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Schaerlaekens S, Jacobs L, Stobbelaar K, Cos P, Delputte P. All Eyes on the Prefusion-Stabilized F Construct, but Are We Missing the Potential of Alternative Targets for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Design? Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:97. [PMID: 38250910 PMCID: PMC10819635 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) poses a significant global health concern as a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). Over the last few years, substantial efforts have been directed towards developing vaccines and therapeutics to combat RSV, leading to a diverse landscape of vaccine candidates. Notably, two vaccines targeting the elderly and the first maternal vaccine have recently been approved. The majority of the vaccines and vaccine candidates rely solely on a prefusion-stabilized conformation known for its highly neutralizing epitopes. Although, so far, this antigen design appears to be successful for the elderly, our current understanding remains incomplete, requiring further improvement and refinement in this field. Pediatric vaccines still have a long journey ahead, and we must ensure that vaccines currently entering the market do not lose efficacy due to the emergence of mutations in RSV's circulating strains. This review will provide an overview of the current status of vaccine designs and what to focus on in the future. Further research into antigen design is essential, including the exploration of the potential of alternative RSV proteins to address these challenges and pave the way for the development of novel and effective vaccines, especially in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Schaerlaekens
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.S.); (L.J.); (K.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Lotte Jacobs
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.S.); (L.J.); (K.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Kim Stobbelaar
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.S.); (L.J.); (K.S.); (P.C.)
- Pediatrics Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.S.); (L.J.); (K.S.); (P.C.)
- Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.S.); (L.J.); (K.S.); (P.C.)
- Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Umemoto S, Nakahashi-Ouchida R, Yuki Y, Kurokawa S, Machita T, Uchida Y, Mori H, Yamanoue T, Shibata T, Sawada SI, Ishige K, Hirano T, Fujihashi K, Akiyoshi K, Kurashima Y, Tokuhara D, Ernst PB, Suzuki M, Kiyono H. Cationic-nanogel nasal vaccine containing the ectodomain of RSV-small hydrophobic protein induces protective immunity in rodents. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:106. [PMID: 37488116 PMCID: PMC10366164 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00700-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infection, especially in children and the elderly. Various vaccines containing the major transmembrane surface proteins of RSV (proteins F and G) have been tested; however, they have either afforded inadequate protection or are associated with the risk of vaccine-enhanced disease (VED). Recently, F protein-based maternal immunization and vaccines for elderly patients have shown promising results in phase III clinical trials, however, these vaccines have been administered by injection. Here, we examined the potential of using the ectodomain of small hydrophobic protein (SHe), also an RSV transmembrane surface protein, as a nasal vaccine antigen. A vaccine was formulated using our previously developed cationic cholesteryl-group-bearing pullulan nanogel as the delivery system, and SHe was linked in triplicate to pneumococcal surface protein A as a carrier protein. Nasal immunization of mice and cotton rats induced both SHe-specific serum IgG and mucosal IgA antibodies, preventing viral invasion in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts without inducing VED. Moreover, nasal immunization induced greater protective immunity against RSV in the upper respiratory tract than did systemic immunization, suggesting a critical role for mucosal RSV-specific IgA responses in viral elimination at the airway epithelium. Thus, our nasal vaccine induced effective protection against RSV infection in the airway mucosa and is therefore a promising vaccine candidate for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Umemoto
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
- Chiba University-University of California San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccine (CU-UCSD cMAV), Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rika Nakahashi-Ouchida
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Yuki
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- HanaVax Inc, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Kurokawa
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomonori Machita
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yohei Uchida
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiromi Mori
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamanoue
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takehiko Shibata
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Sawada
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishige
- Biochemicals Division, Yamasa Corporation, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirano
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Fujihashi
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kurashima
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Chiba University-University of California San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccine (CU-UCSD cMAV), Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tokuhara
- Chiba University-University of California San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccine (CU-UCSD cMAV), Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Peter B Ernst
- Chiba University-University of California San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccine (CU-UCSD cMAV), Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
- Division of Comparative Pathology and Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Veterinary Sciences and Comparative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Future Medicine Education and Research Organization, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masashi Suzuki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Chiba University-University of California San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccine (CU-UCSD cMAV), Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
- HanaVax Inc, Tokyo, Japan.
- Future Medicine Education and Research Organization, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
- Mucosal Immunology and Allergy Therapeutics, Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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Nie J, Wang Q, Jin S, Yao X, Xu L, Chang Y, Ding F, Li Z, Sun L, Shi Y, Shan Y. Self-assembled multiepitope nanovaccine based on NoV P particles induces effective and lasting protection against H3N2 influenza virus. NANO RESEARCH 2023; 16:7337-7346. [PMID: 36820263 PMCID: PMC9933037 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-023-5395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Current seasonal influenza vaccines confer only limited coverage of virus strains due to the frequent genetic and antigenic variability of influenza virus (IV). Epitope vaccines that accurately target conserved domains provide a promising approach to increase the breadth of protection; however, poor immunogenicity greatly hinders their application. The protruding (P) domain of the norovirus (NoV), which can self-assemble into a 24-mer particle called the NoV P particle, offers an ideal antigen presentation platform. In this study, a multiepitope nanovaccine displaying influenza epitopes (HMN-PP) was constructed based on the NoV P particle nanoplatform. Large amounts of HMN-PP were easily expressed in Escherichia coli in soluble form. Animal experiments showed that the adjuvanted HMN-PP nanovaccine induced epitope-specific antibodies and haemagglutinin (HA)-specific neutralizing antibodies, and the antibodies could persist for at least three months after the last immunization. Furthermore, HMN-PP induced matrix protein 2 extracellular domain (M2e)-specific antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, and a nucleoprotein (NP)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. These results indicated that the combination of a multiepitope vaccine and self-assembled NoV P particles may be an ideal and effective vaccine strategy for highly variable viruses such as IV and SARS-CoV-2. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-023-5395-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Nie
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
| | - Shenghui Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
| | - Xin Yao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
| | - Lipeng Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
| | - Yaotian Chang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
| | - Fan Ding
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
| | - Zeyu Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
| | - Lulu Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
| | - Yaming Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
