1
|
Metal Peptide Conjugates in Cell and Tissue Imaging and Biosensing. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:30. [PMID: 35701677 PMCID: PMC9197911 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Metal complex luminophores have seen dramatic expansion in application as imaging probes over the past decade. This has been enabled by growing understanding of methods to promote their cell permeation and intracellular targeting. Amongst the successful approaches that have been applied in this regard is peptide-facilitated delivery. Cell-permeating or signal peptides can be readily conjugated to metal complex luminophores and have shown excellent response in carrying such cargo through the cell membrane. In this article, we describe the rationale behind applying metal complexes as probes and sensors in cell imaging and outline the advantages to be gained by applying peptides as the carrier for complex luminophores. We describe some of the progress that has been made in applying peptides in metal complex peptide-driven conjugates as a strategy for cell permeation and targeting of transition metal luminophores. Finally, we provide key examples of their application and outline areas for future progress.
Collapse
|
2
|
Patel KB, Liang W, Casper MJ, Voleti V, Li W, Yagielski AJ, Zhao HT, Perez Campos C, Lee GS, Liu JM, Philipone E, Yoon AJ, Olive KP, Coley SM, Hillman EMC. High-speed light-sheet microscopy for the in-situ acquisition of volumetric histological images of living tissue. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:569-583. [PMID: 35347275 PMCID: PMC10353946 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00849-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Histological examinations typically require the excision of tissue, followed by its fixation, slicing, staining, mounting and imaging, with timeframes ranging from minutes to days. This process may remove functional tissue, may miss abnormalities through under-sampling, prevents rapid decision-making, and increases costs. Here, we report the feasibility of microscopes based on swept confocally aligned planar excitation technology for the volumetric histological imaging of intact living tissue in real time. The systems' single-objective, light-sheet geometry and 3D imaging speeds enable roving image acquisition, which combined with 3D stitching permits the contiguous analysis of large tissue areas, as well as the dynamic assessment of tissue perfusion and function. Implemented in benchtop and miniaturized form factors, the microscopes also have high sensitivity, even for weak intrinsic fluorescence, allowing for the label-free imaging of diagnostically relevant histoarchitectural structures, as we show for pancreatic disease in living mice, for chronic kidney disease in fresh human kidney tissues, and for oral mucosa in a healthy volunteer. Miniaturized high-speed light-sheet microscopes for in-situ volumetric histological imaging may facilitate the point-of-care detection of diverse cellular-level biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kripa B Patel
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology and the Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenxuan Liang
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology and the Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Malte J Casper
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology and the Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Venkatakaushik Voleti
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology and the Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenze Li
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology and the Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexis J Yagielski
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology and the Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hanzhi T Zhao
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology and the Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Citlali Perez Campos
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology and the Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Grace Sooyeon Lee
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology and the Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joyce M Liu
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology and the Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Philipone
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angela J Yoon
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth P Olive
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shana M Coley
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth M C Hillman
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology and the Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ikeda Y, Suzuki T, Saitou H, Ogane S, Hashimoto K, Takano N, Nomura T. Usefulness of fluorescence visualization-guided surgery for early-stage tongue squamous cell carcinoma compared to iodine vital staining. Int J Clin Oncol 2020; 25:1604-1611. [PMID: 32451767 PMCID: PMC7441058 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-020-01710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the most cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) is found adjacent to the primary tumor. The delineation of surgical margins for OSCC is critical to minimize the risk for local recurrence. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that the fluorescence visualization (FV)- device can delineated the lesion visualizes OED of adjacent primary tumors by histopathologically comparison to conventional iodine vital staining. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study involved 40 patients with superficial tongue squamous cell carcinoma treated from July 2016 to July 2018 at the Oral Cancer Center, Tokyo Dental College. RESULTS Cytokeratin 13 (CK13) expression rate in the area of fluorescence visualization loss (FVL) was significantly lower than that in the area of fluorescence visualization retention (FVR). In addition, CK17, Ki-67, and p53 expression rates were significantly higher in FVL than FVR. There was no significant difference in the delineation rate or area between FVL and iodine-unstained area. High-grade dysplasia was observed most frequently at the FV and iodine-unstained boundary, but no significant pathological differences were found. CONCLUSION We strongly suggest the FV-guided surgery is a useful method for accurate resection in early-stage tongue squamous cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ikeda
- Department of Oral Medicine, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa General Hospital, 5-11-13 Sugano, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8513, Japan
| | - Taiki Suzuki
- Department of Oral Medicine, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa General Hospital, 5-11-13 Sugano, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8513, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Saitou
- Department of Oral Medicine, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa General Hospital, 5-11-13 Sugano, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8513, Japan
| | - Satoru Ogane
- Oral Cancer Center, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa General Hospital, 5-11-13 Sugano, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8513, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hashimoto
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Clinical Laboratory, Ichikawa General Hospital, Tokyo Dental College, 5-11-13 Sugano, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8513, Japan
| | - Nobuo Takano
- Oral Cancer Center, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa General Hospital, 5-11-13 Sugano, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8513, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nomura
- Department of Oral Medicine, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa General Hospital, 5-11-13 Sugano, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8513, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Duran-Sierra E, Cheng S, Cuenca-Martinez R, Malik B, Maitland KC, Lisa Cheng YS, Wright J, Ahmed B, Ji J, Martinez M, Al-Khalil M, Al-Enazi H, Jo JA. Clinical label-free biochemical and metabolic fluorescence lifetime endoscopic imaging of precancerous and cancerous oral lesions. Oral Oncol 2020; 105:104635. [PMID: 32247986 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Incomplete head and neck cancer resection occurs in up to 85% of cases, leading to increased odds of local recurrence and regional metastases; thus, image-guided surgical tools for accurate, in situ and fast detection of positive margins during head and neck cancer resection surgery are urgently needed. Oral epithelial dysplasia and cancer development is accompanied by morphological, biochemical, and metabolic tissue and cellular alterations that can modulate the autofluorescence properties of the oral epithelial tissue. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to test the hypothesis that autofluorescence biomarkers of oral precancer and cancer can be clinically imaged and quantified by means of multispectral fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) endoscopy. METHODS Multispectral autofluorescence lifetime images of precancerous and cancerous lesions from 39 patients were imaged in vivo using a novel multispectral FLIM endoscope and processed to generate widefield maps of biochemical and metabolic autofluorescence biomarkers of oral precancer and cancer. RESULTS Statistical analyses applied to the quantified multispectral FLIM endoscopy based autofluorescence biomarkers indicated their potential to provide contrast between precancerous/cancerous vs. healthy oral epithelial tissue. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first demonstration of label-free biochemical and metabolic clinical imaging of precancerous and cancerous oral lesions by means of widefield multispectral autofluorescence lifetime endoscopy. Future studies will focus on demonstrating the capabilities of endogenous multispectral FLIM endoscopy as an image-guided surgical tool for positive margin detection during head and neck cancer resection surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Duran-Sierra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shuna Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Rodrigo Cuenca-Martinez
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Bilal Malik
- QT Ultrasound Labs, 3 Hamilton Landing, Suite 160, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Kristen C Maitland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - John Wright
- Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Beena Ahmed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jim Ji
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mathias Martinez
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Moustafa Al-Khalil
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hussain Al-Enazi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Javier A Jo
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mehrvar S, Rymut KT, Foomani FH, Mostaghimi S, Eells JT, Ranji M, Gopalakrishnan S. Fluorescence Imaging of Mitochondrial Redox State to Assess Diabetic Wounds. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE-JTEHM 2019; 7:1800809. [PMID: 32166047 PMCID: PMC6889942 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2019.2945323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Diabetes is known to cause delayed wound healing, and
chronic non-healing lower extremity ulcers may end with lower limb amputations and
mortalities. Given the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus worldwide, it is
critical to focus on underlying mechanisms of these debilitating wounds to find novel
therapeutic strategies and thereby improve patient outcome. Methods: This
study aims to design a label-free optical fluorescence imager that captures metabolic
indices (NADH and FAD autofluorescence) and monitors the in vivo wound
healing progress noninvasively. Furthermore, 3D optical cryo-imaging of the mitochondrial
redox state was utilized to assess the volumetric redox state of the wound tissue.
Results: The results from our in vivo fluorescence
imager and the 3D cryo-imager quantify the differences between the redox state of wounds
on diabetic mice in comparison with the control mice. These metabolic changes are
associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and higher oxidative stress in diabetic wounds.
A significant correlation was observed between the redox state and the area of the wounds.
