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Guo Q, Wang Y, Yu L, Guan L, Ji X, Li X, Pang G, Ren Z, Ye L, Cheng H. Nicotine restores olfactory function by activation of prok2R/Akt/FoxO3a axis in Parkinson's disease. J Transl Med 2024; 22:350. [PMID: 38609979 PMCID: PMC11015622 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory dysfunction occurs frequently in Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we aimed to explore the potential biomarkers and underlying molecular pathways of nicotine for the treatment of olfactory dysfunction in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mice. METHODS MPTP was introduced into C57BL/6 male mice to generate a PD model. Regarding in vivo experiments, we performed behavioral tests to estimate the protective effects of nicotine in MPTP-induced PD mice. RNA sequencing and traditional molecular methods were used to identify molecules, pathways, and biological processes in the olfactory bulb of PD mouse models. Then, in vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate whether nicotine can activate the prok2R/Akt/FoxO3a signaling pathway in both HEK293T cell lines and primary olfactory neurons treated with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). Next, prok2R overexpression (prok2R+) and knockdown (prok2R-) were introduced with lentivirus, and the Akt/FoxO3a signaling pathway was further explored. Finally, the damaging effects of MPP+ were evaluated in prok2R overexpression (prok2R+) HEK293T cell lines. RESULTS Nicotine intervention significantly alleviated olfactory and motor dysfunctions in mice with PD. The prok2R/Akt/FoxO3a signaling pathway was activated after nicotine treatment. Consequently, apoptosis of olfactory sensory neurons was significantly reduced. Furthermore, prok2R+ and prok2R- HEK293T cell lines exhibited upregulation and downregulation of the Akt/FoxO3a signaling pathway, respectively. Additionally, prok2R+ HEK293T cells were resistant to MPP+-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS This study showed the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of nicotine in improving hyposmia in PD mice. These improvements were correlated with reduced apoptosis of olfactory sensory neurons via activated prok2R/Akt/FoxO3a axis. These results explained the potential protective functions of nicotine in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglong Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Liangchen Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Liao Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Xuefei Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Anatomy, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road 81, Hefei, 230032, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Brain Bank Construction and Resource Utilization, Meishan Road 81, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Gang Pang
- Department of Anatomy, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road 81, Hefei, 230032, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Brain Bank Construction and Resource Utilization, Meishan Road 81, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhenhua Ren
- Department of Anatomy, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road 81, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Brain Bank Construction and Resource Utilization, Meishan Road 81, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.
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Tchoukalova YD, Phung TN, Kennedy MM, Miranda-Grandjean D, Becquer E, Chen L, Zhang N, Dinu V, Wilson MA, Lott DG. Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis Is Associated With More Frequent and Abnormal Squamous Metaplasia. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2024; 133:214-223. [PMID: 37740367 DOI: 10.1177/00034894231201016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gain insights into the pathophysiology of idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) by investigating differences in transcriptome of subglottic mucosal tissue between patients with iSGS and controls, and between tracheal and subglottic tissue within patients. METHODS RNA sequencing was conducted on biopsied mucosal samples collected from subglottic and tracheal (in-patient control) regions in iSGS patients, and from subglottis in controls. The gene expression differences were validated on a protein level by (1) staining the tissue samples obtained from a second cohort of patients and controls; and (2) in vitro functional assays using primary subglottic epithelial cells from both iSGS patients and healthy donors. RESULTS We found 7 upregulated genes in the subglottic region of iSGS patients relative to both the tracheal mucosa and subglottic region of controls. A gene ontology enrichment analysis found that the epithelial cell differentiation and cornification pathways are significant, involving specifically 3 of the genes: involucrin (IVL), small proline rich protein 1B (SPRR1B), and keratin 16 (KRT16). Involvement of these pathways suggests squamous metaplasia of the epithelium. Histological analyses of epithelium in subglottic mucosal biopsies revealed squamous metaplasia in 41% of the samples from iSGS patients and in 25% from controls. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the samples presented with squamous epithelium revealed increased expression of the protein encoded by SPRR1B, hyperproliferative basal cells, shedding of apical layers, and accompanying lesions in iSGS compared to CTRL. Cultured primary subglottic epithelial cells from iSGS patients had higher proliferation rates compared to healthy donors and squamous metaplastic differentiation formed thinner epithelia with increased expression proteins encoded by INV, SPRR1B, and KRT16, suggesting intrinsic dysfunction of basal cells in iSGS. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal squamous differentiation of epithelial cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of iSGS. Patients having metaplastic epithelial phenotype may be sensitive to drugs that reverse it to a normal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yourka D Tchoukalova
- Head and Neck Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Tanya N Phung
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Faculty of Science, Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maeve M Kennedy
- Head and Neck Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Emanuel Becquer
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Contexture, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Longwen Chen
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo, AZ Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Valentin Dinu
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Melissa A Wilson
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - David G Lott
- Head and Neck Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Laryngology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Tana A, Zhang C, DiBardino D, Orton CM, Shah PL. Bronchoscopic interventions for chronic bronchitis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2024; 30:68-74. [PMID: 37942820 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000001036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic bronchitis is a phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by chronic cough and sputum production, associated with an increased rate of COPD exacerbations and hospital admissions, a more rapid decline in lung function and reduced life expectancy. Despite optimal medical therapy, chronic bronchitis remains difficult to treat. Interventional bronchoscopic procedures offer novel therapeutic approaches to this highly symptomatic condition. RECENT FINDINGS A characteristic feature of chronic bronchitis is the presence of an abnormal epithelium with excessive mucus producing cells, parasympathetic overactivity, and airway inflammation. Metered cryospray and bronchial rheoplasty are designed to target this abnormal epithelium to reduce mucus production and inflammation. Targeted lung denervation aims to reduce parasympathetic overactivity, which may drive mucus hypersecretion. Here, we review the available evidence to determine the safety and efficacy across the bronchoscopic interventions. SUMMARY Interventional bronchoscopy is a rapidly expanding field and its application in the treatment of chronic bronchitis has been recognized by the Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). The outcomes from the latest clinical trials will guide future treatment approaches in patients with difficult to treat chronic bronchitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Tana
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital
- Airways Diseases, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Chenchen Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical care, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - David DiBardino
- Section of Interventional Pulmonology and Thoracic Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher M Orton
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital
- Airways Diseases, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Pallav L Shah
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital
- Airways Diseases, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
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Raach B, Bundgaard N, Haase MJ, Starruß J, Sotillo R, Stanifer ML, Graw F. Influence of cell type specific infectivity and tissue composition on SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics within human airway epithelium. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011356. [PMID: 37566610 PMCID: PMC10446191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human airway epithelium (HAE) represents the primary site of viral infection for SARS-CoV-2. Comprising different cell populations, a lot of research has been aimed at deciphering the major cell types and infection dynamics that determine disease progression and severity. However, the cell type-specific replication kinetics, as well as the contribution of cellular composition of the respiratory epithelium to infection and pathology are still not fully understood. Although experimental advances, including Air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures of reconstituted pseudostratified HAE, as well as lung organoid systems, allow the observation of infection dynamics under physiological conditions in unprecedented level of detail, disentangling and quantifying the contribution of individual processes and cells to these dynamics remains challenging. Here, we present how a combination of experimental data and mathematical modelling can be used to infer and address the influence of cell type specific infectivity and tissue composition on SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics. Using a stepwise approach that integrates various experimental data on HAE culture systems with regard to tissue differentiation and infection dynamics, we develop an individual cell-based model that enables investigation of infection and regeneration dynamics within pseudostratified HAE. In addition, we present a novel method to quantify tissue integrity based on image data related to the standard measures of transepithelial electrical resistance measurements. Our analysis provides a first aim of quantitatively assessing cell type specific infection kinetics and shows how tissue composition and changes in regeneration capacity, as e.g. in smokers, can influence disease progression and pathology. Furthermore, we identified key measurements that still need to be assessed in order to improve inference of cell type specific infection kinetics and disease progression. Our approach provides a method that, in combination with additional experimental data, can be used to disentangle the complex dynamics of viral infection and immunity within human airway epithelial culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Raach
- BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils Bundgaard
- BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marika J. Haase
- BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörn Starruß
- Center for Information Services and High Performance Computing, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rocio Sotillo
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Megan L. Stanifer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Dept. of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Frederik Graw
- BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Medicine 5, Erlangen, Germany
