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Zheng Z, Chen X, Zheng R, Yan Z, Li L, Chen R, Li L, Liu Y, Guan Y, Zhu H. Progressive Adaptation of Subtype H6N1 Avian Influenza Virus in Taiwan Enhances Mammalian Infectivity, Pathogenicity, and Transmissibility. Viruses 2025; 17:733. [PMID: 40431744 PMCID: PMC12115762 DOI: 10.3390/v17050733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2025] [Revised: 05/15/2025] [Accepted: 05/16/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
The interspecies transmission of avian influenza viruses remains a significant public health concern. H6 viruses have gained attention following the first human infection by a chicken-origin H6N1 virus (A/Taiwan/02/2013, Hu/13), highlighting their zoonotic potential. To understand the evolutionary trajectory and mammalian adaptation of this Taiwan lineage, we compared two avian isolates (A/Chicken/Taiwan/CF19/2009, Ck/09; A/Chicken/Taiwan/2267/2012, Ck/12) and Hu/13 in vitro and in vivo. Hu/13 exhibited enhanced replication in MDCK cells, producing larger plaques and higher viral titers than Ck/09 and Ck/12. In BALB/c mice, Hu/13 demonstrated the highest pathogenicity and mortality, followed by Ck/12, while Ck/09 induced minimal morbidity. Hu/13 and Ck/12 replicated efficiently in respiratory tissues, eliciting robust cytokine responses and severe pulmonary lesions. In ferrets, Hu/13 showed relatively efficient transmission, infecting all direct physical-contact and two out of three airborne-contact ferrets, whereas Ck/09 failed to transmit. Histopathology confirmed escalating lung pathology from Ck/09 to Ck/12 and Hu/13. Whole-genome sequencing identified adaptive mutations in Hu/13 during ferret replication, though no canonical mammalian-adaptive changes (e.g., PB2-E627K or HA-Q226L) were detected. These findings demonstrate progressive mammalian adaptation, replication efficiency, and transmissibility within the Taiwan H6N1 lineage. Enhanced surveillance is crucial to monitor mammalian-adaptive mutations, informing pandemic preparedness and public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoyi Zheng
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education), Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University-The University of Hong Kong), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xifeng Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education), Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University-The University of Hong Kong), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Rutian Zheng
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education), Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University-The University of Hong Kong), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zhigang Yan
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education), Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University-The University of Hong Kong), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Long Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education), Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University-The University of Hong Kong), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Rirong Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education), Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University-The University of Hong Kong), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi Guan
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education), Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University-The University of Hong Kong), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huachen Zhu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education), Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University-The University of Hong Kong), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Peng L, Jin Z, Chen P, Zhang Z, Fan X, Hong W, Liu Y, Smith DK, Cheung WYM, Wang J, Zhu H, Lam TTY, Guan Y. Evolutionary characterization of the establishment of H6 influenza viruses in domestic geese in China: implications for the position of the host in the ecosystem. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae075. [PMID: 39777275 PMCID: PMC11703943 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Geese, both wild and domestic, are generally considered part of the natural reservoir for influenza A viruses. The highly pathogenic H5 Goose/Guangdong avian influenza virus lineage that is still causing outbreaks worldwide was first detected in domestic geese in 1996. However, while wild geese might have a somewhat restricted role in the influenza ecosystem, the role of domestic geese is little studied. Here, 109 H6 viruses isolated from domestic geese during 2001-2018 in southern China had their phylogeny, evolutionary dynamics, and molecular signatures characterized to examine the role of domestic geese. Our findings demonstrated that all geese H6 viruses were derived from H6 viruses established in ducks and that they subsequently formed three distinct hemagglutinin lineages. Rapid evolution of the hemagglutinin genes was not detected after the duck-to-goose transmissions of H6 viruses that then circulated in geese. Despite long-term persistence in geese, H6 viruses were rarely observed to transmit back to ducks or terrestrial poultry and never exchanged genes with viruses from other subtypes. Most geese H6 viruses maintained the primary molecular signatures of their duck precursors. This study raises the possibility that, rather than being part of the natural reservoir, domestic geese might be more like an aberrant host species for influenza A viruses, and perhaps a "dead-end" host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxia Peng
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Ziying Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- EKIH (Gewuzhikang) Pathogen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518045, China
| | - Peiwen Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- EKIH (Gewuzhikang) Pathogen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518045, China
| | - Zengfeng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Wenshan Hong
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- EKIH (Gewuzhikang) Pathogen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518045, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, 19W Hong Kong Science & Technology Parks, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - David K Smith
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, 19W Hong Kong Science & Technology Parks, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - William Yiu-Man Cheung
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- EKIH (Gewuzhikang) Pathogen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518045, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, 19W Hong Kong Science & Technology Parks, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huachen Zhu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- EKIH (Gewuzhikang) Pathogen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518045, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, 19W Hong Kong Science & Technology Parks, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tommy Tsan-Yuk Lam
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- EKIH (Gewuzhikang) Pathogen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518045, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, 19W Hong Kong Science & Technology Parks, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi Guan
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- EKIH (Gewuzhikang) Pathogen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518045, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, 19W Hong Kong Science & Technology Parks, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shanghai Institute of Virology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200225, China
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Lin S, Zhang Y, Yang J, Yang L, Li X, Bo H, Liu J, Tan M, Zhu W, Wang D, Shu Y. Cross-Species Transmission Potential of H4 Avian Influenza Viruses in China: Epidemiological and Evolutionary Study. Viruses 2024; 16:353. [PMID: 38543719 PMCID: PMC10974465 DOI: 10.3390/v16030353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
H4 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been widely detected in live poultry markets in China. However, the potential public health impact of H4 AIVs remains largely uncertain. Here, we fully analyzed the distribution and phylogenetic relationship of H4 AIVs in China. We obtained 31 isolates of H4 viruses in China during 2009-2022 through surveillance in poultry-associated environments, such as live poultry markets and poultry farms. Genomic sequence analysis together with publicly available data revealed that frequent reassortment and introduction of H4 AIV from wild birds to poultry may have occurred. We identified 62 genotypes among 127 whole genome sequences of H4 viruses in China, indicating that H4 AIVs had great genetic diversity in China. We also investigated molecular markers and found that drug resistance mutations frequently occurred in the M2 protein and a few mutations related to receptor binding and the host signature in H4 AIVs. Our study demonstrates the cross-species transmission potential of H4 AIVs in China and provides some reference significance for its risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Lin
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.L.)
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Ye Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Jiaying Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.L.)
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Lei Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiyan Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Hong Bo
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Jia Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Min Tan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.L.)