Conclusion: The results suggest that our developed novel optical
imaging system can successfully be used as an optical indicator of the complex wound
healing process noninvasively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shima Mehrvar
- 1Biophotonics LabDepartment of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWI53211USA
| | - Kevin T Rymut
- 2College of NursingUniversity of Wisconsin MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWI53211USA
| | - Farnaz H Foomani
- 1Biophotonics LabDepartment of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWI53211USA
| | - Soudeh Mostaghimi
- 1Biophotonics LabDepartment of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWI53211USA
| | - Janis T Eells
- 3Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWI53211USA
| | - Mahsa Ranji
- 1Biophotonics LabDepartment of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWI53211USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Comparative evaluation of autofluorescence imaging and histopathological investigation for oral potentially malignant disorders in Taiwan. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:2395-2402. [PMID: 30302607 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2691-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autofluorescence imaging is gaining popularity as an adjunctive test for oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). This study evaluated the efficacy of autofluorescence imaging based on the current standard oral mucosal disorder checklist in Taiwan. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 126 patients suspected to have mucosal disorders at the Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, were enrolled. Following a conventional oral examination by using the oral mucosal disorder checklist and an autofluorescence imaging examination, all participants underwent histopathological examination to access epithelial dysplasia. RESULTS Among 126 patients, 68 patients were diagnosis as having an OPMD and 63 having epithelial dysplasia. Autofluorescence imaging exhibited a sensitivity, specificity, positivity predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy of 77.94%, 35.42%, 63.10%, 53.13%, and 60.34%, respectively, for OPMD and of 88.89%, 43.86%, 63.64%, 78.13%, and 67.50%, respectively, for epithelial dysplasia. After the exclusion of 48 non-OPMD cases according to the checklist, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of autofluorescence imaging became 87.50%, 72.73%, 94.23%, 53.33%, and 85.07%, respectively, for epithelial dysplasia. CONCLUSION The efficacy of epithelial dysplasia identification and OPMD risk assessment can be increased after the exclusion of the non-OPMD cases through autofluorescence imaging. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Autofluorescence imaging is a useful adjunct that can assist specialists in assessing OPMD patients prone to dysplasia without compromising patient care.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kikuta S, Iwanaga J, Todoroki K, Shinozaki K, Tanoue R, Nakamura M, Kusukawa J. Clinical Application of the IllumiScan Fluorescence Visualization Device in Detecting Oral Mucosal Lesions. Cureus 2018; 10:e3111. [PMID: 30338186 PMCID: PMC6175259 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Fluorescence visualization devices are screening devices that can be used to examine lesions of the oral mucosa non-invasively. We observed oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and leukoplakia using the IllumiScan (Shofu, Kyoto, Japan) fluorescence visualization device and examined its usefulness and characteristics. Methods: We investigated 31 OSCC and nine leukoplakia in patients who were examined using the IllumiScan and treated in our department from January 2017 to February 2018. Images taken with the IllumiScan were analyzed using image analysis software. We also examined the lesions using narrowband imaging (NBI). Additionally, the IllumiScan and NBI images and the non-stained areas of iodine staining method (IOM) were visually evaluated. Results: The average luminance of OSCC in the keratinized mucosa was significantly lower than that of OSCC in non-keratinized mucosa. The average luminance of OSCC was significantly lower than that of leukoplakia. Even in keratinized mucosa where IOM is impossible to use, the OSCC lesion exhibited fluorescence visualization loss. Conclusion: The application of the fluorescence visualization device to the oral mucosa may be useful for distinguishing between cancer and normal areas and can be used to detect OSCC in the keratinized mucosa. The use of the IllumiScan in combination with other conventional screening methods may lead to a better diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Kikuta
- Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, JPN
| | - Joe Iwanaga
- Medical Education and Simulation, Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jingo Kusukawa
- Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, JPN
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zeng X, Zhang X, Li C, Wang X, Jerwick J, Xu T, Ning Y, Wang Y, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Ma Y, Zhou C. Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence microscopy accurately classifies precancerous and cancerous human cervix free of labeling. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:3099-3110. [PMID: 29896305 PMCID: PMC5996360 DOI: 10.7150/thno.24599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer remains the fourth most common cause of cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer deaths for women in developing countries. Traditional screening tools, such as human papillomavirus and Pap tests, cannot provide results in real-time and cannot localize suspicious regions. Colposcopy-directed biopsies are invasive in nature and only a few sites of the cervix may be chosen for investigation. A non-invasive, label-free and real-time imaging method with a resolution approaching that of histopathology is desirable for early detection of the disease. Methods: Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence microscopy (OCM) is an emerging imaging technique used to obtain 3-dimensional (3-D) “optical biopsies” of biological samples with cellular resolution. In this study, 497 3-D OCM datasets from 159 specimens were collected from 92 patients. Results: Distinctive patterns for normal cervix, squamocolumnar junction, ectropion, low-grade and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL and HSIL) and invasive cervical lesions were clearly observed from OCM images, which matched well with corresponding histological slides. OCM images demonstrated a sensitivity of 80% (95% confidence interval, CI, 72%-86%) and a specificity of 89% (95% CI, 84%-93%) for detecting high-risk lesions (HSIL and invasive lesions) when blindly tested by three investigators. A substantial inter-observer agreement was observed (κ=0.627), which showed high diagnostic consistency among three investigators. Conclusion: These results laid the foundation for future non-invasive optical evaluation of cervical tissue in vivo, which could lead to a less invasive and more effective screening and “see-and-treat” strategy for the management of cervical cancer.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kanakaraj BN, Narayanan Unni S. Model-based quantitative optical biopsy in multilayer in vitro soft tissue models for whole field assessment of nonmelanoma skin cancer. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2018; 5:014506. [PMID: 29594182 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.5.1.014506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical techniques such as fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy are proven to have the potential to provide tissue discrimination during the development of malignancies and hence treated as potential tools for noninvasive optical biopsy in clinical diagnostics. Quantitative optical biopsy is challenging and hence the majority of the existing strategies are based on a qualitative assessment of the concerned tissue. Light-tissue interaction models as well as precise optical phantoms can greatly help in the former and here we present a pilot study to assess the optical properties of a multilayer tissue-specific optical phantom with the help of a database generated using multilayer-Monte Carlo (MCML) models. A set of optical models mimicking the properties of actual and diseased conditions of tissues associated with nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) were devised and MCML simulations of fluorescence and diffuse reflectance were performed on these models to generate the spectral signature of identified biomarkers of NMSC such as hemoglobin, flavin adenine dinucleotide, and collagen. A model library was generated and with the extracted features from modeled spectra, classification of normal and NMSC conditions were tested using the [Formula: see text]-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier. Using an in-house assembled scan-based automated bimodal spectral imaging system with reflectance and fluorescence modalities of operation, a layered, thin, tissue equivalent phantom, fabricated with controlled optical properties mimicking normal and NMSC conditions were tested. The spectral signatures corresponding to the NMSC biomarkers were acquired from this phantom and extracted features from the spectra were tested using the KNN classifier and classification accuracy of 100% was achieved. For further quantitative analysis, the experimental and simulated spectra were compared with respect to the light intensity at the emission peak or absorption dips, spectral line width, and average intensity over a range of wavelength of interest and observed to be analogous within specified and systematic error limits. This methodology is expected to give a better quantitative approach for estimation of tissue properties by correlating the experimental and simulated data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bala Nivetha Kanakaraj
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Biophotonics Laboratory, Department of Applied Mechanics, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sujatha Narayanan Unni
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Biophotonics Laboratory, Department of Applied Mechanics, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yamamoto N, Kawaguchi K, Fujihara H, Hasebe M, Kishi Y, Yasukawa M, Kumagai K, Hamada Y. Detection accuracy for epithelial dysplasia using an objective autofluorescence visualization method based on the luminance ratio. Int J Oral Sci 2017; 9:e2. [PMID: 29125138 PMCID: PMC5775331 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2017.