effect of three growth factors, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), on heparanase mRNA induction in lung cancer cells in vitro. In addition, we examined the effect of erythromycin (EM) and clarithromycin (CAM), which are 14-membered ring macrolide antibiotics that act as biological response modifiers, on the expression of heparanase mRNA induced by growth factors. PDGF, HGF and bFGF stimulated cell migration activity and enhanced the expression of heparanase mRNA in the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549. Via different mechanisms, EM and CAM modulate the induction by these factors of heparanase mRNA expression on A549 cells. EM also significantly suppressed A549 cell migration induced by PDGF and HGF, and CAM significantly suppressed A549cell migration induced by bFGF. The results suggest that the growth factors PDGF, HGF and bFGF are important inducers of heparanase in potentially invasive and metastatic cancer cells. The suppressive effect of heparanase mRNA expression by EM and CAM may have interestingtherapeutic applications in the prevention of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sasaki
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010, Japan.
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33
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Corbel M, Lanchou J, Germain N, Malledant Y, Boichot E, Lagente V. Modulation of airway remodeling-associated mediators by the antifibrotic compound, pirfenidone, and the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, batimastat, during acute lung injury in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 426:113-21. [PMID: 11525779 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are potent to degrade basement membrane collagen associated with acute lung injury in inflammatory processes. We have investigated effects of pirfenidone, antifibrotic agent, and batimastat, inhibitor of MMPs, on gelatinase activities, on release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), as well as on recruitment of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid after aerosol administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. Pretreatment with pirfenidone reduced neutrophil recruitment, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta levels, and MMP-9 secretion. In contrast, pretreatment with batimastat (30 or 60 mg/kg, i.p.) only reduced TNF-alpha and TGF-beta levels. Batimastat did not reduce MMP secretion in BAL fluid but inhibited MMP-9 activity. The increase in tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 induced by LPS was not modified by the two drugs. These findings demonstrate that the two drugs can inhibit the in vivo increase in MMP induced by LPS, batimastat with a direct inhibitor effect on MMP activity and pirfenidone as a consequence of its antiinflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Corbel
- INSERM U 456, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Rennes 1, 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France
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Ramos C, Montaño M, García-Alvarez J, Ruiz V, Uhal BD, Selman M, Pardo A. Fibroblasts from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and normal lungs differ in growth rate, apoptosis, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases expression. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 24:591-8. [PMID: 11350829 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.24.5.4333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic lung disorder characterized by fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix accumulation. However, studies on fibroblast growth rate and collagen synthesis have given contradictory results. Here we analyzed fibroblast growth rate by a formazan-based chromogenic assay; fibroblast apoptosis by in situ end labeling (ISEL) and propidium iodide staining; percent of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) positive cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorter; and alpha1-(I) collagen, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, collagenase-1, gelatinases A and B, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, -2, -3, and -4 expression by reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction in fibroblasts derived from IPF and control lungs. Growth rate was significantly lower in IPF fibroblasts compared with controls (13.3 +/- 38.5% versus 294.6 +/- 57%, P < 0.0001 at 13 d). Conversely, a significantly higher percentage of apoptotic cells was observed in IPF-derived fibroblasts (ISEL: 31.9 +/- 7.0% versus 15.5 +/- 7.6% from controls; P < 0.008). alpha-SMA analysis revealed a significantly higher percentage of myofibroblasts in IPF samples (62.8 +/- 25.2% versus 14.8 +/- 11.7% from controls; P < 0.01). IPF fibroblasts were characterized by an increase in pro-alpha1-(I) collagen, TGF-beta1, gelatinase B, and all TIMPs' gene expression, whereas collagenase-1 and gelatinase A expression showed no differences. These results suggest that fibroblasts from IPF exhibit a profibrotic secretory phenotype, with lower growth rate and increased spontaneous apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ramos