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Chu KB, Quan FS. Respiratory Viruses and Virus-like Particle Vaccine Development: How Far Have We Advanced? Viruses 2023; 15:v15020392. [PMID: 36851606 PMCID: PMC9965150 DOI: 10.3390/v15020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
With technological advancements enabling globalization, the intercontinental transmission of pathogens has become much easier. Respiratory viruses are one such group of pathogens that require constant monitoring since their outbreak leads to massive public health crises, as exemplified by the influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2. To prevent the transmission of these highly contagious viruses, developing prophylactic tools, such as vaccines, is of considerable interest to the scientific community. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are highly sought after as vaccine platforms for their safety and immunogenicity profiles. Although several VLP-based vaccines against hepatitis B and human papillomavirus have been approved for clinical use by the United States Food and Drug Administration, VLP vaccines against the three aforementioned respiratory viruses are lacking. Here, we summarize the most recent progress in pre-clinical and clinical VLP vaccine development. We also outline various strategies that contributed to improving the efficacy of vaccines against each virus and briefly discuss the stability aspect of VLPs that makes it a highly desired vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Back Chu
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Core Research Institute (CRI), Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Core Research Institute (CRI), Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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Huang J, Miller RJ, Mousa JJ. A Pan-Pneumovirus vaccine based on immunodominant epitopes of the fusion protein. Front Immunol 2022; 13:941865. [PMID: 36003370 PMCID: PMC9393700 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.941865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are two leading causes of severe respiratory infections in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. The fusion (F) protein is the major target of neutralizing antibodies. Recent developments in stabilizing the pre-fusion conformation of the F proteins, and identifying immunodominant epitopes that elicit potent neutralizing antibodies have led to the testing of numerous pre-fusion RSV F-based vaccines in clinical trials. We designed and tested the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a chimeric fusion protein that contains immunodominant epitopes of RSV F and hMPV F (RHMS-1). RHMS-1 has several advantages over vaccination with pre-fusion RSV F or hMPV F, including a focus on recalling B cells to the most important protective epitopes and the ability to induce protection against two viruses with a single antigen. RHMS-1 was generated as a trimeric recombinant protein, and analysis by negative-stain electron microscopy demonstrated the protein resembles the pre-fusion conformation. Probing of RHMS-1 antigenicity using a panel of RSV and hMPV F-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) revealed the protein retains features of both viruses, including the pre-fusion site Ø epitope of RSV F. Mice immunized with RHMS-1 generated neutralizing antibodies to both viruses and were completely protected from RSV or hMPV challenge. Overall, this study demonstrates protection against two viruses with a single antigen and supports testing of RHMS-1 in additional pre-clinical animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Rose J. Miller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jarrod J. Mousa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jarrod J. Mousa,
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Reduced protection of RIPK3-deficient mice against influenza by matrix protein 2 ectodomain targeted active and passive vaccination strategies. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:280. [PMID: 35351865 PMCID: PMC8961492 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRIPK3 partially protects against disease caused by influenza A virus (IAV) infection in the mouse model. Here, we compared the immune protection of active vaccination with a universal influenza A vaccine candidate based on the matrix protein 2 ectodomain (M2e) and of passive immunization with anti-M2e IgG antibodies in wild type and Ripk3−/− mice. We observed that the protection against IAV after active vaccination with M2e viral antigen is lost in Ripk3−/− mice. Interestingly, M2e-specific serum IgG levels induced by M2e vaccination were not significantly different between wild type and Ripk3−/− vaccinated mice demonstrating that the at least the humoral immune response was not affected by the absence of RIPK3 during active vaccination. Moreover, following IAV challenge, lungs of M2e vaccinated Ripk3−/− mice revealed a decreased number of immune cell infiltrates and an increased accumulation of dead cells, suggesting that phagocytosis could be reduced in Ripk3−/− mice. However, neither efferocytosis nor antibody-dependent phagocytosis were affected in macrophages isolated from Ripk3−/− mice. Likewise following IAV infection of Ripk3−/− mice, active vaccination and infection resulted in decreased presence of CD8+ T-cells in the lung. However, it is unclear whether this reflects a deficiency in vaccination or an inability following infection. Finally, passively transferred anti-M2e monoclonal antibodies at higher dose than littermate wild type mice completely protected Ripk3−/− mice against an otherwise lethal IAV infection, demonstrating that the increased sensitivity of Ripk3−/− mice could be overcome by increased antibodies. Therefore we conclude that passive immunization strategies with monoclonal antibody could be useful for individuals with reduced IAV vaccine efficacy or increased IAV sensitivity, such as may be expected in patients treated with future anti-inflammatory therapeutics for chronic inflammatory diseases such as RIPK inhibitors.
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Chiarot E, Pizza M. Animal models in vaccinology: state of the art and future perspectives for an animal-free approach. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 66:46-55. [PMID: 34953265 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine discovery and development is mainly driven by studies on immunogenicity and safety based on the appropriate animal models. In this review we will describe the importance of animal models in vaccinology, from research and development to pre-licensure and post-licensure commitments with particular emphasis on the advantages and limitations of each animal species. Finally, we will describe the most modern technologies, the new in vitro and ex vivo models and the new advances in the field which may drive into a new era of 'animal free' vaccinology.
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Glowinski R, Mejias A, Ramilo O. New preventive strategies for respiratory syncytial virus infection in children. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 51:216-223. [PMID: 34781106 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections result in significant morbidity and mortality for young children worldwide. The development of preventive strategies for RSV has faced different challenges, including the legacy of the first vaccine attempt, and an incomplete understanding of the host immune response to the virus. However, promising preventive strategies against RSV are in the pipeline and their development has advanced rapidly in the past decade due in part to our improved knowledge about the structural conformation of key RSV proteins. These strategies include monoclonal antibodies and different vaccines platforms directed towards the main target populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Glowinski
- Center for Vaccines & Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- Center for Vaccines & Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, Malaga Medical School (UMA), Malaga University, Spain
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Center for Vaccines & Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Virus-Like Particle Vaccines Against Respiratory Viruses and Protozoan Parasites. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 433:77-106. [PMID: 33650036 DOI: 10.1007/82_2021_232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The field of vaccinology underwent massive advances over the past decades with the introduction of virus-like particles (VLPs), a supra-molecular nanoparticle vaccine platform that resembles viral structures without the ability to replicate in hosts. This innovative approach has been remarkably effective, as evidenced by its profound immunogenicity and safety. These highly desirable intrinsic properties enabled their further development as vaccines against a multitude of diseases. To date, several VLP-based vaccines have already been commercialized and many more are undergoing clinical evaluation prior to FDA approval. However, efficacious vaccines against a plethora of pathogens are still lacking, which imposes a tremendous socioeconomic burden and continues to threaten public health throughout the globe. This is especially the case for several respiratory pathogens and protozoan parasites. In this review, we briefly describe the fundamentals of VLP vaccines and the unique properties that enable these to be such valuable vaccine candidates and summarize current advances in VLP-based vaccines targeting respiratory and parasitic diseases of global importance.