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Sun JX, Xu JZ, Liu CQ, An Y, Xu MY, Zhong XY, Zeng N, Ma SY, He HD, Hu J, Liu Z, Wang SG, Xia QD. The association between human papillomavirus and bladder cancer: Evidence from meta-analysis and two-sample mendelian randomization. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28208. [PMID: 36226344 PMCID: PMC10092419 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bladder cancer (BCa) is the 10th most common type of cancer worldwide, and human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection. However, the relationship between HPV infection and the risk of BCa is still controversial and inconclusive. METHODS This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following the PRISMA 2020 reporting guideline. This study searched four bibliographic databases with no language limitation. The databases included PubMed (Medline), EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Studies evaluating the interaction between HPV infection and the risk of BCa from inception through May 21, 2022, were identified and used in this study. This study estimated the overall and type-specific HPV prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) using Random Effects models and Fixed Effects models. In addition, this study also calculated the pooled odds ratio and pooled risk ratio with 95% CI to assess the effect of HPV infection on the risk and prognosis of bladder cancer. Two-sample mendelian randomization (MR) study using genetic variants associated with HPV E7 protein as instrumental variables were also conducted. RESULTS This study retrieved 80 articles from the four bibliographic databases. Of the total, 27 were case-control studies, and 53 were cross-sectional studies. The results showed that the prevalence of HPV was 16% (95% CI: 11%-21%) among the BCa patients, most of which were HPV-16 (5.99% [95% CI: 3.03%-9.69%]) and HPV-18 (3.68% [95% CI: 1.72%-6.16%]) subtypes. However, the study found that the prevalence varied by region, detection method, BCa histological type, and sample source. A significantly increased risk of BCa was shown for the positivity of overall HPV (odds ratio [OR], 3.35 [95% CI: 1.75-6.43]), which was also influenced by study region, detection method, histological type, and sample source. In addition, the study found that HPV infection was significantly associated with the progression of BCa (RR, 1.73 [95% CI: 1.39-2.15]). The two-sample MR analysis found that both HPV 16 and 18 E7 protein exposure increased the risk of BCa (HPV 16 E7 protein: IVW OR per unit increase in protein level = 1.0004 [95% CI: 1.0002-1.0006]; p = 0.0011; HPV 18 E7 protein: IVW OR per unit increase in protein level = 1.0003 [95% CI: 1.0001-1.0005]; p = 0.0089). CONCLUSION In conclusion, HPV may play a role in bladder carcinogenesis and contribute to a worse prognosis for patients with BCa. Therefore, it is necessary for people, especially men, to get vaccinated for HPV vaccination to prevent bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xuan Sun
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin-Zhou Xu
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen-Qian Liu
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye An
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng-Yao Xu
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing-Yu Zhong
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Zeng
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Si-Yang Ma
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao-Dong He
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Hu
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shao-Gang Wang
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Dong Xia
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Lyu H, Warren R, Gao S, Klinkhammer K, Yuan T, Zhang JS, Brownfield D, Li X, De Langhe SP. Niche-mediated repair of airways is directed in an occupant-dependent manner. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111863. [PMID: 36543133 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In injured airways of the adult lung, epithelial progenitors are called upon to repair by nearby mesenchymal cells via signals transmitted through the niche. Currently, it is unclear whether repair is coordinated by the mesenchymal cells that maintain the niche or by the airway epithelial cells that occupy it. Here, we show that the spatiotemporal expression of Fgf10 by the niche is primarily orchestrated by the niche's epithelial occupants-both those that reside prior to, and following, injury. During homeostasis, differentiated airway epithelial cells secrete Sonic hedgehog (Shh) to inhibit Fgf10 expression by Gli1+ peribronchial mesenchymal cells in the niche. After injury, remaining epithelial cells produce Wnt7b to induce Fgf10 expression in airway smooth muscle cells in the niche. We find that this reliance on a common activator of airway epithelial stem cells also allows for the recruitment of remote stem cell populations when local populations have been exhausted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handeng Lyu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720 2nd Avenue S., Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Rachel Warren
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kylie Klinkhammer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720 2nd Avenue S., Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Tingting Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720 2nd Avenue S., Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Douglas Brownfield
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
| | - Stijn P De Langhe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720 2nd Avenue S., Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA.
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Pozuelos GL, Kagda M, Rubin MA, Goniewicz ML, Girke T, Talbot P. Transcriptomic Evidence That Switching from Tobacco to Electronic Cigarettes Does Not Reverse Damage to the Respiratory Epithelium. TOXICS 2022; 10:370. [PMID: 35878275 PMCID: PMC9321508 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The health benefits of switching from tobacco to electronic cigarettes (ECs) are neither confirmed nor well characterized. To address this problem, we used RNA-seq analysis to compare the nasal epithelium transcriptome from the following groups (n = 3 for each group): (1) former smokers who completely switched to second generation ECs for at least 6 months, (2) current tobacco cigarette smokers (CS), and (3) non-smokers (NS). Group three included one former cigarette smoker. The nasal epithelial biopsies from the EC users vs. NS had a higher number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) than biopsies from the CS vs. NS and CS vs. EC sets (1817 DEGs total for the EC vs. NS, 407 DEGs for the CS vs. NS, and 116 DEGs for the CS vs. EC comparison). In the EC vs. NS comparison, enriched gene ontology terms for the downregulated DEGs included cilium assembly and organization, whereas gene ontologies for upregulated DEGs included immune response, keratinization, and NADPH oxidase. Similarly, ontologies for cilium movement were enriched in the downregulated DEGs for the CS vs. NS group. Reactome pathway analysis gave similar results and also identified keratinization and cornified envelope in the upregulated DEGs in the EC vs. NS comparison. In the CS vs. NS comparison, the enriched Reactome pathways for upregulated DEGs included biological oxidations and several metabolic processes. Regulator effects identified for the EC vs. NS comparison were inflammatory response, cell movement of phagocytes and degranulation of phagocytes. Disease Ontology Sematic Enrichment analysis identified lung disease, mouth disease, periodontal disease and pulmonary fibrosis in the EC vs. NS comparison. Squamous metaplasia associated markers, keratin 10, keratin 13 and involucrin, were increased in the EC vs. NS comparison. Our transcriptomic analysis showed that gene expression profiles associated with EC use are not equivalent to those from non-smokers. EC use may interfere with airway epithelium recovery by promoting increased oxidative stress, inhibition of ciliogenesis, and maintaining an inflammatory response. These transcriptomic alterations may contribute to the progression of diseases with chronic EC use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna L. Pozuelos
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (G.L.P.); (M.K.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Meenakshi Kagda
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (G.L.P.); (M.K.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Matine A. Rubin
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (G.L.P.); (M.K.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Maciej L. Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
| | - Thomas Girke
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (G.L.P.); (M.K.); (M.A.R.)
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Widdicombe JH. A Brief History of Bronchitis in England and Wales. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES (MIAMI, FLA.) 2020; 7:303-314. [PMID: 32989942 PMCID: PMC7883910 DOI: 10.15326/jcopdf.7.4.2020.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic bronchitis is associated with hypertrophy of airway submucosal glands and with mucus and squamous metaplasia of the surface epithelium. A historical review of research on these and other pathological changes is provided. Next, from annual reports of the Registrar-General's Office (and later the Office of National Statistics), death rates per unit population from acute and chronic bronchitis (a term that here includes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]) are calculated for England and Wales from 1838 to the present. It is argued that a large increase in the death rate between 1838 and 1879, from all forms of bronchitis combined, was due primarily to increased levels of atmospheric coal smoke, whereas a decrease from 1879 to 1935 was due to progressively cleaner air. Between 1935 and the mid-1960s, mortality from chronic bronchitis among men increased dramatically, after which it has fallen, a pattern that parallels changes in cigarette smoking. Finally, a brief historical review of the treatments for chronic bronchitis is presented.
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Consequences of Vitamin A Deficiency: Immunoglobulin Dysregulation, Squamous Cell Metaplasia, Infectious Disease, and Death. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155570. [PMID: 32759702 PMCID: PMC7432039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is an important regulator of immune protection, but it is often overlooked in studies of infectious disease. Vitamin A binds an array of nuclear receptors (e.g., retinoic acid receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, retinoid X receptor) and influences the barrier and immune cells responsible for pathogen control. Children and adults in developed and developing countries are often vitamin A-deficient or insufficient, characteristics associated with poor health outcomes. To gain a better understanding of the protective mechanisms influenced by vitamin A, we examined immune factors and epithelial barriers in vitamin A deficient (VAD) mice, vitamin D deficient (VDD) mice, double deficient (VAD+VDD) mice, and mice on a vitamin-replete diet (controls). Some mice received insults, including intraperitoneal injections with complete and incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (emulsified with PBS alone or with DNA + Fus-1 peptide) or intranasal inoculations with Sendai virus (SeV). Both before and after insults, the VAD and VAD+VDD mice exhibited abnormal serum immunoglobulin isotypes (e.g., elevated IgG2b levels, particularly in males) and cytokine/chemokine patterns (e.g., elevated eotaxin). Even without insult, when the VAD and VAD+VDD mice reached 3–6 months of age, they frequently exhibited opportunistic ascending bacterial urinary tract infections. There were high frequencies of nephropathy (squamous cell hyperplasia of the renal urothelium, renal scarring, and ascending pyelonephritis) and death in the VAD and VAD+VDD mice. When younger VAD mice were infected with SeV, the predominant lesion was squamous cell metaplasia of respiratory epithelium in lungs and bronchioles. Results highlight a critical role for vitamin A in the maintenance of healthy immune responses, epithelial cell integrity, and pathogen control.
