Antimicrobial uses for livestock production in developing countries

Exploring the role of gut microbiota in antibiotic resistance and prevention

BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the evolution of multiple drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is of grave public health concern. To combat the pandemic of AMR, it is necessary to focus on novel alternatives for drug development. Within the host, the interaction of the pathogen with the microbiome plays a pivotal role in determining the outcome of pathogenesis. Therefore, microbiome-pathogen interaction is one of the potential targets to be explored for novel antimicrobials.

MAIN BODY

This review focuses on how the gut microbiome has evolved as a significant component of the resistome as a source of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Antibiotics alter the composition of the native microbiota of the host by favouring resistant bacteria that can manifest as opportunistic infections. Furthermore, gut dysbiosis has also been linked to low-dosage antibiotic ingestion or subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT) from food and the environment.

DISCUSSION

Colonization by MDR bacteria is potentially acquired and maintained in the gut microbiota. Therefore, it is pivotal to understand microbial diversity and its role in adapting pathogens to AMR. Implementing several strategies to prevent or treat dysbiosis is necessary, including faecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics and prebiotics, phage therapy, drug delivery models, and antimicrobial stewardship regulation.

A tag-free fluorescent aptasensor for ultrasensitive detection of sulfadimethoxine antibiotic mediated by rolling circle amplified DNA cascades

Elevated concentrations of sulfadimethoxine (SDM) in food products contribute to the development of bacterial resistance, resulting in a range of health problems for individuals. This background makes it incumbent to develop an efficient and accurate detection method for SDM. Rolling circle amplification (RCA) is an easy operation and highly efficient signal improvement technique that does not require thermal cycling. This study presents a fluorescent aptasensor that operates without labels to detect SDM, utilizing the RCA process. Using the RCA method as the main contributor for signal amplification, a large number of DNA copies is produced in a short time. This allows for the immobilization of SYBR Green (SGI) molecules and a sharp increase in the fluorescence response. Hence, it can be achieved a wide detection range of SDM from 1 pM to 200 nM and an impressive detection limit of 0.238 pM. The aptasensor can successfully monitor SDM in various livestock products and biological samples. This aptasensor offers advantages such as a short fabrication time, cost-effectiveness, and user-friendliness. It can be promoted as a convenient and economic portable testing kit.

Phage isolation, characterization, and antibiotic resistance profiling in Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli: Integrating data for a possible novel AMR surveillance model

Colibacillosis, brought on by Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), is a significant risk to poultry farming. The management of colibacillosis is made more difficult by the increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in APEC isolates. The antibiotic resistance profiles, antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) presence, and phage susceptibility of 130 APEC isolates were examined in this investigation. The highest resistance against antibiotics was detected against tetracycline and nalidixic acid, with 86.15% and 85.38%, respectively, among isolates. A high frequency of ARGs was found in the data, especially the positively correlated blaTEM (95.38%) and tetA (85.38%) genes. The 20 bacteriophages we recovered were further described, with PhEcoAP90 having the widest host range. A 14 ± 1.41 nm tail and a 52.20 ± 2.94 nm head were revealed by TEM examination. A one-step growth experiment observed a 20-min latent period and a 58 PFU/cell burst size. PhEcoAP90 showed instability at high temperatures and extreme pH values. These results imply that although PhEcoAP90 exhibits potential as an antibiotic alternative for managing APEC infections, its use in severe settings may be restricted. To help combat AMR in chicken farming, we also suggest a unique AMR surveillance system that includes phage sensitivity, ARG prevalence, and antibiotic resistance profiles. In conclusion, our research emphasizes the need for integrated AMR surveillance systems in the poultry industry and the promise of phages as efficient alternative therapeutic approaches in regulating AMR in APEC.

Situational analysis of human and agricultural health practice: One Health and antibiotic use in an indigenous village in rural Punjab, India

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the biggest threats to health globally. The rise of AMR has been largely attributed to the misuse and abuse of antimicrobials in veterinary, human, and agricultural medicine. This study aimed to assess human, livestock, and agricultural health profiles, and practices of One Health and antibiotic use through a situational analysis of an Indigenous village Gurah, in a rural area of Mohali district in Punjab state using a demographic and facility survey. A survey questionnaire was used to collect information on the village's socio-demographic, human, livestock, and agricultural profiles. The study included 77 households from the village Gurah, with the majority i.e., 71.4 % engaged in agricultural activity and 68.8 % with livestock. Survey results showed that self-reported adherence to any medicine prescribed by doctors was high (92.3 %) and self-medication reported by the respondents was 11 %. Forty-two percent of antibiotic consumption was verified from prescription. The major crops grown in the village were exposed to pesticides, and most dairy and non-dairy products were sold in markets, with consumers unaware of any pesticide or antibiotic exposure. Additionally, villagers were unaware of disease diagnosis and the medicines their livestock consumed. Findings from veterinarians revealed that around 50 % of the livestock was given antibiotics for treatment for mastitis. In our study, 67.9 % of the green fodder for animals was homegrown and pesticide use was reported. The study reported that 81.1 % of the animal feed additives were purchased from the market and farmers might be unaware whether commercially-purchased feed contains antibiotics. The results provide a picture of the current situation and guide further research for the containment of AMR under the One Health approach. Inadequate multi-sectoral and cross-disciplinary efforts to combating AMR in current practice call for prompt coordinated action integral to a "One Health approach."

Antimicrobial prescription practices and opinions regarding antimicrobial resistance among veterinarians in Palestine 2024

BACKGROUND

Antimicrobial use (AMU) by veterinarians is crucial for animal health management worldwide. Its extensive and improper use with insufficient monitoring has raised concerns about antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Veterinarians' opinions on antimicrobial agents and AMR are crucial in shaping their prescription practices. Understanding these opinions and practices is essential for mitigating the impact of AMR. Therefore, a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial prescription practices and antimicrobial knowledge of veterinarians in Palestine. Descriptive and statistical analyses were performed at a confidence interval of 95%.

RESULTS

A survey targeting 358 veterinarians in Palestine received 104 responses (29.1%). The majority of respondents were male (92.3%) and aged 31-40 (47.1%) or under 30 (42.3%). Most practiced in Hebron (31.7%), while others practiced in Jenin (14.4%), Tulkarm (11.5%), and Nablus (11.5%). The practices mainly included mixed practices (48.1%), farm animals (26.0%), and small animals (13.5%). Training on antimicrobial agents was primarily in English (93.3%), lasting five years (91.3%), with 40.4% having multiple course emphases in nonclinical years and 46.2% in clinical years. Only 57.7% had no additional degrees, but 54.8% attended training courses or conferences. Most veterinarians (64.4%) felt that they did not overprescribe antimicrobial agents, although 41.3% used them in 41-60% of cases. Clinical signs were relied upon for prescriptions by 85.6%, but only 39.4% had access to laboratory facilities for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Most respondents (76.0%) acknowledged antimicrobial misuse, and 71.2% felt there was inadequate supervision of AMU. AMR was seen as a serious issue by 99.0%, with improper prescription habits cited as a major cause (81.7%). Recommendations to combat resistance included conducting sensitivity tests, enhancing veterinary oversight, promoting biosecurity, and enforcing stricter regulations on antimicrobial sales and use.

CONCLUSION

This study provides valuable insights into the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of veterinarians in Palestine regarding AMU and AMR. The study underscored gaps in oversight, with many respondents feeling that there was inadequate supervision of AMU in veterinary practice. The findings highlight the need for enhanced training, stricter regulations, and improved monitoring to mitigate the risks of AMR effectively. By implementing these recommendations, it is possible to promote responsible AMU, safeguard public health, and ensure the continued effectiveness of antimicrobial agents for future generations. Addressing these challenges will require a concerted effort from all stakeholders to create a robust framework for antimicrobial stewardship in veterinary practice.

Barriers to effective antimicrobial resistance management in Nigerian livestock: the role of veterinary practices and client expectations

Resistance to antimicrobials is growing faster than the discovery of new drugs. This problem has raised the global concern of a possible pandemic, as the treatment of infections in both humans and animals is becoming more difficult. This study aimed to understand the opinions of practising veterinarians on the factors responsible for increasing antibiotic resistance among animals in Nigeria. A cross-sectional study of veterinarians from 36 states (including the Federal capital territory) was conducted using a paper-based structured questionnaire survey. The questionnaire was made available to the 1,117 veterinarians who attended 2023 Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association (NVMA). A simple random selection was used to select 295 veterinarians as respondents. The data collected were coded and stored electronically in a Microsoft Excel database and anonymised for further analysis. Statistical analyses were conducted using Excel and SPSS Statistics v24.0. Most veterinarians (89.8%) agreed that the antibiogram test (AST) is important before prescription; however, only a few (4.4%) request for an antibiogram before prescriptions to clients due to the unaffordability of the test by clients (x̄=3.21), the desire for rapid results (x̄=3.06), and the lack of diagnostic laboratories nearby (x̄=2.96). As a result, 61.5% reported that clients had complained that antibiotics prescribed did not work (curative). In addition, veterinarians opined that irrational antibiotic use among animal owners (x̄=4.34), an increased number of quackery (x̄=4.10) and ease of access of the public to antibiotics at veterinary pharmacies/shops (x̄=3.86) were the leading causes of increasing antimicrobial resistance in Nigeria. The significant factors responsible for veterinarians' opinions were education (β = 0.929) and the value of conducting an antibiogram before prescription (β = 1.618) at the p ≤ 0.05 level of significance. This study revealed that irrational antibiotic use among animal owners, an increasing number of quackery and ease of access of the public to antibiotics at veterinary pharmacies/shops were the leading causes of increasing animal antimicrobial resistance in Nigeria. Therefore, this study suggests the development and implementation of policies and frameworks that promote antimicrobial stewardship and the establishment of veterinary laboratories in various communities in the country. Continuous education for veterinarians and livestock workers, especially on AMR, is also critical.

