Roles of the Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathways in controlling growth and sensitivity to therapy-implications for cancer and aging

Effects of Asiatic acid on brain cancer by altering astrocytes and the AKT1-PRKCB signaling pathway: A genomic and network pharmacology perspective

The most common primary brain tumor, glioblastoma (GBM), currently has a dismal prognosis because of its fast growth and dissemination. Recent research indicates that Asiatic acid (AA), which is extracted from Trema orientalis L., has potential as a medicinal agent. AA, which was obtained from a methanolic extract of Trema orientalis L. and examined utilizing high-resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS) analysis, was employed in this investigation. Then, in order to forecast the therapeutic advantages of AA in managing GBM, we conducted an in silico study. Online web servers like SwissADME, pKCSM, and Protox-II were used to assess AA. Then, the major targets of the AA (from Swiss Target Prediction and TargetNet) and GBM (from GeneCards and DisGeNET) were identified. The important genes were then merged into the STRING and ShinyGo databases to examine the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, gene annotation, and KEGG pathways, with the goal of identifying the core mechanisms involved in GBM management. The top five hub gene targets of the built network (AKT1, SRC, IL-6, TNF, and EGFR) were investigated, along with some contemporaneous additional major targets (PRKCB, GSK3B, ITGB1, BRAF, and PTPN6). These targets were tightly linked to GO activities such as synoviocyte proliferation, cytokine activity, and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, as well as proteoglycans in cancer-related pathways. Furthermore, a survival study was conducted to assess the chronicity of targets, as well as molecular docking activity between important targets and AA against GBM to determine binding effectiveness. Overall, the study found that AKT1 is the most powerful receptor for AA, having a binding energy of -8.19 kcal/mol, followed by PRKCB (-7.53 kcal/mol). Finally, docking studies suggest that AA has the potential to be an effective treatment for GBM. Furthermore, clinical studies will provide more precise insights into the AA's efficacy as a medicine in the future.

Exploring Flavonoids as Regulators of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in Cancer Pathogenesis

Last few decades, extensive research efforts have been dedicated to uncovering novel cancer treatments. Among the most vital targets in this pursuit are matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), enzymes integral to the progression and spread of cancer. Their role in tumor development and metastasis positions MMPs as key players in cancer pathogenesis, offering promising avenues for therapeutic intervention. Specifically, MMP-2 and MMP-9 have emerged as promising targets in cancer treatment based on their critical roles in cell invasion, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and metastasis. Studies indicate the potential of plant-derived natural products as anticancer agents through the regulation of MMP activity. Among various phytochemicals, flavonoids are reported to exhibit inhibitory activities against MMPs and antioxidant properties that present them as candidates for anticancer molecules. In this study, the potential of flavonoids as anticancer agents was explored by investigating the effects of flavonoids on (i) cancer cell viability and migration, (ii) enzymatic activity and cellular expression of MMP-2/9, and (iii) the MAPK signaling pathway. Docking simulation data regarding the interactions between MMP-2/9 and selected flavonoids provide an in-depth look at the potential mechanisms through which these molecules suppress the enzymatic activities of MMPs. Select flavonoids exhibited notable efficacy in suppressing cell proliferation and migration in A549 cells, which may be a consequence of their ability to attenuate MMP activity and expression through the suppression of the MAPK signaling pathway. These observations demonstrate the prospect of flavonoids as a naturally occurring molecular framework for the development of novel anticancer therapeutics.

Emerging therapeutic strategies and opportunities in targeting protein pathways for breast cancer treatment: a critical review

Understanding breast cancer at a molecular level is essential for developing effective treatments due to its significant impact on women's mortality rates globally. Targeted medicines focus on specific proteins crucial to breast cancer progression, offering a promising treatment avenue. These proteins, often overexpressed or mutated in cancer cells, are vital for cell proliferation, division, and survival. Targeted drugs aim to inhibit these proteins, halting disease progression and sparing non-cancerous cells, which reduces side effects and improves patient quality of life. Key proteins in breast cancer treatment include HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), ER (estrogen receptor), and PR (progesterone receptor). Drugs like Trastuzumab target HER2 to impede tumor growth in HER2-positive cancers, while hormone therapies targeting ER and PR improve outcomes for hormone receptor-positive cancers. Examining proteins such as EGFR, HER2/Neu, and ER reveals their roles in cancer pathways, with pathways like PI3K/Akt/mTOR (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin) and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) being crucial targets for therapies, potentially revolutionizing breast cancer treatment.