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Mosalem O, Abu Rous F, Abro C, Kherallah S. Benign endobronchial lesion causing massive haemoptysis in a patient with haemophilia B. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/6/e234970. [PMID: 32606121 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-234970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Osama Mosalem
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan State University, East lansing, Michigan, USA .,Department of Internal Medicine, Sparrow Hospital, Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Fawzi Abu Rous
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan State University, East lansing, Michigan, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Sparrow Hospital, Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Calvin Abro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan State University, East lansing, Michigan, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Sparrow Hospital, Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Shouq Kherallah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan State University, East lansing, Michigan, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Sparrow Hospital, Lansing, Michigan, USA
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11
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Fjaeldstad AW, Ovesen T, Hummel T. The Association Between Smoking on Olfactory Dysfunction in 3,900 Patients With Olfactory Loss. Laryngoscope 2020; 131:E8-E13. [PMID: 32096874 DOI: 10.1002/lary.28552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The association between smoking and olfactory loss remains a conundrum. Prior studies have found negative and positive effects of smoking on olfactory function in the general population. However, smoking cessation seems to improve both rated and measured olfactory function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the olfactory function and smoking habits in patients with olfactory loss caused by different etiologies to unveil underlying patterns related to smoking. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective observational study. METHODS Patients were included from two specialized taste and smell centers. Patients underwent olfactory testing, clinical examination including rhinoscopy, and the underlying etiology was identified. Patterns of olfactory test scores, demographics, and etiologies were analyzed. RESULTS In total, 3,900 patients with olfactory loss were included. Of these, 521 were current smokers, and 316 were former smokers. Patients with a history of smoking did not have significantly lower olfactory function. Current smokers were more often affected by posttraumatic olfactory loss, but not sinonasal, postviral, or idiopathic olfactory loss. CONCLUSIONS Current smoking, but not former smoking, was associated with posttraumatic olfactory loss. In relation to measured olfactory function, a history of smoking was not associated to lower olfactory scores. Our findings suggest that the general recommendations of smoking cessation for patients with olfactory loss are especially relevant for patients with posttraumatic olfactory loss. The nature of this association between current smoking and posttraumatic olfactory loss has yet to be elucidated. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b Laryngoscope, 131:E8-E13, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fjaeldstad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Flavour Institute, Aarhus, Denmark.,Flavour Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Holstebro Regional Hospital, Holstebro, Denmark.,Hedonia Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Therese Ovesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Flavour Institute, Aarhus, Denmark.,Flavour Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Holstebro Regional Hospital, Holstebro, Denmark
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Center for Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dresden, Germany
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12
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Eapen MS, Sharma P, Sohal SS. Mitochondrial dysfunction in macrophages: a key to defective bacterial phagocytosis in COPD. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:54/4/1901641. [PMID: 31601722 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01641-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
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13
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Fujino N, Brand OJ, Morgan DJ, Fujimori T, Grabiec AM, Jagger CP, Maciewicz RA, Yamada M, Itakura K, Sugiura H, Ichinose M, Hussell T. Sensing of apoptotic cells through Axl causes lung basal cell proliferation in inflammatory diseases. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2184-2201. [PMID: 31289116 PMCID: PMC6719415 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell proliferation, division, and differentiation are critical for barrier repair following inflammation, but the initial trigger for this process is unknown. Here we define that sensing of apoptotic cells by the TAM receptor tyrosine kinase Axl is a critical indicator for tracheal basal cell expansion, cell cycle reentry, and symmetrical cell division. Furthermore, once the pool of tracheal basal cells has expanded, silencing of Axl is required for their differentiation. Genetic depletion of Axl triggers asymmetrical cell division, leading to epithelial differentiation and ciliated cell regeneration. This discovery has implications for conditions associated with epithelial barrier dysfunction, basal cell hyperplasia, and continued turnover of dying cells in patients with chronic inflammatory pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Fujino
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Oliver J Brand
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David J Morgan
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Toshifumi Fujimori
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Aleksander M Grabiec
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Christopher P Jagger
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rose A Maciewicz
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mitsuhiro Yamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Koji Itakura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hisatoshi Sugiura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masakazu Ichinose
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tracy Hussell
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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14
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Eapen MS, Sharma P, Gaikwad AV, Lu W, Myers S, Hansbro PM, Sohal SS. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is driven by transcriptional and post transcriptional modulations in COPD: implications for disease progression and new therapeutics. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2019; 14:1603-1610. [PMID: 31409985 PMCID: PMC6645357 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s208428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COPD is a common and highly destructive disease with huge impacts on people and health services throughout the world. It is mainly caused by cigarette smoking though environmental pollution is also significant. There are no current treatments that affect the overall course of COPD; current drugs focus on symptomatic relief and to some extent reducing exacerbation rates. There is an urgent need for in-depth studies of the fundamental pathogenic mechanisms that underpin COPD. This is vital, given the fact that nearly 40%-60% of the small airway and alveolar damage occurs in COPD well before the first measurable changes in lung function are detected. These individuals are also at a high risk of lung cancer. Current COPD research is mostly centered around late disease and/or innate immune activation within the airway lumen, but the actual damage to the airway wall has early onset. COPD is the end result of complex mechanisms, possibly triggered through initial epithelial activation. To change the disease trajectory, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms in the epithelium that are switched on early in smokers. One such mechanism we believe is the process of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. This article highlights the importance of this profound epithelial cell plasticity in COPD and also its regulation. We consider that understanding early changes in COPD will open new windows for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia.,Medical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.,Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia
| | - Archana Vijay Gaikwad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Stephen Myers
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
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15
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Capron T, Bourdin A, Perez T, Chanez P. COPD beyond proximal bronchial obstruction: phenotyping and related tools at the bedside. Eur Respir Rev 2019; 28:28/152/190010. [PMID: 31285287 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0010-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by nonreversible proximal bronchial obstruction leading to major respiratory disability. However, patient phenotypes better capture the heterogeneously reported complaints and symptoms of COPD. Recent studies provided evidence that classical bronchial obstruction does not properly reflect respiratory disability, and symptoms now form the new paradigm for assessment of disease severity and guidance of therapeutic strategies. The aim of this review was to explore pathways addressing COPD pathogenesis beyond proximal bronchial obstruction and to highlight innovative and promising tools for phenotyping and bedside assessment. Distal small airways imaging allows quantitative characterisation of emphysema and functional air trapping. Micro-computed tomography and parametric response mapping suggest small airways disease precedes emphysema destruction. Small airways can be assessed functionally using nitrogen washout, probing ventilation at conductive or acinar levels, and forced oscillation technique. These tests may better correlate with respiratory symptoms and may well capture bronchodilation effects beyond proximal obstruction.Knowledge of inflammation-based processes has not provided well-identified targets so far, and eosinophils probably play a minor role. Adaptative immunity or specific small airways secretory protein may provide new therapeutic targets. Pulmonary vasculature is involved in emphysema through capillary loss, microvascular lesions or hypoxia-induced remodelling, thereby impacting respiratory disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Capron
- Clinique des Bronches, Allergies et Sommeil, Hôpital Nord, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Arnaud Bourdin
- Université de Montpellier, PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, CHU de Montpellier, Dept of Respiratory Diseases, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Perez
- Dept of Respiratory Diseases, CHU Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, INSERM U1019 - CNRS UMR 8204, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Pascal Chanez
- Clinique des Bronches, Allergies et Sommeil, Hôpital Nord, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France .,Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INRA, CV2N, Marseille, France
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16
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Gray AC, McLeod JD, Clothier RH. A Review of In Vitro Modelling Approaches to the Identification and Modulation of Squamous Metaplasia in the Human Tracheobronchial Epithelium. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 35:493-504. [DOI: 10.1177/026119290703500509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Squamous metaplasia in the tracheobronchial epithelium (TBE) involves the replacement of the normal pseudostratified mucociliary epithelium with a stratified squamous epithelium. Squamous metaplasia is considered to be an adaptive response that protects the lumen from the effects of inhaled airborne pollutants, but which might also feature as a pre-neoplastic lesion preceding squamous cell carcinoma. With the exception of transglutaminase I, involucrin, and cytokeratins 5, 6 and 13, few markers that contribute to the squamous phenotype have been identified in human TBE that can be used in diagnosis or to monitor its development in laboratory investigations, and current models are inadequate to provide statistically meaningful data. Therefore, new predictive markers have been identified, and new techniques established, in epithelial in vitro models capable of expressing squamous characteristics, which will be used to identify hazardous exposures and elucidate the mechanisms by which they induce their effects. A protocol for the quantitative detection of transglutaminase activity has been standardised in keratinocytes, based on the enzymatic incorporation of fluorescein–cadaverine (FC) into bis(γ-glutamyl) polyamine cross-links. The specificity of this compound as a transglutaminase substrate was demonstrated by using a range of competitive transglutaminase inhibitors, and by modulation of the squamous pathway. FC incorporation was localised to the cell membrane of terminally differentiating cells, and was not visible in basal, proliferating cells. High calcium-containing medium, nicotine and cigarette smoke condensates (CSC) induced an increase in FC incorporation, providing evidence of their role in enhancing the squamous pathway. Analysis by flow cytometry was used to provide a quantitative assessment of a range of optimised squamous differentiation markers, identified in normal human bronchial epithelia and in a bronchial cell line. Transglutaminase I was induced in a time-dependent manner, in post-confluent cells induced to differentiate down the squamous pathway, whereas involucrin was ubiquitously expressed and the levels of cytokeratins 5, 6 and 18 were reduced. The response of these and other differentiation markers to squamous-inducing conditions is being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C. Gray
- Centre for Research in Biomedicine, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Julie D. McLeod
- Centre for Research in Biomedicine, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard H. Clothier
- FRAME Alternatives Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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17
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Xiong R, Wu Q, Trbojevich R, Muskhelishvili L, Davis K, Bryant M, Richter P, Cao X. Disease-related responses induced by cadmium in an in vitro human airway tissue model. Toxicol Lett 2019; 303:16-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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18
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Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) drives EMT in patients with COPD: implications for disease pathogenesis and novel therapies. J Transl Med 2019; 99:150-157. [PMID: 30451982 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive and devastating chronic lung condition that has a significant global burden, both medically and financially. Currently there are no medications that can alter the course of disease. At best, the drugs in clinical practice provide symptomatic relief to suffering patients by alleviating acute exacerbations. Most of current clinical research activities are in late severe disease with lesser attention given to early disease manifestations. There is as yet, a lack of understanding of the underlying mechanisms of disease progression and the molecular switches that are involved in their manifestation. Small airway fibrosis and obliteration are known to cause fixed airflow obstruction in COPD, and the consequential damage to the lung has an early onset. So far, there is little evidence of the mechanisms that underlie this aspect of pathology. However, emerging research confirms that airway epithelial reprogramming or epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key mechanism that drives fibrotic remodelling changes in smokers and patients with COPD. A recent study by Lai et al. further highlights the importance of EMT in smoking-related COPD pathology. The authors identify HB-EGF, an EGFR ligand, as a key driver of EMT and a potential new therapeutic target for the amelioration of EMT and airway remodelling. There are also wider implications in lung cancer prophylaxis, which is another major comorbidity associated with COPD. We consider that improved molecular understanding of the intricate pathways associated with epithelial cell plasticity in smokers and patients with COPD will have major therapeutic implications.