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico DF, Mexico
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35
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Yano M, Omoto Y, Yamakawa Y, Nakashima Y, Kiriyama M, Saito Y, Fujii Y. Increased matrix metalloproteinase 9 activity and mRNA expression in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001; 20:679-86. [PMID: 11404174 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-2498(01)00250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In lung ischemia-reperfusion injury, neutrophil migration from the vasculature to the interstitial spaces plays a major role in tissue injury. Degradation of the basement membrane, which is composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, is necessary for neutrophil migration. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) might play a role in ECM degradation in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. We evaluated the changes in the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) gene expressions using rat lung transplantation models. METHODS We divided animals into 4 groups. Groups I and II served as control groups with intact lungs (Group I) and 24-hour cold-preserved lungs (Group II). Groups III and IV received lung grafts after 24-hour cold preservation. The recipient animals were sacrificed 1 hour (Group III) or 24 hours (Group IV) after transplantation. We evaluated lung injury histologically. We assessed MMP activity using zymography. We assessed MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 gene expression using biplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS In Groups III and IV, we noted severe ischemia-reperfusion injury. We noted no significant difference in enzyme activity and gene expression of MMP-2 between Groups I and IV. The MMP-9 activity and gene expression were low during ischemia and increased on reperfusion. TIMP-1 gene expression was low during ischemia and at the early phase of reperfusion, and showed a dramatic increase at the late phase of reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS Matrix metalloproteinase 9, but not MMP-2, may play an important role in ischemia-reperfusion injury. TIMP-1 increases at the late phase of reperfusion and may compensate for the activity of MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yano
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya City University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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36
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Corbel M, Caulet-Maugendre S, Germain N, Molet S, Lagente V, Boichot E. Inhibition of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice by the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat. J Pathol 2001; 193:538-45. [PMID: 11276015 DOI: 10.1002/path.826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis is known to be associated with the increased activity of two gelatinases, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). This study has investigated the effect of a synthetic inhibitor of MMP, batimastat, on the development of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin administration in mice. Animals were intranasally instilled with saline or bleomycin (0.5 mg in 100 microl per mouse). Batimastat (30 mg/kg) or vehicle alone was administered by intraperitoneal injection 24 h and 1 h before saline or bleomycin instillation, and then daily at the same dosage until the end of the study. Fifteen days after bleomycin administration, BAL was performed and the lung was removed. Treatment of mice with batimastat significantly reduced bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, as shown in the lung by histopathological examination and by a decrease in hydroxyproline levels. Batimastat also prevented the increase in BAL macrophage and lymphocyte numbers, whereas it did not show any effect on the increased expression of active transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in BAL. Batimastat treatment was effective in reducing MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity as well as the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) level in BAL. These results suggest that administration of the MMP inhibitor batimastat is useful in preventing experimental pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin and raises the possibility of a therapeutic approach to human pulmonary fibrotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Corbel
- INSERM U 456, Laboratoire de Pharmacodynamie et de Pharmacologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Rennes 1, Avenue du Prof. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
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37