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (MOE), State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102629, China
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Bialy D, Richardson S, Chrzastek K, Bhat S, Polo N, Freimanis G, Iqbal M, Shelton H. Recombinant A(H6N1)-H274Y avian influenza virus with dual drug resistance does not require permissive mutations to retain the replicative fitness in vitro and in ovo. Virology 2024; 590:109954. [PMID: 38086284 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The possible emergence of drug-resistant avian flu raises concerns over the limited effectiveness of currently approved antivirals (neuraminidase inhibitors - NAIs) in the hypothetical event of a zoonotic spillover. Our study demonstrated that the recombinant avian A(H6N1) viruses showed reduced inhibition (RI) by multiple NAI drugs following the introduction of point mutations found predominantly in the neuraminidase gene (NA) of NAI-resistant human influenza strains (E119V, R292K and H274Y; N2 numbering). Moreover, A(H6N1)-H274Y showed increased replication efficiency in vitro, and a fitness advantage over wild-type (WT) when co-inoculated into embryonated hen's eggs. The results presented in our study together with the zoonotic potential of the A(H6N1) virus as evidenced by the human infection from 2013, highlight the need for enhanced monitoring of NAI resistance-associated signatures in circulating LPAI (low pathogenic avian influenza) globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Bialy
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
| | - Samuel Richardson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Klaudia Chrzastek
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Sushant Bhat
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Noemi Polo
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Freimanis
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Munir Iqbal
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Shelton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
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Elli S, Raffaini G, Guerrini M, Kosakovsky Pond S, Matrosovich M. Molecular modeling and phylogenetic analyses highlight the role of amino acid 347 of the N1 subtype neuraminidase in influenza virus host range and interspecies adaptation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1309156. [PMID: 38169695 PMCID: PMC10758481 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1309156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The N1 neuraminidases (NAs) of avian and pandemic human influenza viruses contain tyrosine and asparagine, respectively, at position 347 on the rim of the catalytic site; the biological significance of this difference is not clear. Here, we used molecular dynamics simulation to model the effects of amino acid 347 on N1 NA interactions with sialyllacto-N-tetraoses 6'SLN-LC and 3'SLN-LC, which represent NA substrates in humans and birds, respectively. Our analysis predicted that Y347 plays an important role in the NA preference for the avian-type substrates. The Y347N substitution facilitates hydrolysis of human-type substrates by resolving steric conflicts of the Neu5Ac2-6Gal moiety with the bulky side chain of Y347, decreasing the free energy of substrate binding, and increasing the solvation of the Neu5Ac2-6Gal bond. Y347 was conserved in all N1 NA sequences of avian influenza viruses in the GISAID EpiFlu database with two exceptions. First, the Y347F substitution was present in the NA of a specific H6N1 poultry virus lineage and was associated with the substitutions G228S and/or E190V/L in the receptor-binding site (RBS) of the hemagglutinin (HA). Second, the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 viruses of the Gs/Gd lineage contained sporadic variants with the NA substitutions Y347H/D, which were frequently associated with substitutions in the HA RBS. The Y347N substitution occurred following the introductions of avian precursors into humans and pigs with N/D347 conserved during virus circulation in these hosts. Comparative evolutionary analysis of site 347 revealed episodic positive selection across the entire tree and negative selection within most host-specific groups of viruses, suggesting that substitutions at NA position 347 occurred during host switches and remained under pervasive purifying selection thereafter. Our results elucidate the role of amino acid 347 in NA recognition of sialoglycan substrates and emphasize the significance of substitutions at position 347 as a marker of host range and adaptive evolution of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Elli
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche ‘G. Ronzoni’, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Raffaini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche ‘G. Ronzoni’, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergei Kosakovsky Pond
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Yan Z, Li Y, Huang S, Wen F. Global distribution, receptor binding, and cross-species transmission of H6 influenza viruses: risks and implications for humans. J Virol 2023; 97:e0137023. [PMID: 37877722 PMCID: PMC10688349 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01370-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The H6 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) is a pervasive subtype that is ubiquitously found in both wild bird and poultry populations across the globe. Recent investigations have unveiled its capacity to infect mammals, thereby expanding its host range beyond that of other subtypes and potentially facilitating its global transmission. This heightened breadth also endows H6 AIVs with the potential to serve as a genetic reservoir for the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza strains through genetic reassortment and adaptive mutations. Furthermore, alterations in key amino acid loci within the H6 AIV genome foster the evolution of viral infection mechanisms, which may enable the virus to surmount interspecies barriers and infect mammals, including humans, thus posing a potential threat to human well-being. In this review, we summarize the origins, dissemination patterns, geographical distribution, cross-species transmission dynamics, and genetic attributes of H6 influenza viruses. This study holds implications for the timely detection and surveillance of H6 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanfei Yan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - You Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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Lin M, Yao QC, Liu J, Huo M, Zhou Y, Chen M, Li Y, Gao Y, Ge Y. Evolution and Reassortment of H6 Subtype Avian Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:1547. [PMID: 37515233 PMCID: PMC10383184 DOI: 10.3390/v15071547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The H6 subtype of avian influenza virus (H6 AIV) is the most detected AIV subtype in poultry and wild birds. It causes economic losses to the poultry industry, and the most important, H6 AIV may have the ability to infect mammals, which is a great threat to public health security. In addition, the H6 subtype can serve as a precursor to providing internal genes for other highly pathogenic AIVs, posing a potential threat. H6 AIV currently face to the high positive detection rate and harmless nature of H6 AIV and because not highly effective H6 subtype vaccine available on the market. In this study, we focused on the prevalence of H6 AIV in poultry and wild birds, phylogenetic analysis, genetic variation characteristics, selection analysis, and prevention and control to provide relevant references for the scientific prevention and control of H6 AIV in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqin Lin
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Qiu-Cheng Yao
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Miaotong Huo
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Minyi Chen
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yuanguo Li
- Military Veterinary Research Institute of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Military Veterinary Research Institute of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Ye Ge
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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Liu M, van Kuppeveld FJM, de Haan CAM, de Vries E. Gradual adaptation of animal influenza A viruses to human-type sialic acid receptors. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 60:101314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
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He J, Hou S, Xiong C, Hu L, Gong L, Yu J, Zhou X, Chen Q, Yuan Y, He L, Zhu M, Li W, Shi Y, Sun Y, Pan H, Su B, Lu Y, Wu J. Avian influenza A virus H7N9 in China, a role reversal from reassortment receptor to the donator. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28392. [PMID: 36484390 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reassortment can introduce one or more gene segments of influenza A viruses (IAVs) into another, resulting in novel subtypes. Since 2013, a new outbreak of human highly pathogenic avian influenza has emerged in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and South-Central regions of China. In this study, using Anhui province as an example, we discuss the possible impact of H7N9 IAVs on future influenza epidemics through a series of gene reassortment events. Sixty-one human H7N9 isolates were obtained from five outbreaks in Anhui province from 2013 to 2019. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that all of them were characterized by low pathogenicity and high human or mammalian tropism and had introduced novel avian influenza A virus (AIV) subtypes such as H7N2, H7N6, H9N9, H5N6, H6N6, and H10N6 through gene reassortment. In reassortment events, Anhui isolates may donate one or more segments of HA, NA, and the six internal protein-coding genes for the novel subtype AIVs. Our study revealed that H7N9, H9N2, and H5N1 can serve as stable and persistent gene pools for AIVs in the YRD and South-Central regions of China. Novel AIV subtypes might be generated continuously by reassortment. These AIVs may have obtained human-type receptor-binding abilities from their donors and prefer binding to them, which can cause human epidemics through accidental spillover infections. Facing the continual threat of emerging avian influenza, constant monitoring of AIVs should be conducted closely for agricultural and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China.,School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sai Hou
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chenglong Xiong
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linjie Hu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Junling Yu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Chen
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lan He
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yonglin Shi
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haifeng Pan
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bin Su
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yihan Lu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiabing Wu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China.,School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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10
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Zhong W, Gao L, Wang X, Su S, Lin Y, Huang K, Zhou S, Fan X, Zhang Z. Influenza A (H6N6) viruses isolated from chickens replicate in mice and human lungs without prior adaptation. J Virus Erad 2022; 8:100086. [PMID: 36189435 PMCID: PMC9516452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2022.100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The H6H6 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) is currently prevalent in wild birds and poultry. Its host range has gradually expanded to mammals, such as swines. Some strains have even acquired the ability to bind to human-like SAα-2,6 Gal receptors, thus increasing the risk of animal to human transmission. To investigate whether the H6N6 AIV can overcome interspecies barriers from poultry to mammals and even to humans, we have assessed the molecular characteristics, receptor-binding preference, replication in mice and human lungs of three chicken-originated H6N6 strains. Among these, the A/CK/Zhangzhou/346/2014 (ZZ346) virus with the P186T, H156R, and S263G mutations of the hemagglutinin molecule showed the ability to bind to avian-like SAα-2,3 Gal and human-like SAα-2,6 Gal receptors. Moreover, H6N6 viruses, especially the ZZ346 strain, could replicate and infect mice and human lungs. Our study showed the H6N6 virus binding to both avian-like and human-like receptors, confirming its ability to cross the species barrier to infect mice and human lungs without prior adaptation. This study emphasizes the importance of continuous and intense monitoring of the H6N6 evolution in terrestrial birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijuan Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Lingxi Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xijing Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Shanggui Su
- Department of Biochemistry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yugui Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, United States
| | - Siyu Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Zengfeng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Corresponding author.