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19
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De Rose V, Molloy K, Gohy S, Pilette C, Greene CM. Airway Epithelium Dysfunction in Cystic Fibrosis and COPD. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:1309746. [PMID: 29849481 PMCID: PMC5911336 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1309746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, whereas chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is mainly caused by environmental factors (mostly cigarette smoking) on a genetically susceptible background. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of these diseases are different, both are associated with progressive airflow obstruction, airway neutrophilic inflammation, and recurrent exacerbations, suggesting common mechanisms. The airway epithelium plays a crucial role in maintaining normal airway functions. Major molecular and morphologic changes occur in the airway epithelium in both CF and COPD, and growing evidence suggests that airway epithelial dysfunction is involved in disease initiation and progression in both diseases. Structural and functional abnormalities in both airway and alveolar epithelium have a relevant impact on alteration of host defences, immune/inflammatory response, and the repair process leading to progressive lung damage and impaired lung function. In this review, we address the evidence for a critical role of dysfunctional airway epithelial cells in chronic airway inflammation and remodelling in CF and COPD, highlighting the common mechanisms involved in the epithelial dysfunction as well as the similarities and differences of the two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia De Rose
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, A.O.U. S. Luigi Gonzaga, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Kevin Molloy
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sophie Gohy
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pneumology, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Pilette
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pneumology, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine M. Greene
- Lung Biology Group, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Zhang H, Yang J, Walters MS, Staudt MR, Strulovici-Barel Y, Salit J, Mezey JG, Leopold PL, Crystal RG. Mandatory role of HMGA1 in human airway epithelial normal differentiation and post-injury regeneration. Oncotarget 2018; 9:14324-14337. [PMID: 29581847 PMCID: PMC5865673 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to high levels of expression in aggressive tumors, high mobility group AT-hook 1 (HMGA1) has recently attracted attention as a potential anti-tumor target. However, HMGA1 is also expressed in normal somatic progenitor cells, raising the question: how might systemic anti-HMGA1 therapies affect the structure and function of normal tissue differentiation? In the present study, RNA sequencing data demonstrated HMGA1 is highly expressed in human airway basal stem/progenitor cells (BC), but decreases with BC differentiation in air-liquid interface cultures (ALI). BC collected from nonsmokers, healthy smokers, and smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) displayed a range of HMGA1 expression levels. Low initial expression levels of HMGA1 in BC were associated with decreased ability to maintain a differentiated ALI epithelium. HMGA1 down-regulation in BC diminished BC proliferation, suppressed gene expression related to normal proliferation and differentiation, decreased airway epithelial resistance, suppressed junctional and cell polarity gene expression, and delayed wound closure of airway epithelium following injury. Furthermore, silencing of HMGA1 in airway BC in ALI increased the expression of genes associated with airway remodeling in COPD including squamous, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and inflammatory genes. Together, the data suggests HMGA1 plays a central role in normal airway differentiation, and thus caution should be used to monitor airway epithelial structure and function in the context of systemic HMGA1-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Zhang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew S Walters
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle R Staudt
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline Salit
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason G Mezey
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Philip L Leopold
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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21
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Volckaert T, Yuan T, Chao CM, Bell H, Sitaula A, Szimmtenings L, El Agha E, Chanda D, Majka S, Bellusci S, Thannickal VJ, Fässler R, De Langhe SP. Fgf10-Hippo Epithelial-Mesenchymal Crosstalk Maintains and Recruits Lung Basal Stem Cells. Dev Cell 2017; 43:48-59.e5. [PMID: 29017029 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The lung harbors its basal stem/progenitor cells (BSCs) in the protected environment of the cartilaginous airways. After major lung injuries, BSCs are activated and recruited to sites of injury. Here, we show that during homeostasis, BSCs in cartilaginous airways maintain their stem cell state by downregulating the Hippo pathway (resulting in increased nuclear Yap), which generates a localized Fgf10-expressing stromal niche; in contrast, differentiated epithelial cells in non-cartilaginous airways maintain quiescence by activating the Hippo pathway and inhibiting Fgf10 expression in airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs). However, upon injury, surviving differentiated epithelial cells spread to maintain barrier function and recruit integrin-linked kinase to adhesion sites, which leads to Merlin degradation, downregulation of the Hippo pathway, nuclear Yap translocation, and expression and secretion of Wnt7b. Epithelial-derived Wnt7b, then in turn, induces Fgf10 expression in ASMCs, which extends the BSC niche to promote regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Volckaert
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Tingting Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Cho-Ming Chao
- German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Harold Bell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Alina Sitaula
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Luisa Szimmtenings
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Elie El Agha
- German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Diptiman Chanda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Susan Majka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stijn P De Langhe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA; Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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22
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Ahmed E, Sansac C, Assou S, Gras D, Petit A, Vachier I, Chanez P, De Vos J, Bourdin A. Lung development, regeneration and plasticity: From disease physiopathology to drug design using induced pluripotent stem cells. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 183:58-77. [PMID: 28987320 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lungs have a complex structure composed of different cell types that form approximately 17 million airway branches of gas-delivering bronchioles connected to 500 million gas-exchanging alveoli. Airways and alveoli are lined by epithelial cells that display a low rate of turnover at steady-state, but can regenerate the epithelium in response to injuries. Here, we review the key points of lung development, homeostasis and epithelial cell plasticity in response to injury and disease, because this knowledge is required to develop new lung disease treatments. Of note, canonical signaling pathways that are essential for proper lung development during embryogenesis are also involved in the pathophysiology of most chronic airway diseases. Moreover, the perfect control of these interconnected pathways is needed for the successful differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) into lung cells. Indeed, differentiation of iPSC into airway epithelium and alveoli is based on the use of biomimetics of normal embryonic and fetal lung development. In vitro iPSC-based models of lung diseases can help us to better understand the impaired lung repair capacity and to identify new therapeutic targets and new approaches, such as lung cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engi Ahmed
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier F34000, France; CHU Montpellier, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier F34000, France; INSERM, U1183, Montpellier F34000, France; Université de MONTPELLIER, UFR de Médecine, Montpellier F34000, France
| | - Caroline Sansac
- CHU Montpellier, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier F34000, France
| | - Said Assou
- CHU Montpellier, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier F34000, France; INSERM, U1183, Montpellier F34000, France; Université de MONTPELLIER, UFR de Médecine, Montpellier F34000, France
| | - Delphine Gras
- Dept of Respiratory Diseases APHM, INSERM CNRS U 1067, UMR7333, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Aurélie Petit
- INSERM, U1046, PhyMedExp, Montpellier F34000, France
| | | | - Pascal Chanez
- Dept of Respiratory Diseases APHM, INSERM CNRS U 1067, UMR7333, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - John De Vos
- CHU Montpellier, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier F34000, France; INSERM, U1183, Montpellier F34000, France; Université de MONTPELLIER, UFR de Médecine, Montpellier F34000, France; CHU Montpellier, Unit for Cellular Therapy, Hospital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier F 34000, France.
| | - Arnaud Bourdin
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier F34000, France; Université de MONTPELLIER, UFR de Médecine, Montpellier F34000, France; INSERM, U1046, PhyMedExp, Montpellier F34000, France.