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Selman M, Ruiz V, Cabrera S, Segura L, Ramírez R, Barrios R, Pardo A. TIMP-1, -2, -3, and -4 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. A prevailing nondegradative lung microenvironment? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000; 279:L562-74. [PMID: 10956632 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2000.279.3.l562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix accumulation characterize idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We evaluated the presence of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, -2, -3, and -4; collagenase-1, -2, and -3; gelatinases A and B; and membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) in 12 IPF and 6 control lungs. TIMP-1 was found in interstitial macrophages and TIMP-2 in fibroblast foci. TIMP-3 revealed an intense staining mainly decorating the elastic lamina in vessels. TIMP-4 was expressed in IPF lungs by epithelial and plasma cells. TIMP-2 colocalized with Ki67 in fibroblasts, whereas TIMP-3 colocalized with p27 in inflammatory and epithelial cells. Collagenase-1 was localized in macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells, collagenase-2 was localized in a few neutrophils, and collagenase-3 was not detected. MMP-9 was found in neutrophils and subepithelial myofibroblasts. Myofibroblast expression of MMP-9 was corroborated in vitro by RT-PCR. MMP-2 was noticed in myofibroblasts, some of them close to areas of basement membrane disruption, and membrane type 1 MMP was noticed in interstitial macrophages. These findings suggest that in IPF there is higher expression of TIMPs compared with collagenases, supporting the hypothesis that a nondegrading fibrillar collagen microenvironment is prevailing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Selman
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, México DF CP 14080, Mexico
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38
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Sasaki M, Kashima M, Ito T, Watanabe A, Izumiyama N, Sano M, Kagaya M, Shioya T, Miura M. Differential regulation of metalloproteinase production, proliferation and chemotaxis of human lung fibroblasts by PDGF, interleukin-1beta and TNF-alpha. Mediators Inflamm 2000; 9:155-60. [PMID: 11132772 PMCID: PMC1781765 DOI: 10.1080/09629350020002895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast migration, proliferation, extracellular matrix protein synthesis and degradation, all of which play important roles in inflammation, are themselves induced by various growth factors and cytokines. Less is known about the interaction of these substances on lung fibroblast function in pulmonary fibrosis. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of PDGF alone and in combination with IL-1beta and TNF-alpha on the production of human lung fibroblast matrix metalloproteinases, proliferation, and the chemotactic response. The assay for MMPs activity against FITC labeled type I and IV collagen was based on the specificity of the enzyme cleavage of collagen. Caseinolytis and gelatinolytic activities of secreted proteinases were analyzed by zymography. Fibronectin in conditioned media was measured using human lung fibronectin enzyme immunoassay. Cell proliferation was measured by 3H-Thymidine incorporation assay. Cell culture supernatants were tested for PGE2 content by ELISA. Chemotactic activity was measured using the modified Boyden chamber. Matrix metalloproteinase assay indicated that IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and PDGF induced intestitial collagenase (MMP-1) production. MMP assay also indicated that IL-1beta and TNF-alpha had inhibitory effects on MMP-2,9(gelatinaseA,B) production. Casein zymography confirmed that IL-1beta stimulated stromlysin (matrix metalloproteinase 3; MMP-3) and gelatin zymography demonstrated that TNF-alpha induced MMP-9 production in human lung fibroblast, whereas PDGF alone did not. PDGF in combination with IL-1beta and TNF-alpha induced MMP-3 and MMP-9 activity, as demonstrated by zymography. PDGF stimulated lung fibroblast proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas IL-1beta and TNF-alpha alone had no effect. In contrast, the proliferation of human lung fibroblasts by PDGF was inhibited in the presence of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, and this inhibition was not a consequence of any elevation of PGE2. PDGF stimulated fibroblast chemotaxis in a concentration-dependent manner, and this stimulation was augmented by combining PDGF with IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. These findings suggested that PDGF differentially regulated MMPs production in combination with cytokines, and further that MMP assay and zymography had differential sensitivity for detecting MMPs. The presence of cytokines with PDGF appears to modulate the proliferation and chemotaxis of human lung fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sasaki
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Japan.