Enhanced Immunity and Infection Resistance in Mice Through Co-Expression of Porcine IL-3, IL-7, and IL-15 Fusion Molecules in Yarrowia lipolytica

China's livestock industry grapples with challenges posed by infectious diseases and the misuse of antibiotics, resulting in a heightened risk of drug-resistant pathogens. This study explored the immunomodulatory effects of co-expressing porcine interleukin 3, 7, and 15 in Yarrowia lipolytica, denoted as Po1h-IL-3/7/15. A 42-day experiment involving mouse immunization and pathogen challenge was conducted, during which in vivo assessments of antibodies, immune-related cells, and gene expression were detected following oral administration of Po1h-IL-3/7/15. Immunological alterations in mice were analyzed using flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, ELISA, and HE staining. Notably, the serum IgG and intestinal sIgA levels in the Po1h-IL-3/7/15 group were substantially elevated compared to the control groups (p < 0.01), so were the contents of IL-7, IL-15, IFN-γ, IL-22, IL-23, and TNF-α. Furthermore, there was a marked increase in naïve T cells and central memory T cells, accompanied by a significant decrease in regulatory T cells in peripheral blood. Post-challenge with Staphylococcus aureus or Salmonella typhimurium, the expression levels of BD2, IL-1β, IL-8, Jak1, RegⅢ, S100A8, STAT1, and TNF-α genes in the intestines of the Po1h-IL-3/7/15 group were markedly higher than those in the control groups (p < 0.01). Following the challenges, the survival rate of the Po1h-IL-3/7/15 group was 100%, a significant increase compared to the 20% and 40% survival rates observed in the control groups (p < 0.05). These results confirm that IL-3/7/15 significantly boosts innate immunity, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, and intestinal mucosal immunity in mice, enhancing resistance to bacterial infections and exhibiting potent protective effects.

Improving Meat Quality, Safety and Sustainability in Monogastric Livestock with Algae Feed Additives

Integrating algae (microalgae and seaweeds) into monogastric animal diets presents significant opportunities to improve meat quality, safety, and sustainability. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the nutritional and bioactive compounds found in key microalgae (e.g., Chlorella vulgaris, Spirulina, and Nannochloropsis) and seaweeds (e.g., Ascophyllum nodosum, Ulva), emphasizing their potential benefits for animal health and meat production. Algae-enriched diets substantially increase meat omega-3 fatty acid content and antioxidant capacity, thereby enhancing nutritional value, sensory appeal, and shelf life by mitigating lipid and protein oxidation during storage. Additionally, bioactive compounds in algae demonstrate potent antimicrobial activities capable of reducing pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter, significantly contributing to improved meat safety. Environmentally, algae cultivation reduces dependency on arable land and freshwater, promotes nutrient recycling through wastewater use, and substantially decreases greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional livestock feeds. Nevertheless, challenges persist, including high production costs, scalability concerns, variability in nutrient composition, potential contamination with heavy metals and other toxins, and regulatory constraints. Overcoming these limitations through advancements in cultivation technologies, optimized inclusion strategies, and comprehensive market and regulatory analyses is essential to fully realize the potential of algae in sustainable monogastric livestock feeding systems.

Potential of the livestock industry environment as a reservoir for spreading antimicrobial resistance

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is a global issue requiring serious attention and management. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in livestock for growth promotion, disease prevention, and treatment has led to the dissemination of AMR bacteria and resistance genes into the environment. In addition, unethical antibiotic sales without prescriptions, poor sanitation, and improper disposal cause significant amounts of antibiotics used in livestock to enter the environment, causing the emergence of resistant bacteria. Intensive livestock farming is an important source of AMR genes, environmental bacteria contamination, and possible transfer to human pathogens. Bacteria intrinsically antibiotic resistant, which are independent of antibiotic use, further complicate AMR and increase the risk of morbidity and mortality following infections by AMR bacteria. Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus spp. are commonly found in livestock that carry resistance genes and have a risk of human infection. The impact of AMR, if left unchecked, could lead to substantial public health burdens globally, with a predicted mortality rate higher than cancer by 2050. "One Health" integrates strategies across human, animal, and environmental health domains, including improving antibiotic stewardship in livestock, preventing infection, and raising awareness regarding the judicious use of antibiotics. The use of antibiotic alternatives, such as prebiotics, probiotics, bacteriophages, bacteriocins, and vaccinations, to control or prevent infections in livestock will help to avoid over-reliance on antibiotics. Coordinated international actions are needed to mitigate the spread of AMR through improved regulations, technology improvements, and awareness campaigns.

CTX-M, SHV, TEM and VEB β-lactamases, and MCR-1 among multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella isolates from environment near animal farms in Thailand

BACKGROUND

Currently, antimicrobial agents are widely used in both animals and agriculture, causing the crisis of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. In this study we surveyed for 4 important antimicrobial-resistant bacteria: extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella spp., and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from the environment around chicken and pig farms.

METHODS

Forty-four soils, 44 water and 15 bootstrap samples were collected from upstream and downstream of the riverside close to 22 animal farms in 2020 (9 farms) and 2023 (13 farms). The samples were cultured in appropriate media and isolated colonies were further identified. Antimicrobial susceptibility and ESBL production were tested by disk diffusion method except for colistin susceptibility determined by broth disk elution test. Common resistance genes were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods.

RESULTS

A total of 123 E. coli (n = 59) and Klebsiella species (n = 64) were identified and 25 isolates of them were MDR; 21 and 4 isolates from the downstream and upstream areas respectively. In addition, 13 isolates were ESBL producers, of which 12 isolates were from the downstream area. The most common ESBL gene among both organisms was blaCTX-M, whereas colistin resistance gene, mcr-1, was found in 2 E. coli isolates. Salmonella spp. and MRSA were not isolated from any sample.

CONCLUSIONS

Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria were found in the environment around the animal farms especially from the downstream area, suggesting the urgent need of judicious use of antimicrobial agents in animal farms.

Dietary addition of compound organic acids improves the growth performance, carcass trait, and body health of broilers

Introduction

The poultry industry constantly seeks strategies to enhance broiler growth performance and overall health. Organic acidifiers, including L-lactic acid, L-malic acid, and acetic acid, have gained attention as potential feed additives to improve animal production by modulating gut health, enhancing nutrient absorption, and supporting immune function. Despite their promising effects in other animal species, the impact of this novel compound organic acidifier on broiler performance, metabolism, and immune response has not been fully elucidated. This study aims to evaluate the effects of this compound acidifier on growth performance, serum lipid profile, antioxidant status, and immune parameters in broilers, providing insights into its potential benefits as a dietary supplement for broiler health and productivity.

Methods

A total of 240 broilers were randomly divided into four groups: a control group and three treatment groups receiving 0.25%, 0.5%, or 1.0% acidifier, with six replicates of ten birds each. Over a 6-week period, various parameters were measured, including serum triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, lysozyme, immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, IL-2, TNF-α, and gene expressions related to lipid metabolism.

Results

Over a 6-week period, the acidifier decreased serum triglycerides and high-density lipoproteins while also enhancing growth performance. Additionally, it raised the serum levels of lysozyme, IgA, IgM, and the SOD. Additionally, IL-2 and TNF-α concentrations in the jejunum mucosa decreased. The acidifier upregulated PPARα, AMPK, FABP1 and MTTP expressions, and downregulated APOB100. Overall, the acidifier effectively improved broiler growth performance during the early development phase primarily by enhancing hepatic lipid metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and immune function.

Conclusion

These results suggest that the acidifier may accelerate liver lipid metabolism in broilers by modulating the gene expression profiles involved in lipid metabolism.