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The autofluorescence visualization method (AVM) uses blue excitation light to assist in the diagnosis of epithelial dysplasia. It detects epithelial dysplasia as a black area, which is known as fluorescence visualization loss (FVL). In this study, we evaluated the detection accuracy for epithelial dysplasia of the tongue using the objective AVM and assessed its possible clinical utility. Seventy-nine tongue specimens clinically suspected to have leukoplakia or squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were analyzed. First, the AVM was subjectively performed using the Visually Enhanced Lesion scope (VELscope), and the iodine-staining method was then performed. After biopsy, the histopathological results and the luminance ratio between the lesion and healthy tissue were compared, and a receiver operating characteristic curve was created. The cutoff value for the objective AVM was determined; the lesion was considered FVL-positive or -negative when the luminance ratio was higher or lower than the cutoff value, respectively. The histopathological diagnoses among the 79 specimens were SCC (n=30), leukoplakia with dysplasia (n=34), and leukoplakia without dysplasia (n=15). The cutoff value of the luminance ratio was 1.62, resulting in 66 FVL-positive and 13 FVL-negative specimens. The luminance ratio was significantly higher in the epithelial dysplasia-positive than -negative group (P<0.000 1). The objective AVM showed much higher consistency between histopathological results than did the two methods (kappa statistic=0.656). In conclusion, objective autofluorescence visualization has a potential as an auxiliary method for diagnosis of epithelial dysplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanami Yamamoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koji Kawaguchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hisako Fujihara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Oral Hygiene, Tsurumi Junior College, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Hasebe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuta Kishi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yasukawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kumagai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Hamada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pal R, Edward K, Ma L, Qiu S, Vargas G. Spectroscopic characterization of oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma using multiphoton autofluorescence micro-spectroscopy. Lasers Surg Med 2017; 49:866-873. [PMID: 28677822 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiphoton autofluorescence microscopy (MPAM) has shown potential in identifying features that are directly related to tissue microstructural and biochemical changes throughout epithelial neoplasia. In this study, we evaluate the autofluorescence spectral characteristics of neoplastic epithelium in dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using multiphoton autofluorescence spectroscopy (MPAS) in an in vivo hamster model of oral neoplasia in order to identify unique signatures that could be used to delineate normal oral mucosa from neoplasia. MATERIALS/METHODS A 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) hamster model of oral precancer and OSCC was used for in vivo MPAM and MPAS. Multiphoton Imaging and spectroscopy were performed with 780 nm excitation while a bandpass emission 450-650 nm was used for MPAM. Autofluorescence spectra was collected in the spectral window of 400-650 nm. RESULTS MPAS with fluorescence excitation at 780 nm revealed an overall red shift of a primary blue-green peak (480-520 nm) that is attributed to NADH and FAD. In the case of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and some high-grade dysplasia an additional prominent peak at 635 nm, attributed to PpIX was observed. The fluorescence intensity at 635 nm and an intensity ratio of the primary blue-green peak versus 635 nm peak, showed statistically significant difference between control and neoplastic tissue. DISCUSSION Neoplastic transformation in the epithelium is known to alter the intracellular homeostasis of important tissue metabolites such as NADH, FAD, and PpIX, which was observed by MPAS in their native environment. A combination of deep tissue microscopy owing to higher penetration depth of multiphoton excitation and depth resolved spectroscopy could prove to be invaluable in identification of cytologic as well as biomolecular spectral characteristic of oral epithelial neoplasia. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:866-873, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Pal
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
| | - Kert Edward
- Department of Physics, University of the West Indies, UWI Mona, Kingston 7, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Liang Ma
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
| | - Suimin Qiu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
| | - Gracie Vargas
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555.,Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ho D, Drake TK, Smith-McCune KK, Darragh TM, Hwang LY, Wax A. Feasibility of clinical detection of cervical dysplasia using angle-resolved low coherence interferometry measurements of depth-resolved nuclear morphology. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:1447-1456. [PMID: 27883177 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to establish the feasibility of using in situ depth-resolved nuclear morphology measurements for detection of cervical dysplasia. Forty enrolled patients received routine cervical colposcopy with angle-resolved low coherence interferometry (a/LCI) measurements of nuclear morphology. a/LCI scans from 63 tissue sites were compared to histopathological analysis of co-registered biopsy specimens which were classified as benign, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). Results were dichotomized as dysplastic (LSIL/HSIL) versus non-dysplastic and HSIL versus LSIL/benign to determine both accuracy and potential clinical utility of a/LCI nuclear morphology measurements. Analysis of a/LCI data was conducted using both traditional Mie theory based processing and a new hybrid algorithm that provides improved processing speed to ascertain the feasibility of real-time measurements. Analysis of depth-resolved nuclear morphology data revealed a/LCI was able to detect a significant increase in the nuclear diameter at the depth bin containing the basal layer of the epithelium for dysplastic versus non-dysplastic and HSIL versus LSIL/Benign biopsy sites (both p < 0.001). Both processing techniques resulted in high sensitivity and specificity (>0.80) in identifying dysplastic biopsies and HSIL. The hybrid algorithm demonstrated a threefold decrease in processing time at a slight cost in classification accuracy. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using a/LCI as an adjunctive clinical tool for detecting cervical dysplasia and guiding the identification of optimal biopsy sites. The faster speed from the hybrid algorithm offers a promising approach for real-time clinical analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Tyler K Drake
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Karen K Smith-McCune
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Teresa M Darragh
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Loris Y Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Adam Wax
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rapid diagnosis and intraoperative margin assessment of human lung cancer with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. BBA CLINICAL 2017; 8:7-13. [PMID: 28567338 PMCID: PMC5447569 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A method of rapidly differentiating lung tumor from healthy tissue is extraordinarily needed for both the diagnosis and the intraoperative margin assessment. We assessed the ability of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) for differentiating human lung cancer and normal tissues with the autofluorescence, and also elucidated the mechanism in tissue studies and cell studies. A 15-patient testing group was used to compare FLIM results with traditional histopathology diagnosis. Based on the endogenous fluorescence lifetimes of the testing group, a criterion line was proposed to distinguish normal and cancerous tissues. Then by blinded examined 41 sections from the validation group of other 16 patients, the sensitivity and specificity of FLIM were determined. The cellular metabolism was studied with specific perturbations of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis in cell studies. The fluorescence lifetime of cancerous lung tissues is consistently lower than normal tissues, and this is due to the both decrease of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) lifetimes. A criterion line of lifetime at 1920 ps can be given for differentiating human lung cancer and normal tissues.The sensitivity and specificity of FLIM for lung cancer diagnosis were determined as 92.9% and 92.3%. These findings suggest that NADH and FAD can be used to rapidly diagnose lung cancer. FLIM is a rapid, accurate and highly sensitive technique in the judgment during lung cancer surgery and it can be potential in earlier cancer detection.
Collapse
|
14
|
Vansevičiūtė R, Venius J, Žukovskaja O, Kanopienė D, Letautienė S, Rotomskis R. 5-aminolevulinic-acid-based fluorescence spectroscopy and conventional colposcopy for in vivo detection of cervical pre-malignancy. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2015; 15:35. [PMID: 25887444 PMCID: PMC4405835 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-015-0191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Sensitized fluorescence diagnostics are based on selective accumulation of photosensitizer in the tissue where carcinogenesis has started. The present study compared topical 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)-based fluorescence spectroscopy (FS) in vivo with conventional colposcopy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) detection. Methods We enrolled 48 patients who were referred for colposcopy because of high-grade changes in cervical cytology. Every inspected cervix was divided in to quadrants, and there were 174 quadrants included in the study. Each patient had a cytological smear, colposcopy, FS and histopathological analysis. For FS, 3% 5-ALA cream was used topically and after an average 135 min incubation, fluorescence spectra were recorded from the cervix in vivo. FS and colposcopy results were correlated with histopathology. Results All spectra were evaluated by a ratio of the protoporphyrin IX fluorescence intensity at 634 nm and autofluorescence intensity at 510 nm. For proper grouping of low-risk and high-risk cases, a threshold of 3.87 was calculated. Data per quadrant showed that FS had higher sensitivity than colposcopy (71.7% vs 67.4%) but specificity was greater for colposcopy (86.6% vs 75.6%). Combination of the methods showed higher sensitivity (88.0% vs 67.4%) but reduced specificity (88.0% and 69.5%), but it had the highest number of correctly identified high-risk changes and the highest (79.3%) accuracy. Data for each patient showed FS sensitivity of 91.2%, which was greater than for colposcopy (88.2%). Higher overdiagnosis resulted in decreased specificity for fluorescence methodology—71.4% versus 78.6% for colposcopy. In both cases, accuracy was 85.4% and effectiveness was >80%, which means that both methods can be used to determine high-risk cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The diagnostic sensitivity of 97.1% for this complementary diagnosis indicates that it could be the best choice for detection of high-risk changes. Conclusions 5-ALA-based FS is an objective method, requiring short-term administration for appropriate fluorescence measurements. FS is a promising diagnostic tool with similar accuracy as colposcopy but with the potential advantage of providing objective results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas Venius
- National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania. .,Laboratory of Biomedical Physics, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Olga Žukovskaja
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | | | - Simona Letautienė
- National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania. .,Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Ričardas Rotomskis
- Laboratory of Biomedical Physics, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania. .,Biophotonics Group, Laser Research Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Valdez TA, Pandey R, Spegazzini N, Longo K, Roehm C, Dasari RR, Barman I. Multiwavelength fluorescence otoscope for video-rate chemical imaging of middle ear pathology. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10454-60. [PMID: 25226556 PMCID: PMC4204905 DOI: 10.1021/ac5030232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A common
motif in otolaryngology is the lack of certainty regarding
diagnosis for middle ear conditions, resulting in many patients being
overtreated under the worst-case assumption. Although pneumatic otoscopy
and adjunctive tests offer additional information, white light otoscopy
has been the main tool for diagnosis of external auditory canal and
middle ear pathologies for over a century. In middle ear pathologies,
the inability to avail high-resolution structural and/or molecular
imaging is particularly glaring, leading to a complicated and erratic
decision analysis. Here, we propose a novel multiwavelength fluorescence-based
video-rate imaging strategy that combines readily available optical
elements and software components to create a novel otoscopic device.