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Kim BR, Coyaud E, Laurent EMN, St-Germain J, Van de Laar E, Tsao MS, Raught B, Moghal N. Identification of the SOX2 Interactome by BioID Reveals EP300 as a Mediator of SOX2-dependent Squamous Differentiation and Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Growth. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:1864-1888. [PMID: 28794006 PMCID: PMC5629269 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.064451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, with squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC) being the second most common form. SQCCs are thought to originate in bronchial basal cells through an injury response to smoking, which results in this stem cell population committing to hyperplastic squamous rather than mucinous and ciliated fates. Copy number gains in SOX2 in the region of 3q26-28 occur in 94% of SQCCs, and appear to act both early and late in disease progression by stabilizing the initial squamous injury response in stem cells and promoting growth of invasive carcinoma. Thus, anti-SOX2 targeting strategies could help treat early and/or advanced disease. Because SOX2 itself is not readily druggable, we sought to characterize SOX2 binding partners, with the hope of identifying new strategies to indirectly interfere with SOX2 activity. We now report the first use of proximity-dependent biotin labeling (BioID) to characterize the SOX2 interactome in vivo We identified 82 high confidence SOX2-interacting partners. An interaction with the coactivator EP300 was subsequently validated in both basal cells and SQCCs, and we demonstrate that EP300 is necessary for SOX2 activity in basal cells, including for induction of the squamous fate. We also report that EP300 copy number gains are common in SQCCs and that growth of lung cancer cell lines with 3q gains, including SQCC cells, is dependent on EP300. Finally, we show that EP300 inhibitors can be combined with other targeted therapeutics to achieve more effective growth suppression. Our work supports the use of BioID to identify interacting protein partners of nondruggable oncoproteins such as SOX2, as an effective strategy to discover biologically relevant, druggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ram Kim
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
- §Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Estelle M N Laurent
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jonathan St-Germain
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Emily Van de Laar
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
- ¶Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
- §Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Nadeem Moghal
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada;
- §Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
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24
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Zupančič D, Terčelj M, Štrus B, Veranič P. How to obtain good morphology and antigen detection in the same tissue section? PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1931-1939. [PMID: 28188396 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Most human and animal biopsy samples are routinely embedded in paraffin since this enables the pathologist or researcher to obtain excellent morphology and simplifies storage. Nevertheless, in many cases, the antigen of interest cannot be detected in paraffin section. The alternative available for good immunohistochemistry is preparation of cryosections, which usually provide decent antigen preservation and are frequently used for immunofluorescence. However, cryosections often do not provide efficient morphological details of tissues and cells for pathologic evaluation. In order to obtain good antigen preservation and improve tissue and cell morphology after freezing, we tested three different fixations and freezing methodologies and compared them to routine formaldehyde fixation and paraffin embedding. As a model system, we selected the epithelium of the rat urinary bladder and trachea. On all samples, haematoxylin and eosin staining was performed as well as immunofluorescence with antibodies against tight junction protein ZO-1 and against intermediate filament cytokeratin 7. The best compromise between morphology and immunofluorescence was obtained with "sucrose impregnation prior to freezing" method. Moreover, this procedure is also quicker in comparison to standard paraffin section preparation. To check the clinical relevance of our study, this method was used for human biopsy samples of neoplastic urothelial and bronchial mucosa lesions. Besides good immunofluorescence results, the morphology of these samples was well preserved. We therefore propose that cryosection preparation with sucrose impregnation prior to freezing should be further exploited in other clinical and veterinary applications, since it enables good morphology and antigen preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daša Zupančič
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Marjeta Terčelj
- Department of Pulmonary and Allergic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojan Štrus
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Veranič
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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25
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Eapen MS, Myers S, Walters EH, Sohal SS. Airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a true paradox. Expert Rev Respir Med 2017; 11:827-839. [PMID: 28743228 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2017.1360769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is primarily an airway condition, which mainly affects cigarette smokers and presents with shortness of breath that is progressive and poorly reversible. In COPD research, there has been a long held belief that airway disease progression is due to inflammation. Although this may be true in the airway lumen with innate immunity activated by the effect of smoke or secondary to infection, the accurate picture of inflammatory cells in the airway wall, where the pathophysiological COPD remodeling occurs, is uncertain and debatable. Areas covered: The current review provides a comprehensive literature survey of the changes in the main inflammatory cells in human COPD patients and focuses on contrarian views that affect the prevailing dogma on inflammation. The review also delves into the role of oxidative stress and inflammasomes in modulating the immune response in COPD. Further, the effects of inflammation in affecting the epithelium, fibroblasts, and airway remodeling are discussed. Expert commentary: Inflammation as a driving force for airway wall damage and remodelling in early COPD is at the very least 'oversimplified' and is likely to be misleading. This has serious implications for rational thinking about the illness, including pathogenesis and designing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Suji Eapen
- a Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Australia
| | - Stephen Myers
- b School of Health Sciences , University of Tasmania , Launceston , Australia
| | - Eugene Haydn Walters
- a Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- a Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Australia.,b School of Health Sciences , University of Tasmania , Launceston , Australia
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26
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Ajmani GS, Suh HH, Wroblewski KE, Pinto JM. Smoking and olfactory dysfunction: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope 2017; 127:1753-1761. [PMID: 28561327 PMCID: PMC6731037 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature was undertaken, examining the association between tobacco smoking and olfactory function in humans, utilizing PubMed and Web of Science (1970-2015) as data sources. STUDY DESIGN Systematic literature review and meta-analysis. METHODS This database review of studies of smoking and olfaction, with a focus on identifying high-quality studies (based on modified versions of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale), used validated olfactory tests among the generally healthy population. RESULTS We identified 11 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Of 10 cross-sectional studies, two were excluded from meta-analysis because the cohorts they studied were included in another article in the review. In meta-analysis, current smokers had substantially higher odds of olfactory dysfunction compared to never smokers (odds ratio [OR] = 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.37-1.85). In contrast, former smokers were found to have no difference in risk of impaired olfaction compared to never smokers (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.91-1.21). The single longitudinal study reviewed found a trend toward increased risk of olfactory decline over time in ever smokers; this trend was stronger in current as compared to former smokers. CONCLUSIONS Current smoking, but not former smoking, is associated with significantly increased risk of olfactory dysfunction, suggesting that the effects of smoking on olfaction may be reversible. Future studies that prospectively evaluate the impact of smoking cessation on improvement in olfactory function are warranted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A. Laryngoscope, 127:1753-1761, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav S. Ajmani
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Helen H. Suh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Kristen E. Wroblewski
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jayant M. Pinto
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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27
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Aufderheide M, Ito S, Ishikawa S, Emura M. Metaplastic phenotype in human primary bronchiolar epithelial cells after repeated exposure to native mainstream smoke at the air-liquid interface. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2017; 69:307-315. [PMID: 28254108 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
3D constructs composed of primary normal differentiated human bronchiolar epithelial (NHBE) cells as mono- or co-culture in combination with normal human lung fibroblasts were exposed repeatedly at the air-liquid interface with non-lethal concentrations of mainstream cigarette smoke (4 cigarettes a day, 5days/week, 13 times repetition in total) to build up a permanent burden on the cells. Samples were taken after 4, 8 and 13 times of repeated smoke exposure and the cultures were analyzed by histopathological methods In comparison with the clean air exposure (process control) and incubator control cells the cigarette smoke exposed cultures showed a reduction of cilia bearing as well as mucus producing cells. In both mono- as well as co-cultures, hyperplasia was induced showing different histological cell types (undifferentiated secretory and squamous cell types). At the end of the exposure phase, we observed the development of non-hyperplastic areas strongly positive to CK13 antibody, commonly seen in squamous cells as a marker for non-cornified squamous epithelium, thus suggesting a transition of the normal bronchial epithelial cells towards metaplastic cells. The control cultures (clean air exposed and incubator cells) showed no comparable phenotypic changes. In conclusion, our in vitro model presents a valuable tool to study the induction of metaplastic alterations after exposure to airborne material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shigeaki Ito
- Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2, Umegaoka, Aobaku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8512, Japan
| | - Shinkichi Ishikawa
- Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2, Umegaoka, Aobaku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8512, Japan
| | - Makito Emura
- Cultex Laboratories GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 21, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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28
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Zhou Z, Chen P, Peng H. Are healthy smokers really healthy? Tob Induc Dis 2016; 14:35. [PMID: 27891067 PMCID: PMC5111288 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-016-0101-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke contains more than 4500 chemicals which have toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Strong evidences have shown that current smokers take a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer than nonsmokers. However, less attention has been paid to the smoking induced abnormalities in the individuals defined as healthy smokers who are normal with spirometry, radiographic images, routine physical exam and categorized as healthy control group in many researches. Actually, ‘healthy smokers’ are not healthy. This narrative review focuses on the smoking related pathophysiologic changes mainly in the respiratory system of healthy smokers, including inflammation and immune changes, genetic alterations, structural changes and pulmonary dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Peng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 People's Republic of China
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29
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Kim BR, Van de Laar E, Cabanero M, Tarumi S, Hasenoeder S, Wang D, Virtanen C, Suzuki T, Bandarchi B, Sakashita S, Pham NA, Lee S, Keshavjee S, Waddell TK, Tsao MS, Moghal N. SOX2 and PI3K Cooperate to Induce and Stabilize a Squamous-Committed Stem Cell Injury State during Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Pathogenesis. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002581. [PMID: 27880766 PMCID: PMC5120804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancers are considered stem cell diseases, mechanisms involving stem cell alterations are poorly understood. Squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC) is the second most common lung cancer, and its pathogenesis appears to hinge on changes in the stem cell behavior of basal cells in the bronchial airways. Basal cells are normally quiescent and differentiate into mucociliary epithelia. Smoking triggers a hyperproliferative response resulting in progressive premalignant epithelial changes ranging from squamous metaplasia to dysplasia. These changes can regress naturally, even with chronic smoking. However, for unknown reasons, dysplasias have higher progression rates than earlier stages. We used primary human tracheobronchial basal cells to investigate how copy number gains in SOX2 and PIK3CA at 3q26-28, which co-occur in dysplasia and are observed in 94% of SQCCs, may promote progression. We find that SOX2 cooperates with PI3K signaling, which is activated by smoking, to initiate the squamous injury response in basal cells. This response involves SOX9 repression, and, accordingly, SOX2 and PI3K signaling levels are high during dysplasia, while SOX9 is not expressed. By contrast, during regeneration of mucociliary epithelia, PI3K signaling is low and basal cells transiently enter a SOX2LoSOX9Hi state, with SOX9 promoting proliferation and preventing squamous differentiation. Transient reduction in SOX2 is necessary for ciliogenesis, although SOX2 expression later rises and drives mucinous differentiation, as SOX9 levels decline. Frequent coamplification of SOX2 and PIK3CA in dysplasia may, thus, promote progression by locking basal cells in a SOX2HiSOX9Lo state with active PI3K signaling, which sustains the squamous injury response while precluding normal mucociliary differentiation. Surprisingly, we find that, although later in invasive carcinoma SOX9 is generally expressed at low levels, its expression is higher in a subset of SQCCs with less squamous identity and worse clinical outcome. We propose that early pathogenesis of most SQCCs involves stabilization of the squamous injury state in stem cells through copy number gains at 3q, with the pro-proliferative activity of SOX9 possibly being exploited in a subset of SQCCs in later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ram Kim