In Vitro Insights into Bacteriocin-Mediated Modulation of Chicken Cecal Microbiota

Reducing the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry is essential to limit the spread of resistance. A promising alternative to antibiotics resides in bacteriocins, which are antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria showing a great diversity in terms of spectrum of activity, structure, and mechanism of action. In this study, the effects of diverse bacteriocins on the composition and metabolic activity of chicken cecal microbiota were examined in vitro, in comparison with antibiotics. Different impacts on microbiota composition were revealed by 16S metabarcoding, with colistin having the most dramatic impact on diversity. Bacteriocins produced by Gram-negative bacteria, microcins J25 and E492, did not significantly influence the microbiota composition. In contrast, bacteriocins from Gram-positive bacteria impacted the abundance of lactic acid bacteria, with nisin Z showing the most impact while pediocin PA-1 (M31L) exhibited a moderate effect at the highest concentration tested. This study emphasizes the potential of bacteriocins as alternatives to antibiotics in poultry to protect from pathogens such as Salmonella, Clostridium, and Enterococcus.

Milk consumers in Pakistan and Italy: a comparative study on the effects of geographical affiliation, socio-demographic characteristics and consumption patterns on knowledge, attitude and perception of antimicrobial resistance

Antimicrobials are extensively used in livestock to treat common diseases, including mastitis and other bacterial infections, with around 80% of food-producing animals receiving such treatments. Despite a ban in the EU since 2006, antibiotics are still used globally for growth promotion, exacerbating antimicrobial resistance (AMR). From the consumers' point of view, the potential exposure to resistant zoonotic bacteria in animal-derived food products may represent a threat to public health. However, consumers' knowledge and attitude vary across socio-demographic characteristics and geographical location. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (KAP) of milk consumers regarding AMR in Pakistan (as a representative of low-to-middle income countries (LMICs)), compared to Italy (as a representative of high-income countries (HICs)).Data were collected via surveys from 401 Pakistani and 550 Italian milk consumers, focusing on socio-demographics, milk purchasing habits, and awareness of antibiotic residues and AMR. The study identified three principal components (PCs) influencing milk consumption: milk quality attributes and tradition, family-dependence, and eating style-dependence. A cluster analysis categorized consumers into four groups: "Attentive to milk quality attributes," "Loyal to milk," "Undecided consumer," and "Milk is essential in my food pattern."Italian consumers predominantly belonged to the "Attentive to milk quality attributes" group, valuing safety and health benefits, and were the most informed about AMR. Pakistani consumers, primarily belonging to the "Loyal to milk" group, exhibited high purchasing frequency influenced by family size but showed limited awareness about AMR risks. The "Undecided consumer" group, a mix of Italian and Pakistani individuals, lacked strong preferences and displayed moderate awareness of AMR, influenced by habitual consumption patterns.This research underscores the need for targeted educational campaigns to raise awareness about AMR and antibiotic residues in milk, particularly in LMICs. Survey findings can help to identify targeted action plans and boost policy development on AMR. Enhancing consumer knowledge through the One-Health approach could mitigate AMR risks and promote informed decision-making in milk consumption across different socio-economic contexts.

Degradation pathways of sulfamethoxazole under phototransformation processes: A data base of the major transformation products for their environmental monitoring

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is frequently detected in wastewater and aquatic environments worldwide at concentrations from ng L-1 to μg L-1. Unfortunately, SMX is not completely removed in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), thus, SMX and their transformation products (TPs) are discharged into aquatic environments, where can be transformed by phototransformation reactions. In this study, the phototransformation of SMX as well as generation of their major TPs under photolysis and photocatalysis processes was reviewed. SMX can be totally removed under photolysis and photocatalysis processes in aqueous solutions using simulated or natural radiation. Degradation pathways such as isomerization, hydroxylation, fragmentation, nitration, and substitution reactions were identified during the generation of the major TPs of SMX. Particularly, 26 TPs were considered for the creation of a data base of the major TPs of SMX generated under phototransformation processes. These 26 compounds could be used as reference during the SMX monitoring both wastewater and water bodies, using analytic methodologies such as target analysis and suspect screening. A data base of the major TPs of pharmaceuticals active compounds (PhACs) as SMX could help to implementation of best environmental monitoring programs for the study of the environmental risks both PhACs and their TPs with highest occurrence in aquatic environments.

Antibiotic residues in poultry products and bacterial resistance: A review in developing countries

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global concern, particularly in poultry farming, where antibiotics are widely used for both disease prevention and growth promotion. This review examines the misuse of antibiotics in poultry production, especially in developing countries, and its contribution to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The findings highlight that factors such as increasing demand for poultry protein, the availability of inexpensive antibiotics, and weak regulatory oversight have led to widespread misuse, accelerating the spread of resistance genes. Although evidence links poultry farming to AMR, significant data gaps remain, especially regarding resistance transmission from poultry to humans. The review underscores the urgent need for stronger regulatory frameworks, phased-out use of antimicrobial growth promoters, and enhanced awareness campaigns to address this issue. Improving the capacity of regulatory bodies and developing more robust national data monitoring systems are essential steps to mitigate the threat of AMR in poultry farming and to protect both animal and human health.

Low-cost and highly sensitive colorimetric and visual detection of amikacin in milk using melamine functionalized gold nanoparticles

This study developed a rapid, low-cost and highly sensitive analytical method using melamine functionalized gold nanoparticles (MA-Au NPs) as a colorimetric sensor to detect amikacin in milk. The MA-Au NPs were synthesized using a self-assembly process and analyzed using absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The MA-Au NPs exhibited a distinct surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption peak at 520 nm and demonstrated excellent spherical dispersion. The reaction parameters were optimized, with a Au NP concentration of 2.0 × 10-7 mol L-1, MA concentration of 1.0 × 10-6 mol L-1, pH of 4.0, and reaction time of 15 minutes. In the optimization experiment, the effects of unmodified Au NPs and MA-Au NPs as colorimetric sensors for amikacin determination were compared. As a specific amount of amikacin was added to the Au NP solution, the reaction solution showed a visible change from wine red to purple and then to blue gray; a red-shift in the absorption spectrum of the solutions was observed, which could also be analyzed using the A640/A520 value, and the color changes were recorded using smartphones for visual detection through RGB (red-green-blue) data image analysis, which made the detection easy and fast. As a result, two approaches were devised using visible absorption spectra and smartphones. A linear correlation was established between the A640/A520 value and the concentration of amikacin in the range of 4.0 to 16.0 × 10-8 mol L-1. The minimal limit of detection (LOD) for absorption spectrum analysis was 3.75 × 10-9 mol L-1, whereas for smartphone analysis, it was 6.0 × 10-8 mol L-1. The recoveries ranged from 103.09% to 104.51%, while the relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranged from 3.76% to 4.25%. The proposed method was used to detect actual milk samples. The results showed that the method is simple, selective, and practical.

Phage therapy: A novel approach against multidrug-resistant pathogens

The rapid rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms has created a critical need for alternative treatment options. Phage therapy is gaining attention as an effective way to fight bacterial infections by using lytic bacteriophages to specifically target and kill harmful bacteria. This review discusses several phage therapeutic options and emphasizes new developments in phage biology. Phage treatment has proven to be successful against MDR bacteria, as evidenced by multiple human clinical trials that indicate favorable results in treating a range of diseases caused by these pathogens. Despite these promising results, challenges such as phage resistance, regulatory hurdles, and the need for standardized treatment protocols remain. To effectively combat MDR bacterial infections, future research must focus on enhancing phage effectiveness, guaranteeing safety for human usage and incorporating phage therapy into clinical practice.

Antimicrobial stewardship situation analysis in selected hospitals in Zambia: findings and implications from a national survey

Background

Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs are critical in combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In Zambia, there is little information regarding the capacity of hospitals to establish and implement AMS programs. The objective of this study was to conduct a baseline assessment of WHO core elements for an AMS program implementation in eight hospitals in Zambia.

Materials and methods

We conducted an exploratory cross-sectional study from September 2023 to December 2023 using a self-scoring Periodic National and Healthcare Facility Assessment Tool from the World Health Organization (WHO) policy guidance on integrated AMS activities in human health. Eight public hospitals were surveyed across the five provinces of Zambia. Data was analyzed using the WHO self-scoring tool and thematic analysis.

Results

Overall, 62.5% (6/8) of the facilities scored low (below 60%) in implementing AMS programs. Most facilities had challenges with reporting AMS feedback within the hospital (average score = 46%), Drugs and Therapeutics Committee (DTC) functionality (average score = 49%), AMS actions (average score = 50%), education and training (average score = 54%), and leadership commitment to AMS activities (average score = 56%). The overall score for all AMS core elements was average (56%). All the hospitals (100%) did not have an allocated budget for AMS programs. Finally, there were neither antibiograms to guide antimicrobial utilization nor AMS-trained staff in more than 50% of the hospitals surveyed.

Conclusion

This study found low AMS implementation in these public hospitals, especially where DTCs were non-functional. The identified challenges and gaps require urgent attention for sustainable multidisciplinary AMS programs.