This modified otoscope enables low-cost, detailed and objective diagnosis
of common middle ear pathological conditions. Using the detection
of congenital cholesteatoma as a specific example, we demonstrate
the feasibility of fluorescence imaging to differentiate this proliferative
lesion from uninvolved middle ear tissue based on the characteristic
autofluorescence signals. Availability of real-time, wide-field chemical
information should enable more complete removal of cholesteatoma,
allowing for better hearing preservation and substantially reducing
the well-documented risks, costs and psychological effects of repeated
surgical procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tulio A Valdez
- Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Walsh AJ, Cook RS, Manning HC, Hicks DJ, Lafontant A, Arteaga CL, Skala MC. Optical metabolic imaging identifies glycolytic levels, subtypes, and early-treatment response in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 73:6164-74. [PMID: 24130112 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal cellular metabolism is a hallmark of cancer, yet there is an absence of quantitative methods to dynamically image this powerful cellular function. Optical metabolic imaging (OMI) is a noninvasive, high-resolution, quantitative tool for monitoring cellular metabolism. OMI probes the fluorescence intensities and lifetimes of the autofluorescent metabolic coenzymes reduced NADH and flavin adenine dinucleotide. We confirm that OMI correlates with cellular glycolytic levels across a panel of human breast cell lines using standard assays of cellular rates of glucose uptake and lactate secretion (P < 0.05, r = 0.89). In addition, OMI resolves differences in the basal metabolic activity of untransformed from malignant breast cells (P < 0.05) and between breast cancer subtypes (P < 0.05), defined by estrogen receptor and/or HER2 expression or absence. In vivo OMI is sensitive to metabolic changes induced by inhibition of HER2 with the antibody trastuzumab (herceptin) in HER2-overexpressing human breast cancer xenografts in mice. This response was confirmed with tumor growth curves and stains for Ki67 and cleaved caspase-3. OMI resolved trastuzumab-induced changes in cellular metabolism in vivo as early as 48 hours posttreatment (P < 0.05), whereas fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography did not resolve any changes with trastuzumab up to 12 days posttreatment (P > 0.05). In addition, OMI resolved cellular subpopulations of differing response in vivo that are critical for investigating drug resistance mechanisms. Importantly, OMI endpoints remained unchanged with trastuzumab treatment in trastuzumab-resistant xenografts (P > 0.05). OMI has significant implications for rapid cellular-level assessment of metabolic response to molecular expression and drug action, which would greatly accelerate drug development studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Walsh
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Cancer Biology, Medicine, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, and Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shah AT, Demory Beckler M, Walsh AJ, Jones WP, Pohlmann PR, Skala MC. Optical metabolic imaging of treatment response in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90746. [PMID: 24595244 PMCID: PMC3942493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical metabolic imaging measures fluorescence intensity and lifetimes from metabolic cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). These molecular level measurements provide unique biomarkers for early cellular responses to cancer treatments. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is an attractive target for optical imaging because of easy access to the site using fiber optic probes. Two HNSCC cell lines, SCC25 and SCC61, were treated with Cetuximab (anti-EGFR antibody), BGT226 (PI3K/mTOR inhibitor), or cisplatin (chemotherapy) for 24 hours. Results show increased redox ratio, NADH α1 (contribution from free NADH), and FAD α1 (contribution from protein-bound FAD) for malignant cells compared with the nonmalignant cell line OKF6 (p<0.05). In SCC25 and SCC61 cells, the redox ratio is unaffected by cetuximab treatment and decreases with BGT226 and cisplatin treatment (p<0.05), and these results agree with standard measurements of proliferation rates after treatment. For SCC25, NADH α1 is reduced with BGT226 and cisplatin treatment. For SCC61, NADH α1 is reduced with cetuximab, BGT226, and cisplatin treatment. Trends in NADH α1 are statistically similar to changes in standard measurements of glycolytic rates after treatment. FAD α1 is reduced with cisplatin treatment (p<0.05). These shifts in optical endpoints reflect early metabolic changes induced by drug treatment. Overall, these results indicate that optical metabolic imaging has potential to detect early response to cancer treatment in HNSCC, enabling optimal treatment regimens and improved patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy T. Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michelle Demory Beckler
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Alex J. Walsh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - William P. Jones
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Paula R. Pohlmann
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xu HN, Nioka S, Li LZ. Imaging heterogeneity in the mitochondrial redox state of premalignant pancreas in the pancreas-specific PTEN-null transgenic mouse model. Biomark Res 2013; 1:6. [PMID: 24252270 PMCID: PMC3776248 DOI: 10.1186/2050-7771-1-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic alteration is one of the hallmarks of carcinogenesis. We aimed to identify certain metabolic biomarkers for the early detection of pancreatic cancer (PC) using the transgenic PTEN-null mouse model. Pancreas-specific deletion of PTEN in mouse caused progressive premalignant lesions such as highly proliferative ductal metaplasia. We imaged the mitochondrial redox state of the pancreases of the transgenic mice approximately eight months old using the redox scanner, i.e., the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/oxidized flavoproteins (NADH/Fp) fluorescence imager at low temperature. Two different approaches, the global averaging of the redox indices without considering tissue heterogeneity along tissue depth and the univariate analysis of multi-section data using tissue depth as a covariate were adopted for the statistical analysis of the multi-section imaging data. The standard deviations of the redox indices and the histogram analysis with Gaussian fit were used to determine the tissue heterogeneity. RESULTS All methods show consistently that the PTEN deficient pancreases (Pdx1-Cre;PTENlox/lox) were significantly more heterogeneous in their mitochondrial redox state compared to the controls (PTENlox/lox). Statistical analysis taking into account the variations of the redox state with tissue depth further shows that PTEN deletion significantly shifted the pancreatic tissue to an overall more oxidized state. Oxidization of the PTEN-null group was not seen when the imaging data were analyzed by global averaging without considering the variation of the redox indices along tissue depth, indicating the importance of taking tissue heterogeneity into account for the statistical analysis of the multi-section imaging data. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals a possible link between the mitochondrial redox state alteration of the pancreas and its malignant transformation and may be further developed for establishing potential metabolic biomarkers for the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He N Xu
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shoko Nioka
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Z Li
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Cellular redox states can regulate cell metabolism, growth, differentiation, motility, apoptosis, signaling pathways, and gene expressions etc. A growing body of literature suggest the importance of redox status for cancer progression. While most studies on redox state were done on cells and tissue lysates, it is important to understand the role of redox state in a tissue in vivo/ex vivo and image its heterogeneity. Redox scanning is a clinical-translatable method for imaging tissue mitochondrial redox potential with a submillimeter resolution. Redox scanning data in mouse models of human cancers demonstrate a correlation between mitochondrial redox state and tumor metastatic potential. I will discuss the significance of this correlation and possible directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Z Li
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhan YT, Li L, Weng J, Song X, Yang SQ, An W. Serum autofluorescence, a potential serum marker for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis in rats. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:12130-12139. [PMID: 23109905 PMCID: PMC3472797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130912130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluctuations in serum autofluorescence (AF) intensity have recently been widely used as markers of certain diseases such as cancer. To determine the diagnostic value of serum AF intensity for liver fibrosis in rats, we induced liver fibrosis by subcutaneous injection of carbon tetrachloride into rats. The rat serum AF intensities were detected at the excitation wavelength of 337 nm and the emission wavelength of 512 nm. The degree of liver fibrosis was evaluated by Van Gieson’s staining. The relationship between serum AF intensity and the degree of liver fibrosis was analyzed by Spearman and Pearson Correlation. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the serum AF was determined by analyzing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Our results show that the serum AF intensity in the rat liver fibrosis model increased when compared with control rats eight weeks and twelve weeks post induction of liver fibrosis. However, there was no significant difference in serum AF intensity between fibrotic and control rats at four week post induction. Furthermore, serum AF intensity correlated positively with the severity of the degree of hepatic fibrosis. ROC analysis further suggested that serum AF intensity is a valid marker for staging fibrosis. Therefore, it may potentially be developed as a novel diagnostic tool for hepatic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tao Zhan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-T.Z.); (W.A.); Tel.: +86-10-58268473 (Y.-T.Z.); +86-10-83911495 (W.A.); Fax: +86-10-83911480 (Y.-T.Z.); +86-10-83911496 (W.A.)