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily Van de Laar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Cabanero
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shintaro Tarumi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Hasenoeder
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dennis Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carl Virtanen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Takaya Suzuki
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bizhan Bandarchi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shingo Sakashita
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nhu An Pham
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon Lee
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaf Keshavjee
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas K. Waddell
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nadeem Moghal
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Rigden HM, Alias A, Havelock T, O'Donnell R, Djukanovic R, Davies DE, Wilson SJ. Squamous Metaplasia Is Increased in the Bronchial Epithelium of Smokers with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156009. [PMID: 27228128 PMCID: PMC4881906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims To quantify the extent of squamous metaplasia in bronchial biopsies and relate it to the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a smoking-related pathology. Methods Bronchial biopsies (n = 15 in each group) from smokers with COPD GOLD stage1 and GOLD stage2, smokers without COPD and healthy non-smokers were stained immunohistochemically with a panel of antibodies that facilitated the identification of pseudostratified epithelium and distinction of squamous metaplasia and squamous epithelium from tangentially cut epithelium. The percentage length of each of these epithelial phenotypes was measured as a percent of total epithelial length using computerised image analysis. Sections were also stained for carcinoembryonic antigen and p53, early markers of carcinogenesis, and Ki67, and the percentage epithelial expression measured. Results The extent of squamous metaplasia was significantly increased in both COPD1 and COPD2 compared to healthy smokers and healthy non-smokers. The amount of fully differentiated squamous epithelium was also increased in COPD1 and COPD2 compared to healthy non-smokers, as was the expression of carcinoembryonic antigen. These features correlated with one other. Conclusion In subjects with COPD there is a loss of pseudostratified epithelium accompanied by an increase in squamous metaplasia with transition into a fully squamous epithelium and expression of early markers of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Rigden
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmad Alias
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Havelock
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Rory O'Donnell
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ratko Djukanovic
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Donna E. Davies
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Susan J. Wilson
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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31
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Olsson EC, Jobson M, Lim MR. Risk factors for persistent dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery. Orthopedics 2015; 38:e319-23. [PMID: 25901626 DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20150402-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Dysphagia is a relatively common complication of anterior cervical spine surgery. Smoking has not been definitively assessed as a risk factor for dysphagia. This study examined risk factors for dysphagia, including smoking and pain severity. The authors performed a cross-sectional cohort study of 100 patients who underwent anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion (ACDF). Dysphagia was assessed with the Yoo-Bazaz questionnaire. Clinical notes were reviewed for demographic information, diagnosis, preoperative pain severity, preoperative smoking status, and operative details. The dysphagia questionnaire was administered via telephone. The rate of dysphagia at an average of 2.75 years (33 months) was 26%. Rare and mild dysphagia were reported by 2% and 7% of patients, respectively. Moderate dysphagia was reported by 12% patients, and severe dysphagia was reported by 5% of patients. Smokers were more likely to report dysphagia symptoms, and their dysphagia scores were more severe than those in nonsmokers (1.17 vs 0.54; P=.02). Patients undergoing revision surgery (n=7) had dysphagia at a rate of 71% compared with 23% of patients undergoing primary surgery (P<.004). Age, sex, diagnosis, severity of preoperative pain, and number of levels treated did not reach statistical significance. The prevalence of persistent dysphagia at an average of 33 months after ACDF was 23% in primary cases. To the authors' knowledge, the severity of dysphagia in smokers has not been reported previously. These data confirm previous reports that dysphagia symptoms persist in a significant proportion of patients more than 1 year after anterior cervical spine surgery.
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Crystal RG. Airway basal cells. The "smoking gun" of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 190:1355-62. [PMID: 25354273 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201408-1492pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The earliest abnormality in the lung associated with smoking is hyperplasia of airway basal cells, the stem/progenitor cells of the ciliated and secretory cells that are central to pulmonary host defense. Using cell biology and 'omics technologies to assess basal cells isolated from bronchoscopic brushings of nonsmokers, smokers, and smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), compelling evidence has been provided in support of the concept that airway basal cells are central to the pathogenesis of smoking-associated lung diseases. When confronted by the chronic stress of smoking, airway basal cells become disorderly, regress to a more primitive state, behave as dictated by their inheritance, are susceptible to acquired changes in their genome, lose the capacity to regenerate the epithelium, are responsible for the major changes in the airway that characterize COPD, and, with persistent stress, can undergo malignant transformation. Together, these observations led to the conclusion that accelerated loss of lung function in susceptible individuals begins with disordered airway basal cell biology (i.e., that airway basal cells are the "smoking gun" of COPD, a potential target for the development of therapies to prevent smoking-related lung disorders).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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33
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Cigarette smoke alters primary human bronchial epithelial cell differentiation at the air-liquid interface. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8163. [PMID: 25641363 PMCID: PMC4313097 DOI: 10.1038/srep08163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiated human airway epithelium consists of different cell types forming a polarized and pseudostratified epithelium. This is dramatically altered in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by basal and goblet cell hyperplasia, and squamous cell metaplasia. The effect of cigarette smoke on human bronchial epithelial cell (HBEC) differentiation remains to be elucidated. We analysed whether cigarette smoke extract (CSE) affected primary (p)HBEC differentiation and function. pHBEC were differentiated at the air-liquid interface (ALI) and differentiation was quantified after 7, 14, 21, or 28 days by assessing acetylated tubulin, CC10, or MUC5AC for ciliated, Clara, or goblet cells, respectively. Exposure of differentiating pHBEC to CSE impaired epithelial barrier formation, as assessed by resistance measurements (TEER). Importantly, CSE exposure significantly reduced the number of ciliated cells, while it increased the number of Clara and goblet cells. CSE-dependent cell number changes were reflected by a reduction of acetylated tubulin levels, an increased expression of the basal cell marker KRT14, and increased secretion of CC10, but not by changes in transcript levels of CC10, MUC5AC, or FOXJ1. Our data demonstrate that cigarette smoke specifically alters the cellular composition of the airway epithelium by affecting basal cell differentiation in a post-transcriptional manner.
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Shaykhiev R, Crystal RG. Early events in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Smoking-induced reprogramming of airway epithelial basal progenitor cells. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2014; 11 Suppl 5:S252-8. [PMID: 25525728 PMCID: PMC4298974 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201402-049aw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium is the primary site of the earliest pathologic changes induced by smoking, contributing to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The normal human airway epithelium is composed of several major cell types, including differentiated ciliated and secretory cells, intermediate undifferentiated cells, and basal cells (BC). BC contain the stem/progenitor cell population responsible for maintenance of the normally differentiated airway epithelium. Although inflammatory and immune processes play a significant role in the pathogenesis of COPD, the earliest lesions include hyperplasia of the BC population, suggesting that the disease may start with this cell type. Apart from BC hyperplasia, smoking induces a number of COPD-relevant airway epithelial remodeling phenotypes that are likely initiated in the BC population, including mucous cell hyperplasia, squamous cell metaplasia, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, altered ciliated and nonmucous secretory cell differentiation, and suppression of junctional barrier integrity. Significant progress has been recently made in understanding the biology of human airway BC, including gene expression features, stem/progenitor, and other functions, including interaction with other airway cell types. Accumulating evidence suggests that human airway BC function as both sensors and cellular sources of various cytokines and growth factors relevant to smoking-associated airway injury, as well as the origin of various molecular and histological phenotypes relevant to the pathogenesis of COPD. In the context of these considerations, we suggest that early BC-specific smoking-induced molecular changes are critical to the pathogenesis of COPD, and these represent a candidate target for novel therapeutic approaches to prevent COPD progression in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renat Shaykhiev
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Kaderli R, Schnüriger B, Brügger LE. The impact of smoking on HPV infection and the development of anogenital warts. Int J Colorectal Dis 2014; 29:899-908. [PMID: 24935346 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-014-1922-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The worldwide prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is estimated at 9-13 %. Persistent infection can lead to the development of malignant and nonmalignant diseases. Low-risk HPV types are mostly associated with benign lesions such as anogenital warts. In the present systematic review, we examined the impact of smoking on HPV infection and the development of anogenital warts, respectively. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed using MEDLINE database for peer-reviewed articles published from January 01, 1985 to November 30, 2013. Pooled rates of HPV prevalence were compared using the χ (2) test. RESULTS In both genders, smoking is associated with higher incidence and prevalence rates for HPV infection, whereas the latter responds to a dose-effect relationship. The overall HPV prevalence for smoking patients was 48.2 versus 37. 5 % for nonsmoking patients (p < 0.001) (odds ratio (OR) = 1.5, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.4-1.7). Smoking does also increase persistence rates for high-risk HPV infection, while this correlation is debatable for low-risk HPV. The incidence and recurrence rates of anogenital warts are significantly increased in smokers. CONCLUSIONS Most current data demonstrate an association between smoking, increased anogenital HPV infection, and development of anogenital warts. These data add to the long list of reasons for making smoking cessation a keystone of patient health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Kaderli
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland,
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Pierce JS, Abelmann A, Spicer LJ, Adams RE, Finley BL. Diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione exposures associated with cigarette smoking: implications for risk assessment of food and flavoring workers. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:420-35. [PMID: 24635357 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.882292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione inhalation have been suggested as causes of severe respiratory disease, including bronchiolitis obliterans, in food/flavoring manufacturing workers. Both compounds are present in many food items, tobacco, and other consumer products, but estimates of exposures associated with the use of these goods are scant. A study was conducted to characterize exposures to diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione associated with cigarette smoking. The yields (μg/cigarette) of diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione in mainstream (MS) cigarette smoke were evaluated for six tobacco products under three smoking regimens (ISO, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, and Health Canada Intense) using a standard smoking machine. Mean diacetyl concentrations in MS smoke ranged from 250 to 361 ppm for all tobacco products and smoking regimens, and mean cumulative exposures associated with 1 pack-year ranged from 1.1 to 1.9 ppm-years. Mean 2,3-pentanedione concentrations in MS smoke ranged from 32.2 to 50.1 ppm, and mean cumulative exposures associated with 1 pack-year ranged from 0.14 to 0.26 ppm-years. We found that diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione exposures from cigarette smoking far exceed occupational exposures for most food/flavoring workers who smoke. This suggests that previous claims of a significant exposure-response relationship between diacetyl inhalation and respiratory disease in food/flavoring workers were confounded, because none of the investigations considered or quantified the non-occupational diacetyl exposure from cigarette smoke, yet all of the cohorts evaluated had considerable smoking histories. Further, because smoking has not been shown to be a risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans, our findings are inconsistent with claims that diacetyl and/or 2,3-pentanedione exposure are risk factors for this disease.