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Becerril C, Pardo A, Montaño M, Ramos C, Ramírez R, Selman M. Acidic fibroblast growth factor induces an antifibrogenic phenotype in human lung fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20:1020-7. [PMID: 10226073 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.20.5.3288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1), a prototype member of the heparin-binding growth factor family, influences proliferation, differentiation, and protein synthesis in different cell types. However, its possible role on lung extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism has not been evaluated. In this study we examined the effects of FGF-1 and FGF-1 plus heparin on type I collagen, collagen-binding stress protein HSP47, interstitial collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]-1), gelatinase A, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 expression by normal human lung fibroblasts. Heparin was used because it enhances the biologic activities of FGF-1. Fibroblasts were exposed either to 20 ng/ml FGF-1 plus 100 micrograms/ml heparin for 48 h or to FGF-1 or heparin alone. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was analyzed by Northern blot. Collagen synthesis was evaluated by digestion of [3H]collagen with bacterial collagenase, MMP-1 by Western blot, and gelatinolytic activities by zymography. Our results show that FGF-1 induced collagenase mRNA expression, which was strongly enhanced when FGF-1 was used with heparin. Likewise, both FGF-1 and FGF-1 plus heparin reduced by 70 to 80% the expression of type I collagen transcript, in part through effect on pro-alpha1(I) collagen mRNA stability. A downregulation of HSP47 gene expression was also observed. Synthesis of collagen and collagenase proteins paralleled gene expression results. FGF-1 activities were abolished with genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Neither FGF-1 nor FGF-1 plus heparin affected the expression of TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and gelatinase A. These findings demonstrate that FGF-1, mostly in the presence of heparin, upregulates collagenase and downregulates type I collagen expression that might have a protective role in avoiding collagen accumulation during lung ECM remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Becerril
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias; and Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, México
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40
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Yaguchi T, Fukuda Y, Ishizaki M, Yamanaka N. Immunohistochemical and gelatin zymography studies for matrix metalloproteinases in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Pathol Int 1998; 48:954-63. [PMID: 9952339 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1998.tb03866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of various matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2), and the gelatinolytic activities of MMP involved in the process of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rabbits were investigated. Male Japanese white rabbits were intubated with tracheal tubes under anesthesia, and bleomycin hydrochloride in sterile saline or only sterile saline was administered through the tracheal tubes. The animals were killed 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after the administration of bleomycin (n = 3) or saline (n = 2). Light microscopic immunohistochemistry for MMP-1 (interstitial collagenase), MMP-2 (gelatinase A), MMP-9 (gelatinase B) and TIMP-2 was performed. The gelatinolytic activities of lung tissue homogenates were studied by gelatin zymography. In the early stages, the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-9 was predominant. MMP-9 localized in the infiltrating neutrophils, macrophages, bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells. The alveolar epithelial basement membrane was frequently disrupted in the early stages, where MMP-9 possibly contributed to the disruption. In the late stages, the gelatinolytic activities of the latent and active forms of MMP-2 were predominant, and MMP-2 localized in the regenerated alveolar epithelial cells in addition to the bronchial epithelial cells. MMP-2, especially its active form, possibly plays a role in alveolar epithelial cell regeneration. The localization of MMP-1 was similar to that of MMP-9. TIMP-2 localized in the epithelial cells and in some fibroblasts in fibrotic lesions. TIMP-2 possibly plays a role in extracellular matrix deposition in balance with MMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yaguchi
- Department of Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
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41
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Mariani TJ, Sandefur S, Roby JD, Pierce RA. Collagenase-3 induction in rat lung fibroblasts requires the combined effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and 12-lipoxygenase metabolites: a model of macrophage-induced, fibroblast-driven extracellular matrix remodeling during inflammatory lung injury. Mol Biol Cell 1998; 9:1411-24. [PMID: 9614183 PMCID: PMC25362 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.9.6.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/1998] [Accepted: 03/27/1998] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for the induction of matrix-degrading proteases during lung injury are ill defined. Macrophage-derived mediators are believed to play a role in regulating synthesis and turnover of extracellular matrix at sites of inflammation. We find a localized increase in the expression of the rat interstitial collagenase (MMP-13; collagenase-3) gene from fibroblastic cells directly adjacent to macrophages within silicotic rat lung granulomas. Conditioned medium from macrophages isolated from silicotic rat lungs was found to induce rat lung fibroblast interstitial collagenase gene expression. Conditioned medium from primary rat lung macrophages or J774 monocytic cells activated by particulates in vitro also induced interstitial collagenase gene expression. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) alone did not induce interstitial collagenase expression in rat lung fibroblasts but did in rat skin fibroblasts, revealing tissue specificity in the regulation of this gene. The activity of the conditioned medium was found to be dependent on the combined effects of TNF-alpha and 12-lipoxygenase-derived arachidonic acid metabolites. The fibroblast response to this conditioned medium was dependent on de novo protein synthesis and involved the induction of nuclear activator protein-1 activity. These data reveal a novel requirement for macrophage-derived 12-lipoxygenase metabolites in lung fibroblast MMP induction and provide a mechanism for the induction of resident cell MMP gene expression during inflammatory lung processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Mariani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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42
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Abstract
Liver fibrosis and its end stage sequelae cirrhosis represent a major worldwide health problem. By definition progressive fibrosis occurs when the rate of matrix synthesis exceeds matrix degradation. Considerable evidence suggests that the hepatic stellate cell is central to the fibrotic process. During liver injury these cells transform from a quiescent retinoid filled phenotype to a proliferative myofibroblast like cell. In this 'activated' phenotype the HSC is the major source of the interstitial collagens, which characterize fibrosis. Recent work suggests that the HSCs are also a source of matrix degrading metalloproteinase (MMPs), indicating that, together with other cells, hepatic stellate cells (HSC) could participate in matrix remodelling. However, HSC activation in tissue culture models and in vivo is also associated with expression of the powerful MMP inhibitors: tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 and 2 (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2). TIMP expression has also been demonstrated in fibrotic human liver disease and animal models of liver fibrosis. TIMPs 1 and 2 may therefore promote progression of hepatic fibrosis through inhibition of matrix degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Iredale
- University Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Hampshire, U.K
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González-Avila G, Lozano D, Manjarrez ME, Ruiz VM, Terán L, Vadillo-Ortega F, Selman M. Influence on collagen metabolism of vitreous from eyes with proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Ophthalmology 1995; 102:1400-5. [PMID: 9097780 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(95)30857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is characterized by cell proliferation and membrane formation on the vitreoretinal cavity of the eye. The membranes are composed of extracellular matrix, mainly collagen type I. To explore the possible mechanisms involved in PVR membrane formation, the authors analyzed the role of vitreous humor on collagen turnover. METHODS The authors studied vitreous samples from ten patients with PVR and from five donor eyes (keratoplasty) as the control group. Human lung fibroblasts were used to study the influence of vitreous on collagen synthesis and cell proliferation. Neutralizing antibodies against transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-beta 2) were used to inhibit the fibroblast collagen synthesis induced by the vitreous samples. Collagenolytic activity was analyzed in vitreous fluid using 3H-labeled collagen. RESULTS The authors found that samples obtained from patients with PVR significantly increased collagen synthesis (2979 +/- 963.26 versus 800 +/- 232 dpm of 3H-proline incorporated per milligram of vitreous-incubated protein; P < 0.00043), without affecting fibroblast replication. The collagen synthesis induced by the vitreous samples was inhibited by anti-TGF-beta 2 antibodies in both groups (0 and 481 +/- 59 dpm of 3H-proline incorporated per milligram of vitreous-incubated protein for control and PVR samples, respectively). Collagenolytic activity was considerably lower in vitreous derived from PVR samples compared with the control group (19.9 +/- 20.3 versus 234.1 +/- 19.1 micrograms of degraded collagen per milligram of vitreous-incubated protein; P < 0.0032). CONCLUSION These results suggest that a combined mechanism, including an increase of collagen synthesis mediated at least in part by TGF-beta 2 and a decrease of collagen degradation, may contribute to the exaggerated deposition of collagen observed in PVR membranes, and that vitreous should be considered as a part of the microenvironment that is participating actively in the pathogenesis of this vitreoretinal disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- G González-Avila
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, México City, México, DF