| | - Li Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China; E-Mail:
| | - Jing Weng
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; E-Mail:
| | - Xin Song
- Department of Clinic Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China; E-Mail:
| | - Shao-Qi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750000, China; E-Mail:
| | - Wei An
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-T.Z.); (W.A.); Tel.: +86-10-58268473 (Y.-T.Z.); +86-10-83911495 (W.A.); Fax: +86-10-83911480 (Y.-T.Z.); +86-10-83911496 (W.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shinn E, Qazi U, Gera S, Brodovsky J, Simpson J, Follen M, Basen-Engquist K, Macaulay C. Physician attitudes toward dissemination of optical spectroscopy devices for cervical cancer control: an industrial-academic collaborative study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 9:S67-77; quiz 77.e1-6. [PMID: 22340642 DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optical spectroscopy has been studied for biologic plausibility, technical efficacy, clinical effectiveness, patient satisfaction, and cost-effectiveness. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify health care provider attitudes or practices that might act as barriers or to the dissemination of this new technology. METHODS Through an academic-industrial partnership, we conducted a series of focus groups to examine physician barriers to optical diagnosis. The study was conducted in 2 stages. First, a pilot group of 10 physicians (8 obstetrician gynecologists and 2 family practitioners) was randomly selected from 8 regions of the United States and each physician was interviewed individually. Physicians were presented with the results of a large trial (N = 980) testing the accuracy of a spectroscopy-based device in the detection of cervical neoplasia. They were also shown a prototype of the device and were given a period of time to ask questions and receive answers regarding the device. They were also asked to provide feedback on a questionnaire that was then revised and presented to 3 larger focus groups (n = 13, 15, and 17 for a total N = 45). The larger focus groups were conducted during national scientific meetings with 20 obstetrician gynecologists and 25 primary care physicians (family practitioners and internists). RESULTS When asked about the dissemination potential of the new cervical screening technology, all study groups tended to rely on established clinical guidelines from their respective professional societies with regard to the screening and diagnosis of cervical cancer. In addition, study participants consistently agreed that real-time spectroscopy would be viewed positively by their patients. Participants were positive about the new technology's potential as an adjunct to colposcopy and agreed that the improved accuracy would result in reduced health care costs (due to decreased biopsies and decreased visits). Although all participants saw the potential of real-time diagnosis, there were many perceived barriers. These barriers included changes in scheduling and work-flow, liability, documentation, ease of use, length of training, device cost, and reimbursement by third-party payers. CONCLUSIONS Barriers exist to the dissemination of optical technologies into physician practice. These will need to be addressed before cervical screening and diagnosis programs can take advantage of spectroscopy-based instruments for cancer control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Shinn
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Poh CF, MacAulay CE, Laronde DM, Williams PM, Zhang L, Rosin MP. Squamous cell carcinoma and precursor lesions: diagnosis and screening in a technical era. Periodontol 2000 2011; 57:73-88. [PMID: 21781180 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2011.00386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
23
|
Levitt JM, McLaughlin-Drubin ME, Münger K, Georgakoudi I. Automated biochemical, morphological, and organizational assessment of precancerous changes from endogenous two-photon fluorescence images. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24765. [PMID: 21931846 PMCID: PMC3170385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multi-photon fluorescence microscopy techniques allow for non-invasive interrogation of live samples in their native environment. These methods are particularly appealing for identifying pre-cancers because they are sensitive to the early changes that occur on the microscopic scale and can provide additional information not available using conventional screening techniques. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we developed novel automated approaches, which can be employed for the real-time analysis of two-photon fluorescence images, to non-invasively discriminate between normal and pre-cancerous/HPV-immortalized engineered tissues by concurrently assessing metabolic activity, morphology, organization, and keratin localization. Specifically, we found that the metabolic activity was significantly enhanced and more uniform throughout the depths of the HPV-immortalized epithelia, based on our extraction of the NADH and FAD fluorescence contributions. Furthermore, we were able to separate the keratin contribution from metabolic enzymes to improve the redox estimates and to use the keratin localization as a means to discriminate between tissue types. To assess morphology and organization, Fourier-based, power spectral density (PSD) approaches were employed. The nuclear size distribution throughout the epithelial depths was quantified by evaluating the variance of the corresponding spatial frequencies, which was found to be greater in the normal tissue compared to the HPV-immortalized tissues. The PSD was also used to calculate the Hurst parameter to identify the level of organization in the tissues, assuming a fractal model for the fluorescence intensity fluctuations within a field. We found the range of organization was greater in the normal tissue and closely related to the level of differentiation. Conclusions/Significance A wealth of complementary morphological, biochemical and organizational tissue parameters can be extracted from high resolution images that are acquired based entirely on endogenous sources of contrast. They are promising diagnostic parameters for the non-invasive identification of early cancerous changes and could improve significantly diagnosis and treatment for numerous patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Levitt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Margaret E. McLaughlin-Drubin
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karl Münger
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rajaram N, Reichenberg JS, Migden MR, Nguyen TH, Tunnell JW. Pilot clinical study for quantitative spectral diagnosis of non-melanoma skin cancer. Lasers Surg Med 2011; 42:716-27. [PMID: 21246575 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several research groups have demonstrated the non-invasive diagnostic potential of diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) techniques for early cancer detection. By combining both modalities, one can simultaneously measure quantitative parameters related to the morphology, function and biochemical composition of tissue and use them to diagnose malignancy. The objective of this study was to use a quantitative reflectance/fluorescence spectroscopic technique to determine the optical properties of normal skin and non-melanoma skin cancers and the ability to accurately classify them. An additional goal was to determine the ability of the technique to differentiate non-melanoma skin cancers from normal skin. STUDY DESIGN The study comprised 48 lesions measured from 40 patients scheduled for a biopsy of suspected non-melanoma skin cancers. White light reflectance and laser-induced fluorescence spectra (wavelength range = 350-700 nm) were collected from each suspected lesion and adjacent clinically normal skin using a custom-built, optical fiber-based clinical instrument. After measurement, the skin sites were biopsied and categorized according to histopathology. Using a quantitative model, we extracted various optical parameters from the measured spectra that could be correlated to the physiological state of tissue. RESULTS Scattering from cancerous lesions was significantly lower than normal skin for every lesion group, whereas absorption parameters were significantly higher. Using numerical cut-offs for our optical parameters, our clinical instrument could classify basal cell carcinomas with a sensitivity and specificity of 94% and 89%, respectively. Similarly, the instrument classified actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinomas with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 50%. CONCLUSION The measured optical properties and fluorophore contributions of normal skin and non-melanoma skin cancers are significantly different from each other and correlate well with tissue pathology. A diagnostic algorithm that combines these extracted properties holds promise for the potential non-invasive diagnosis of skin cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narasimhan Rajaram
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cantor SB, Yamal JM, Guillaud M, Cox DD, Atkinson EN, Benedet JL, Miller D, Ehlen T, Matisic J, van Niekerk D, Bertrand M, Milbourne A, Rhodes H, Malpica A, Staerkel G, Nader-Eftekhari S, Adler-Storthz K, Scheurer ME, Basen-Engquist K, Shinn E, West LA, Vlastos AT, Tao X, Beck JR, MacAulay C, Follen M. Accuracy of optical spectroscopy for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: Testing a device as an adjunct to colposcopy. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:1151-68. [PMID: 20830707 PMCID: PMC3015005 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Testing emerging technologies involves the evaluation of biologic plausibility, technical efficacy, clinical effectiveness, patient satisfaction, and cost-effectiveness. The objective of this study was to select an effective classification algorithm for optical spectroscopy as an adjunct to colposcopy and obtain preliminary estimates of its accuracy for the detection of CIN 2 or worse. We recruited 1,000 patients from screening and prevention clinics and 850 patients from colposcopy clinics at two comprehensive cancer centers and a community hospital. Optical spectroscopy was performed, and 4,864 biopsies were obtained from the sites measured, including abnormal and normal colposcopic areas. The gold standard was the histologic report of biopsies, read 2 to 3 times by histopathologists blinded to the cytologic, histopathologic, and spectroscopic results. We calculated sensitivities, specificities, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and areas under the ROC curves. We identified a cutpoint for an algorithm based on optical spectroscopy that yielded an estimated sensitivity of 1.00 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.92-1.00] and an estimated specificity of 0.71 [95% CI = 0.62-0.79] in a combined screening and diagnostic population. The positive and negative predictive values were 0.58 and 1.00, respectively. The area under the ROC curve was 0.85 (95% CI = 0.81-0.89). The per-patient and per-site performance were similar in the diagnostic and poorer in the screening settings. Like colposcopy, the device performs best in a diagnostic population. Alternative statistical approaches demonstrate that the analysis is robust and that spectroscopy works as well as or slightly better than colposcopy for the detection of CIN 2 to cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott B. Cantor
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jose-Miguel Yamal
- Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
| | - Martial Guillaud
- Department of Cancer Imaging, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dennis D. Cox
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - E. Neely Atkinson
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - J. L. Benedet
- Department of Cancer Imaging, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dianne Miller
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Thomas Ehlen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jasenka Matisic
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dirk van Niekerk
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Monique Bertrand
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrea Milbourne
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Helen Rhodes
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anais Malpica
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gregg Staerkel
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shahla Nader-Eftekhari
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Karen Adler-Storthz
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Dental Branch, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael E. Scheurer
- Department of Pediatrics and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Karen Basen-Engquist
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Eileen Shinn
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Loyd A. West
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anne-Therese Vlastos
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xia Tao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Calum MacAulay
- Department of Cancer Imaging, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michele Follen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, the Lyndon Baines Johnson Hospital, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Thekkek N, Anandasabapathy S, Richards-Kortum R. Optical molecular imaging for detection of Barrett’s-associated neoplasia. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:53-62. [PMID: 21218084 PMCID: PMC3016680 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in the endoscopic imaging of Barrett’s esophagus can be used to probe a wide range of optical properties that are altered with neoplastic progression. This review summarizes relevant changes in optical properties as well as imaging approaches that measures those changes. Wide-field imaging approaches include narrow-band imaging that measures changes in light scattering and absorption, and autofluorescence imaging that measure changes in endogenous fluorophores. High-resolution imaging approaches include optical coherence tomography, endocytoscopy, confocal microendoscopy, and high-resolution microendoscopy. These technologies, some coupled with an appropriate contrast agent, can measure differences in glandular morphology, nuclear morphology, or vascular alterations associated with neoplasia. Advances in targeted contrast agents are further discussed. Studies that have explored these technologies are highlighted; as are the advantages and limitations of each.