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Is there a relationship between the presence of lung mucosa preinvasive lesions and lung cancer incidence? Influence of tobacco consumption. Lung Cancer 2014; 84:134-8. [PMID: 24589076 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although studied for years, the nature of the relationships between tobacco consumption, bronchial preinvasive lesions and lung cancer are still not completely elucidated. Objectives were to determine the relationship between tobacco consumption and lung mucosa preinvasive and invasive lesions and to describe patients' evolution according to baseline characteristics. METHODS Bronchial biopsy specimens were taken at six predetermined sites in 156 males, current smokers, aged above 18 years. Relationships between smoking characteristics and preinvasive lesions indexes and between baseline characteristics and lung cancer occurrence during a prospective follow-up were examined. RESULTS Maximum grade was hyperplasia for 16.7% of patients, metaplasia 33.3%, dysplasia 25.0%, and carcinoma in situ 1.3%. For 23.7% of patients, all biopsies were considered normal. Preinvasive lesion indexes were related to smoking intensity (cigarettes/day). Lung cancer incidence during the follow-up was 19.9%. No association between severity of mucosa lesions at baseline and incidence of cancer during the follow-up period was observed. CONCLUSION The majority of smokers had mucosa lesions, but a relatively small number of them would have a cancer, and there was a poor correlation between severity of mucosalesions and incidence of cancer. Even if an evolution from preinvasive lesions to an invasive cancer is plausible and coherent with current concepts, this link does not appear strong enough to recommend the use of systematic classic endoscopy for targeting of a sub-group of higher risk smokers who would require a closer follow up.
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Schabath MB, Villa LL, Lin HY, Fulp WJ, Lazcano-Ponce E, Salmerón J, Abrahamsen ME, Papenfuss MR, Quiterio M, Giuliano AR. A prospective analysis of smoking and human papillomavirus infection among men in the HPV in Men Study. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:2448-57. [PMID: 24222514 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
At present it is unknown whether the higher prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among smokers in men is attributed to a higher probability of acquiring an infection or because of longer infection persistence. Thus, we investigated the role of smoking on the incidence (acquisition) and clearance (persistence) of genital HPV infections among 4,026 men in the HPV in Men (HIM) Study, a multinational prospective study of the natural history of genital HPV infection in men. Genital HPV infections were grouped by any, oncogenic and nononcogenic HPV infections and smoking status was categorized as current, former and never smokers. The incidence of any, oncogenic and nononcogenic HPV infections was significantly higher among current smokers compared to former and never smokers (p < 0.01). In multivariable analyses adjusting for sexual behavior and potential confounders, when compared to never smokers, current smokers exhibited significantly higher probability of acquiring any [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.23; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.50] and nononcogenic (HR = 1.21; 95% CI 1.00-1.45) infections and a borderline significant probability for oncogenic infections (HR = 1.18; 95% CI 0.98-1.41). Although the median duration of HPV infection was generally longer among current smokers, we found no statistically significant associations in the multivariable analyses. Overall, these results demonstrated that current smoking exhibited the highest incidence and highest probability of acquiring genital HPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Schabath
- Division of Population Sciences, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
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Shaykhiev R, Zuo WL, Chao I, Fukui T, Witover B, Brekman A, Crystal RG. EGF shifts human airway basal cell fate toward a smoking-associated airway epithelial phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:12102-7. [PMID: 23818594 PMCID: PMC3718120 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303058110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium of smokers acquires pathological phenotypes, including basal cell (BC) and/or goblet cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, structural and functional abnormalities of ciliated cells, decreased number of secretoglobin (SCGB1A1)-expressing secretory cells, and a disordered junctional barrier. In this study, we hypothesized that smoking alters airway epithelial structure through modification of BC function via an EGF receptor (EGFR)-mediated mechanism. Analysis of the airway epithelium revealed that EGFR is enriched in airway BCs, whereas its ligand EGF is induced by smoking in ciliated cells. Exposure of BCs to EGF shifted the BC differentiation program toward the squamous and epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like phenotypes with down-regulation of genes related to ciliogenesis, secretory differentiation, and markedly reduced junctional barrier integrity, mimicking the abnormalities present in the airways of smokers in vivo. These data suggest that activation of EGFR in airway BCs by smoking-induced EGF represents a unique mechanism whereby smoking can alter airway epithelial differentiation and barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - IonWa Chao
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Tomoya Fukui
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Bradley Witover
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Angelika Brekman
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Ronald G. Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
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Schabath MB, Villa LL, Lazcano-Ponce E, Salmerón J, Quiterio M, Giuliano AR. Smoking and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the HPV in Men (HIM) study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 21:102-10. [PMID: 22016473 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of smoking on the natural history of HPV infection in men is not well understood. Smoking could influence the incidence and persistence of HPV infections by suppressing local immune function, increased cellular proliferation, upregulated proinflammatory factors, or induced host DNA damage resulting in increased susceptibility to infection. The purpose of this analysis is to assess prevalent HPV infections by smoking status in men, and to determine baseline risk of HPV infection associated with smoking. METHODS The HPV in Men (HIM) study is a multinational prospective study of the natural history of HPV infections in men. Samples from the coronal sulcus, glans penis, shaft, and scrotum were combined for HPV DNA testing. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between smoking and any-, oncogenic-, and nononcogenic HPV infections. RESULTS Our analyses revealed that current smoking was associated with an increased risk of any HPV infection (OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.01-1.41) and oncogenic HPV infection (OR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.05-1.47). However, the association between smoking and any HPV infection (OR = 1.35; 95% CI: 1.05-1.73) and oncogenic HPV infection (OR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.11-1.92) was only evident among men reporting fewer lifetime sexual partners. DISCUSSION These results suggest that current smokers with the fewest number of sexual partners are associated with an increased risk for oncogenic HPV infection. IMPACT The relationship between smoking and HPV infection remains understudied in men; these data shed new light on the interplay between smoking, sexual activity, and risk of HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Schabath
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Cancer Epidemiology Program, 12902 Magnolia Drive MRC-CANCONT, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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[Structural abnormalities and inflammation in COPD: a focus on small airways]. Rev Mal Respir 2011; 28:749-60. [PMID: 21742236 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by poorly reversible airflow limitation associated with airway remodelling and inflammation of both large and small airways. The site of airflow obstruction in COPD is located in the small airways, justifying a focus on this compartment. The structural abnormalities that are found in bronchioles with a diameter less than 2mm are characterized by increased airway wall thickness with peribronchial fibrosis, and by luminal obstruction by mucous exudates. Destruction of alveolar walls, the hallmark of emphysema, may be related to protease-antiprotease imbalance, and to mechanisms involving apoptosis, senescence, and autoimmunity. Cigarette smoke inhalation triggers the recruitment of innate immune cells (neutrophils and macrophages) and putatively adaptive immunity mediated via T and B lymphocytes and lymphoid follicles in the small airways. These data suggest a potential role for therapies that can target remodelling and inflammation in the small airways of patients with COPD.
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EGFR/erB-1, HER2/erB-2, CK7, LP34, Ki67 and P53 expression in preneoplastic lesions of bronchial epithelium: an immunohistochemical and genetic study. Virchows Arch 2011; 458:571-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-011-1062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Value of autofluorescence bronchoscopy in patients with laryngeal cancer. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2010; 125:181-7. [PMID: 21059279 DOI: 10.1017/s002221511000229x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck constitute a high risk group for synchronous and metachronous tumours. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the usefulness of white light and autofluorescence bronchoscopy in the evaluation of pre-malignant and early neoplastic lesions in patients with laryngeal cancer, who are at high risk of concomitant lung cancer. METHODS This prospective, cross-sectional study included 30 patients who had undergone total laryngectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. The tracheobronchial system was investigated for the presence of pre-malignant and malignant lesions, using a combination of white light and autofluorescence bronchoscopy. Biopsies were obtained from areas with a pathological appearance, and histopathological studies were performed. RESULTS All patients had a permanent tracheostomy. Light and autofluorescence bronchoscopy indicated that the tracheobronchial system was normal in 11 patients. A total of 27 biopsies was taken from the remaining 19 patients, and revealed invasive squamous cell carcinoma in one patient and pre-malignant changes in six. CONCLUSION Bronchoscopy is a valuable and practical tool for screening patients at high risk of lung cancer, and requires minimal intervention especially in patients with a permanent tracheostomy. Of the various bronchoscopic techniques becoming available, autofluorescence bronchoscopy shows promise for the detection of pre-invasive malignant changes of the tracheobronchial system in patients previously operated upon for laryngeal cancer.