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Ha B, Yang JE, Chen X, Jadhao SJ, Wright ER, Anderson LJ. Two RSV Platforms for G, F, or G+F Proteins VLPs. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090906. [PMID: 32824936 PMCID: PMC7551478 DOI: 10.3390/v12090906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes substantial lower respiratory tract disease in children and at-risk adults. Though there are no effective anti-viral drugs for acute disease or licensed vaccines for RSV, palivizumab prophylaxis is available for some high risk infants. To support anti-viral and vaccine development efforts, we developed an RSV virus-like particle (VLP) platform to explore the role RSV F and G protein interactions in disease pathogenesis. Since VLPs are immunogenic and a proven platform for licensed human vaccines, we also considered these VLPs as potential vaccine candidates. We developed two RSV VLP platforms, M+P and M+M2-1 that had F and G, F and a G peptide, or a truncated F and G on their surface. Immunoblots of sucrose gradient purified particles showed co-expression of M, G, and F with both VLP platforms. Electron microscopy imaging and immunogold labeling confirmed VLP-like structures with surface exposed projections consistent with F and G proteins. In mice, the VLPs induced both anti-F and -G protein antibodies and, on challenge, reduced lung viral titer and inflammation. These data show that these RSV VLP platforms provide a tool to study the structure of F and G and their interactions and flexible platforms to develop VLP vaccines in which all components contribute to RSV-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binh Ha
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.H.); (X.C.); (S.J.J.)
| | - Jie E. Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Xuemin Chen
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.H.); (X.C.); (S.J.J.)
| | - Samadhan J. Jadhao
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.H.); (X.C.); (S.J.J.)
| | - Elizabeth R. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Correspondence: (E.R.W.); (L.J.A.); Tel.: +1-608-265-0666 (E.R.W.); +1-404-712-6604 (L.J.A.); Fax: +1-608-265-4693 (E.R.W.); +1-404-727-9223 (L.J.A.)
| | - Larry J. Anderson
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.H.); (X.C.); (S.J.J.)
- Correspondence: (E.R.W.); (L.J.A.); Tel.: +1-608-265-0666 (E.R.W.); +1-404-712-6604 (L.J.A.); Fax: +1-608-265-4693 (E.R.W.); +1-404-727-9223 (L.J.A.)
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11
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Soto JA, Stephens LM, Waldstein KA, Canedo-Marroquín G, Varga SM, Kalergis AM. Current Insights in the Development of Efficacious Vaccines Against RSV. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1507. [PMID: 32765520 PMCID: PMC7379152 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Soto
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Laura M Stephens
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Kody A Waldstein
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Gisela Canedo-Marroquín
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Steven M Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Torrey HL, Kaliaperumal V, Bramhecha Y, Weir GM, Falsey AR, Walsh EE, Langley JM, Schepens B, Saelens X, Stanford MM. Evaluation of the protective potential of antibody and T cell responses elicited by a novel preventative vaccine towards respiratory syncytial virus small hydrophobic protein. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2007-2017. [PMID: 32530723 PMCID: PMC7553696 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1756671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The small hydrophobic (SH) glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a transmembrane protein that is poorly accessible by antibodies on the virion but has an ectodomain (SHe) that is accessible and expressed on infected cells. The SHe from RSV strain A has been formulated in DPX, a unique delivery platform containing an adjuvant, and is being evaluated as an RSV vaccine candidate. The proposed mechanism of protection is the immune-mediated clearance of infected cells rather than neutralization of the virion. Our phase I clinical trial data clearly showed that vaccination resulted in robust antibody responses, but it was unclear if these immune responses have any correlation to immune responses to natural infection with RSV. Therefore, we embarked on this study to examine these immune responses in older adults with confirmed RSV infection. We compared vaccine-induced (DPX-RSV(A)) immune responses from participants in a Phase 1 clinical trial to paired acute and convalescent titers from older adults with symptomatic laboratory-confirmed RSV infection. Serum samples were tested for anti-SHe IgG titers and the isotypes determined. T cell responses were evaluated by IFN-γ ELISPOT. Anti-SHe titers were detected in 8 of 42 (19%) in the acute phase and 16 of 42 (38%) of convalescent serum samples. IgG1, IgG3, and IgA were the prevalent isotypes generated by both vaccination and infection. Antigen-specific T cell responses were detected in 9 of 16 (56%) of vaccinated participants. Depletion of CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells abrogated the IFN-γ ELISPOT response supporting the involvement of CD4+ T cells in the immune response to vaccination. The data showed that an immune response like that induced by DPX-RSV(A) could be seen in a subset of participants with confirmed RSV infection. These findings show that older adults with clinically significant infection as well as vaccinated adults generate a humoral response to SHe. The induction of both SHe-specific antibody and cellular responses support further clinical development of the DPX-RSV(A) vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joanne M Langley
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority and Dalhousie University) , Halifax, NS, Canada.,Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Bert Schepens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology , Ghent, Belgium.,Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology , Ghent, Belgium.,Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marianne M Stanford
- IMV Inc ., Dartmouth, NS, Canada.,Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS, Canada
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13
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Bergeron HC, Tripp RA. Emerging small and large molecule therapeutics for respiratory syncytial virus. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:285-294. [PMID: 32096420 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1735349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes lower respiratory tract infections and can lead to morbidity and mortality in the infant, elderly and immunocompromised. There is no vaccine and therapeutic interventions are limited. RSV disease research has yielded the development of several prophylactic and therapeutic treatments. Several promising candidates are currently under investigation.Areas covered: Small and large molecule approaches to RSV treatment were examined and categorized by their mechanism of action using data from PubMed, clinicaltrials.gov, and from the sponsoring organizations publicly available pipeline information. These results are prefaced by an overview of RSV to provide the context for rational therapy development.Expert opinion: While small molecule drugs show promise for RSV treatment, we believe that large molecule therapy using anti-RSV G and F protein monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) will most efficaciously and safely ameliorate RSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison C Bergeron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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14
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Isolation and Characterization of Clinical RSV Isolates in Belgium during the Winters of 2016-2018. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111031. [PMID: 31698728 PMCID: PMC6893609 DOI: 10.3390/v11111031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a very important viral pathogen in children, immunocompromised and cardiopulmonary diseased patients and the elderly. Most of the published research with RSV was performed on RSV Long and RSV A2, isolated in 1956 and 1961, yet recent RSV isolates differ from these prototype strains. Additionally, these viruses have been serially passaged in cell culture, which may result in adaptations that affect virus–host interactions. We have isolated RSV from mucosal secretions of 12 patients in the winters 2016–2017 and 2017–2018, of which eight RSV-A subtypes and four RSV-B subtypes. Passage 3 of the isolates was assessed for viral replication kinetics and infectious virus production in HEp-2, A549 and BEAS-2B cells, thermal stability at 37 °C, 32 °C and 4 °C, syncytia formation, neutralization by palivizumab and mucin mRNA expression in infected A549 cells. We observed that viruses isolated in one RSV season show differences on the tested assays. Furthermore, comparison with RSV A2 and RSV B1 reveals for some RSV isolates differences in viral replication kinetics, thermal stability and fusion capacity. Major differences are, however, not observed and differences between the recent isolates and reference strains is, overall, similar to the observed variation in between the recent isolates. One clinical isolate (BE/ANT-A11/17) replicated very efficiently in all cell lines, and remarkably, even better than RSV A2 in the HEp-2 cell line.