Collapse
|
27
|
Yamal JM, Cox DD, Atkinson EN, MacAulay C, Price R, Follen M. Repeatability of tissue fluorescence measurements for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 1:641-657. [PMID: 21258497 PMCID: PMC3018008 DOI: 10.1364/boe.1.000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We examined intensity and shape differences in 378 repeated spectroscopic measures of the cervix. We examined causes of variability such as presence of precancer or cancer, pathologic tissue type, menopausal status, hormone or oral contraceptive use, and age; as well as technology related variables like generation of device and provider making exam. Age, device generation, and provider were statistically significantly related to intensity differences. Provider and device generation were related to shape differences. We examined the order of measurements and found a decreased intensity in the second measurement due to hemoglobin absorption. 96% of repeat measurements had classification concordance of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José-Miguel Yamal
- Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health,
1200 Herman Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dennis D. Cox
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - E. Neely Atkinson
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center,
1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Calum MacAulay
- Department of Cancer Imaging, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre,
600 West 10 Ave.,Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Roderick Price
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Institute for Women’s Health, 245 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
| | - Michele Follen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Institute for Women’s Health, 245 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mo J, Zheng W, Huang Z. Fiber-optic Raman probe couples ball lens for depth-selected Raman measurements of epithelial tissue. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 1:17-30. [PMID: 21258442 PMCID: PMC3005180 DOI: 10.1364/boe.1.000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present a fiber-optic ball lens Raman probe design for improving depth-selected Raman measurements of epithelial tissue. The Monte Carlo simulation results show that tissue Raman collection efficiency can be improved by properly selecting the refractive index and the diameter of the ball lens for the Raman probe design and the depth-selectivity of Raman measurements can also be improved by either increasing the refractive index or reducing the diameter of the ball lens. An appropriate arrangement of the Raman probe-tissue distance can also optimize the collection efficiency for depth-resolved Raman measurements. Experimental evaluation of a ball lens Raman probe design on a two-layer tissue phantom confirms the potential of the ball lens Raman probe design for efficient depth-selected measurement on epithelial tissue. This work suggests that the fiber-optic Raman probe coupled with a ball lens can facilitate the depth-selected Raman measurements of epithelial tissue, which may improve the diagnosis of epithelial precancer and early cancer at the molecular level.
Collapse
|
29
|
Skala MC, Fontanella A, Lan L, Izatt JA, Dewhirst MW. Longitudinal optical imaging of tumor metabolism and hemodynamics. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:011112. [PMID: 20210438 PMCID: PMC2816992 DOI: 10.1117/1.3285584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An important feature of tumor hypoxia is its temporal instability, or "cycling hypoxia." The primary consequence of cycling hypoxia is increased tumor aggressiveness and treatment resistance beyond that of chronic hypoxia. Longitudinal imaging of tumor metabolic demand, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, and blood flow would provide valuable insight into the mechanisms and distribution of cycling hypoxia in tumors. Fluorescence imaging of metabolic demand via the optical redox ratio (fluorescence intensity of FAD/NADH), absorption microscopy of hemoglobin oxygen saturation, and Doppler optical coherence tomography of vessel morphology and blood flow are combined to noninvasively monitor changes in oxygen supply and demand in the mouse dorsal skin fold window chamber tumor model (human squamous cell carcinoma) every 6 h for 36 h. Biomarkers for metabolic demand, blood oxygenation, and blood flow are all found to significantly change with time (p<0.05). These variations in oxygen supply and demand are superimposed on a significant (p<0.05) decline in metabolic demand with distance from the nearest vessel in tumors (this gradient was not observed in normal tissues). Significant (p<0.05), but weak (r<or=0.5) correlations are found between the hemoglobin oxygen saturation, blood flow, and redox ratio. These results indicate that cycling hypoxia depends on both oxygen supply and demand, and that noninvasive optical imaging could be a valuable tool to study therapeutic strategies to mitigate cycling hypoxia, thus increasing the effectiveness of radiation and chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Skala
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sivabalan S, Vedeswari CP, Jayachandran S, Koteeswaran D, Pravda C, Aruna PR, Ganesan S. In vivo native fluorescence spectroscopy and nicotinamide adinine dinucleotide/flavin adenine dinucleotide reduction and oxidation states of oral submucous fibrosis for chemopreventive drug monitoring. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:017010. [PMID: 20210484 DOI: 10.1117/1.3324771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Native fluorescence spectroscopy has shown potential to characterize and diagnose oral malignancy. We aim at extending the native fluorescence spectroscopy technique to characterize normal and oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) patients under pre- and post-treated conditions, and verify whether this method could also be considered in the monitoring of therapeutic prognosis noninvasively. In this study, 28 normal subjects and 28 clinically proven cases of OSF in the age group of 20 to 40 years are diagnosed using native fluorescence spectroscopy. The OSF patients are given dexamethasone sodium phosphate and hyaluronidase twice a week for 6 weeks, and the therapeutic response is monitored using fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence emission spectra of normal and OSF cases of both pre- and post-treated conditions are recorded in the wavelength region of 350 to 600 nm at an excitation wavelength of 330 nm. The statistical significance is verified using discriminant analysis. The oxidation-reduction ratio of the tissue is also calculated using the fluorescence emission intensities of flavin adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide adinine dinucleotide at 530 and 440 nm, respectively, and they are compared with conventional physical clinical examinations. This study suggests that native fluorescence spectroscopy could also be extended to OSF diagnosis and therapeutic prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Sivabalan
- Anna University Chennai, Department of Physics, Division of Medical Physics and Lasers, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vigneswaran N, Koh S, Gillenwater A. Incidental detection of an occult oral malignancy with autofluorescence imaging: a case report. HEAD & NECK ONCOLOGY 2009; 1:37. [PMID: 19863814 PMCID: PMC2778639 DOI: 10.1186/1758-3284-1-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Autofluorescence imaging is used widely for diagnostic evaluation of various epithelial malignancies. Cancerous lesions display loss of autofluorescence due to malignant changes in epithelium and subepithelial stroma. Carcinoma of unknown primary site presents with lymph node or distant metastasis, for which the site of primary tumour is not detectable. We describe here the use of autofluorescence imaging for detecting a clinically innocuous appearing occult malignancy of the palate which upon pathological examination was consistent with a metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. Case Description A submucosal nodule was noted on the right posterior hard palate of a 59-year-old white female during clinical examination. Examination of this lesion using a multispectral oral cancer screening device revealed loss of autofluorescence at 405 nm illumination. An excisional biopsy of this nodule, confirmed the presence of a metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. Four years ago, this patient was diagnosed with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the right mid-jugular lymph node of unknown primary. She was treated with external beam irradiation and remained disease free until current presentation. Conclusion This case illustrates the important role played by autofluorescence tissue imaging in diagnosing a metastatic palatal tumour that appeared clinically innocuous and otherwise would not have been biopsied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadarajah Vigneswaran
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, The University of Texas Dental Branch at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Poh CF, MacAulay CE, Zhang L, Rosin MP. Tracing the "at-risk" oral mucosa field with autofluorescence: steps toward clinical impact. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 2:401-4. [PMID: 19401533 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F Poh
- BC Oral Cancer Prevention Program, BC Cancer Agency/Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Thekkek N, Richards-Kortum R. Optical imaging for cervical cancer detection: solutions for a continuing global problem. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8:725-31. [PMID: 19143057 PMCID: PMC2633464 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for women in developing countries. Optical technologies can improve the accuracy and availability of cervical cancer screening. For example, battery-powered digital cameras can obtain multi-spectral images of the entire cervix, highlighting suspicious areas, and high-resolution optical technologies can further interrogate such areas, providing in vivo diagnosis with high sensitivity and specificity. In addition, targeted contrast agents can highlight changes in biomarkers of cervical neoplasia. Such advances should provide a much needed global approach to cervical cancer prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadhi Thekkek