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Merrifield J, O'donnell R, Davies DE, Djukanovic R, Wilson SJ. A panel of antibodies for identifying squamous metaplasia in endobronchial biopsies from smokers. Biotech Histochem 2010; 86:340-4. [PMID: 20662603 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2010.502844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic injury can induce squamous metaplasia of respiratory epithelium, which normally is pseudostratified. Terminally differentiated squamous epithelial cells have a flattened, elongated appearance. During differentiation, they have an intermediate phenotype that is difficult to identify and distinguish from tangentially cut columnar cells in tissue sections from endobronchial biopsies, whose small size makes orientation difficult. The aim of our study was to develop a panel of antibodies that could be employed to distinguish normal epithelium from metaplastic epithelium and would be suitable for use on endobronchial biopsies. Nasal polyp tissue and tonsil tissue, which have pseudostratified and squamous epithelia, respectively, were collected from surgical cases and embedded in glycol methacrylate resin. Cut sections were stained immunohistochemically with a panel of antibodies to cytokeratins (CK), whose expression varies with epithelial type and stage of differentiation, and involucrin, a marker of terminal squamous differentiation. Squamous epithelium stained positively for CK5/6, CK13 and involucrin. In the pseudostratified epithelium, basal cells exhibited weak staining for CK13 and strong staining for CK5/6, and columnar cells exhibited strong immunoreactivity for CK7, CK8 and CK18. Application of this panel to endobronchial biopsies from smokers enabled areas of squamous metaplasia to be distinguished from tangentially sectioned epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Merrifield
- Histochemistry Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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Yee KK, Pribitkin EA, Cowart BJ, Vainius AA, Klock CT, Rosen D, Hahn CG, Rawson NE. Smoking-associated squamous metaplasia in olfactory mucosa of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 37:594-8. [PMID: 19487255 DOI: 10.1177/0192623309338055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the induction of squamous metaplasia in human olfactory nasal tissue caused by tobacco use and the implications it may have for olfaction, particularly when there are pre-existing insults, such as chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Quantitative histopathological analyses were performed on Alcian blue- and H&E-stained sections of nasal biopsies taken from the upper aspect of the middle turbinate of CRS patients. Chronic rhinosinusitis patients who were current smokers had a predominance of squamous metaplasia in the olfactory sensory epithelium, whereas CRS patients who were nonsmokers and were not exposed to secondhand cigarette smoke had a prevalence of goblet cell hyperplasia. In spite of this difference, the groups did not differ significantly in olfactory threshold sensitivity. The impact of primary cigarette smoke on olfaction and a possible role of squamous metaplasia in preserving olfactory neurogenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Yee
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-3308, USA.
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Polosukhin VV, Lawson WE, Milstone AP, Egunova SM, Kulipanov AG, Tchuvakin SG, Massion PP, Blackwell TS. Association of progressive structural changes in the bronchial epithelium with subepithelial fibrous remodeling: a potential role for hypoxia. Virchows Arch 2007; 451:793-803. [PMID: 17674038 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-007-0469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In airway remodeling that occurs in association with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the relationship between the subepithelium and structural changes of the bronchial epithelium is not well defined. To investigate whether the subepithelium and epithelium undergo remodeling as an integrated unit, we performed morphological examination of 55 bronchial biopsy specimens obtained from explanted or resected lungs from tobacco smokers with COPD. Our results indicate that reticular basement membrane (RBM) thickness is increased and the subepithelial microvascular bed is reduced in association with progression from the normal epithelium to squamous metaplasia. Subsequent bronchial epithelial transformation to dysplasia is characterized by differential subepithelial remodeling with normalization of RBM thickness and subepithelial blood vessel density. Because fibrous remodeling of the subepithelium could limit delivery of nutrients and oxygen to the epithelium, we assessed expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) as markers of cellular hypoxia. The number of HIF-1alpha-positive epithelial cells increased with progression of epithelial structural changes, RBM thickness, and reduction in blood vessels in the subepithelium. These findings suggest that the HIF-1alpha pathway is activated in response to subepithelial remodeling and contributes to progressive premalignant epithelial lesions in the airways of tobacco smokers with chronic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy V Polosukhin
- Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, T-1218 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA.
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Li R, Todd NW, Qiu Q, Fan T, Zhao RY, Rodgers WH, Fang HB, Katz RL, Stass SA, Jiang F. Genetic deletions in sputum as diagnostic markers for early detection of stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:482-7. [PMID: 17255269 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Analysis of molecular genetic markers in biological fluids has been proposed as a powerful tool for cancer diagnosis. We have characterized in detail the genetic signatures in primary non-small cell lung cancer, which provided potential diagnostic biomarkers for lung cancer. The aim of this study was to determine whether the genetic changes can be used as markers in sputum specimen for the early detection of lung cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Genetic aberrations in the genes HYAL2, FHIT, and SFTPC were evaluated in paired tumors and sputum samples from 38 patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer and in sputum samples from 36 cancer-free smokers and 28 healthy nonsmokers by using fluorescence in situ hybridization. RESULTS HYAL2 and FHIT were deleted in 84% and 79% tumors and in 45% and 40% paired sputum, respectively. SFTPC was deleted exclusively in tumor tissues (71%). There was concordance of HYAL2 or FHIT deletions in matched sputum and tumor tissues from lung cancer patients (r = 0.82, P = 0.04; r = 0.84, P = 0.03), suggesting that the genetic changes in sputum might indicate the presence of the same genetic aberrations in lung tumors. Furthermore, abnormal cells were found in 76% sputum by detecting combined HYAL2 and FHIT deletions whereas in 47% sputum by cytology, of the cancer cases, implying that detecting the combination of HYAL2 and FHIT deletions had higher sensitivity than that of sputum cytology for lung cancer diagnosis. In addition, HYAL2 and FHIT deletions in sputum were associated with smoking history of cancer patients and smokers (both P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Tobacco-related HYAL2 and FHIT deletions in sputum may constitute diagnostic markers for early-stage lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyun Li
- Department of Surgery, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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van den Berg RM, van Tinteren H, van Zandwijk N, Visser C, Pasic A, Kooi C, Sutedja TG, Baas P, Grünberg K, Mooi WJ, Snijders PJF, Postmus PE, Smit EF. The influence of fluticasone inhalation on markers of carcinogenesis in bronchial epithelium. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175:1061-5. [PMID: 17290039 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200612-1770oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Bronchial epithelium exposed to cigarette smoke undergoes a series of histologic changes that may ultimately lead to invasive cancer. Inhaled corticosteroids reduce the number of lung tumors developing in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. OBJECTIVES We studied the effect of inhaled fluticasone on premalignant lesions in smokers and patients curatively treated for head and neck cancer or lung cancer. METHODS Participants were screened for premalignant lesions by bronchoscopy. Biopsies were taken from three to five locations and classified using WHO criteria. In case of a metaplasia index of > 15%, participants were randomized to receive a powder inhalation device containing either fluticasone 500 microg or a placebo, to be used twice a day. After 6 months, biopsies were obtained from the same locations as previously sampled. Efficacy of treatment was assessed by reversal of metaplasia/dysplasia; secondary endpoints were reversal of increased p53 and KI-67 immunoreactivity and expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of the 201 subjects that were screened, 108 were included. Mean age was 53 yr (35-71), mean number of pack-years 48 (18-99), mean metaplasia index 48%, and 32% had some degree of dysplasia at baseline. The two treatment arms did not differ with respect to response or change in either metaplasia index or the expression of the markers p53, KI-67, or human telomerase reverse transcriptase. CONCLUSIONS Inhaled fluticasone in a dose of 500 mug twice a day does not affect the natural course of premalignant lesions in the central airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco M van den Berg
- Department of Pulmonology, VU Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abramson AL, Nouri M, Mullooly V, Fisch G, Steinberg BM. Latent human papillomavirus infection is comparable in the larynx and trachea. J Med Virol 2004; 72:473-7. [PMID: 14748072 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent respiratory papillomas are benign airway tumors caused by Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) types 6 and 11. The disease is characterized by multiple recurrences of papillomas following surgical removal, caused by activation of latent HPV DNA. Most patients have laryngeal disease, while only a small subset has tracheal involvement. We have asked whether the lower frequency of tracheal papillomas was due to reduced prevalence of latent/subclinical tracheal HPV infection or reduced likelihood of activation to clinically apparent disease. A total of 121 biopsies of clinically normal laryngeal and tracheal tissues from 61 patients with laryngeal papillomas were analyzed for HPV DNA by polymerase chain reaction, confirmed by Southern blot hybridization. Patients were followed for 3-18 years (mean = 5.5 +/- 4.4), with only one developing subsequent tracheal disease. There was no significant difference in prevalence of latent HPV DNA between larynx and trachea, analyzing either those patients with a single biopsy or those with more than one biopsy of larynx, trachea, or both. There was also no significant difference between tracheal latency with HPV 6 and HPV 11. We conclude that HPV infects tracheal mucosa and is maintained as a latent infection in the trachea as efficiently as in the larynx. Therefore, we propose that the low frequency of tracheal disease reflects a lower frequency of HPV activation, and postulate that cellular factors that differ between the stratified squamous epithelium of the larynx and the ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium of the trachea contribute to this difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan L Abramson
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Disorders, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York 11040, USA.
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Kinjo T, Kamiyama K, Chinen K, Arasaki A, Iwamasa T. Possible Factors Related to Phenotype Change from Adenocarcinoma to Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2004. [DOI: 10.1267/ahc.37.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takao Kinjo
- Division of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of the Ryukyus
| | - Kazuya Kamiyama
- Division of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of the Ryukyus
| | - Katsuni Chinen
- Division of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of the Ryukyus
| | - Akira Arasaki
- Oral and Maxillofacial Functional Rehabilitation, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
| | - Teruo Iwamasa
- Division of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of the Ryukyus
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