The potential application of stroma modulation in targeting tumor cells: focus on pancreatic cancer and breast cancer models

The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in cancer development and spreading being considered as "the dark side of the tumor". Within this term tumor cells, immune components, supporting cells, extracellular matrix and a myriad of bioactive molecules that synergistically promote tumor development and therapeutic resistance, are included. Recent findings revealed the profound impacts of TME on cancer development, serving as physical support, critical mediator and biodynamic matrix in cancer evolution, immune modulation, and treatment outcomes. TME targeting strategies built on vasculature, immune checkpoints, and immuno-cell therapies, have paved the way for revolutionary clinical interventions. On this basis, the relevance of pre-clinical and clinical investigations has rapidly become fundamental for implementing novel therapeutical strategies breaking cell-cell and cell -mediators' interactions between TME components and tumor cells. This review summarizes the key players in the breast and pancreatic TME, elucidating the intricate interactions among cancer cells and their essential role for cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. Different tumors such breast and pancreatic cancer have both different and similar stroma features, that might affect therapeutic strategies. Therefore, this review aims to comprehensively evaluate recent findings for refining breast and pancreatic cancer therapies and improve patient prognoses by exploiting the TME's complexity in the next future.

CEG-0598, a novel dual inhibitor of EGFR and C5aR demonstrates in vitro anticancer and antimetastatic activity in prostate cancer cells

BACKGROUND

The EGFR is abundantly expressed in prostate cancer (PC). The anaphylatoxin C5a induces leukocyte migration via the C5a receptor (C5aR) by releasing matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) to favor metastasis in the tumor microenvironment. This work aims to selectively inhibit the EGFR and C5aR in PC cells to abort cell growth/ proliferation and metastasis.

METHODS

For lead identification, high-throughput virtual screening (HTVS) of the ChemBridge library was followed by protein-ligand interaction profilers, GROMACS, and GMX-MMPBSA techniques. LNCaP and PC3 cells were used to validate in vitro efficacy.

RESULTS

HTVS identified CEG-0598 with favorable binding affinities of - 10.2 kcal/mol and - 13.5 kcal/mol towards EGFR and C5aR respectively. Molecular dynamic simulations demonstrated stable binding interactions for CEG-0598 with Root Mean Square Deviation values around 0.06 nm. The ΔG binding calculation was - 50.29, and - 51.64 for EGFR and C5aR respectively. ADME supported favorable small molecule characteristics and selective inhibition profiles. Kinome-wide off-target virtual screening predicted EGFR to have above-average docking scores. CEG-0598 inhibited EGFR and C5aR activities with IC50 values of 145.8 nM and 55.51 nM respectively. The compound effectively controlled the proliferation of LNCaP and PC3cells with GI50 values of 156.1 nM, and 112.2 nM respectively. CEG-0598 prompted dose-responsive apoptosis in the PC cells and decreased the tarns endothelial migration of both PC cells. Treatment with CEG-0598 reduced the C5a-induced MMP activity in the LNCaP and PC3cells.

CONCLUSION

CEG-0598 is a selective EGFR/C5a dual inhibitor that downregulates MMP activity to control proliferation, migration and induce apoptosis, in PC cells warranting further preclinical developments.