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pavlova I, Williams M, El-Naggar A, Richards-Kortum R, Gillenwater A. Understanding the biological basis of autofluorescence imaging for oral cancer detection: high-resolution fluorescence microscopy in viable tissue. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:2396-404. [PMID: 18413830 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Autofluorescence imaging is increasingly used to noninvasively identify neoplastic oral cavity lesions. Improving the diagnostic accuracy of these techniques requires a better understanding of the biological basis for optical changes associated with neoplastic transformation in oral tissue. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A total of 49 oral biopsies were considered in this study. The autofluorescence patterns of viable normal, benign, and neoplastic oral tissue were imaged using high-resolution confocal fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS The autofluorescence properties of oral tissue vary significantly based on anatomic site and pathologic diagnosis. In normal oral tissue, most of the epithelial autofluorescence originates from the cytoplasm of cells in the basal and intermediate regions, whereas structural fibers are responsible for most of the stromal fluorescence. A strongly fluorescent superficial layer was observed in tissues from the palate and the gingiva, which contrasts with the weakly fluorescent superficial layer found in other oral sites. Upon UV excitation, benign inflammation shows decreased epithelial fluorescence, whereas dysplasia displays increased epithelial fluorescence compared with normal oral tissue. Stromal fluorescence in both benign inflammation and dysplasia drops significantly at UV and 488 nm excitation. CONCLUSION Imaging oral lesions with optical devices/probes that sample mostly stromal fluorescence may result in a similar loss of fluorescence intensity and may fail to distinguish benign from precancerous lesions. Improved diagnostic accuracy may be achieved by designing optical probes/devices that distinguish epithelial fluorescence from stromal fluorescence and by using excitation wavelengths in the UV range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Pavlova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gupta S, Hunter M, Cebe P, Levitt JM, Kaplan DL, Georgakoudi I. Non-invasive optical characterization of biomaterial mineralization. Biomaterials 2008; 29:2359-69. [PMID: 18313137 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current approaches to study biomaterial mineralization are invasive and prevent dynamic characterization of this process within the same sample. Polarized light scattering spectroscopy (LSS) may offer a non-invasive alternative for assessing the levels of mineralization as well as some aspects of the organization of the mineral deposits. Specifically, we used LSS to characterize the formation of hydroxyapatite deposits on three types of silk films (water-annealed, methanol-treated and polyaspartic acid (PAA)-mixed) following 1, 3, 5 and 7 cycles of mineralization. We found that the total light scattering intensity provided a quantitative measure of the degree of mineralization as confirmed by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The PAA-mixed silk films yielded the highest level of mineral deposition and the water-annealed ones the least, consistent with the beta sheet content of the films prior to the onset of mineralization. The wavelength dependence of the singly backscattered light was consistent with a self-affine fractal morphology of the deposited films within scales in the range of 150-300nm; this was confirmed by Fourier analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the corresponding films. The deposits of minerals in the water-annealed films were predominantly flake-like, with positively correlated density fluctuations (Hurst parameter, H>0.5), whereas methanol-treated and PAA-mixed silk films resulted in densely-packed, bulk mineral deposits with negatively correlated density fluctuations (H<0.5). Therefore, LSS could serve as a valuable tool for understanding the role of biomaterial properties in mineral formation, and, ultimately, for optimizing biomaterial designs that yield mineral deposits with the desired organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
In vivo multiphoton microscopy of NADH and FAD redox states, fluorescence lifetimes, and cellular morphology in precancerous epithelia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:19494-9. [PMID: 18042710 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0708425104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 636] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic imaging of the relative amounts of reduced NADH and FAD and the microenvironment of these metabolic electron carriers can be used to noninvasively monitor changes in metabolism, which is one of the hallmarks of carcinogenesis. This study combines cellular redox ratio, NADH and FAD lifetime, and subcellular morphology imaging in three dimensions to identify intrinsic sources of metabolic and structural contrast in vivo at the earliest stages of cancer development. There was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio (NCR) with depth within the epithelium in normal tissues; however, there was no significant change in NCR with depth in precancerous tissues. The redox ratio significantly decreased in the less differentiated basal epithelial cells compared with the more mature cells in the superficial layer of the normal stratified squamous epithelium, indicating an increase in metabolic activity in cells with increased NCR. However, the redox ratio was not significantly different between the superficial and basal cells in precancerous tissues. A significant decrease was observed in the contribution and lifetime of protein-bound NADH (averaged over the entire epithelium) in both low- and high-grade epithelial precancers compared with normal epithelial tissues. In addition, a significant increase in the protein-bound FAD lifetime and a decrease in the contribution of protein-bound FAD are observed in high-grade precancers only. Increased intracellular variability in the redox ratio, NADH, and FAD fluorescence lifetimes were observed in precancerous cells compared with normal cells.
Collapse
|
37
|
Wu Y, Qu JY. Autofluorescence spectroscopy of epithelial tissues. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2006; 11:054023. [PMID: 17092172 DOI: 10.1117/1.2362741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Autofluorescence of rabbit and human epithelial tissues were studied by using a depth-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy system with multiple excitations. Keratinization was found to be common in the squamous epithelium. Strong keratin fluorescence with excitation and emission characteristics similar to collagen were observed in the topmost layer of the keratinized squamous epithelium. The keratin signal created interference in the assessment of the endogenous fluorescence signals (NADH/FAD fluorescence in epithelium and collagen fluorescence in stroma) associated with the development of epithelial precancer. Furthermore, the keratinized epithelial layer attenuated the excitation light and reduced the fluorescence signals from underlying tissue layers. The autofluorescence of columnar epithelium was found to be dominated by NADH and FAD signals, identical to the autofluorescence measured from nonkeratinized squamous epithelium. The study also demonstrated that a fluorescence signal excited at 355 nm produced sufficient contrast to resolve the layered structure of epithelial tissue, while the signal excited at 405 nm provided the information for a good estimation of epithelial redox ratios that are directly related to tissue metabolism. Overall, the depth-resolved measurements are crucial to isolate the fluorescence signals from different sublayers of the epithelial tissue and provide more accurate information for the tissue diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Wu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Govender D, Davids LM, Kidson SH. Immunofluorescent identification of melanocytes in murine hair follicles. J Mol Histol 2006; 37:1-3. [PMID: 16841237 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-005-9011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunocytochemical identification of skin cells are difficult due to numerous endogenous autofluorescent components within the cell and the environment. This is particularly evident in hair follicles. This paper reports on a serendipitous modification to an existing method which results in a drastically reduced background fluorescence. Immediately after antigen retrieval, sections exposed to 0.3% hydrogen peroxide in methanol for 30 min at room temperature exhibited low background fluorescence, increased antigenicity and revealed quantifiable numbers of melanocytes. This method is applicable to both human and mouse melanocytes particularly in the hair follicle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dheshnie Govender
- Department of Human Biology, Anatomy Building, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town Medical School, 7925 Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lane PM, Gilhuly T, Whitehead P, Zeng H, Poh CF, Ng S, Williams PM, Zhang L, Rosin MP, MacAulay CE. Simple device for the direct visualization of oral-cavity tissue fluorescence. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2006; 11:024006. [PMID: 16674196 DOI: 10.1117/1.2193157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Early identification of high-risk disease could greatly reduce both mortality and morbidity due to oral cancer. We describe a simple handheld device that facilitates the direct visualization of oral-cavity fluorescence for the detection of high-risk precancerous and early cancerous lesions. Blue excitation light (400 to 460 nm) is employed to excite green-red fluorescence from fluorophores in the oral tissues. Tissue fluorescence is viewed directly along an optical axis collinear with the axis of excitation to reduce inter- and intraoperator variability. This robust, field-of-view device enables the direct visualization of fluorescence in the context of surrounding normal tissue. Results from a pilot study of 44 patients are presented. Using histology as the gold standard, the device achieves a sensitivity of 98% and specificity of 100% when discriminating normal mucosa from severe dysplasia/carcinoma in situ (CIS) or invasive carcinoma. We envisage this device as a suitable adjunct for oral cancer screening, biopsy guidance, and margin delineation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M Lane
- British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Cancer Imaging Department, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chang SK, Marin N, Follen M, Richards-Kortum R. Model-based analysis of clinical fluorescence spectroscopy for in vivo detection of cervical intraepithelial dysplasia. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2006; 11:024008. [PMID: 16674198 DOI: 10.1117/1.2187979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a mathematical model to calculate the relative concentration of light scatterers, light absorbers, and fluorophores in the epithelium and stroma. This mathematical description is iteratively fit to the fluorescence spectra measured in vivo, yielding relative concentrations of each molecule. The mathematical model is applied to a total of 493 fluorescence measurements of normal and dysplastic cervical tissue acquired in vivo from 292 patients. The estimated parameters are compared with histopathologic diagnosis to evaluate their diagnostic potential. The mathematical model is validated using fluorescence spectra simulated with known sets of optical parameters. Subsequent application of the mathematical model to in vivo fluorescence measurements from cervical tissue yields fits that accurately describe measured data. The optical parameters estimated from 493 fluorescence measurements show an increase in epithelial flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) fluorescence, a decrease in epithelial keratin fluorescence, an increase in epithelial light scattering, a decrease in stromal collagen fluorescence, and an increase in stromal hemoglobin light absorption in dysplastic tissue compared to normal tissue. These changes likely reflect an increase in the metabolic activity and loss of differentiation of epithelial dysplastic cells, and stromal angiogenesis associated with dysplasia. The model presented here provides a tool to analyze clinical fluorescence spectra yielding quantitative information about molecular changes related to dysplastic transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung K Chang