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11
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Cui M, Huang Y, Wang X, Bian X, Du L, Yan Y, Gu J, Dong W, Zhou J, Liao M. Genetic characterization and evolution of H6N6 subtype avian influenza viruses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:963218. [PMID: 35979484 PMCID: PMC9376297 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.963218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
H6-subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) was prevalent in the world and could sporadically infect humans. Here, a new chicken-derived H6N6-subtype AIV strain A/chicken/Zhejiang/49/2021 (ZJ49) was isolated in Zhejiang Province, China in 2021. Phylogenetic analysis by Maximum likelihood methods showed that H6-subtype AIVs were classed into 13 groups according to HA gene. The ZJ49 strain belonged to the G12 group, which mainly consisted of strains from Asian and dominated in recent years. Based on NA gene, H6-subtype AIVs were divided into N6.1 and N6.2 clades according to the NA gene. The ZJ49 isolate was located in the N6.2e clade, which mainly consisted of the H5N6-subtype AIVs. Phylogenetic analysis by Bayesian methods showed that the effective quantity size of H6-subtype AIVs increased around 1990, reached a peak around 2015, declined after 2015, then kept in a stable level after 2018. The reassortment analysis predicted that the PB2, PA, and NA genes of ZJ49 may recombine with H5-subtype AIVs. The amino acid at 222 position of HA gene of ZJ49 strain mutated from A to V, suggesting that ZJ49 has a potential ability to cross species barriers. The four glycosylation sites were highly conserved, implying less impact on the fold and conception of HA stem structure. Our results revealed the complicated evolution, reassortment, and mutations of receptor binding sites of H6-subtype AIVs, which emphasize the importance to continuously monitor the epidemiology and evolution of H6-subtype AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxian Cui
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanming Huang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingbo Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiyi Bian
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liuyang Du
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Gu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiren Dong
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jiyong Zhou,
| | - Min Liao
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Min Liao,
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12
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The Genomic Evolution and the Transmission Dynamics of H6N2 Avian Influenza A Viruses in Southern China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061154. [PMID: 35746626 PMCID: PMC9229805 DOI: 10.3390/v14061154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In China, the broad prevalence of H6 subtype influenza viruses, increasingly detected in aquatic birds, promotes their exchange materials with other highly pathogenic human-infecting H5N1, H5N6, and H7N9 influenza viruses. Strikingly, some H6 subtype viruses can infect pigs, dogs, and humans, posing risks to public health. In this study, 9 H6N2 viruses recovered from waterfowl species in the Guangdong province of China in 2018 were isolated and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the genome sequences of these H6N2 viruses belonged to Group I, except for the NP gene in Group III. Coalescent analyses demonstrated that the reassortment of NA and NS genes have occurred in two independent clusters, suggesting H6 subtype viruses had been undergoing a complex reassortant. To examine the evolutionary dynamics and the dissemination of the H6 subtype viruses, a Bayesian stochastic search variable selection was performed for results showing higher viral migration rates between closer provinces, including Guangdong, Jiangxi, Guangxi, and Fujian. Notably, the transmission routes of the H6 subtype viruses were concentrated in Jiangxi Province, the most frequent location for input and output transmission and a region containing Poyang Lake, a well-known wintering site for migration birds. We also found that the aquatic birds, especially ducks, were the most common input source of the viral transmission. In addition, we also found that eight positively selected amino acid sites were identified in HA protein. Given their continuous dissemination and the broad prevalence of the H6 subtype influenza viruses, continued surveillance is warranted in the future.
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13
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Martins de Camargo M, Caetano AR, Ferreira de Miranda Santos IK. Evolutionary pressures rendered by animal husbandry practices for avian influenza viruses to adapt to humans. iScience 2022; 25:104005. [PMID: 35313691 PMCID: PMC8933668 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial poultry operations produce and crowd billions of birds every year, which is a source of inexpensive animal protein. Commercial poultry is intensely bred for desirable production traits, and currently presents very low variability at the major histocompatibility complex. This situation dampens the advantages conferred by the MHC’s high genetic variability, and crowding generates immunosuppressive stress. We address the proteins of influenza A viruses directly and indirectly involved in host specificities. We discuss how mutants with increased virulence and/or altered host specificity may arise if few class I alleles are the sole selective pressure on avian viruses circulating in immunocompromised poultry. This hypothesis is testable with peptidomics of MHC ligands. Breeding strategies for commercial poultry can easily and inexpensively include high variability of MHC as a trait of interest, to help save billions of dollars as a disease burden caused by influenza and decrease the risk of selecting highly virulent strains.