Targeting the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways to enhance chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer

Responses to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer are not uniform. The phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are involved in tumorigenesis and treatment resistance in many cancers; therefore, targeting these pathways could enhance response to chemoradiotherapy. A panel of colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines (n = 10) with varying PI3K and MAPK mutational backgrounds were treated with combinations of 5-Flourouracil (5-FU), radiation, the PI3K inhibitor copanlisib, and/or the MEK inhibitor refametinib, and their effects on proliferation in vitro were measured. BALB/c SCID mice were implanted with CRC cell lines representative of each mutational background, treated with copanlisib and/or chemoradiotherapy, and monitored for tumor growth. In vitro, PIK3CA mutated cell lines were most sensitive to copanlisib (IC50=28 nM) and KRAS mutated cell lines were most sensitive to refametinib (IC50 = 36 nM), while the combination of copanlisib and refametinib was synergistic in 9/10 cell lines tested. The addition of copanlisib to 5-FU chemoradiotherapy inhibited cell growth compared to 5-FU chemoradiotherapy alone, an effect that was most notable in LS-1034 (KRAS mutated) and Caco-2 (PIK3CA/KRAS wild-type) cell lines. In vivo copanlisib and 5-FU chemoradiotherapy reduced tumor growth in all xenograft models and increased overall survival in LS-1034 and Caco-2 xenografts. Our results suggest that activation of the kinase signalling pathway may modulate PI3K/MEK inhibitor responsiveness in colorectal cancer. Furthermore, the addition of copanlisib to 5-FU chemoradiotherapy resulted in an enhanced anti-proliferative cytotoxic effect compared to 5-FU chemoradiotherapy alone, regardless of the background mutational status, and supports further clinical development of this regimen.

Jorunnamycin A induces apoptosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells, spheroids, and patient-derived organoids by modulating KRAS-mediated survival pathways

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis, frequently driven by oncogenic KRAS mutations. Among these, KRAS G12D is the most prevalent, contributing to chemoresistance and limiting the efficacy of current therapeutic strategies. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of jorunnamycin A (JA), a bioactive compound derived from the marine sponge Xestospongia, in PDAC. Molecular docking analyses were performed to assess JA's binding affinity for various KRAS protein variants. The synergistic effects of JA in combination with standard chemotherapeutic agents were evaluated using the Bliss independence model in pancreatic cancer cell lines and patient-derived PDAC organoids harboring distinct KRAS mutations. Furthermore, western blot analysis was performed to examine the impact the molecular mechanisms underlying JA's anticancer activity. JA demonstrated potent anticancer activity against PDAC cells, irrespective of their KRAS mutation status. In silico molecular docking and protein suppression studies indicated a strong binding affinity between JA and KRAS G12D. Synergistic interactions between JA and various PDAC chemotherapeutic agents, including oxaliplatin, SN-38, paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil, and gemcitabine, were observed using the Bliss independence model. Notably, co-treatment with JA at a 10-fold lower concentration significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin, reducing its IC50 values around tenfold. This synergistic impact was further validated in both KRAS G12D spheroids and patient-derived PDAC organoids harboring KRAS G12D and other KRAS variants. Mechanistically, the JA-oxaliplatin combination enhanced caspase-3/7 activation, suppressed key KRAS-mediated survival pathways (STAT3, B/C-RAF, AKT, and ERK), and led to the downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins (MCL-1 and BCL-2). These findings highlight JA as a promising therapeutic candidate for PDAC, particularly in the context of KRAS G12D-driven tumors. Further investigations into its pharmacokinetics and clinical feasibility are warranted to explore its full potential in PDAC treatment.

Vitamin C Modulates the PI3K/AKT Pathway via Glutamate and Nitric Oxide in Developing Avian Retina Cells in Culture