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Elson DS, Galletly N, Talbot C, Requejo-Isidro J, McGinty J, Dunsby C, Lanigan PMP, Munro I, Benninger RKP, de Beule P, Auksorius E, Hegyi L, Sandison A, Wallace A, Soutter P, Neil MAA, Lever J, Stamp GW, French PMW. Multidimensional Fluorescence Imaging Applied to Biological Tissue. REVIEWS IN FLUORESCENCE 2006 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/0-387-33016-x_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
42
|
Turchin IV, Sergeeva EA, Dolin LS, Kamensky VA, Shakhova NM, Richards-Kortum R. Novel algorithm of processing optical coherence tomography images for differentiation of biological tissue pathologies. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2005; 10:064024. [PMID: 16409089 DOI: 10.1117/1.2137670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A numerical algorithm based on a small-angle approximation of the radiative transfer equation (RTE) is developed to reconstruct scattering characteristics of biological tissues from optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. According to the algorithm, biological tissue is considered to be a layered random medium with a set of scattering parameters in each layer: total scattering coefficient, variance of a small-angle scattering phase function, and probability of backscattering, which fully describe the OCT signal behavior versus probing depth. The reconstruction of the scattering parameters is performed by their variation to fit the experimental OCT signal by the theoretical one using a time-saving genetic algorithm. The proposed reconstruction procedure is tested on model media with known scattering parameters. The possibility to estimate scattering parameters from OCT images is studied for various regimes of OCT signal decay. The developed algorithm is applied to reconstruct optical characteristics of epithelium and stroma for normal cervical tissue and its pathologies, and the potential to distinguish between the types of pathological changes in epithelial tissue by its OCT images is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V Turchin
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Applied Physics, 603950 Ulyanov Street, 46, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
This article reviews the current state of research on the use of molecular contrast agents in optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging techniques. After a brief discussion of the basic principle of OCT and the importance of incorporating molecular contrast agent usage into this imaging modality, we shall present an overview of the different molecular contrast OCT (MCOCT) methods that have been developed thus far. We will then discuss several important practical issues that define the possible range of contrast agent choice, the design criteria for engineered molecular contrast agent and the implementability of a given MCOCT method for clinical or biological applications. We will conclude by outlining a few areas of pursuit that deserve a greater degree of research and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changhuei Yang
- Electrical Engineering Department, Engineering and Applied Sciences Division, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
DaCosta RS, Andersson H, Cirocco M, Marcon NE, Wilson BC. Autofluorescence characterisation of isolated whole crypts and primary cultured human epithelial cells from normal, hyperplastic, and adenomatous colonic mucosa. J Clin Pathol 2005; 58:766-74. [PMID: 15976349 PMCID: PMC1770728 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2004.023804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS In vivo autofluorescence endoscopic imaging and spectroscopy have been used to detect and differentiate benign (hyperplastic) and preneoplastic (adenomatous) colonic lesions. This fluorescence is composed of contributions from the epithelium, lamina propria, and submucosa. Because epithelial autofluorescence in normal and diseased tissues is poorly understood, this was the focus of the present study. METHODS Whole colonic crypts were isolated, and short term primary cultures of epithelial cells were established from biopsies of normal, hyperplastic, and adenomatous colon. Autofluorescence (488 nm excitation) was examined by confocal fluorescence microscopy. Fluorescently labelled organelle probes and transmission electron microscopy were used to identify subcellular sources of fluorescence. RESULTS Mitochondria and lysosomes were identified as the main intracellular fluorescent components in all cell types. Normal and hyperplastic epithelial cells were weakly autofluorescent and had similar numbers of mitochondria and lysosomes, whereas adenomatous (dysplastic) epithelial cells showed much higher autofluorescence, and numerous highly autofluorescent lysosomal (lipofuscin) granules. CONCLUSIONS Short term primary cell cultures from endoscopic biopsies provide a novel model to understand differences in colonic tissue autofluorescence at the glandular (crypt) and cellular levels. The differences between normal, hyperplastic, and adenomatous epithelial cells are attributed in part to differences in the intrinsic numbers of mitochondria and lysosomes. This suggests that the detection of colonic epithelial fluorescence alone, if possible, may be sufficient to differentiate benign (hyperplastic) from preneoplastic and neoplastic (adenomatous) colonic intramucosal lesions during in vivo fluorescence endoscopy. Furthermore, highly orange/red autofluorescent intracellular granules found only in dysplastic epithelial cells may serve as a potential biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S DaCosta
- Ontario Cancer Institute/University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Skala MC, Squirrell JM, Vrotsos KM, Eickhoff JC, Gendron-Fitzpatrick A, Eliceiri KW, Ramanujam N. Multiphoton microscopy of endogenous fluorescence differentiates normal, precancerous, and cancerous squamous epithelial tissues. Cancer Res 2005; 65:1180-6. [PMID: 15735001 PMCID: PMC4189807 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study characterizes the morphologic features and the endogenous fluorescence in the stratified squamous epithelia of the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-treated hamster cheek pouch model of carcinogenesis using multiphoton laser scanning microscopy (MPLSM). MPLSM allows high-resolution, three-dimensional image data to be collected deeper within thick tissue samples with reduced phototoxicity compared with single-photon imaging. Three-dimensional image stacks of normal (n = 13), precancerous (dysplasia, n = 12; carcinoma in situ, n = 9) and cancerous tissue [nonpapillary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), n = 10, and papillary SCC, n = 7] sites in the hamster cheek pouch were collected in viable, unsectioned tissue biopsies at a two-photon excitation wavelength of 780 nm. Five features were quantified from the MPLSM images. These included nuclear density versus depth, keratin layer thickness, epithelial thickness, and the fluorescence per voxel in the keratin and epithelial layers. Statistically significant differences in all five features were found between normal and both precancerous and cancerous tissues. The only exception to this was a lack of statistically significant differences in the keratin fluorescence between normal tissues and papillary SCCs. Statistically significant differences were also observed in the epithelial thickness of dysplasia and carcinoma in situ, and in the keratin layer thickness of dysplasia and SCCs (both nonpapillary and papillary). This work clearly shows that three-dimensional images from MPLSM of endogenous tissue fluorescence can effectively distinguish between normal, precancerous, and cancerous epithelial tissues. This study provides the groundwork for further exploration into the application of multiphoton fluorescence endoscopy in a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C. Skala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jayne M. Squirrell
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kristin M. Vrotsos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jens C. Eickhoff
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Kevin W. Eliceiri
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nirmala Ramanujam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Skala MC, Palmer GM, Zhu C, Liu Q, Vrotsos KM, Marshek-Stone CL, Gendron-Fitzpatrick A, Ramanujam N. Investigation of fiber-optic probe designs for optical spectroscopic diagnosis of epithelial pre-cancers. Lasers Surg Med 2004; 34:25-38. [PMID: 14755422 PMCID: PMC2768119 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.10239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The first objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of fluorescence spectroscopy for diagnosing pre-cancers in stratified squamous epithelial tissues in vivo using two different probe geometries with (1) overlapping versus (2) non-overlapping illumination and collection areas on the tissue surface. Probe (1) and probe (2) are preferentially sensitive to the fluorescence originating from the tissue surface and sub-surface tissue depths, respectively. The second objective was to design a novel, angled illumination fiber-optic probe to maximally exploit the depth-dependent fluorescence properties of epithelial tissues. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS In the first study, spectra were measured from epithelial pre-cancers and normal tissues in the hamster cheek pouch and analyzed with a non-parametric classification algorithm. In the second study, Monte Carlo modeling was used to simulate fluorescence measurements from an epithelial tissue model with the angled illumination probe. RESULTS An unbiased classification algorithm based on spectra measured with probes (1) and (2), classified pre-cancerous and normal tissues with 78 and 94% accuracy, respectively. The angled illumination probe design provides the capability to detect fluorescence from a wide range of tissue depths in an epithelial tissue model. CONCLUSIONS The first study demonstrates that fluorescence originating from sub-surface tissue depths (probe (2)) is more diagnostic than fluorescence originating from the tissue surface (probe (1)) in the hamster cheek pouch model. However in general, it is difficult to know a priori the optimal probe geometry for pre-cancer detection in a particular epithelial tissue model. The angled illumination probe provides the capability to measure tissue fluorescence selectively from different depths within epithelial tissues, thus obviating the need to select a single optimal probe design for the fluorescence-based diagnosis of epithelial pre-cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C. Skala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Gregory M. Palmer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Changfang Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Kristin M. Vrotsos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | | | | | - Nirmala Ramanujam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| |
Collapse
|