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Suganuma H, Sato A, Tamura R, Chida K. Enhanced migration of fibroblasts derived from lungs with fibrotic lesions. Thorax 1995; 50:984-9. [PMID: 8539681 PMCID: PMC1021314 DOI: 10.1136/thx.50.9.984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The migration and proliferation of fibroblasts may be important in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Considerable data are available on the proliferation of fibroblasts, but very few on their migration. METHODS The migratory activity of fibroblasts obtained from lung biopsy specimens from 11 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) was studied using a 96-well chemotaxis chamber. Fibroblasts from eight normal controls, seven patients with interstitial fibrosis associated with a collagen vascular disease (IP-CVD), and 13 patients with sarcoidosis were also examined. Migratory activity was tested in a serum-free medium in the presence and absence of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), 30 ng/ml, as a chemoattractant. RESULTS Migration of fibroblasts from patients with IPF was enhanced in serum-free maintenance medium alone (mean (SD) controls v IPF: 183 (86) v 689 (491) cells/field), and was also enhanced when cells were stimulated by PDGF (controls v IPF: 829 (222) v 1928 (600) cells/field). Fibroblasts from tissues with dense fibrosis had a greater capacity for migration than those from an earlier stage of fibrosis. No correlation was found between migratory activity and proliferative capacity of the individual cells. CONCLUSIONS The fact that fibroblasts from fibrotic lungs migrate faster than those from controls suggests that migration is related to the initiation of the pulmonary fibrotic process. These in vitro studies suggest that fibroblasts derived from the lungs of patients with pulmonary fibrosis have a migratory phenotype. Such a change in fibroblast phenotype, if it occurred in vivo, may be important in the context of the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Suganuma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan
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Medina L, Pérez-Ramos J, Ramírez R, Selman M, Pardo A. Leukotriene C4 upregulates collagenase expression and synthesis in human lung fibroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1224:168-74. [PMID: 7981229 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(94)90187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), a mediator generated by a variety of inflammatory cells, participates in several physiological and pathological processes. It has been shown that LTC4 stimulates collagen synthesis by fibroblasts, suggesting a role in collagen turnover. However, the possible effect of this mediator on collagen degradation has not been examined. In this study we explored the role of LTC4 in the modulation of fibroblast interstitial collagenase and TIMP-1. Confluent cultures of three human normal lung fibroblast cell lines, and one derived from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) were exposed to LTC4 0.1, 1 and 10 nM, and to IL-1 beta as positive control. Collagenase and TIMP mRNAs expression were analyzed by Northern blot followed by densitometric scanning. Immunoreactive procollagenase was detected by immunoblot, and collagenase activity was measured using [3H]collagen. Our results showed that LTC4 enhanced several-fold collagenase mRNA expression in collagenase-producing fibroblasts, and induced the expression of the enzyme mRNA in collagenase-nonproducing fibroblasts, both in normal and IPF derived cell lines. LTC4 1 nM induced the highest response. Collagenolytic activity and immunoreactive collagenase paralleled collagenase mRNA expression. Interestingly, simultaneous exposure of fibroblasts to LTC4 plus IL-1 failed to show additive effects. Moreover, in two cell lines the combination resulted in a decrease of collagenase mRNA expression compared with both mediators separately. TIMP mRNA levels were not significantly modified by LTC4, nor IL1 beta. Our findings suggest that LTC4 plays a role in the modulation of fibroblast collagenase, and it may participate in extracellular matrix remodeling during lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Medina
- Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias and Unidad Xochimilco, UAM, México
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Bou-Gharios G, Osman J, Black C, Olsen I. Excess matrix accumulation in scleroderma is caused partly by differential regulation of stromelysin and TIMP-1 synthesis. Clin Chim Acta 1994; 231:69-78. [PMID: 7704950 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(94)90255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis: SSc) is an autoimmune disorder in which excessive extracellular matrix is deposited in skin and internal organs. Because of the importance of metalloproteinases in the turnover of connective tissue, in this study we have developed a novel procedure which utilises flow cytometry (FACS) to measure the production of stromelysin (MMP-3), gelatinase A (MMP-2), and the proteinase inhibitor TIMP-1, by SSc skin fibroblasts. In the presence of monensin, which prevents the secretion of these matrix proteins, there was a similar intracellular accumulation of gelatinase A in normal and SSc cells. However, whereas stromelysin levels also increased in the normal cells, no net synthesis could be detected in the SSc fibroblasts. In marked contrast, the synthesis of TIMP-1 was 50% greater in the SSc cells than in the normal fibroblasts. Our results thus show unequivocally, for the first time, that cells from SSc patients simultaneously produce less stromelysin but substantially higher amounts of TIMP-1 than do normal dermal fibroblasts, suggesting that abnormalities in the regulation of the matrix enzymes and their inhibitors play an important part in the molecular pathology of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M O'Connor
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Woodview, University College, Dublin
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