Background: In addition to its known antioxidant function, the reduced form of vitamin C, ascorbate, also acts as a neuromodulator in the nervous system. Previous work showed a reciprocal interaction of ascorbate with glutamate in chicken embryo retinal cultures. Ascorbate modulates extracellular glutamate levels by inhibiting excitatory amino acid transporter 3 and promoting the activation of NMDA receptors and the consequent activation of intracellular signaling pathways involved in transcription and survival. Objective: In the present work, we investigated the regulation of AKT phosphorylation by ascorbate in chicken embryo retina cultures. Methodology: Cultures of chicken embryo retina cells were tested using Western blot, immunocytochemistry, fluorescent probe transfection, and cellular imaging techniques. Results: Our results show that ascorbate induces a concentration and time-dependent increase in AKT phosphorylation via the accumulation of extracellular glutamate, the activation of glutamate receptors, and the activation of the PI3K pathway. Ascorbate produces an increase in intracellular calcium accumulation and, accordingly, AKT phosphorylation by ascorbate is blocked by the calcium chelator BAPTA-AM. Moreover, AKT phosphorylation is also blocked by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 7-nitroindazole, indicating that it is mediated by calcium and nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms. Conclusions: We demonstrate that ascorbate modulates the PI3K/AKT pathway in retinal cultures through the activation of glutamate receptors and NO production in a calcium-dependent manner. Given that previous research has shown that glutamate induces ascorbate release in retinal cultures, our findings emphasize the significance of the reciprocal interactions between ascorbate and glutamate in retinal development. These findings provide further evidence supporting the role of ascorbate as a neuromodulator in retinal development.

Exploring new drug treatment targets for immune related bone diseases using a multi omics joint analysis strategy

In the field of treatment and prevention of immune-related bone diseases, significant challenges persist, necessitating the urgent exploration of new and effective treatment methods. However, most existing Mendelian randomization (MR) studies are confined to a single analytical approach, which limits the comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets of these diseases. In light of this, we propose the hypothesis that genetic variations in specific plasma proteins have a causal relationship with immune-related bone diseases through the MR mechanism, and that key therapeutic targets can be accurately identified using an integrated multi-omic analysis approach. This study comprehensively applied a variety of analytical methods. Firstly, the protein quantitative trait locus (pQTLs) data from two large plasma protein databases and the Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) data of nine immune-related bone diseases were used for Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. At the same time, we employed the Summary-based Mendelian Randomization (SMR) method, combined with the Bayesian colocalization analysis method of coding genes, as well as the Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression (LDSC) analysis method based on genetic correlation analysis, as methods to verify the genetic association between genes and complex diseases, thus comprehensively obtaining positive results. In addition, a Phenome-wide Association Study (PheWAS) was conducted on significantly positive genes, and their expression patterns in different tissues were also explored. Subsequently, we integrated Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis. Finally, based on the above analytical methods, drug prediction and molecular docking studies were carried out with the aim of accurately identifying key therapeutic targets. Through a comprehensive analysis using four methods, namely the Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis study, Summary-based Mendelian Randomization (SMR) analysis study, Bayesian colocalization analysis study, and Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression (LDSC) analysis study. We found that through MR, SMR, and combined with Bayesian colocalization analysis, an association was found between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and HDGF. Using the combination of MR and Bayesian colocalization analysis, as well as LDSC analysis, it was concluded that RA was related to CCL19 and TNFRSF14. Based on the methods of MR and Bayesian colocalization, an association was found between GPT and Crohn's disease-related arthritis, and associations were found between BTN1A1, EVI5, OGA, TNFRSF14 and multiple sclerosis (MS), and associations were found between ICAM5, CCDC50, IL17RD, UBLCP1 and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Specifically, in the MR analysis of RA, HDGF (P_ivw = 0.0338, OR = 1.0373, 95%CI = 1.0028-1.0730), CCL19 (P_ivw = 0.0004, OR = 0.3885, 95%CI = 0.2299-0.6566), TNFRSF14 (P_ivw = 0.0007, OR = 0.6947, 95%CI = 0.5634-0.8566); in the MR analysis of MS, BTN1A1 (P_ivw = 0.0000, OR = 0.6101, 95%CI = 0.4813-0.7733), EVI5 (P_ivw = 0.0000, OR = 0.3032, 95%CI = 0.1981-0.4642), OGA (P_ivw = 0.0005, OR = 0.4599, 95%CI = 0.2966-0.7131), TNFRSF14 (P_ivw = 0.0002, OR = 0.4026, 95%CI = 0.2505-0.6471); in the MR analysis of PsA, ICAM5 (P_ivw = 0.0281, OR = 1.1742, 95%CI = 1.0174-1.3552), CCDC50 (P_ivw = 0.0092, OR = 0.7359, 95%CI = 0.5843-0.9269), IL17RD (P_ivw = 0.0006, OR = 0.7887, 95%CI = 0.6886-0.9034), UBLCP1 (P_ivw = 0.0021, OR = 0.6901, 95%CI = 0.5448-0.8741); in the MR analysis of Crohn's disease-related arthritis, GPT (P_ivw = 0.0006, OR = 0.0057, 95%CI = 0.0003-0.1111). In the Bayesian colocalization analysis of RA, HDGF (H4 = 0.8426), CCL19 (H4 = 0.9762), TNFRSF14 (H4 = 0.8016); in the Bayesian colocalization analysis of MS, BTN1A1 (H4 = 0.7660), EVI5 (H4 = 0.9800), OGA (H4 = 0.8569), TNFRSF14 (H4 = 0.8904); in the Bayesian colocalization analysis of PsA, ICAM5 (H4 = 0.9476), CCDC50 (H4 = 0.9091), IL17RD (H4 = 0.9301), UBLCP1 (H4 = 0.8862); in the Bayesian colocalization analysis of Crohn's disease-related arthritis, GPT (H4 = 0.8126). In the SMR analysis of RA, HDGF (p_SMR = 0.0338, p_HEIDI = 0.0628). In the LDSC analysis of RA, CCL19 (P = 0.0000), TNFRSF14 (P = 0.0258). By comprehensively analyzing plasma proteomic and transcriptomic data, we successfully identified key therapeutic targets for various clinical subtypes of immune-associated bone diseases. Our findings indicate that the significant positive genes associated with RA include HDGF, CCL19, and TNFRSF14; the positive gene linked to Crohn-related arthropathy is GPT; for MS, the positive genes are BTN1A1, EVI5, OGA, and TNFRSF14; and for PsA, the positive genes are ICAM5, CCDC50, IL17RD, and UBLCP1. Through this comprehensive analytical approach, we have screened potential therapeutic targets for different clinical subtypes of immune-related bone diseases. This research not only enhances our understanding of the pathogenesis of these conditions but also provides a solid theoretical foundation for subsequent drug development and clinical treatment, with the potential to yield significant advancements in the management of patients with immune-related bone diseases.