Spread of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in poultry and its risks to public health: A comprehensive review

The livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) strains are prevalent in the poultry farming environment and are a common component of the bacterial microbiota on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy animals. The origin and spread of LA-MRSA are attributed to the use of antibiotics in animals, and close contact between people and different animal species increases the risk of animal exposure to humans. The epidemiology of LA-MRSA in poultry significantly changed when ST398 and ST9 were found in food-producing animals. The significance of LA-MRSA and zoonotic risk associated with handling and processing foods of avian origin is highlighted by the LA-MRSA strain's ability to infect chickens. People who work with poultry are more prone to contract LA-MRSA than the general population. There is scientific consensus that individuals who have close contact with chickens can become colonized and subsequently infected with LA-MRSA; these individuals could include breeders, medical professionals, or personnel at chicken slaughterhouses. The prevention of LA-MRSA infections and diseases of poultry origin requires taking precautions against contamination across the entire chicken production chain.

A review of antimicrobial usage practice in livestock and poultry production and its consequences on human and animal health

Antimicrobials are employed in the control of contagious illnesses in humans and animals and are also utilized as growth enhancers in livestock and poultry. Improper application of antibiotics results in the development of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA), colistin-resistant, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli, and fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella. Transmission of MDR bacteria happens among animals, from human to animal, and vice versa, resulting in treatment failure, increased treatment cost, and high morality. In this article, we analyzed the recent publications of the current antimicrobial application practices in livestock and poultry farms and the development of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria in livestock and poultry and its adverse effects on human and animal health using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google. Citations from published articles were also analyzed. Several drug-resistant bacteria, including MRSA, VRSA, colistin-resistant strains, ESBL-producing E. coli, and fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella, have emerged due to heavy antibiotic application in cattle and poultry, according to the analysis. Transmission happens between people and animals as well as throughout the production chain, which raises the chance of failure of antibiotic therapy and fatality. To stop the proliferation of drug-resistant bacteria, it is important to ensure the proper use of antibiotics in livestock and poultry. Especially in developing nations, strict control and implementation of antimicrobial rules are necessary. To successfully address antimicrobial resistance and lessen dependency on antibiotics, alternative disease management strategies in livestock and poultry must be developed.

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli from poultry: A review

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are β-lactamase enzymes produced by Gram-negative bacterial pathogens that harbor the ESBL genes. In addition, most ESBL genes are plasmid-mediated and usually encode a broader spectrum of antimicrobial resistance, especially to penicillins, first-generation, second-generation, and third-generation cephalosporins, as well as monobactam, such as aztreonam. Escherichia coli has become an opportunistic pathogen, especially in poultry, and has been implicated in zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted to humans, resulting in public health problems. Poultry can act as carriers of ESBL-producing E. coli (ESBL-EC) bacteria to humans through poultry meat that is contaminated by waste products, feces, and excretions. The ESBL gene CTX-M type was identified as the main cause of infection in humans and was detected in poultry as a cause of infection accompanied by clinical symptoms. Several studies have also shown a link between E. coli and ESBL gene transfer from birds to humans. Controlling the spread of ESBL-EC involves maintaining the cleanliness of poultry products, especially meat, and eliminating contaminant sources from poultry. Likewise, maintaining the environmental cleanliness of poultry slaughterhouses and poultry farms must be taken as a precautionary measure to curtail the increasing spread of ESBL-EC into the environment. This review aimed to explain the spread of ESBL-producing E. coli in poultry.

Development of a new synchronous fluorescence spectrometry combined with Al3+ sensitized for simultaneous and rapid determination of trace flumequine, ciprofloxacin and doxycycline hydrochloride residues in wastewater

Antibiotics are a new type of environmental pollutants. Due to its wide application in many fields, antibiotic residues are ubiquitous in the wastewater environments. Given their potential threat on water ecosystem functioning and public health, the detection of antibiotic residues in wastewater environments has become very necessary. Based on the complexation of Al3+ with flumequine (FLU), ciprofloxacin (CIP) and doxycycline hydrochloride (DOX), their molecular conjugated area were increased and fluorescence intensity were enhanced, combined with synchronous fluorescence spectrometry (SFS) had good selectivity and high sensitivity, a novel method of Al3+ sensitized synchronous fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of FLU, CIP and DOX residues in wastewater was established. When the wavelength difference (Δλ) was selected 115.0 nm, synchronous fluorescence spectra of the three antibiotics could be well separated and the interference of wastewater matrix were eliminated primely. The new SFS made good use of spectral separation instead of conventional chemical separation, and the actual wastewater sample could be directly determined after simple filtration. The experiment results showed that the concentrations of FLU, CIP and DOX in the range of 0.5000-800.0 ng·mL-1, 0.5000-640.0 ng·mL-1 and 10.00-3500 ng·mL-1 had a good linear relationship with fluorescence intensity. The detection limits of three antibiotics were 0.02054 ng·mL-1, 0.03956 ng·mL-1 and 0.8524 ng·mL-1, respectively. Recovery rates of three antibiotics in wastewater samples were 90.72%-98.23%, 88.68%-95.08% and 85.94%-96.70%. The new SFS established in this experiment had the advantages of simple, rapid, sensitive, accurate and good selectivity. Simultaneous and rapid detection of FLU, CIP and DOX residues in wastewater was successfully realized. It had good application prospects in real-time water quality monitoring.

Associations of the Swiss national reporting system's antimicrobial use data and management practices in dairy cows on tiestall farms

Antimicrobial use (AMU) in Switzerland is above target and requires reduction, especially in dairy cattle. Measuring AMU is pivotal to identifying starting points for AMU reduction, and so are studies investigating its potential drivers in dairy farms worldwide. However, although AMU in dairy farms is high, studies estimating AMU specifically in tiestall farms are scarce. Tiestalls are a common housing system and their prevalence among dairy farms accounts to approximatively 73%, 41%, and 40% in Canada, the United States, and Switzerland, respectively. The objectives of this cross-sectional, retrospective observational study were to estimate AMU using the newly established Swiss national reporting system for AMU in livestock and to identify associated factors on Swiss tiestall dairy farms. We calculated the treatment incidence (TI) by using the European Medicines Agency methodology and their defined daily dose (DDD) and defined course dose (DCD) standards. Data on factors potentially associated with AMU were obtained through personal interviews with farm managers on 221 farms. Retrospectively, during a 1-year period, data on a total of 7,619 treatments were extracted from the national database. Associations between management factors and TI were analyzed using a generalized linear model with gamma distribution. The mean (± SD) overall TI was 5.46 DDD/cow-year (± 4.10 DDD/cow-year). Intramammary treatment during lactation accounted for highest TI (3.24 ± 3.16 DDD/cow-year), whereas dry-cow therapy accounted for lowest TI (0.44 ± 0.49 DCD/cow-year). We found that 5 of the investigated management factors were significantly associated with TI. Organic production (estimate = -2.16; 95% CI = -3.62 to -0.70) and herd size (estimate = -0.81; 95% CI = -1.23 to -0.39) were negatively associated with TI. Specific cow breeds (Brown Swiss estimate = 1.56; 95% CI = 0.45-2.68) and Holstein Friesian (estimate = 1.42; 95% CI = 0.03-2.82; reference: other breeds) and the use of hygienic powders on the lying area (estimate = 1.10; 95% CI = 0.04-2.17) were positively associated with TI. Overall, the Swiss national reporting system is a valuable tool for AMU estimation. Several herd characteristics and management factors were associated with AMU in tiestall farms. Further studies focusing on factors associated with AMU and which are amenable to intervention will help improve stewardship programs and subsequently reduce AMU in dairy cows.

Occurrence and dissemination of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in aquatic environment and its ecological implications: a review

The occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs), genes (ARGs), and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in aquatic systems is growing global public health concern. These emerging micropollutants, stemming from improper wastewater treatment and disposal, highlight the complex and evolving nature of environmental pollution. Current literature reveals potential biases, such as a geographical focus on specific regions, leading to an insufficient understanding of the global distribution and dynamics of antibiotic resistance in aquatic systems. There is methodological inconsistency across studies, making it challenging to compare findings. Potential biases include sample collection inconsistencies, detection sensitivity variances, and data interpretation variability. Gaps in understanding include the need for comprehensive, standardized long-term monitoring programs, elucidating the environmental fate and transformation of antibiotics and resistance genes. This review summarizes current knowledge on the occurrence and dissemination of emerging micropollutants, their ecological impacts, and the global health implications of antimicrobial resistance. It highlights the need for interdisciplinary collaborations among researchers, policymakers, and stakeholders to address the challenges posed by antibiotic resistance in aquatic resistance in aquatic systems effectively. This review highlights widespread antibiotic and antibiotic resistance in aquatic environment, driven by human and agricultural activities. It underscores the ecological consequences, including disrupted microbial communities and altered ecosystem functions. The findings call for urgent measures to mitigate antibiotics pollution and manage antibiotic resistance spread in water bodies.