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15
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Rossey I, Saelens X. Vaccines against human respiratory syncytial virus in clinical trials, where are we now? Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:1053-1067. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1675520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iebe Rossey
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Immunological Lessons from Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Development. Immunity 2019; 51:429-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Boyoglu-Barnum S, Chirkova T, Anderson LJ. Biology of Infection and Disease Pathogenesis to Guide RSV Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1675. [PMID: 31402910 PMCID: PMC6677153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in young children and a substantial contributor to respiratory tract disease throughout life and as such a high priority for vaccine development. However, after nearly 60 years of research no vaccine is yet available. The challenges to developing an RSV vaccine include the young age, 2-4 months of age, for the peak of disease, the enhanced RSV disease associated with the first RSV vaccine, formalin-inactivated RSV with an alum adjuvant (FI-RSV), and difficulty achieving protection as illustrated by repeat infections with disease that occur throughout life. Understanding the biology of infection and disease pathogenesis has and will continue to guide vaccine development. In this paper, we review the roles that RSV proteins play in the biology of infection and disease pathogenesis and the corresponding contribution to live attenuated and subunit RSV vaccines. Each of RSV's 11 proteins are in the design of one or more vaccines. The G protein's contribution to disease pathogenesis through altering host immune responses as well as its role in the biology of infection suggest it can make a unique contribution to an RSV vaccine, both live attenuated and subunit vaccines. One of G's potential unique contributions to a vaccine is the potential for anti-G immunity to have an anti-inflammatory effect independent of virus replication. Though an anti-viral effect is essential to an effective RSV vaccine, it is important to remember that the goal of a vaccine is to prevent disease. Thus, other effects of the infection, such as G's alteration of the host immune response may provide opportunities to induce responses that block this effect and improve an RSV vaccine. Keeping in mind the goal of a vaccine is to prevent disease and not virus replication may help identify new strategies for other vaccine challenges, such as improving influenza vaccines and developing HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatiana Chirkova
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Larry J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
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18
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Graham BS. Immunological goals for respiratory syncytial virus vaccine development. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 59:57-64. [PMID: 31029910 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Defining the immunological goals for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination requires understanding of RSV biology and tropism, mechanisms of cell-to-cell spread and immunity, epidemiology, and transmission dynamics. The immunological goals for a particular vaccine would be product-specific based on antigen selection, delivery approach, and target population. There are many ways to achieve immunity against RSV infection involving innate and adaptive responses, humoral, and cellular effector mechanisms, and mucosal and systemic responses. Both protective and pathological immune response patterns have been demonstrated in animal models and humans. In this short commentary, the entire information matrix that may inform the design of particular vaccine candidates cannot be fully reviewed, but the rationale behind the major vaccine approaches in key target populations will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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19
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Leemans A, Boeren M, Van der Gucht W, Martinet W, Caljon G, Maes L, Cos P, Delputte P. Characterization of the role of N-glycosylation sites in the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein in virus replication, syncytium formation and antigenicity. Virus Res 2019; 266:58-68. [PMID: 31004621 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of infant hospitalization worldwide each year and there is presently no licensed vaccine to prevent severe RSV infections. Two major RSV glycoproteins, attachment (G) and fusion (F) protein, regulate viral replication and both proteins contain potential glycosylation sites which are highly variable for the G protein and conserved for the F protein among virus isolates. The RSV F sequence possesses five N-glycosylation sites located in the F2 subunit (N27 and N70), the p27 peptide (N116 and N126) and the F1 subunit (N500). The importance of RSV F N-glycosylation in virus replication and immunogenicity is not yet fully understood, and a better understanding may provide new insights for vaccine development. By using a BAC-based reverse genetics system, recombinant viruses expressing F proteins with loss of N-glycosylation sites were made. Mutant viruses with single N-glycosylation sites removed could be recovered, while this was not possible with the mutant with all N-glycosylation sites removed. Although the individual RSV F N-glycosylation sites were shown not to be essential for viral replication, they do contribute to the efficiency of in vitro and in vivo viral infection. To evaluate the role of N-glycosylation sites on RSV F antigenicity, serum antibody titers were determined after infection of BALB/c mice with RSV expressing the glycomutant F proteins. Infection with recombinant virus lacking the N-glycosylation site at position N116 (RSV F N116Q) resulted in significant higher neutralizing antibody titers compared to RSV F WT infection, which is surprising since this N-glycan is present in the p27 peptide which is assumed to be absent from the mature F protein in virions. Thus, single or combined RSV F glycomutations which affect virus replication and fusogenicity, and which may induce enhanced antibody responses upon immunization could have the potential to improve the efficacy of RSV LAV approaches.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Female
- Giant Cells/virology
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Immunization
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mutation
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/metabolism
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/pathology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/growth & development
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/pathogenicity
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/physiology
- Vero Cells
- Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Viral Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Leemans
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
| | - Marlies Boeren
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
| | - Winke Van der Gucht
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
| | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
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20
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van Erp EA, Luytjes W, Ferwerda G, van Kasteren PB. Fc-Mediated Antibody Effector Functions During Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection and Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:548. [PMID: 30967872 PMCID: PMC6438959 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections and hospitalization in infants under 1 year of age and there is currently no market-approved vaccine available. For protection against infection, young children mainly depend on their innate immune system and maternal antibodies. Traditionally, antibody-mediated protection against viral infections is thought to be mediated by direct binding of antibodies to viral particles, resulting in virus neutralization. However, in the case of RSV, virus neutralization titers do not provide an adequate correlate of protection. The current lack of understanding of the mechanisms by which antibodies can protect against RSV infection and disease or, alternatively, contribute to disease severity, hampers the design of safe and effective vaccines against this virus. Importantly, neutralization is only one of many mechanisms by which antibodies can interfere with viral infection. Antibodies consist of two structural regions: a variable fragment (Fab) that mediates antigen binding and a constant fragment (Fc) that mediates downstream effector functions via its interaction with Fc-receptors on (innate) immune cells or with C1q, the recognition molecule of the complement system. The interaction with Fc-receptors can lead to killing of virus-infected cells through a variety of immune effector mechanisms, including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). Antibody-mediated complement activation may lead to complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). In addition, both Fc-receptor interactions and complement activation can exert a broad range of immunomodulatory functions. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of Fc-mediated antibody effector functions in both protection and pathogenesis for various infectious agents. In this review article, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on Fc-mediated antibody effector functions in the context of RSV infection, discuss their potential role in establishing the balance between protection and pathogenesis, and point out important gaps in our understanding of these processes. Furthermore, we elaborate on the regulation of these effector functions on both the cellular and humoral side. Finally, we discuss the implications of Fc-mediated antibody effector functions for the rational design of safe and effective vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapies against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A van Erp
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands.,Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Willem Luytjes
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Gerben Ferwerda
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Puck B van Kasteren