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14
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Turkeys possess div6erse Siaα2-3Gal glycans that facilitate their dual susceptibility to avian influenza viruses isolated from ducks and chickens. Virus Res 2022; 315:198771. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Abstract
The continuous emergence and reemergence of diverse subtypes of influenza A viruses, which are known as "HxNy" and are mediated through the reassortment of viral genomes, account for seasonal epidemics, occasional pandemics, and zoonotic outbreaks. We summarize and discuss the characteristics of historic human pandemic HxNy viruses and diverse subtypes of HxNy among wild birds, mammals, and live poultry markets. In addition, we summarize the key molecular features of emerging infectious HxNy influenza viruses from the perspectives of the receptor binding of Hx, the inhibitor-binding specificities and drug-resistance features of Ny, and the matching of the gene segments. Our work enhances our understanding of the potential threats of novel reassortant influenza viruses to public health and provides recommendations for effective prevention, control, and research of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Pathogen Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - George F Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
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16
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Wan Z, Kan Q, Zhao Z, Shao H, Deliberto TJ, Wan XF, Qin A, Ye J. Characterization of Subtype H6 Avian Influenza A Viruses Isolated From Wild Birds in Poyang Lake, China. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:685399. [PMID: 34589532 PMCID: PMC8473872 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.685399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtype H6 avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) are enzootic and genetically diverse in both domestic poultry and wild waterfowl and may cause spillovers in both pigs and humans. Thus, it is important to understand the genetic diversity of H6 IAVs in birds and their zoonotic potential. Compared with that in domestic poultry, the genetic diversity of H6 viruses in wild birds in China has not been well-understood. In this study, five H6 viruses were isolated from wild birds in Poyang Lake, China, and genetic analyses showed that these isolates are clustered into four genotypes associated with reassortments among avian IAVs from domestic poultry and wild birds in China and those from Eurasia and North America and that these viruses exhibited distinct phenotypes in growth kinetics analyses with avian and mammalian cells lines and in mouse challenge experiments. Of interest is that two H6 isolates from the Eurasian teal replicated effectively in the mouse lung without prior adaptation, whereas the other three did not. Our study suggested that there are variations in the mammalian viral replication efficiency phenotypic among genetically diverse H6 IAVs in wild birds and that both intra- and inter-continental movements of IAVs through wild bird migration may facilitate the emergence of novel H6 IAV reassortants with the potential for replicating in mammals, including humans. Continued surveillance to monitor the diversity of H6 IAVs in wild birds is necessary to increase our understanding of the natural history of IAVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qiuqi Kan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhehong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Thomas J Deliberto
- National Wildlife Disease Program, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- University of Missouri Center for Influenza and Emerging infectious Diseases, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Aijian Qin
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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17
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Genetic characteristics and pathogenicity of novel reassortant H6 viruses isolated from wild birds in China. Vet Microbiol 2021; 254:108978. [PMID: 33454600 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.108978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
During our routine surveillance, we isolated seven H6 avian influenza virus (AIV) strains, including three H6N1 strains, three H6N2 strains, and one H6N8 strain, from 3667 fresh fecal samples that were collected from wild bird habitats in China from March 2017 and May 2019. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these viruses formed five different genotypes and have undergone complicate reassortment during their evolution by acquiring genes from AIVs of both Eurasian and North American lineages that have been previously detected in migrating waterfowl and poultry. Viral pathogenesis in mice showed that these H6 viruses replicated efficiently in both the nasal turbinates and lungs of mice without pre-adaptation, but none of them were lethal for mice. We studied the genetic characteristic and biological property of novel reassortant H6 viruses isolated from wild birds in China. It also highlights the need for continued surveillance of H6 AIVs circulating in nature.
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18
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Lin W, Cui H, Teng Q, Li L, Shi Y, Li X, Yang J, Liu Q, Deng J, Li Z. Evolution and pathogenicity of H6 avian influenza viruses isolated from Southern China during 2011 to 2017 in mice and chickens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20583. [PMID: 33239647 PMCID: PMC7689535 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76541-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
H6 subtype avian influenza viruses spread widely in birds and pose potential threats to poultry and mammals, even to human beings. In this study, the evolution and pathogenicity of H6 AIVs isolated in live poultry markets from 2011 to 2017 were investigated. These H6 isolates were reassortant with other subtypes of influenza virus with increasing genomic diversity. However, no predominant genotype was found during this period. All of the H6N2 and most of the H6N6 isolates replicated efficiently in lungs of inoculated mice without prior adaptation. All of the H6N2 and two H6N6 isolates replicated efficiently in nasal turbinates of inoculated mice, which suggested the H6N2 viruses were more adaptive to the upper respiratory tract of mice than the H6N6 viruses. One of H6N2 virus caused systemic infection in one out of three inoculated mice, which indicated that H6 avian influenza virus, especially the H6N2 viruses posed a potential threat to mammals. Five H6 strains selected from different genotypes caused no clinical signs to inoculated chickens, and their replication were limited in chickens since the viruses have been detected only from a few tissues or swabs at low titers. Our study strongly suggests that the H6 avian influenza virus isolated from live poultry markets pose potential threat to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishan Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongrui Cui
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoyang Teng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Luzhao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Shi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmei Yang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinfang Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junliang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zejun Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Bi Y, Li J, Li S, Fu G, Jin T, Zhang C, Yang Y, Ma Z, Tian W, Li J, Xiao S, Li L, Yin R, Zhang Y, Wang L, Qin Y, Yao Z, Meng F, Hu D, Li D, Wong G, Liu F, Lv N, Wang L, Fu L, Yang Y, Peng Y, Ma J, Sharshov K, Shestopalov A, Gulyaeva M, Gao GF, Chen J, Shi Y, Liu WJ, Chu D, Huang Y, Liu Y, Liu L, Liu W, Chen Q, Shi W. Dominant subtype switch in avian influenza viruses during 2016-2019 in China. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5909. [PMID: 33219213 PMCID: PMC7679419 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have surveyed avian influenza virus (AIV) genomes from live poultry markets within China since 2014. Here we present a total of 16,091 samples that were collected from May 2016 to February 2019 in 23 provinces and municipalities in China. We identify 2048 AIV-positive samples and perform next generation sequencing. AIV-positive rates (12.73%) from samples had decreased substantially since 2016, compared to that during 2014-2016 (26.90%). Additionally, H9N2 has replaced H5N6 and H7N9 as the dominant AIV subtype in both chickens and ducks. Notably, novel reassortants and variants continually emerged and disseminated in avian populations, including H7N3, H9N9, H9N6 and H5N6 variants. Importantly, almost all of the H9 AIVs and many H7N9 and H6N2 strains prefer human-type receptors, posing an increased risk for human infections. In summary, our nation-wide surveillance highlights substantial changes in the circulation of AIVs since 2016, which greatly impacts the prevention and control of AIVs in China and worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 101408, Beijing, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, 518112, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 271016, Taian, China
| | - Shanqin Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 101408, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghua Fu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350013, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tao Jin
- China National Genebank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, 830046, Urumchi, China
| | - Yongchun Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenghai Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, 830046, Urumchi, China
| | - Wenxia Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, 030801, Taigu, China
| | - Jida Li
- Institute of Zoonosis, College of Public Hygiene, Zunyi Medical University, 563003, Zunyi, China
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liqiang Li
- China National Genebank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083, Shenzhen, China
| | - Renfu Yin
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Zoonosis, College of Public Hygiene, Zunyi Medical University, 563003, Zunyi, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Life Science, Hainan Medical University, 571101, Haikou, China
| | - Yantao Qin
- Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 674400, Shangri-la, China
| | - Zhongzi Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CASCIRE, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Fanyu Meng
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 271016, Taian, China
| | - Dongfang Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, 453003, Xinxiang, China
| | - Delong Li
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, 402460, Chongqing, China
| | - Gary Wong
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Université Laval, Québec City, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Fei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Na Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 101408, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Peng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 101408, Beijing, China
| | - Jinmin Ma
- China National Genebank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - Marina Gulyaeva
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 101408, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, 518112, Shenzhen, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CASCIRE, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 101408, Beijing, China
| | - William J Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Chu
- General Station for Surveillance of Wildlife-borne Infectious Diseases, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, 110034, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350013, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, 518112, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, 518112, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 101408, Beijing, China
| | - Quanjiao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CASCIRE, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, China.
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 271016, Taian, China.
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 271000, Taian, China.