Proteomic and phosphoproteomic signatures of aging mouse liver

The liver is a metabolic powerhouse, crucial for regulating carbohydrates, fats, and protein metabolism. In this study, we conducted a comparative proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of aging mouse livers from young adults (3-4 months) and old (19-21 months) mice to identify age-related changes in liver proteins and phosphosites, which were linked to various metabolic pathways. In old mice, proteins associated with the "complement and coagulation cascade," "age-rage signaling in diabetic complications," and "biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids" were increased, while those linked to "oxidative phosphorylation," "steroid hormone biosynthesis," and "tryptophan metabolism" were decreased. Interestingly, aging was marked by a significant decrease in liver protein phosphorylation, with nearly 90% of significant phosphosites being downregulated. Pathway analysis of the downregulated phosphosites highlighted connections to "non-small cell lung cancer," "lysine degradation," "cell differentiation," and "glycerophospholipid metabolism." Decreased phosphorylation of several kinases that are linked to cell proliferation, particularly those in the MAPK signaling pathway, including Erk1, EGFR, RAF1, and BRAF was also observed highlighting their important role in the liver. This study identified an important relationship between proteins, phosphosites, and their connections to known as well as new pathways, expanding upon our current knowledge and providing a basis for future studies focused on age-related metabolic traits.

Triple-positive breast cancer: navigating heterogeneity and advancing multimodal therapies for improving patient outcomes

Triple-positive breast cancer (TPBC), a unique subtype of luminal breast cancer, is characterized by concurrent positivity for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Owing to the crosstalk between the ER and HER2 signaling pathways, the standard of care and drug resistance of this particular subtype are difficult challenges. Recent research and clinical trials have indicated a shift in the treatment paradigm for TPBC from single-target therapies to multi-pathway, multitarget strategies aiming to comprehensively modulate intricate signaling networks, thereby overcoming resistance and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Among multiple strategies, triple-drug therapy has emerged as a promising treatment modality, demonstrating potential efficacy in patients with TPBC. Moving forward, there is a critical need to perform in-depth analyses of specific mechanisms of cancer pathogenesis and metastasis, decipher the complex interactions between different genes or proteins, and identify concrete molecular targets, thus paving the way for the development of tailored therapeutic strategies to combat TPBC effectively.