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
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21
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Schepens B, Vos PJ, Saelens X, van der Maaden K. Vaccination with influenza hemagglutinin-loaded ceramic nanoporous microneedle arrays induces protective immune responses. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 136:259-266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Jacobs S, Wavreil F, Schepens B, Gad HH, Hartmann R, Rocha-Pereira J, Neyts J, Saelens X, Michiels T. Species Specificity of Type III Interferon Activity and Development of a Sensitive Luciferase-Based Bioassay for Quantitation of Mouse Interferon-λ. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 38:469-479. [PMID: 30335553 PMCID: PMC6249671 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2018.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The type III interferon (IFN-λ) family includes 4 IFN-λ subtypes in man. In the mouse, only the genes coding for IFN-λ2 and -λ3 are present. Unlike mouse and human type I IFNs (IFN-α/β), which exhibit strong species specificity, type III IFNs were reported to act in a cross-specific manner. We reexamined the cross-specificity and observed that mouse and human IFN-λ exhibit some species specificity, although much less than type I IFNs. Mouse IFN-λ3 displayed clear species specificity, being 25-fold less active in human cells than the closely related mouse IFN-λ2. This specificity likely depends on amino acids in α helices A and F that diverged from other IFN-λ sequences. Human IFN-λ4, in contrast, retained high activity in mouse cells. We next developed a firefly luciferase-based reporter cell line, named Fawa-λ-luc, to detect IFN-λ in biological fluids with high specificity and sensitivity. Fawa-λ-luc cells, derived from mouse epithelial cells that are responsive to IFN-λ, were made nonresponsive to type I IFNs by inactivation of the Ifnar2 gene and strongly responsive to IFN-λ by overexpression of the mouse IFNLR1. This bioassay was as sensitive as a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in detecting mouse IFN-λ in cell culture supernatant, as well as in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage samples of virus-infected mice. The assay also enabled the sensitive detection of human IFN-λ activity, including that of the divergent IFN-λ4 with a bias, however, due to variable activity of IFN-λ subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Jacobs
- 1 de Duve Institute , Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fanny Wavreil
- 1 de Duve Institute , Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bert Schepens
- 2 VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology , VIB, Ghent, Belgium .,3 Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans Henrik Gad
- 4 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rune Hartmann
- 4 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- 5 Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- 5 Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- 2 VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology , VIB, Ghent, Belgium .,3 Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Michiels
- 1 de Duve Institute , Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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23
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Muñoz-Durango N, Pizarro-Ortega MS, Rey-Jurado E, Díaz FE, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Patterns of antibody response during natural hRSV infection: insights for the development of new antibody-based therapies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:721-731. [PMID: 30111181 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1511699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the main cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in susceptible population worldwide, such as young children and the elderly. Although hRSV is a major public health burden, there are no licensed vaccines and the only available therapy is palivizumab. During life, reinfections with hRSV are common, suggesting that the virus can impair the development of an efficient host immune response. This feature has hindered the development of efficient therapies. AREAS COVERED This article focuses on research about the natural development of antibodies in humans after the exposure to hRSV. The difficulties of developing anti-hRSV therapies based on monoclonal antibodies have been recently associated to the relationship between the disease outcome and the pattern of antibody response. EXPERT OPINION Development of monoclonal antibodies is a potentially successful approach to prevent the population from suffering severe respiratory diseases caused by hRSV infection, for which there are no available vaccines. Although the use of palivizumab is safe, its effectiveness is controversial. Recent data have prompted research to develop therapies targeting alternative viral antigens, rather than focusing only on the F protein, as well as the development of antibodies with a cell-mediated function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Muñoz-Durango
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Magdalena S Pizarro-Ortega
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Emma Rey-Jurado
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Fabián E Díaz
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.,b Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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24
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Leemans A, Boeren M, Van der Gucht W, Pintelon I, Roose K, Schepens B, Saelens X, Bailey D, Martinet W, Caljon G, Maes L, Cos P, Delputte P. Removal of the N-Glycosylation Sequon at Position N116 Located in p27 of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Protein Elicits Enhanced Antibody Responses after DNA Immunization. Viruses 2018; 10:E426. [PMID: 30110893 PMCID: PMC6115940 DOI: 10.3390/v10080426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention of severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants caused by the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) remains a major public health priority. Currently, the major focus of vaccine development relies on the RSV fusion (F) protein since it is the main target protein for neutralizing antibodies induced by natural infection. The protein conserves 5 N-glycosylation sites, two of which are located in the F2 subunit (N27 and N70), one in the F1 subunit (N500) and two in the p27 peptide (N116 and N126). To study the influence of the loss of one or more N-glycosylation sites on RSV F immunogenicity, BALB/c mice were immunized with plasmids encoding RSV F glycomutants. In comparison with F WT DNA immunized mice, higher neutralizing titres were observed following immunization with F N116Q. Moreover, RSV A2-K-line19F challenge of mice that had been immunized with mutant F N116Q DNA was associated with lower RSV RNA levels compared with those in challenged WT F DNA immunized animals. Since p27 is assumed to be post-translationally released after cleavage and thus not present on the mature RSV F protein, it remains to be elucidated how deletion of this glycan can contribute to enhanced antibody responses and protection upon challenge. These findings provide new insights to improve the immunogenicity of RSV F in potential vaccine candidates.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Female
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Hydrolysis
- Immunization
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Plasmids/administration & dosage
- Plasmids/genetics
- Plasmids/immunology
- Protein Engineering
- Protein Subunits/administration & dosage
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Protein Subunits/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/drug effects
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Viral Load/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Leemans
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Marlies Boeren
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Winke Van der Gucht
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Kenny Roose
- Medical Biotechnology Centre, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bert Schepens
- Medical Biotechnology Centre, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Xavier Saelens
- Medical Biotechnology Centre, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
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25
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Ivancic-Jelecki J, Slovic A, Ljubin-Sternak S, Mlinarić Galinović G, Forcic D. Variability analysis and inter-genotype comparison of human respiratory syncytial virus small hydrophobic gene. Virol J 2018; 15:109. [PMID: 30021648 PMCID: PMC6052705 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small hydrophobic (SH) gene is one of the mostly diverse genomic regions of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). Its coding region constitutes less than 50% of the complete gene length, enabling SH gene to be highly variable and the SH protein highly conserved. In standard HRSV molecular epidemiology studies, solely sequences of the second hypervariable region of the glycoprotein gene (HVR2) are analyzed. To what extent do the strains identical in HVR2 differ elsewhere in genomes is rarely investigated. Our goal was to investigate whether diversity and inter-genotype differences observed for HVR2 are also present in the SH gene. Methods We sequenced 198 clinical samples collected within a limited area and time frame. In this HRSV collection, rapid and significant changes in HVR2 occurred. Results Over 20% of strains from this pool (containing HRSV genotypes NA1, ON1, GA5, BA9 and BA10) would be incorrectly assumed to be identical to another strain if only the HVR2 region was analysed. The majority of differences found in SH gene were located in the 5′ untranslated region (UTR). Seven indels were detected, one was genotype GA5 specific. An in-frame deletion of 9 nucleotides (coding for amino acids 49–51) was observed in one of group A strains. Fifteen different SH protein sequences were detected; 68% of strains possessed the consensus sequence and most of others differed from the consensus in only one amino acid (only 4 strains differed in 2 amino acids). The majority of differing amino acids in group A viruses had the same identity as the corresponding amino acids in group B strains. When analysis was restricted to strains with identical HVR2 nucleotide sequences and differing SH protein sequences, 75% of differences observed in the SH ectodomain were located within region coding for amino acids 49–51. Conclusions Basing HRSV molecular epidemiology studies solely on HVR2 largely underestimates the complexity of circulating virus populations. In strain identification, broadening of the genomic target sequence to SH gene would provide a more comprehensive insight into viral pool versatility and its evolutionary processes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-018-1020-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Ivancic-Jelecki