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20
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Everest H, Hill SC, Daines R, Sealy JE, James J, Hansen R, Iqbal M. The Evolution, Spread and Global Threat of H6Nx Avian Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060673. [PMID: 32580412 PMCID: PMC7354632 DOI: 10.3390/v12060673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses of the subtype H6Nx are being detected globally with increasing frequency. Some H6Nx lineages are becoming enzootic in Asian poultry and sporadic incursions into European poultry are occurring more frequently. H6Nx viruses that contain mammalian adaptation motifs pose a zoonotic threat and have caused human cases. Although currently understudied globally, H6Nx avian influenza viruses pose a substantial threat to both poultry and human health. In this review we examine the current state of knowledge of H6Nx viruses including their global distribution, tropism, transmission routes and human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Everest
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sarah C Hill
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ UK
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Rebecca Daines
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | | | - Joe James
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Rowena Hansen
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Munir Iqbal
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
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21
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Suttie A, Deng YM, Greenhill AR, Dussart P, Horwood PF, Karlsson EA. Inventory of molecular markers affecting biological characteristics of avian influenza A viruses. Virus Genes 2019; 55:739-768. [PMID: 31428925 PMCID: PMC6831541 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01700-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally, spilling over into domestic poultry and causing zoonotic infections in humans. Fortunately, AIVs are not yet capable of causing sustained human-to-human infection; however, AIVs are still a high risk as future pandemic strains, especially if they acquire further mutations that facilitate human infection and/or increase pathogenesis. Molecular characterization of sequencing data for known genetic markers associated with AIV adaptation, transmission, and antiviral resistance allows for fast, efficient assessment of AIV risk. Here we summarize and update the current knowledge on experimentally verified molecular markers involved in AIV pathogenicity, receptor binding, replicative capacity, and transmission in both poultry and mammals with a broad focus to include data available on other AIV subtypes outside of A/H5N1 and A/H7N9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Suttie
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box #983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew R Greenhill
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box #983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Paul F Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Erik A Karlsson
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box #983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
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22
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Wu H, Yang F, Xiao Y, Liu F, Yao H, Wu N. Adaptive amino acid substitutions enhance the virulence of an avian-origin H6N1 influenza virus in mice. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 74:103918. [PMID: 31200112 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The H6N1 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) is a zoonotic infectious disease pathogen, which poses a threat to human health. In order to study the possible substitution of H6N1 AIV for mammals, an avian-origin H6N1 virus was successively passaged in mice. The results showed that PB2 (L193H and E627K), PA (S709F) and HA (V127I) proteins had multiple amino acid substitutions. The virulence of the mouse-adapted virus was stronger than that of the wild virus, and it was highly pathogenic to mice. Therefore, continued surveillance of these substitutions in poultry H6N1 viruses is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yixin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Fumin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China.
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23
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Luo S, Xie Z, Huang J, Xie Z, Xie L, Zhang M, Li M, Wang S, Li D, Zeng T, Zhang Y, Fan Q, Deng X. Simultaneous Differentiation of the N1 to N9 Neuraminidase Subtypes of Avian Influenza Virus by a GeXP Analyzer-Based Multiplex Reverse Transcription PCR Assay. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1271. [PMID: 31231349 PMCID: PMC6568037 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, nine neuraminidase (NA) subtypes of avian influenza virus (AIV) have been identified in poultry and wild birds. Rapid and effective methods for differentiating these nine NA subtypes are needed. We developed and validated a rapid, sensitive, and robust method utilizing a GeXP analyzer-based multiplex RT-PCR assay and capillary electrophoresis for the simultaneous differentiation of the N1 to N9 subtypes in a single-tube reaction. Ten pairs of primers-nine subtype-specific pairs and one pan-AIV pair-were screened and used to establish the GeXP multiplex RT-PCR assay. A single subtype was detected using the developed GeXP assay; the N1 to N9 AIV subtypes individually generated two target peaks: the NA subtype-specific peak and the general AIV peak. Different concentrations of multiplexed subtypes were tested with this GeXP assay and the peaks of the corresponding NA subtypes were generated, suggesting that this GeXP assay is useful for identifying NA subtypes in mixed samples. Moreover, no peaks were generated for other important avian viruses, indicating negative results and validating the lack of cross-reactions between AIV subtypes and other avian pathogens. RNA templates synthesized through in vitro transcription were used to analyze the sensitivity of the assay; the limit of detection was 100 copies per reaction mixture. The results obtained from clinical samples using this GeXP method were consistent with the results of the neuraminidase inhibition (NI) test, and the ability of the GeXP assay to identify mixed infections was superior to amplicon sequencing of isolated viruses. In conclusion, this GeXP assay is proposed as a specific, sensitive, rapid, high-throughput, and versatile diagnostic tool for nine NA subtypes of AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Jiaoling Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiqin Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Liji Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Minxiu Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Meng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Dan Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Tingting Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Xianwen Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
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24
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Kosik I, Yewdell JW. Influenza Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase: Yin⁻Yang Proteins Coevolving to Thwart Immunity. Viruses 2019; 11:E346. [PMID: 31014029 PMCID: PMC6520700 DOI: 10.3390/v11040346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virions possess two surface glycoproteins-the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)-which exert opposite functions. HA attaches virions to cells by binding to terminal sialic acid residues on glycoproteins/glycolipids to initiate the infectious cycle, while NA cleaves terminal sialic acids, releasing virions to complete the infectious cycle. Antibodies specific for HA or NA can protect experimental animals from IAV pathogenesis and drive antigenic variation in their target epitopes that impairs vaccine effectiveness in humans. Here, we review progress in understanding HA/NA co-evolution as each acquires epistatic mutations to restore viral fitness to mutants selected in the other protein by host innate or adaptive immune pressure. We also discuss recent exciting findings that antibodies to HA can function in vivo by blocking NA enzyme activity to prevent nascent virion release and enhance Fc receptor-based activation of innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kosik
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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25
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Rimondi A, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Olivera VS, Decarre J, Castresana GJ, Romano M, Nelson MI, van Bakel H, Pereda AJ, Ferreri L, Geiger G, Perez DR. Evidence of a fixed internal gene constellation in influenza A viruses isolated from wild birds in Argentina (2006-2016). Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:194. [PMID: 30482896 PMCID: PMC6258671 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Wild aquatic birds are the major reservoir of influenza A virus. Cloacal swabs and feces samples (n = 6595) were collected from 62 bird species in Argentina from 2006 to 2016 and screened for influenza A virus. Full genome sequencing of 15 influenza isolates from 6 waterfowl species revealed subtypes combinations that were previously described in South America (H1N1, H4N2, H4N6 (n = 3), H5N3, H6N2 (n = 4), and H10N7 (n = 2)), and new ones not previously identified in the region (H4N8, H7N7 and H7N9). Notably, the internal gene segments of all 15 Argentine isolates belonged to the South American lineage, showing a divergent evolution of these viruses in the Southern Hemisphere. Time-scaled phylogenies indicated that South American gene segments diverged between ~ 30 and ~ 140 years ago from the most closely related influenza lineages, which include the avian North American (PB1, HA, NA, MP, and NS-B) and Eurasian lineage (PB2), and the equine H3N8 lineage (PA, NP, and NS-A). Phylogenetic analyses of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase gene segments of the H4, H6, and N8 subtypes revealed recent introductions and reassortment between viruses from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres in the Americas. Remarkably and despite evidence of recent hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtype introductions, the phylogenetic composition of internal gene constellation of these influenza A viruses has remained unchanged. Considering the extended time and the number of sampled species of the current study, and the paucity of previously available data, our results contribute to a better understanding of the ecology and evolution of influenza virus in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Rimondi