Proapoptotic and antimigration properties of osthole in combination with LY294002 against human glioma cells

Anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme are infiltrating and vascularized gliomas with a high degree of chemoresistance and metastasis. Our previous studies have shown that osthole may be of great importance in the treatment of gliomas. Therefore, in this work, for the first time, coumarin was used in combination with LY294002-an inhibitor of the PI3K-Akt/PKB-mTOR pathway, which is overly active in gliomas. MOGGCCM and T98G cells were incubated with osthole and LY294002, alone and in combination. Staining with specific fluorochromes was used to visualize cell death and the scratch test to assess the migration. The level of proteins was estimated by immunoblotting. Forming protrusions were visualized by SEM, and immunocytochemistry was used to determine the localization of proteins. Additionally, the expression of Bcl-2, beclin 1 and Raf kinase was silenced using specific siRNA. The obtained results showed that osthole in combination with LY294092 effectively inhibited the migration of glioma cells by reducing the level of metaloproteinases and Rho family proteins, as well as decreasing the level of N-cadherin. In addition, the combination of compounds induced apoptosis. New combination of compounds shows a high pro-apoptotic potential and also inhibits the migration of gliomas cells.

Potential promising of synthetic lethality in cancer research and treatment

Cancer is a complex disease driven by multiple genetic changes, including mutations in oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes, and genes involved in cancer metabolism. Synthetic lethality (SL) is a promising approach in cancer research and treatment, where the simultaneous dysfunction of specific genes or pathways causes cell death. By targeting vulnerabilities created by these dysfunctions, SL therapies selectively kill cancer cells while sparing normal cells. SL therapies, such as PARP inhibitors, WEE1 inhibitors, ATR and ATM inhibitors, and DNA-PK inhibitors, offer a distinct approach to cancer treatment compared to conventional targeted therapies. Instead of directly inhibiting specific molecules or pathways, SL therapies exploit genetic or molecular vulnerabilities in cancer cells to induce selective cell death, offering benefits such as targeted therapy, enhanced treatment efficacy, and minimized harm to healthy tissues. SL therapies can be personalized based on each patient's unique genetic profile and combined with other treatment modalities to potentially achieve synergistic effects. They also broaden the effectiveness of treatment across different cancer types, potentially overcoming drug resistance and improving patient outcomes. This review offers an overview of the current understanding of SL mechanisms, advancements, and challenges, as well as the preclinical and clinical development of SL. It also discusses new directions and opportunities for utilizing SL in targeted therapy for anticancer treatment.

Astaxanthin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles inhibit survival of MKN-45 gastric cancer cell line by modulating JAK2/STAT3/mTOR/PI3K pathway

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Gastric cancer (GC) is a significant global health issue with high incidence rates and poor prognoses, ranking among the top prevalent cancers worldwide. Due to undesirable side effects and drug resistance, there is a pressing need for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Understanding the interconnectedness of the JAK2/STAT3/mTOR/PI3K pathway in tumorigenesis and the role of Astaxanthin (ASX), a red ketocarotenoid member of xanthophylls and potent antioxidant and anti-tumor activity, can be effective for cancer treatments. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ASX-loaded nanoparticles on the survival of MKN-45 GC cells and the expression of JAK2/STAT3/mTOR/PI3K, offering insights into potential targeted therapies for GC.

METHODS

The growth status and survival rate of MKN-45 GC cell lines were determined using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay, and the optimal IC50 concentration of ASX, PLGA, and ASX + PLGA was estimated. Also, the clonogenic assay was performed to determine the reproductive power and colony formation of under-treatment cells. Apoptosis and necroptosis of cells were evaluated using acridine orange (AO) staining. The western blot assessed the protein's level of expression and intensity (JAK2/STAT3/mTOR/PI3K). SPSS version 16 software was used for statistical analysis, P-value was considered lower than 0.05.