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 10, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia. .,Scientific Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CerVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Anamarija Slovic
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 10, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Scientific Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CerVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sunčanica Ljubin-Sternak
- Teaching Institute of Public Health "Dr. Andrija Štampar", Mirogojska 8, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.,School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Mlinarić Galinović
- School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Rockefellerova 12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravko Forcic
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 10, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Scientific Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CerVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
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26
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Blanco JCG, Boukhvalova MS, Morrison TG, Vogel SN. A multifaceted approach to RSV vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1734-1745. [PMID: 29771625 PMCID: PMC6067850 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1472183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the leading cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition, RSV infections occur throughout different ages, thus, maintaining the virus in circulation, and increasing health risk to more susceptible populations such as infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. To date, there is no vaccine approved to prevent RSV infection or minimize symptoms of infection. Current clinical trials for vaccines against RSV are being carried out in four very different populations. There are vaccines that target two different pediatric populations, infants 2 to 6 month of age and seropositive children over 6 months of age, as well as women (non-pregnant or pregnant in their third trimester). There are vaccines that target adult and elderly populations. In this review, we will present and discuss RSV vaccine candidates currently in clinical trials. We will describe the preclinical studies instrumental for their advancement, with the goal of introducing new preclinical models that may more accurately predict the outcome of clinical vaccine studies.
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27
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Langley JM, MacDonald LD, Weir GM, MacKinnon-Cameron D, Ye L, McNeil S, Schepens B, Saelens X, Stanford MM, Halperin SA. A Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Based on the Small Hydrophobic Protein Ectodomain Presented With a Novel Lipid-Based Formulation Is Highly Immunogenic and Safe in Adults: A First-in-Humans Study. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:378-387. [PMID: 29617814 PMCID: PMC6049039 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus infection can cause lower respiratory tract infection in older adults comparable to influenza, but no vaccines are available. Methods This was a randomized, observer-blinded, first-in-humans study of a novel synthetic RSV antigen based on the ectodomain of the small hydrophobic glycoprotein (SHe) of RSV subgroup A, formulated with either the lipid and oil-based vaccine platform DepoVax (DPX-RSV[A]) or alum (RSV[A]-Alum), in healthy, 50-64-year-old individuals. Two dose levels (10 or 25 µg) of SHe with each formulation were compared to placebo. A booster dose was administered on day 56. Results There was no indication that the vaccine was unsafe. Mild pain, drowsiness, and muscles aches were the most common solicited adverse events (AEs), and the frequencies of the AEs did not increase after dose 2. Robust anti-SHe-specific immune responses were demonstrated in the DPX-RSV(A) 10-μg and 25-μg groups (geometric mean titer, approximately 10-fold and 100-fold greater than that of placebo at days 56 and 236, respectively), and responses were sustained in the DPX-RSV(A) 25-μg group at day 421. Responses to the RSV(A)-Alum vaccines were very low. Conclusions A novel antigen from the SH protein of RSV, formulated in a lipid and oil-based vaccine platform, was highly immunogenic, with sustained antigen-specific antibody responses, and had an acceptable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Langley
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and the Nova Scotia Health Authority)
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | | | | | - Donna MacKinnon-Cameron
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and the Nova Scotia Health Authority)
| | - Lingyun Ye
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and the Nova Scotia Health Authority)
| | - Shelly McNeil
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and the Nova Scotia Health Authority)
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Bert Schepens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marianne M Stanford
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and the Nova Scotia Health Authority)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Immunovaccine, Halifax, Canada
| | - Scott A Halperin
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and the Nova Scotia Health Authority)
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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28
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Nuhn L, Van Hoecke L, Deswarte K, Schepens B, Li Y, Lambrecht BN, De Koker S, David SA, Saelens X, De Geest BG. Potent anti-viral vaccine adjuvant based on pH-degradable nanogels with covalently linked small molecule imidazoquinoline TLR7/8 agonist. Biomaterials 2018; 178:643-651. [PMID: 29573820 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Improving the immunogenicity of subunit vaccines, in particular skewing of the immune response towards Th1 type immunity, is crucial for the development of effective vaccines against intracellular infections and for the development of anti-cancer vaccines. Small molecule TLR7/8 agonist hold high potential for this purpose, but suffer from an undesirable pharmacokinetic profile, resulting in systemic inflammatory responses. An effective solution to this problem is covalent ligation to a larger carrier. Here, a degradable nanogel carrier containing a covalently linked imidazoquinoline (IMDQ) TLR7/8 agonist is explored as adjuvant for vaccination against the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). In vitro and in vivo experiments in mice provide a solid rational base for preferring nanogels over soluble polymers as IMDQ carrier in terms of cellular uptake and lymph node accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Nuhn
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lien Van Hoecke
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kim Deswarte
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Schepens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yupeng Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Koker
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sunil A David
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno G De Geest
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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29
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Kulkarni PS, Hurwitz JL, Simões EAF, Piedra PA. Establishing Correlates of Protection for Vaccine Development: Considerations for the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Field. Viral Immunol 2018; 31:195-203. [PMID: 29336703 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlates of protection (CoPs) can play a significant role in vaccine development by assisting the selection of vaccine candidates for clinical trials, supporting clinical trial design and implementation, and simplifying tests of vaccine modifications. Because of this important role in vaccine development, it is essential that CoPs be defined by well-designed immunogenicity and efficacy studies, with attention paid to benefits and limitations. The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) field is unique in that a great deal of information about the humoral response is available from basic research and clinical studies. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies have been used routinely in the clinic to protect vulnerable infants from infection, providing a wealth of information about correlations between neutralizing antibodies and disease prevention. Considerations for the establishment of future CoPs to support RSV vaccine development in different populations are therefore discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia L Hurwitz
- 2 Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee.,3 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Eric A F Simões
- 4 Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado.,5 Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health , Section of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- 6 Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
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30
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Van Herck S, Van Hoecke L, Louage B, Lybaert L, De Coen R, Kasmi S, Esser-Kahn AP, David SA, Nuhn L, Schepens B, Saelens X, De Geest BG. Transiently Thermoresponsive Acetal Polymers for Safe and Effective Administration of Amphotericin B as a Vaccine Adjuvant. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 29:748-760. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Van Herck
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Van Hoecke
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - Benoit Louage
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Lybaert