Genomic insights of S. aureus associated with bovine mastitis in a high livestock activity region of Mexico

IMPORTANCE

Bovine mastitis, predominantly associated with gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, poses a significant threat to dairy cows, leading to a decline in milk quality and volume with substantial economic implications.

OBJECTIVE

This study investigated the incidence, virulence, and antibiotic resistance of S. aureus associated with mastitis in dairy cows.

METHODS

Fifty milk-productive cows underwent a subclinical mastitis diagnosis, and the S. aureus strains were isolated. Genomic DNA extraction, sequencing, and bioinformatic analysis were performed, supplemented by including 124 S. aureus genomes from cows with subclinical mastitis to enhance the overall analysis.

RESULTS

The results revealed a 42% prevalence of subclinical mastitis among the cows tested. Genomic analysis identified 26 sequence types (STs) for all isolates, with Mexican STs belonging primarily to CC1 and CC97. The analyzed genomes exhibited multidrug resistance to phenicol, fluoroquinolone, tetracycline, and cephalosporine, which are commonly used as the first line of treatment. Furthermore, a similar genomic virulence repertoire was observed across the genomes, encompassing the genes related to invasion, survival, pathogenesis, and iron uptake. In particular, the toxic shock syndrome toxin (tss-1) was found predominantly in the genomes isolated in this study, posing potential health risks, particularly in children.

CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE

These findings underscore the broad capacity for antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity by S. aureus, compromising the integrity of milk and dairy products. The study emphasizes the need to evaluate the effectiveness of antibiotics in combating S. aureus infections.

A novel synchronous fluorescence spectrometry combined with fluorescence sensitization for the highly sensitive and simultaneous detection of enoxacin, ofloxacin and tetracycline hydrochloride residues in wastewater

The synergistic effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Mg2+ could significantly enhance the fluorescence intensity of enoxacin (ENO) at λex/λem = 269.2 nm/385.6 nm, ofloxacin (OFL) at λex/λem = 290.8 nm/466.2 nm and tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) at λex/λem = 372.6 nm/514.8 nm. Moreover, when the wavelength difference (Δλ) was chosen 135 nm, the synchronous fluorescence spectra of the three antibiotic complexes could be well separated and the interference of the samples matrix were eliminated primely. Therefore, only one synchronous fluorescence scan was needed to simultaneously determine the three antibiotics. Based on these facts, a synchronous fluorescence spectrometry combining fluorescence sensitization for highly sensitive and selective determination of ENO, OFL and TCH residues in wastewater was developed for the first time. The experimental results showed that the concentrations of ENO, OFL and TCH in the range of 0.5-550 ng mL-1, 1-1500 ng mL-1 and 10-5500 ng mL-1 showed a good linear relationship with fluorescence intensity. The limits of detection were 0.0599 ng mL-1, 0.115 ng mL-1 and 0.151 ng mL-1, respectively. The recoveries of the actual sample were 87.50%-99.99 %, 93.00%-98.50 % and 85.70%-98.42 %, respectively. Overall, the novel synchronous fluorescence spectrometry established in the experiment has the advantages of high sensitivity, good selectivity, fast detection speed and high accuracy. It has been successfully applied to the detection of residual amounts of ENO, OFL and TCH in wastewater with satisfactory results.

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli with Multidrug Resistance in Cattle from Mexico

Mexico is an important producer/exporter of cattle and cattle products. In the last decade, an increase in antibiotic resistance in E. coli pathotype strains from livestock environments has been reported. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of E. coli pathotype strains from the feces of beef or dairy cattle reared in the states of Aguascalientes (AG, central) and Nuevo Leon (NL, northeastern) in Mexico. One hundred and ten fecal samples were collected (beef cattle-AG = 30; dairy cattle-AG = 20; beef cattle-NL = 30; dairy cattle-NL = 30). From these, E. coli was isolated using selective/differential media and confirmed on chromogenic media. Multiplex PCR was used to identify diarrheagenic E. coli, and the Kirby-Bauer technique was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibilities. All the animals harbored E. coli, and pathotypes were found in 34 animals from both, beef and dairy cattle, mainly from Aguascalientes. Of the positive samples, 31 harbored a single E. coli pathotype, whereas three samples harbored two different pathotypes; EHEC was the most prevalent, followed by EPEC, ETEC, and EIEC or the combination of two of them in some samples. Most pathotype strains (19/37) were isolated from beef cattle. Neither the animals' productive purpose (beef or dairy cattle) (r = 0.155) nor the geographic regions (Aguascalientes or Nuevo Leon) (r = -0.066) had a strong positive correlation with the number of E. coli pathotype strains. However, animals reared in Aguascalientes had up to 8.5-fold higher risk of harboring E. coli pathotype strains than those reared in Nuevo Leon. All pathotype strains were resistant to erythromycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and all dairy cattle pathotype strains were further resistant to five β-lactams (χ2, P = 0.017). The existence of these pathotypes and multidrug-resistant pathogens in the food chain is a risk to public health.

An account of the occurrence of residues from veterinary drugs and contaminants in animal-derived products: a case study on Brazilian supply chains

Brazil plays an important role in ensuring its position on the international market by assuring high food safety standards for its products, and all products should meet the requirements for residues from veterinary drugs and contaminants in animal products. Statutory monitoring provides insights into the compliance of the Brazilian industry regarding these legal requirements. The objective of this study was to provide insight into the safety of Brazilian animal products by reporting the occurrence of residues from veterinary drugs and contaminants according to an analysis of an 11-year report published by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA). Between 2010 and 2021, 166,647 samples from animal-derived products were analyzed in Brazil, and 624 of those samples were non-compliant (0.37%) exceeding maximum residue limits (>MRLs) or showed the presence of prohibited substances. The most common types of substances found in the non-compliant samples were heavy metals, parasiticides, and antimicrobials, accounting for 82% of all documents from the MAPA. Among Brazilian products, the challenge related to occurrence of substances varied across the food supply chain, with highest incidence rates observed in the fish chain, followed by eggs, milk, equids, sheep/goat, honey, bovine, swine, and broilers chains in decreasing order. Considering the type of substance, heavy metals were found to be more prevalent in fish products, mainly arsenic in wild fish. The prevalence of contaminants and heavy metals decreased, while that of veterinary drugs increased in Brazilian products from 2010 to 2021. From these results, it can be concluded that the number of accidental incidents including those associated with environmental contaminants decreased over the last decade, opposed to those involving human adversaries and deliberate illegal actions, such as the abuse of veterinary drugs, increased. Future monitoring plans need to take this paradigm shift into account.

Protecting the Last Line of Defense: Analytical Approaches for Sample Preparation and Determination of the Reserve Group of Antibiotics in the Environment

Drug resistance in microorganisms is a serious threat to life and health due to the limited number of antibiotics that show efficacy in treating infections and the difficulty in discovering new compounds with antibacterial activity. To address this issue, the World Health Organization created the AWaRe classification, a tool to support global and national antimicrobial stewardship programs. The AWaRe list categorizes antimicrobials into three groups - Access, Watch, and Reserve - according to their intended use. The Reserve group comprises "last resort" medicines used solely for treating infections caused by bacterial strains that are resistant to other treatments. It is therefore necessary to protect them, not only by using them as prudently as possible in humans and animals, but also by monitoring their subsequent fate. Unmetabolized antibiotics enter the environment through hospital and municipal wastewater or from manure, subsequently contaminating bodies of water and soils, thus contributing to the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. This article presents a review of determination methods for the Reserve group of antimicrobials in water, wastewater, and manure. Procedures for extracting and determining these substances in environmental samples are described, showing the limited research available, which is typically on a local level.

Antimicrobial resistance patterns and genes of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from chickens in Pasuruan, Indonesia

Background

Poultry is one of the most prominent sources of Campylobacter jejuni, which is also a major means of transmission to people. Campylobacter jejuni contamination in chicken meat comes from chicken feces because it naturally exists in the intestines of chickens.

Aim

The purpose of this study is to identify the antibiotic resistance patterns and genes of C. jejuni, which was found in chickens in Pasuruan, Indonesia.

Methods

The samples used in this study were 200 contents of the small intestine of broiler chickens from 40 farms in Pasuruan Regency. The enriched sample was streaked on the selective media of modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar containing the CCDA selective supplement. Antimicrobial susceptibility test utilizing the Kirby-Bauer diffusion test method in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute standards. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was used to detect the (hipO), which encodes the C. jejuni strain, fluoroquinolone resistance (gyrA), beta-lactam resistance (blaOXA-61), and tetracycline resistance (tetO) genes.

Results

The findings revealed a 14% (28/200) prevalence of C. jejuni in the small intestine of broiler chickens. These isolates showed high resistance to enrofloxacin (92.9%). All isolates (100%) were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanate. The PCR results showed all C. jejuni isolates (100%) detected the gyrA gene, 96.4% detected the blaOXA-61 gene, and 50% detected the tetO gene.