- Instituto de Virologia CICVyA - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), CC25 (1712), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ana S Gonzalez-Reiche
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Valeria S Olivera
- Instituto de Virologia CICVyA - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), CC25 (1712), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Decarre
- Instituto de Recursos Biológicos CIRN - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), CC25 (1712), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel J Castresana
- Dirección de Áreas Naturales Protegidas, Organismo Provincial para el Desarrollo Sostenible (O.P.D.S), Gobierno de la provincia de Buenos Aires, General Conesa, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Romano
- Centro de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Ambiente, Rosario (ECOSUR), Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Martha I Nelson
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ariel J Pereda
- Instituto de Virologia CICVyA - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), CC25 (1712), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Patobiología CICVyA - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), CC25 (1712), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Ferreri
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ginger Geiger
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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26
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Lazniewski M, Dawson WK, Szczepińska T, Plewczynski D. The structural variability of the influenza A hemagglutinin receptor-binding site. Brief Funct Genomics 2018; 17:415-427. [PMID: 29253080 PMCID: PMC6252403 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elx042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) is a transmembrane protein of the influenza A virus and a key component in its life cycle. The protein allows the virus to enter a host cell by recognizing specific glycans attached to transmembrane proteins of the host, which leads to viral endocytosis. In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the structural relationship between changes in the HA receptor-binding site (RBS) and the sialylated glycans that bind them. Several mutations were identified in the HA RBS that allows the virus to change host tropism. Their impact on binding the analogs of human and avian receptors was determined with X-ray crystallography. In this article, we provide a short overview of the HA protein structure and briefly discuss the adaptive mutations introduced to different HA subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Lazniewski
- University of Warsaw, Center of New Technologies (CeNT), Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Physical Chemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy at the Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wayne K Dawson
- University of Warsaw, Center of New Technologies (CeNT), Warsaw, Poland
- Bio-information Lab in Yayoi campus at the University of Tokyo
| | - Teresa Szczepińska
- Professor Dariusz Plewczyński Laboratory at Center of New Technologies, Warsaw, Poland
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27
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Li J, Quan C, Xie Y, Ke C, Nie Y, Chen Q, Hu T, Chen J, Wong G, Wang Q, Feng L, Yu H, Liu Y, Liu W, Gao GF, Liu WJ, Shi W, Bi Y. Continued reassortment of avian H6 influenza viruses from Southern China, 2014-2016. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:592-598. [PMID: 30300968 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
H6 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) was prevalent in poultry and could sporadically infect humans. Here, a total of 196 novel H6 AIVs isolated from poultry in eight provinces of China from 2014 to 2016 were phylogenetically characterized. Our analysis revealed that they could be divided into two clades in the Asian H6 HA lineage, A/wild duck/Shantou/2853/2003(H6N2) (ST2853-like) (85.7%) and A/duck/Shantou/339/2000(H6N2) (ST339-like) (14.3%), in which ST2853-like strains predominate. These novel strains belonged to the H6N6 (n = 165, 84.2%), H6N2 (n = 30, 15.3%), and H6N3 (n = 1, 0.51%) subtypes, which could be classified into 36 genotypes including 12 novel genotypes described in this study. In particular, several strains possessed the V190 and S228 mutations in HA (H3 numbering), which is critical for human receptor binding and identical to the human-derived strain A/Taiwan/2/2013(H6N1). Furthermore, 10.3% of the H6N6 isolates possessed the N6-∆11b (59-69) deletion. In summary, we describe phylogenetic and molecular characterizations of H6 AIVs in southern China and highlight the constant prevalence of H6 AIVs in poultry as well as adaptation to mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Shandong Universities, Taishan Medical College, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Chuansong Quan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Xie
- Jiangxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Nie
- Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Quanjiao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Shandong Universities, Taishan Medical College, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei, China
| | - Gary Wong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Qianli Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Luzhao Feng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - William J Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Shandong Universities, Taishan Medical College, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Wu H, Yang F, Liu F, Lu R, Peng X, Chen B, Yao H, Wu N. Isolation and characterization of novel reassortant H6N1 avian influenza viruses from chickens in Eastern China. Virol J 2018; 15:164. [PMID: 30355336 PMCID: PMC6201551 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The H6N1 subtype of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) can infect people with an influenza-like illness; the H6N1 viruses possess the ability for zoonotic transmission from avians into mammals, and possibly pose a threat to human health. Methods In 2017, live poultry markets (LPMs) in Zhejiang Province were surveyed for AIVs. To better understand the genetic relationships between these strains from Eastern China and other AIVs, all gene segments of these strains were sequenced and compared with sequences available in GenBank. In this study, we analyzed the receptor-binding specificity, antigenic characteristics, and pathogenicity of these two H6N1 viruses. Results In 2017, two H6N1 AIVs were isolated from chickens during surveillance for AIVs in LPMs in Eastern China. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these strains shared genetic characteristics from H6, H10, H1, and H4 AIVs found in ducks and wild birds in East Asia. These AIV strains were able to replicate in mice without prior adaptation. Conclusions In this study, we report the discovery of new strains of H6N1 viruses from chickens with novel gene reassortments. Our results suggest that these chickens play an important role generating novel reassortments in AIVs, and emphasize the need for continued surveillance of AIV strains circulating in poultry. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-018-1063-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Zhejiang, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Zhejiang, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fumin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Zhejiang, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rufeng Lu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuming Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Zhejiang, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Zhejiang, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Zhejiang, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Zhejiang, 310003, Hangzhou, China.
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29
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Kirkpatrick E, Qiu X, Wilson PC, Bahl J, Krammer F. The influenza virus hemagglutinin head evolves faster than the stalk domain. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10432. [PMID: 29992986 PMCID: PMC6041311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited ability of current influenza virus vaccines to protect from antigenically drifted or shifted viruses creates a public health problem that has led to the need to develop effective, broadly protective vaccines. While current influenza virus vaccines mostly induce an immune response against the immunodominant and variable head domain of the hemagglutinin, the major surface glycoprotein of the virus, the hemagglutinin stalk domain has been identified to harbor neutralizing B-cell epitopes that are conserved among and even between influenza A virus subtypes. A complete understanding of the differences in evolution between the main target of current vaccines and this more conserved stalk region are missing. Here, we performed an evolutionary analysis of the stalk domains of the hemagglutinin of pre-pandemic seasonal H1N1, pandemic H1N1, seasonal H3N2, and influenza B viruses and show quantitatively for the first time that the stalk domain is evolving at a rate that is significantly slower than that of the head domain. Additionally, we found that the cross-reactive epitopes in the stalk domain targeted by broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are evolving at an even slower rate compared to the full head and stalk regions of the protein. Finally, a fixed-effects likelihood selection analysis was performed for these virus groups in both the head and stalk domains. While several positive selection sites were found in the head domain, only a single site in the stalk domain of pre-pandemic seasonal H1 hemagglutinin was identified at amino acid position 468 (H1 numbering from methionine). This site is not located in or close to the epitopes of cross-reactive anti-stalk monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, we found that changes in this site do not significantly impact virus binding or neutralization by human anti-stalk antibodies, suggesting that some positive selection in the stalk domain is independent of immune pressures. We conclude that, while the stalk domain does evolve over time, this evolution is slow and, historically, is not directed to aid in evading neutralizing antibody responses.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Epitopes/immunology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinins/chemistry
- Hemagglutinins/genetics
- Hemagglutinins/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Kinetics
- Protein Domains/genetics
- Protein Domains/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericka Kirkpatrick
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xueting Qiu
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Justin Bahl
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA.