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruben De Coen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sabah Kasmi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sunil A. David
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Schepens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - Bruno G. De Geest
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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31
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MacDonald LD, MacKay A, Kaliaperumal V, Weir G, Penwell A, Rajagopalan R, Langley JM, Halperin S, Mansour M, Stanford MM. Type III hypersensitivity reactions to a B cell epitope antigen are abrogated using a depot forming vaccine platform. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 14:59-66. [PMID: 28933663 PMCID: PMC5791585 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1375637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide antigens are combined with an adjuvant in order to increase immunogenicity in vivo. The immunogenicity and safety of a RSV vaccine formulated in a novel oil-based platform, DepoVax™ (DPX), was compared to an alum formulation. A peptide B cell epitope derived from RSV small hydrophobic ectodomain (SHe) served as the antigen. Both vaccines induced SHe-specific antibodies after immunization of mice. A single dose of the DPX-based formulation resulted in anti-SHe titres for up to 20 weeks. Boosting with Alum-SHe, but not with DPX-SHe, led to unexpected clinical signs such as decreased activity, cyanosis and drop in body temperature in mice but not in rabbits. The severity of adverse reactions correlated with magnitude of SHe-specific IgG immune responses and decreased complement component 3 plasma levels, indicating a type III hypersensitivity reaction. By RP-HPLC analysis, we found that only 8-20% of the antigen was found to be adsorbed to alum in vitro, indicating that this antigen is likely released systemically upon injection in vivo. Clinical signs were not observed in rabbits, indicating the response correlates with peptide dose relative to size of animal. These results suggest that peptide antigens targeted to produce B cell mediated response may result in increased incidence of type III hypersensitivity reactions when delivered in non-depot forming vaccines. The DPX formulation induced strong antibody titres to the antigen without causing adverse events, likely due to the strength of the depot in vivo, and demonstrates the potential safety and immunogenicity of this platform for B cell peptide antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alecia MacKay
- a Immunovaccine Inc. , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Joanne M Langley
- b Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada.,c Department of Pediatrics , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada.,d Community Health and Epidemiology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | - Scott Halperin
- b Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada.,c Department of Pediatrics , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada.,e Microbiology and Immunology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | - Marc Mansour
- a Immunovaccine Inc. , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | - Marianne M Stanford
- a Immunovaccine Inc. , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada.,b Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada.,e Microbiology and Immunology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
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32
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Clinical Potential of Prefusion RSV F-specific Antibodies. Trends Microbiol 2017; 26:209-219. [PMID: 29054341 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in the very young. The RSV fusion protein (F) is essential for virus entry because it mediates viral and host membrane fusion. During this fusion process F is converted from a metastable prefusion conformation into an energetically favored postfusion state. Antibodies that target F can prevent viral entry and reduce disease caused by RSV. During recent years, many prefusion F-specific antibodies have been described. These antibodies typically have stronger RSV-neutralizing activity compared to those that also bind F in the postfusion conformation. Here, we describe how F-specific antibodies protect against RSV and why specifically targeting prefusion F could have great clinical potential.
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33
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Van der Gucht W, Leemans A, De Schryver M, Heykers A, Caljon G, Maes L, Cos P, Delputte PL. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) entry is inhibited by serine protease inhibitor AEBSF when present during an early stage of infection. Virol J 2017; 14:157. [PMID: 28818113 PMCID: PMC5561636 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0824-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Host proteases have been shown to play important roles in many viral activities such as entry, uncoating, viral protein production and disease induction. Therefore, these cellular proteases are putative targets for the development of antivirals that inhibit their activity. Host proteases have been described to play essential roles in Ebola, HCV, HIV and influenza, such that specific protease inhibitors are able to reduce infection. RSV utilizes a host protease in its replication cycle but its potential as antiviral target is unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of protease inhibitors on RSV infection. Methods To measure the sensitivity of RSV infection to protease inhibitors, cells were infected with RSV and incubated for 18 h in the presence or absence of the inhibitors. Cells were fixed, stained and studied using fluorescence microscopy. Results Several protease inhibitors, representing different classes of proteases (AEBSF, Pepstatin A, E-64, TPCK, PMSF and aprotinin), were tested for inhibitory effects on an RSV A2 infection of HEp-2 cells. Different treatment durations, ranging from 1 h prior to inoculation and continuing for 18 h during the assay, were evaluated. Of all the inhibitors tested, AEBSF and TPCK significantly decreased RSV infection. To ascertain that the observed effect of AEBSF was not a specific feature related to HEp-2 cells, A549 and BEAS-2B cells were also used. Similar to HEp-2, an almost complete block in the number of RSV infected cells after 18 h of incubation was observed and the effect was dose-dependent. To gain insight into the mechanism of this inhibition, AEBSF treatment was applied during different phases of an infection cycle (pre-, peri- and post-inoculation treatment). The results from these experiments indicate that AEBSF is mainly active during the early entry phase of RSV. The inhibitory effect was also observed with other RSV isolates A1998/3–2 and A2000/3–4, suggesting that this is a general feature of RSV. Conclusion RSV infection can be inhibited by broad serine protease inhibitors, AEBSF and TPCK. We confirmed that AEBSF inhibition is independent of the cell line used or RSV strain. The time point at which treatment with the inhibitor was most potent, was found to coincide with the expected moment of entry of the virion with the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winke Van der Gucht
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annelies Leemans
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marjorie De Schryver
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annick Heykers
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter L Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Jagušić M, Slović A, Ljubin-Sternak S, Mlinarić-Galinović G, Forčić D. Genetic diversity of human metapneumovirus in hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections in Croatia. J Med Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Jagušić
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology; University of Zagreb; Zagreb Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines; CERVirVac; Croatia
| | - Anamarija Slović
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology; University of Zagreb; Zagreb Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines; CERVirVac; Croatia
| | - Sunčanica Ljubin-Sternak
- Teaching Institute of Public Health “Dr. Andrija Štampar,” Zagreb; Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb; Zagreb Croatia
| | | | - Dubravko Forčić
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology; University of Zagreb; Zagreb Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines; CERVirVac; Croatia
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Rey-Jurado E, Kalergis AM. Immunological Features of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Caused Pneumonia-Implications for Vaccine Design. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E556. [PMID: 28273842 PMCID: PMC5372572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the causative agent for high rates of hospitalizations due to viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia worldwide. Such a disease is characterized by an infection of epithelial cells of the distal airways that leads to inflammation and subsequently to respiratory failure. Upon infection, different pattern recognition receptors recognize the virus and trigger the innate immune response against the hRSV. Further, T cell immunity plays an important role for virus clearance. Based on animal studies, it is thought that the host immune response to hRSV is based on a biased T helper (Th)-2 and Th17 T cell responses with the recruitment of T cells, neutrophils and eosinophils to the lung, causing inflammation and tissue damage. In contrast, human immunity against RSV has been shown to be more complex with no definitive T cell polarization profile. Nowadays, only a humanized monoclonal antibody, known as palivizumab, is available to protect against hRSV infection in high-risk infants. However, such treatment involves several injections at a significantly high cost. For these reasons, intense research has been focused on finding novel vaccines or therapies to prevent hRSV infection in the population. Here, we comprehensively review the recent literature relative to the immunological features during hRSV infection, as well as the new insights into preventing the disease caused by this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rey-Jurado
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330644, Chile.