RESULTS

Based on the results, increasing concentrations of ASX and ASX + PLGA led to a decrease in the viability of MKN-45 cells compared to the control group (P < 0.001). This value was lower for cells treated with ASX + PLGA (P = 0.003). The IC50 values for each of the studied groups (ASX, ASX + PLGA, and PLGA) were 81.45 µg/ml, 51.45 µg/ml, and 3.383 mg/ml, respectively. The levels of expression and intensity of JAK2, STAT3, and mTOR proteins in the Western blotting analysis under ASX + PLGA treatment increased compared to the control group. Conversely, the levels of expression and intensity of P-JAK2, P-STAT3, and P-mTOR proteins in the ASX + PLGA treatment group decreased by 41%, 34%, 37%, and 43%, respectively, compared to the control group. Protein expression levels and intensities of JAK2, STAT3, and mTOR significantly increased when treated with PLGA, ASX, and ASX + PLGA compared to the control group (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The encapsulation of ASX in PLGA nanoparticles enhances drug stability, enables targeted delivery, and allows for sustained release. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of ASX-loaded nanoparticles in targeting JAK2/STAT3/mTOR/PI3K pathways in GC treatment. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms and clinical applications of this novel immunotherapy strategy.

Characterization and evaluation of the cytotoxic, antioxidant, and anti-human lung cancer properties of copper nanoparticles green-synthesized by fennel extract following the PI3K/AKT/Mtor signaling pathway

This work established the cytotoxic, antioxidant and anticancer effects of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) manufactured with fennel extract, especially on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as well. CuNPs caused cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner for two NSCLC cell lines, A549 and H1650. At 100 μg/ml, CuNPs reduced cell viability to 70% in A549 cells and 65% in H1650 cells. which showed a cytotoxic effect (p<0. 05). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was correspondingly present in a high proportion in the cells, demonstrated upon testing. Together with their cytotoxic properties, CuNPs demonstrated high antioxidative activity. When the concentration of the nano particles was high (100 μg/ml), the ratio of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was reduced as much as 50%, which in turn suggested antioxidant activity. There was plenty of evidence that CuNPs had anti-cancer potential; this has been shown by the effect of the molecules on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, which was one of the pathways crucial for cancer survival. Western blot analysis and qRT-PCR results indicated a widespread degradation of the proteins in this pathway upon CuNP exposure. Interestingly, there was a declined phosphorylation up to 75% of PI3K, AKT, and mTOR at 100 μg/ml (p<0. 001). In summary, these findings illustrated the mechanisms behind the therapeutic effect of CuNPs, thus making them good targets for the NSCLC treatment. CuNPs have cytotoxic and antioxidant capacity, as well as significant alterations in lung cancers pathway, and therefore they can be considered as anti-cancer candidates.

Dual Targeting of MEK1 and Akt Kinase Identified SBL-027 as a Promising Lead Candidate to Control Cell Proliferations in Gastric Cancer

Dual inhibition of Akt and MEK1 pathways offers a promising strategy to enhance treatment efficacy in gastric cancer. In this study, we employed computational approaches followed by in vitro validations. Our results demonstrate that SBL-027 exhibits robust and enduring interactions with Akt and MEK1 kinases, as evidenced by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations and molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) based binding free energy estimates. The predicted Gibbs binding free energies indicate highly favorable interactions between SBL-027 and both Akt and MEK1 kinases. In vitro, SBL-027 displayed an IC50 value of 195.20 nM against Akt and 239.10 nM against MEK1 enzymes. The compound exhibited potent inhibition of cell proliferation in KATOIII and SNU-5 cells, with GI50 values of 490.70 and 615.14 nM, respectively. Moreover, SBL-027 induced an increase in the sub G0/G1 population during the cell cycle of KATOIII and SNU-5 cells, while facilitating early and late-phase apoptosis in these cell lines. Notably, the compound significantly reduced the percentage of dual-positive cells expressing both MEK1 and Akt in gastric cancer cells. The strong binding affinity, stability, and favorable thermodynamics of SBL-027 along with the established in vitro efficacy highlight its potential as a lead compound for further preclinical and clinical development.