Conclusion

The findings of antimicrobial resistance at a high level from the small intestine of broiler chickens illustrate the potential threat to human health. To lessen the effects now and in the future, coordinated and suitable action is needed, as well as steps to guarantee the poultry industry's economic survival and public health insurance.

Antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli derived from an integrated agroforestry-livestock system in Deli Serdang Regency, Indonesia

Background and Aim

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a significant global concern. Epidemiological data do not provide a robust description of the potential risks associated with AMR in the integrated agroforestry-livestock systems in Indonesia. Thus, the present study investigated the phenotypic and multidrug resistance (MDR) profiles of Escherichia coli strains isolated from the feces of livestock raised in the agro-silvopastoral system in Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra Province.

Materials and Methods

A standard microbiological culture procedure was followed to isolate the organism and test antibiotic susceptibility using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion protocol. Furthermore, the multiple antibiotic resistance index was determined. Univariate analysis was conducted to identify the risk factors associated with AMR.

Results

The vast majority (77.5%) of livestock farmers were aged >30 years. All farmers were men and had no higher education (100% of them). The majority of the animal species managed were cattle and goats (37.5% each) and the livestock grazing pasture system (67.5%). In addition, the majority of farmers reported high antimicrobial use on their farms (87.5%). Of the samples (n = 142) analyzed, n = 70 were positive, with an overall prevalence of 44.4%. The species-specific prevalences of E. coli were 32.5%, 47.8%, and 50% in buffalo, goat, and cattle, respectively. Ampicillin and tetracyclines exhibited high resistance levels among the studied animal species. A relatively lower MDR for E. coli was associated with grazing on the pasture.

Conclusion

The findings from the current study provide baseline epidemiological information for future robust studies aimed at elucidating the drivers and patterns of AMR in agro-silvopastoral systems in the study area or elsewhere.

Antibiotic disposal challenges in India: investigating causes and effects

Antibiotic resistance has become a global problem and India emerges as a key battlefield in the fight against it. While inappropriate use of antibiotics is well known, the review article deliberates a less recognized yet equally perilous facet of the crisis i.e. improper antibiotic disposal. An investigation of the sources of antibiotic pollution in Indian water bodies identifies discharge of pharmaceutical effluents, hospital waste, and agricultural runoff as major contributing factors. Furthermore, it discusses the repercussions of antibiotic pollution including those relating to human health, aquatic ecosystems, and antibiotic resistance. Reviewing the causes and consequences of improper antibiotic disposal practices emphasizes the necessity of rethinking antibiotic waste management practices. The review highlights the need for stringent rules and increased awareness, while also discussing the emerging technologies and strategies to mitigate the risks of antibiotic disposal in India.

Review of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes within the one health framework

Background: The interdisciplinary One Health (OH) approach recognizes that human, animal, and environmental health are all interconnected. Its ultimate goal is to promote optimal health for all through the exploration of these relationships. Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a public health challenge that has been primarily addressed within the context of human health and clinical settings. However, it has become increasingly evident that antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that confer resistance are transmitted and circulated within humans, animals, and the environment. Therefore, to effectively address this issue, antibiotic resistance must also be considered an environmental and livestock/wildlife problem. Objective: This review was carried out to provide a broad overview of the existence of ARB and ARGs in One Health settings. Methods: Relevant studies that placed emphasis on ARB and ARGs were reviewed and key findings were accessed that illustrate the importance of One Health as a measure to tackle growing public and environmental threats. Results: In this review, we delve into the complex interplay of the three components of OH in relation to ARB and ARGs. Antibiotics used in animal husbandry and plants to promote growth, treat, and prevent infectious diseases lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animals. These bacteria are transmitted from animals to humans through food and environmental exposure. The environment plays a critical role in the circulation and persistence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes, posing a significant threat to human and animal health. This article also highlights how ARGs are spread in the environment through the transfer of genetic material between bacteria. This transfer can occur naturally or through human activities such as the use of antibiotics in agriculture and waste management practices. Conclusion: It is important to integrate the One Health approach into the public health system to effectively tackle the emergence and spread of ARB and genes that code for resistance to different antibiotics.

Assessment of some chemical residues in Egyptian raw milk and traditional cheese

Background

The assessment of risks related to food safety is becoming a challenge in developing countries with its consequent health hazards. Chemical risk assessment in dairy products is important to maintain consumer health locally and internationally. Since milk and dairy products are essential foods for a wide range of customers, mostly children, patients, and pregnant women, it is very important to estimate the risks of some chemical residues, such as pesticides, some heavy metals, and aflatoxins.

Aim

This work aims to determine the levels of chemical contamination in milk and traditional Egyptian cheese.

Methods

Heavy metals were determined in samples by atomic absorption spectrometry. GC-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS and LC-MS/MS were also used for measuring pesticide residues. The Aflatoxin M1 was determined by enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay.

Results

Raw milk samples were tested and showed elevated concentrations of lead and cadmium, (46% and 4%, respectively). The heavy metals detected in the Egyptian cheese samples were variable depending on the type of cheese. Moreover, p.p.-DDE phenofose was present in 45% and 29% of raw milk and Ras cheese samples, respectively. For Aflatoxin M1, only 7% of milk samples and 2.9% of Ras cheese samples exceeded the acceptable limits.

Conclusion

More surveying and risk assessment of chemical residues in milk and milk products are essential for controlling health risks to consumers.

Global trends in antimicrobial resistance on organic and conventional farms

The important hypothesis that organic livestock management reduces the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance is either fiercely supported or bitterly contested. Yet, empirical evidence supporting this view remains fragmentary, in part because relationships between antimicrobial use and drug resistance vary dramatically across contexts, hosts, pathogens, and country-specific regulations. Here, we synthesize global policies and definitions of 'organic' and ask if organic farming results in notable reductions in the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance when directly examined alongside conventional analogs. We synthesized the results of 72 studies, spanning 22 countries and five pathogens. Our results highlight substantial variations in country-specific policies on drug use and definitions of 'organic' that hinder broad-scale and generalizable patterns. Overall, conventional farms had slightly higher levels of antimicrobial resistance (28%) relative to organic counterparts (18%), although we found significant context-dependent variation in this pattern. Notably, environmental samples from organic and conventional farms often exhibited high levels of resistance to medically important drugs, underscoring the need for more stringent and consistent policies to control antimicrobial contaminants in the soil (particularly on organic farms, where the application of conventional manure could faciliate the spread antimicrobial resistance). Taken together, these results emphasize the challenges inherent in understanding links between drug use and drug resistance, the critical need for global standards governing organic policies, and greater investment in viable alternatives for managing disease in livestock.

Practices and drivers for antibiotic use in cattle production systems in Kenya

Understanding antibiotic use in livestock systems is key in combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and developing effective interventions. Using a standardised questionnaire, we investigated the patterns and drivers of antibiotic use in 165 cattle farms across the three major cattle production systems in Kenya: intensive, extensive, and semi-intensive systems across in three counties: Machakos, Makueni and Narok in Kenya. We used a causal diagram to inform regression models to explore the drivers of antibiotic use in the study farms. Antibiotic use was reported in 92.7% of farms, primarily for prophylactic purposes. Oxytetracycline, penicillin, and streptomycin were the most used antibiotics to treat and control the most reported diseases including mastitis, diarrhoea and East Coast fever (ECF). Regression analysis indicated a positive association between the frequency of antibiotic use at the farm level and both disease incidence and herd size. Conversely, farms that provided cattle with appropriate housing were less likely to use antibiotics, and there was no difference in antibiotic use between those who consulted with veterinarians or sourced antibiotics directly from animal health providers. Our study highlights the complexities around understanding the interplay between practices and drivers of antibiotic use. It also underscores the necessity to enhance education regarding the appropriate usage of antibiotics among cattle farmers, encourage the adoption of proper herd management practices which may reduce disease burden, and reinforce veterinary services and supportive legislation to promote the prudent use of antimicrobials.

A review on the effects of discharging conventionally treated livestock waste to the environmental resistome

Globally, animal production has developed rapidly as a consequence of the ongoing population growth, to support food security. This has consequently led to an extensive use of antibiotics to promote growth and prevent diseases in animals. However, most antibiotics are not fully metabolized by these animals, leading to their excretion within urine and faeces, thus making these wastes a major reservoir of antibiotics residues, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in the environment. Farmers normally depend on conventional treatment methods to mitigate the environmental impact of animal waste; however, these methods are not fully efficient to remove the environmental resistome. The present study reviewed the variability of residual antibiotics, ARB, as well as ARGs in the conventionally treated waste and assessed how discharging it could increase resistome in the receiving environments. Wherein, considering the efficiency and environmental safety, an addition of pre-treatments steps with these conventional treatment methods could enhance the removal of antibiotic resistance agents from livestock waste.