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330644, Chile.
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330644, Chile.
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Esposito S, Pietro GD. Respiratory syncytial virus vaccines: an update on those in the immediate pipeline. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:1479-1490. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is among the most common causes of lower respiratory tract infection among infants and the elderly worldwide. Despite its long history, no licensed vaccine is available. Recently, advances in the knowledge of RSV biology and pathology as well as the development of new techniques to generate vaccine candidates have increased the number of promising vaccines. The aim of this review is to analyze RSV characteristics, to consider the history of RSV vaccines and to discuss RSV vaccines currently in development. Among the candidates in clinical trials, nanoparticle and subunit vaccines seem to be the most promising for pregnant women and the elderly, whereas live-attenuated or vector-based vaccines appear to be optimal for the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giada Di Pietro
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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37
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Graham BS. Vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus: The time has finally come. Vaccine 2016; 34:3535-41. [PMID: 27182820 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus causes a significant public health burden, particularly in very young infants and the frail elderly. The legacy of enhanced RSV disease (ERD) from a whole formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine, and the complex biology of the virus and the neonate have delayed the development of effective vaccines. However, new insights into factors associated with ERD and breakthroughs in understanding the antigenic structure of the fusion (F) glycoprotein have increased optimism that vaccine development is possible. This has led to investment of time and resources by industry, regulatory authorities, governments, and nonprofit organizations to develop the infrastructure needed to make the advanced clinical development of RSV vaccine candidates a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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Schepens B, Schotsaert M, Saelens X. Small hydrophobic protein of respiratory syncytial virus as a novel vaccine antigen. Immunotherapy 2016; 7:203-6. [PMID: 25804473 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bert Schepens
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
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Abstract
Since the discovery that certain small viral membrane proteins, collectively termed as viroporins, can permeabilize host cellular membranes and also behave as ion channels, attempts have been made to link this feature to specific biological roles. In parallel, most viroporins identified so far are virulence factors, and interest has focused toward the discovery of channel inhibitors that would have a therapeutic effect, or be used as research tools to understand the biological roles of viroporin ion channel activity. However, this paradigm is being shifted by the difficulties inherent to small viral membrane proteins, and by the realization that protein-protein interactions and other diverse roles in the virus life cycle may represent an equal, if not, more important target. Therefore, although targeting the channel activity of viroporins can probably be therapeutically useful in some cases, the focus may shift to their other functions in following years. Small-molecule inhibitors have been mostly developed against the influenza A M2 (IAV M2 or AM2). This is not surprising since AM2 is the best characterized viroporin to date, with a well-established biological role in viral pathogenesis combined the most extensive structural investigations conducted, and has emerged as a validated drug target. For other viroporins, these studies are still mostly in their infancy, and together with those for AM2, are the subject of the present review.
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV): Neutralizing Antibody, a Correlate of Immune Protection. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1442:77-91. [PMID: 27464689 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3687-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Assays that measure RSV-specific neutralizing antibody activity are very useful for evaluating vaccine candidates, performing seroprevalence studies, and detecting infection. Neutralizing antibody activity is normally measured by a plaque reduction neutralization assay or by a microneutralization assay with or without complement. These assays measure the functional capacity of serum (or other fluids) to neutralize virus infectivity in cells as compared to ELISA assays that only measure the binding capacity against an antigen. This chapter discusses important elements in standardization of the RSV-specific microneutralization assay for use in the laboratory.
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Graham BS, Modjarrad K, McLellan JS. Novel antigens for RSV vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 35:30-8. [PMID: 26070108 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains a leading global cause of infant mortality and adult morbidity. Infection, which recurs throughout life, elicits only short-lived immunity. The development of a safe and efficacious vaccine has, thus far, been elusive. Recent technological advances, however, have yielded promising RSV vaccine candidates that are based on solving atomic-level structures of surface glycoproteins interacting with neutralizing antibodies. The class I fusion glycoprotein, F, serves as the primary antigenic component of most vaccines, and is the target of the only licensed monoclonal antibody product used to reduce the frequency of severe disease in high-risk neonates. However, success of prior F-based vaccines has been limited by the lack of understanding how the conformational rearrangement between a metastable prefusion F (pre-F) and a stable postfusion F (post-F) affected the epitope content. Neutralizing epitopes reside on both conformations, but those specific to pre-F are far more potent than those previously identified and present on post-F. The solution of the pre-F structure and its subsequent characterization and stabilization illustrates the value of a structure-based approach to vaccine development, and provides hope that a safe and effective RSV vaccine is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Kayvon Modjarrad
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7200 Vail, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Torres J, Surya W, Li Y, Liu DX. Protein-Protein Interactions of Viroporins in Coronaviruses and Paramyxoviruses: New Targets for Antivirals? Viruses 2015; 7:2858-83. [PMID: 26053927 PMCID: PMC4488717 DOI: 10.3390/v7062750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viroporins are members of a rapidly growing family of channel-forming small polypeptides found in viruses. The present review will be focused on recent structural and protein-protein interaction information involving two viroporins found in enveloped viruses that target the respiratory tract; (i) the envelope protein in coronaviruses and (ii) the small hydrophobic protein in paramyxoviruses. Deletion of these two viroporins leads to viral attenuation in vivo, whereas data from cell culture shows involvement in the regulation of stress and inflammation. The channel activity and structure of some representative members of these viroporins have been recently characterized in some detail. In addition, searches for protein-protein interactions using yeast-two hybrid techniques have shed light on possible functional roles for their exposed cytoplasmic domains. A deeper analysis of these interactions should not only provide a more complete overview of the multiple functions of these viroporins, but also suggest novel strategies that target protein-protein interactions as much needed antivirals. These should complement current efforts to block viroporin channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Torres
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Wahyu Surya
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Yan Li
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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