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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30
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de Vries RP, Tzarum N, Peng W, Thompson AJ, Ambepitiya Wickramasinghe IN, de la Pena ATT, van Breemen MJ, Bouwman KM, Zhu X, McBride R, Yu W, Sanders RW, Verheije MH, Wilson IA, Paulson JC. A single mutation in Taiwanese H6N1 influenza hemagglutinin switches binding to human-type receptors. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 9:1314-1325. [PMID: 28694323 PMCID: PMC5582370 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201707726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In June 2013, the first case of human infection with an avian H6N1 virus was reported in a Taiwanese woman. Although this was a single non‐fatal case, the virus continues to circulate in Taiwanese poultry. As with any emerging avian virus that infects humans, there is concern that acquisition of human‐type receptor specificity could enable transmission in the human population. Despite mutations in the receptor‐binding pocket of the human H6N1 isolate, it has retained avian‐type (NeuAcα2‐3Gal) receptor specificity. However, we show here that a single nucleotide substitution, resulting in a change from Gly to Asp at position 225 (G225D), completely switches specificity to human‐type (NeuAcα2‐6Gal) receptors. Significantly, G225D H6 loses binding to chicken trachea epithelium and is now able to bind to human tracheal tissue. Structural analysis reveals that Asp225 directly interacts with the penultimate Gal of the human‐type receptor, stabilizing human receptor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P de Vries
- Departments of Molecular Medicine & Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Netanel Tzarum
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wenjie Peng
- Departments of Molecular Medicine & Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Departments of Molecular Medicine & Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Alba T Torrents de la Pena
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marielle J van Breemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim M Bouwman
- Pathology Division, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ryan McBride
- Departments of Molecular Medicine & Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wenli Yu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weil Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Monique H Verheije
- Pathology Division, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA .,Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Departments of Molecular Medicine & Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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31
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Song H, Qi J, Xiao H, Bi Y, Zhang W, Xu Y, Wang F, Shi Y, Gao GF. Avian-to-Human Receptor-Binding Adaptation by Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin H4. Cell Rep 2018; 20:1201-1214. [PMID: 28768203 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) have caused a global concern to public health since the first novel LPAIV H7N9 outbreak occurred. The receptor-binding properties of the viral hemagglutinin are one key factor for efficient transmission and infection in humans. Recent evidence shows that H4 subtype viruses have been widely circulating in domestic poultry and human asymptomatic infections might have occurred. Here, we evaluated the receptor-binding properties of two representative isolates, avian H4N6 (containing Q226 and G228) and swine H4N6 (containing L226 and S228), and found that the avian isolate preferentially binds to avian receptors, whereas the swine isolate preferentially binds to human receptors. The Q226L and G228S substitutions are pivotal for the receptor-binding switch, which resulted in similar human receptor-binding features to the pandemic H2 and H3, implying that H4 has the potential to cause human infections. This early-warning study calls for future extensive surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Song
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haixia Xiao
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Fei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - George F Gao
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China.
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32
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Wu NC, Xie J, Zheng T, Nycholat CM, Grande G, Paulson JC, Lerner RA, Wilson IA. Diversity of Functionally Permissive Sequences in the Receptor-Binding Site of Influenza Hemagglutinin. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 21:742-753.e8. [PMID: 28618270 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) initiates viral entry by engaging host receptor sialylated glycans via its receptor-binding site (RBS). The amino acid sequence of the RBS naturally varies across avian and human influenza virus subtypes and is also evolvable. However, functional sequence diversity in the RBS has not been fully explored. Here, we performed a large-scale mutational analysis of the RBS of A/WSN/33 (H1N1) and A/Hong Kong/1/1968 (H3N2) HAs. Many replication-competent mutants not yet observed in nature were identified, including some that could escape from an RBS-targeted broadly neutralizing antibody. This functional sequence diversity is made possible by pervasive epistasis in the RBS 220-loop and can be buffered by avidity in viral receptor binding. Overall, our study reveals that the HA RBS can accommodate a much greater range of sequence diversity than previously thought, which has significant implications for the complex evolutionary interrelationships between receptor specificity and immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jia Xie
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tianqing Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Corwin M Nycholat
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Geramie Grande
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Richard A Lerner
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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33
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Wu NC, Wilson IA. Structural insights into the design of novel anti-influenza therapies. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:115-121. [PMID: 29396418 PMCID: PMC5930012 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-018-0025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A limited arsenal of therapies is currently available to tackle the emergence of a future influenza pandemic or even to deal effectively with the continual outbreaks of seasonal influenza. However, recent findings hold great promise for the design of novel vaccines and therapeutics, including the possibility of more universal treatments. Structural biology has been a major contributor to those advances, in particular through the many studies on influenza hemagglutinin (HA), the major surface antigen. HA's primary function is to enable the virus to enter host cells, and structural work has revealed the various HA conformational forms generated during the entry process. Other studies have explored how human broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), designed proteins, peptides and small molecules, can inhibit and neutralize the virus. Here we review milestones in HA structural biology and how the recent insights from bnAbs are paving the way to design novel vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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34
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CASCIRE surveillance network and work on avian influenza viruses. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:1386-1391. [PMID: 29294220 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Yu Z, Sun W, Zhang X, Cheng K, Zhao C, Xia X, Gao Y. Rapid acquisition adaptive amino acid substitutions involved in the virulence enhancement of an H1N2 avian influenza virus in mice. Vet Microbiol 2017; 207:97-102. [PMID: 28757046 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although H1N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) only infect birds, documented cases of swine infection with H1N2 influenza viruses suggest this subtype AIV may pose a potential threat to mammals. Here, we generated mouse-adapted variants of a H1N2 AIV to identify adaptive changes that increased virulence in mammals. MLD50 of the variants were reduced >1000-fold compared to the parental virus. Variants displayed enhanced replication in vitro and in vivo, and replicate in extrapulmonary organs. These data show that enhanced replication capacity and expanded tissue tropism may increase the virulence of H1N2 AIV in mice. Sequence analysis revealed multiple amino acid substitutions in the PB2 (L134H, I647L, and D701N), HA (G228S), and M1 (D231N) proteins. These results indicate that H1N2 AIV can rapidly acquire adaptive amino acid substitutions in mammalian hosts, and these amino acid substitutions collaboratively enhance the ability of H1N2 AIV to replicate and cause severe disease in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Yu
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250023, China.
| | - Weiyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Xinghai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Kaihui Cheng
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250132, China
| | - Chuqi Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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36
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Straus MR, Whittaker GR. A peptide-based approach to evaluate the adaptability of influenza A virus to humans based on its hemagglutinin proteolytic cleavage site. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174827. [PMID: 28358853 PMCID: PMC5373629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage activation of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein by host proteases is a crucial step in the infection process of influenza A viruses (IAV). However, IAV exists in eighteen different HA subtypes in nature and their cleavage sites vary considerably. There is uncertainty regarding which specific proteases activate a given HA in the human respiratory tract. Understanding the relationship between different HA subtypes and human-specific proteases will be valuable in assessing the pandemic potential of circulating viruses. Here we utilized fluorogenic peptides mimicking the HA cleavage motif of representative IAV strains causing disease in humans or of zoonotic/pandemic potential and tested them with a range of proteases known to be present in the human respiratory tract. Our results show that peptides from the H1, H2 and H3 subtypes are cleaved efficiently by a wide range of proteases including trypsin, matriptase, human airway tryptase (HAT), kallikrein-related peptidases 5 (KLK5) and 12 (KLK12) and plasmin. Regarding IAVs currently of concern for human adaptation, cleavage site peptides from H10 viruses showed very limited cleavage by respiratory tract proteases. Peptide mimics from H6 viruses showed broader cleavage by respiratory tract proteases, while H5, H7 and H9 subtypes showed variable cleavage; particularly matriptase appeared to be a key protease capable of activating IAVs. We also tested HA substrate specificity of Factor Xa, a protease required for HA cleavage in chicken embryos and relevant for influenza virus production in eggs. Overall our data provide novel tool allowing the assessment of human adaptation of IAV HA subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco R. Straus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- New York Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Gary R. Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- New York Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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Ge Y, Chai H, Fan Z, Wang X, Yao Q, Ma J, Chen S, Hua Y, Deng G, Chen H. New H6 influenza virus reassortment strains isolated from Anser fabalis in Anhui Province, China. Virol J 2017; 14:36. [PMID: 28222765 PMCID: PMC5320792 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background H6 subtype avian influenza viruses are globally distributed and, in recent years, have been isolated with increasing frequency from both domestic and wild bird species as well as infected humans. Many reports have examined the viruses in the context of poultry or several wild bird species, but there is less information regarding their presence in migratory birds. Methods Hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition tests were used to measure HA activity for different HA subtypes. Whole viral genomes were sequenced and analysed using DNAstar and MEGA 6 to understand their genetic evolution. Pathogenicity was evaluated using a mouse infection model. Results We isolated 13 strains of H6 virus from faecal samples of migratory waterfowl in Anhui Province of China in 2014. Phylogenetic analysis showed gene reassortment between Eurasian and North American lineages. Five of the identified H6 strains had the ability to infect mice without adaptation. Conclusion Our findings suggest that regular surveillance of wild birds, especially migratory birds, is important for providing early warning and control of avian influenza outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.,College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hongliang Chai
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xianfu Wang
- Natural Protection & Management Station of Forestry Department Centre of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qiucheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Si Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuping Hua
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Guohua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
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38
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Rauff D, Strydom C, Abolnik C. Evolutionary consequences of a decade of vaccination against subtype H6N2 influenza. Virology 2016; 498:226-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Fu L, Bi Y, Wu Y, Zhang S, Qi J, Li Y, Lu X, Zhang Z, Lv X, Yan J, Gao GF, Li X. Structure-Based Tetravalent Zanamivir with Potent Inhibitory Activity against Drug-Resistant Influenza Viruses. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6303-12. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Fu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute
of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- National
Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
- Graduate
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute
of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Wu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute
of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute
of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- Graduate
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute
of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Li
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute
of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuancheng Lu
- Laboratory
Animal Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhenning Zhang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute
of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- Graduate
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xun Lv
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute
of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute
of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- Center
for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASCIRE), Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - George F. Gao
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute
of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- Center
for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASCIRE), Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuebing Li
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute
of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- National
Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
- Center
for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASCIRE), Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
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40
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Features of human-infecting avian influenza viruses and mammalian adaptations. J Infect 2016; 73:95-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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Isolation and genetic characterization of novel reassortant H6N6 subtype avian influenza viruses isolated from chickens in eastern China. Arch Virol 2016; 161:1859-72. [PMID: 27101069 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2861-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
H6 subtype avian influenza viruses (AIVs) possess the ability to cross the species barrier to infect mammals and pose a threat to human health. From June 2014 to July 2015, 12 H6N6 AIVs were isolated from chickens in live-poultry markets in Zhejiang Province, Eastern China. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these isolates received their genes from H6 and H9N2 subtype AIVs of poultry in China. These novel reassortant viruses showed moderate pathogenicity in mice and were able to replicate in mice without prior adaptation. Considering that novel reassorted H6N6 viruses were isolated from chickens in this study, it is possible that these chickens play an important role in the generation of novel reassorted H6N6 AIVs, and these results emphasize the need for continued surveillance of the H6N6 AIVs circulating in poultry.
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Wu H, Peng X, Peng X, Cheng L, Wu N. Molecular characterization of novel reassortant H6N2 subtype avian influenza viruses isolated from poultry in Eastern China, in 2014. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:41-45. [PMID: 26341862 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During the surveillance for avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in live poultry markets in Eastern China, in 2014, seven H6N2 AIVs were isolated from poultry. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these strains received their genes from H6, H3, and H9 AIVs of poultry in China. These strains were found to demonstrate moderate pathogenicity in mice, and were able to replicate in mice without prior adaptation. Considering that novel reassorted H6N2 viruses were isolated from poultry in this study, it is possible that these chickens and ducks play an important role in the generation of novel reassorted H6N2 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiuming Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Linfang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China.
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Abstract
In June 2013, the first human infection by avian influenza A(H6N1) virus was reported in Taiwan. This incident raised the concern for possible human epidemics and pandemics from H6 viruses. In this study, we performed structural and functional investigation on the hemagglutinin (HA) proteins of the human-infecting A/Taiwan/2/2013(H6N1) (TW H6) virus and an avian A/chicken/Guangdong/S1311/2010(H6N6) (GD H6) virus that transmitted efficiently in guinea pigs. Our results revealed that in the presence of HA1 Q226, the triad of HA1 S137, E190 and G228 in GD H6 HA allows the binding to both avian- and human-like receptors with a slight preference for avian receptors. Its conservation among the majority of H6 HAs provides an explanation for the broader host range of this subtype. Furthermore, the triad of N137, V190 and S228 in TW H6 HA may alleviate the requirement for a hydrophobic residue at HA1 226 of H2 and H3 HAs when binding to human-like receptors. Consequently, TW H6 HA has a slight preference for human receptors, thus may represent an intermediate towards a complete human adaptation. Importantly, the triad observed in TW H6 HA is detected in 74% H6 viruses isolated from Taiwan in the past 14 years, suggesting an elevated threat of H6 viruses from this region to human health. The novel roles of the triad at HA1 137, 190 and 228 of H6 HA in binding to receptors revealed here may also be used by other HA subtypes to achieve human adaptation, which needs to be further tested in laboratory and closely monitored in field surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyun Ni
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elena Kondrashkina
- Life Sciences Collaborative Access Team (LS-CAT), Synchrotron Research Center, Northwestern University, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Novel reassortants of H7N9, H10N8, and H5N6 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are currently circulating in China's poultry flocks, occasionally infecting humans and other mammals. Combined with the sometimes enzootic H5N1 and H9N2 strains, this cauldron of genetically diverse AIVs pose significant risks to public health. Here, we review the epidemiology, evolution, and recent outbreaks of AIVs in China, discuss reasons behind the recent increase in the emergence of novel AIVs, and identify warning signs which may point to the emergence of a potentially virulent and highly transmissible AIV to humans. This review will be useful to authorities who consider options for the detection and control of AIV transmission in animals and humans, with the goal of preventing future epidemics and pandemics.
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