Persister-mediated emergence of antimicrobial resistance in agriculture due to antibiotic growth promoters

The creation and continued development of antibiotics have revolutionized human health and disease for the past century. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance represents a major threat to human health, and practices that contribute to the development of this threat need to be addressed. Since the 1950s, antibiotics have been used in low doses to increase growth and decrease the feed requirement of animal-derived food sources. A consequence of this practice is the accelerated emergence of antimicrobial resistance that can influence human health through its distribution via animal food products. In the laboratory setting, sublethal doses of antibiotics promote the expansion of bacterial persister populations, a low energy, low metabolism phenotype characterized broadly by antibiotic tolerance. Furthermore, the induction of persister bacteria has been positively correlated with an increased emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. This body of evidence suggests that the use of antibiotics in agriculture at subtherapeutic levels is actively catalyzing the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria through the expansion of bacterial persister populations, which is potentially leading to increased infections in humans and decreased antibiotic potency. There is an urgent need to address this debilitating effect on antibiotics and its influence on human health. In this review, we summarize the recent literature on the topic of emerging antimicrobial resistance and its association with bacterial persister populations.

Quality of Data Recording and Antimicrobial Use in a Municipal Veterinary Clinic in Ghana

The recording of antimicrobial use data is critical for the development of interventions for the containment of antimicrobial resistance. This cross-sectional study assessed whether dissemination activities and recommendations made after an operational research (OR) study in 2021 resulted in better data recording and improved the use of antimicrobials in a rural veterinary clinic. Routinely collected data from treatment record books were compared between 2013 and 2019 (pre-OR) and from July 2021 to April 2023 (post-OR). The most common animals presenting for care in the the pre - and post OR periods were dogs (369 and 206, respectively). Overall, antimicrobial use in animals increased from 53% to 77% between the two periods. Tetracycline was the most commonly used antimicrobial (99%) during the pre-OR period, while Penicillin-Streptomycin was the most commonly used antimicrobial (65%) during the post-OR period. All animals that received care at the clinic were documented in the register during both periods. Whereas the diagnosis was documented in 269 (90%) animals in the post-OR period compared to 242 (47%) in the pre-OR period, the routes and dosages were not adequately recorded during the both periods. Therefore, the quality of data recording was still deficient despite the dissemination and the recommendations made to some key stakeholders. Recommendations are made for a standardized antimicrobial reporting tool, refresher training, and continuous supervisory visits to the clinic.

Antimicrobial resistance in southeast Asian water environments: A systematic review of current evidence and future research directions

Antimicrobial resistance has been a serious and complex issue for over a decade. Although research on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has mainly focused on clinical and animal samples as essential for treatment, the AMR situation in aquatic environments may vary and have complicated patterns according to geographical area. Therefore, this study aimed to examine recent literature on the current situation and identify gaps in the AMR research on freshwater, seawater, and wastewater in Southeast Asia. The PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases were searched for relevant publications published from January 2013 to June 2023 that focused on antimicrobial resistance bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) among water sources. Based on the inclusion criteria, the final screening included 41 studies, with acceptable agreement assessed using Cohen's inter-examiner kappa equal to 0.866. This review found that 23 out of 41 included studies investigated ARGs and ARB reservoirs in freshwater rather than in seawater and wastewater, and it frequently found that Escherichia coli was a predominant indicator in AMR detection conducted by both phenotypic and genotypic methods. Different ARGs, such as blaTEM, sul1, and tetA genes, were found to be at a high prevalence in wastewater, freshwater, and seawater. Existing evidence highlights the importance of wastewater management and constant water monitoring in preventing AMR dissemination and strengthening effective mitigation strategies. This review may be beneficial for updating current evidence and providing a framework for spreading ARB and ARGs, particularly region-specific water sources. Future AMR research should include samples from various water systems, such as drinking water or seawater, to generate contextually appropriate results. Robust evidence regarding standard detection methods is required for prospective-era work to raise practical policies and alerts for developing microbial source tracking and identifying sources of contamination-specific indicators in aquatic environment markers.

Facile synthesis of CuONPs using Citrus limon juice for enhancing antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, beta-lactamase and tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) resulting from indiscriminate use of antibiotics in various fields of agriculture such as livestock farming, aquaculture, and croup fields become an emerging catatroph for the health (human, animal) and environment. Among those, poultry farming has been considered as one of the major contributors of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Focusing this, the present research is designed for green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) with the aim of their application in antibiotic-free poultry farming for curving use of antibiotics in that sector. For that, antibacterial CuONPs were nanoformulated to decrease the required doses of bulk CuSO4. We used a CuSO4·5H2O solution as a Cu2+ source and Citrus limon juice as a reducing agent as well as capping agent. Particle yield was initially confirmed by the λmax specific to CuONPs (295 nm) using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The presence of the Cu-O group during particle formation and crystallinity with the purity of yielded NPs was confirmed with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The round to spherical CuONPs of 92-155 nm average size was confirmed with atomic force, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. The concentration of yielded NPs was calculated with the dynamic light scattering. The physical characterization tools indicated a maximum CuONPs yield with a 0.001 M ion source with 15% reducing agents after 12 h reduction. Antibacterial effectivity was tested against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and tetracycline- and beta-lactamase-resistant Escherichia coli, confirmed by PCR amplicon band at 163 bp, 643 bp, and 577 bp for the mecA, blaTEM-1 and tetA genes, respectively. An antibiogram assay of CuONPs showed a maximum zone of inhibition of 26 ± 0.5 mm for the synthesized particles. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations were 1.6 μg ml-1 and 3.1 μg ml-1, respectively, for broad-spectrum application. Finally, the biocompatibility of CuONPs was determined by demonstrating a nonsignificant decrease of BHK-21 cell viability at <2 MIC doses for complying their future in vivo applicability.

Recent Advances in the Determination of Veterinary Drug Residues in Food

The presence of drug residues in food products has become a growing concern because of the adverse health risks and regulatory implications. Drug residues in food refer to the presence of pharmaceutical compounds or their metabolites in products such as meat, fish, eggs, poultry and ready-to-eat foods, which are intended for human consumption. These residues can come from the use of drugs in the field of veterinary medicine, such as antibiotics, antiparasitic agents, growth promoters and other veterinary drugs given to livestock and aquaculture with the aim of providing them as prophylaxis, therapy and for promoting growth. Various analytical techniques are used for this purpose to control the maximum residue limit. Compliance with the maximum residue limit is very important for food manufacturers according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or European Union (EU) regulations. Effective monitoring and control of drug residues in food requires continuous advances in analytical techniques. Few studies have been reviewed on sample extraction and preparation techniques as well as challenges and future directions for the determination of veterinary drug residues in food. This current review focuses on the overview of regulations, classifications and types of food, as well as the latest analytical methods that have been used in recent years (2020-2023) for the determination of drug residues in food so that appropriate methods and accurate results can be used. The results show that chromatography is still a widely used technique for the determination of drug residue in food. Other approaches have been developed including immunoassay, biosensors, electrophoresis and molecular-based methods. This review provides a new development method that has been used to control veterinary drug residue limit in food.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Antibiotic Use and Resistance among Poultry Farmers in Nepal

The abuse and misuse of antibiotics is one of the main drivers of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Globally, AMR in food-producing animals is a significant public health concern. This study, therefore, assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to antibiotic usage (AMU) and AMR among poultry farmers in Nepal. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 605 poultry farmers from six districts of Nepal from May to June 2022 to assess the status of knowledge, attitude, as well as practices toward prudent antibiotic usage (AMU) and AMR. The majority of the participants in our study were from the Chitwan district (31.6%; n = 191/605), aged 30-44 (54.2%; n = 328/605), males (70.4%; n = 426/605), and farmers with a higher secondary (28.76%; n = 174/605) level of education. The tetracyclines (28%, n = 228/828), aminoglycosides (23%, n = 188/828), and fluoroquinolones (15%, n = 126/828) were the most used antibiotics classes among poultry farmers. Although 87.8% (n = 531/605) of poultry farmers used antibiotics, 49.8% (n = 301/605) of them were aware of AMR, and 55.7% (n = 337/605) knew that the misuse of antimicrobials could affect human and environmental health. There were significant differences in the knowledge, attitude, and practices toward prudent AMU and AMR among farmers who reared different birds. The mean knowledge, attitude, and practice score of the respondents were 7.81 ± 3.26, 5.8 ± 2.32, and 7.59 ± 3.38 when measured on a scale of 12, 10, and 15, respectively. Based on a cut-off of 75% of the maximum score, 49.4% (n = 299/605), 62.8% (n = 380/605), and 12.73% (n = 77/605) of the respondents had good knowledge, attitude, and practices toward prudent AMU and AMR, respectively. The multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed that the positive predictors of good knowledge and attitude were male gender, higher level of education, district, and the types of birds (layers). Similarly, those of the male gender (OR: 3.36; 95% CI: 1.38-8.20; p = 0.008) and those that rear layers (OR: 4.63; 95% CI: 1.75-12.25; p = 0.003) were more likely to practice prudent usage of antimicrobials. The findings of this study show poor practice toward prudent antibiotic usage despite good knowledge of AMR. This study provides essential baseline data on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of poultry farmers in Nepal and offers valuable insights that could help in the design of interventions and policies aimed at addressing illicit AMU and AMR in poultry in Nepal.

Characterising Biosecurity Initiatives Globally to Support the Development of a Progressive Management Pathway for Terrestrial Animals: A Scoping Review

While biosecurity is of increasing importance globally, there is still limited evidence of the factors or elements that support the progressive and sustainable scaling up of biosecurity along the value chains from the local to the global level. To gain insight into the current body of literature on biosecurity, a mixed-methods approach was used based on a scoping literature review and an online survey with subject matter experts. Six databases were searched for published literature, and textual information from titles and abstracts of all included records (n = 266) were analysed through inductive content analysis to build biosecurity-relevant categories and identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of existing biosecurity systems or initiatives (such as projects or programs). Most records focused on initiatives in high-income countries, traditional livestock species (pigs, poultry, and large ruminants), and the production stage and had a disease-specific focus. No records described a comprehensive or global framework to progressively scale up biosecurity. Overall, the findings highlight the need for initiatives such as the FAO Progressive Management Pathway for Terrestrial Animal Biosecurity (FAO-PMP-TAB), which is a stepwise approach for strengthening biosecurity management along value chains to enhance the health, resilience, and sustainability of animal sectors. The findings highlight important elements and provide recommendations useful for developing approaches or a global framework to progressively improve biosecurity management.

Genomic Characterization of Listeria innocua Isolates Recovered from Cattle Farms, Beef Abattoirs, and Retail Outlets in Gauteng Province, South Africa

Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was used for the genomic characterization of one hundred and ten strains of Listeria innocua (L. innocua) isolated from twenty-three cattle farms, eight beef abattoirs, and forty-eight retail outlets in Gauteng province, South Africa. In silico multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to identify the isolates' sequence types (STs). BLAST-based analyses were used to identify antimicrobial and virulence genes. The study also linked the detection of the genes to the origin (industries and types of samples) of the L. innocua isolates. The study detected 14 STs, 13 resistance genes, and 23 virulence genes. Of the 14 STs detected, ST637 (26.4%), ST448 (20%), 537 (13.6%), and 1085 (12.7%) were predominant, and the frequency varied significantly (p < 0.05). All 110 isolates of L. innocua were carriers of one or more antimicrobial resistance genes, with resistance genes lin (100%), fosX (100%), and tet(M) (30%) being the most frequently detected (p < 0.05). Of the 23 virulence genes recognized, 13 (clpC, clpE, clpP, hbp1, svpA, hbp2, iap/cwhA, lap, lpeA, lplA1, lspA, oatA, pdgA, and prsA2) were found in all 110 isolates of L. innocua. Overall, diversity and significant differences were detected in the frequencies of STs, resistance, and virulence genes according to the origins (source and sample type) of the L. innocua isolates. This, being the first genomic characterization of L. innocua recovered from the three levels/industries (farm, abattoir, and retail) of the beef production system in South Africa, provides data on the organism's distribution and potential food safety implications.

The phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolated from chickens and meat at poultry slaughterhouses in Japan and Thailand

Background and Aim

Poultry meat is a popular food consumed globally. However, poultry farming is a source of Salmonella contamination which causes human salmonellosis. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Salmonella among chickens and meat at poultry slaughterhouses in province study areas in Thailand and Japan.

Materials and Methods

Chicken meat and feces samples were collected in Thailand and Japan. In Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand, 558 samples were obtained from slaughterhouses from January 2021 to March 2022. In Gifu Prefecture, Japan, 140 samples (70 each of intestinal contents and meat) were purchased from slaughterhouses from June to October 2022. For Salmonella detection, the samples were cultivated according to the International Organization for Standardization 6579:2002/AMD 1:2007 method and confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and agglutination tests for serotyping. Isolated Salmonella were tested for AMR to nine antibiotics using the disk diffusion method. Selected phenotypic multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates were evaluated for AMR genes (AMRGs) using PCR.

Results

Salmonella prevalence from chickens and meat at slaughterhouses in Thailand and Japan was 41.2% and 40.7%, respectively. All the Salmonella isolates in Japan were serotyped as Schwarzengrund, and no Salmonella isolates were resistant to the nine antibiotics tested. In contrast, most of the Thai Salmonella isolates from chicken cloacal swabs and meat were resistant to doxycycline (78.3%) and colistin (63.5%). The prevalence of MDR Salmonella (MDRS) in chickens and meat from Thailand and Japan was 29.1% (67/230) and 0% (0/57), respectively. However, the most frequent AMRGs found in MDRS in Thailand were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-Temoneira (ESBL-TEM) (45.1%). All isolated Salmonella from Japan revealed a class 1 integron gene (Int-1).

Conclusion

Phenotypic MDRS isolates from Thailand showed the greatest correlation to AMRG and ESBL-TEM. Although there were no phenotypic AMR Salmonella isolates found in Japan, they can be found associated with Int-1, which may carry other AMRGs within the gene cassettes.

Vaccine development for bacterial pathogens: Advances, challenges and prospects

The advent and use of antimicrobials have played a key role in treating potentially life-threatening infectious diseases, improving health, and saving the lives of millions of people worldwide. However, the emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens has been a significant health challenge that has compromised the ability to prevent and treat a wide range of infectious diseases that were once treatable. Vaccines offer potential as a promising alternative to fight against antimicrobial resistance (AMR) infectious diseases. Vaccine technologies include reverse vaccinology, structural biology methods, nucleic acid (DNA and mRNA) vaccines, generalised modules for membrane antigens, bioconjugates/glycoconjugates, nanomaterials and several other emerging technological advances that are offering a potential breakthrough in the development of efficient vaccines against pathogens. This review covers the opportunities and advancements in vaccine discovery and development targeting bacterial pathogens. We reflect on the impact of the already-developed vaccines targeting bacterial pathogens and the potential of those currently under different stages of preclinical and clinical trials. More importantly, we critically and comprehensively analyse the challenges while highlighting the key indices for future vaccine prospects. Finally, the issues and concerns of AMR for low-income countries (sub-Saharan Africa) and the challenges with vaccine integration, discovery and development in this region are critically evaluated.

β-Lactamase Genes (blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaTEM, blaOXA1 and blaOXA2) and Phylogenetic Groups in ESBL Producing Commensal Escherichia coli Isolated from Faecal Samples from Dairy Farm in the Municipality of Debar

β-lactamases are a diverse class of enzymes produced by bacteria that present a major cause for resistance to β-lactams. In this study we analysed 159 fecal samples from dairy cows, for the presence of presumptive ESBL, AmpC, and carbapenemase-producing E. coli. Phylotyping was done using Clermont phylo-typing method, targeting arpA, ChuA, and YjaA genes, along with the DNA fragment TspE4.C2. Convetional PCR method was used to confirm the presence of bla genes among 39 phenotypically confirmed ESBL producing E. coli. The results showed presence of CTX-M, SHV, TEM and OXA1 bla genes in 28 (71.79%), 1 (2.56%), 29 (74.35%), 2 (5.12%) of isolates, respectively Twenty (51.28%) isolates showed presence of both blaCTX-M and TEM genes. The strain that carried the blaSHV gene was found to carry blaTEM gene as well, while one of the strains that carried blaOXA1 gene was also carrying blaCTX-M and TEM gene. The ration between isolates and phylo-groups was as follows: 9 (23.07%) strains were assigned to phyllo-group D; 14 (35.89%) to phyllo-group B; 16 (41.02%) to phyllo-group A. Out of the 39 strains where bla genes were identified, 29 (74.35%) were categorized as multi drug resistant.

Metagenomic Insights for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Soils with Different Land Uses in Brazil

Land-use conversion changes soil properties and their microbial communities, which, combined with the overuse of antibiotics in human and animal health, promotes the expansion of the soil resistome. In this context, we aimed to profile the resistome and the microbiota of soils under different land practices. We collected eight soil samples from different locations in the countryside of São Paulo (Brazil), assessed the community profiles based on 16S rRNA sequencing, and analyzed the soil metagenomes based on shotgun sequencing. We found differences in the communities' structures and their dynamics that were correlated with land practices, such as the dominance of Staphylococcus and Bacillus genera in agriculture fields. Additionally, we surveyed the abundance and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factors (VFs) across studied soils, observing a higher presence and homogeneity of the vanRO gene in livestock soils. Moreover, three β-lactamases were identified in orchard and urban square soils. Together, our findings reinforce the importance and urgency of AMR surveillance in the environment, especially in soils undergoing deep land-use transformations, providing an initial exploration under the One Health approach of environmental levels of resistance and profiling soil communities.