Activation of the ERK1/2 Molecular Pathways and Its Relation to the Pathogenicity of Human Malignant Tumors

Mitogen-activated protein kinases, ERK1/2 (MAPK3/1), play a key role in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. We have previously presented evidence proving that activation of the ERK1/2 axis in cancer cells following the administration of therapeutics leads to the overexpression of growth factor receptors and drug resistance. Recently, we have proposed a new bioinformatic technique that enables direct construction of interactome network-based molecular pathways for gene products of interest, as well as quantitation of their activation levels using high-throughput gene expression data. In this study, we, for the first time, algorithmically constructed ERK1/2 molecular pathways and investigated how their activation levels (PALs) affect survival and responsiveness to targeted drugs at the pan-cancer level based on transcriptomic data. We examined a total of 11 287 human tumor profiles from 31 types of cancer, drawn from 53 of our previously published and other literature datasets, looking at patient survival and clinical response to 29 chemo- and targeted therapy regimens. We found that activation of the ERK1/2 pathways has different prognostic significance depending on cancer type. In glioblastoma, sarcoma, lung, kidney, bladder, gastric, colon, and several other cancer types, ERK pathway activation was associated with worse survival. In contrast, the same phenomenon was associated with a better chance of survival in HER2+, luminal A and luminal B breast cancer, and uterine corpus cancer. These trends were consistent with treatment response analysis. At the same time, we found significantly worse associations with the expression levels of individual MAPK1 and MAPK3 genes: hence, ERK1/2 pathway activation levels can be considered putative biomarkers for predicting clinical outcomes and selecting new personalized treatment strategies, such as the use of MAPK inhibitors.

Role of Annexin 7 (ANXA7) as a Tumor Suppressor and a Regulator of Drug Resistance in Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy in the United States, with an overall favorable prognosis. However, some patients experience poor outcomes due to the development of resistance to conventional therapies. Genetic alterations, including mutations in BRAF, Met, and p53, play critical roles in thyroid cancer progression, with the BRAF V600E mutation detected in over 60% of cases. This study investigates the tumor-suppressive role of Annexin A7 (ANXA7) in thyroid cancer, focusing on its potential impact on tumor behavior and therapeutic response. Our analysis, which included RNA sequencing and protein profiling, revealed reduced ANXA7 expression in thyroid cancer cells, particularly in those harboring the BRAF V600E mutation. Upon treatment with inhibitors targeting BRAF and MEK, ANXA7 expression increased, leading to reduced phosphorylation of ERK and activation of apoptotic pathways. Additionally, we identified the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 as a key player in modulating resistance to BRAF inhibitors. Combination therapies aimed at concurrently increasing p21 and ANXA7 levels resulted in a marked enhancement of apoptosis. These findings suggest a previously uncharacterized regulatory network involving the ANXA7/p21/BRAF/MAPK/p53 axis, which may contribute to drug resistance in thyroid cancer. This study provides new insights into overcoming resistance to BRAF and MAPK inhibitors, with implications for treating thyroid cancer and potentially other BRAF-mutant tumors. Future efforts will focus on high-throughput screening approaches to explore ANXA7-targeted therapeutic strategies for thyroid cancer.

Potential applications of antofine and its synthetic derivatives in cancer therapy: structural and molecular insights

Cancer is a major global health challenge, being the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality after cardiovascular disease. The growing economic burden and profound psychosocial impact on patients and their families make it urgent to find innovative and effective anticancer solutions. For this reason, interest in using natural compounds to develop new cancer treatments has grown. In this respect, antofine, an alkaloid class found in Apocynaceae, Lauraceae, and Moraceae family plants, exhibits promising biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, and antifungal activities. Several molecular mechanisms have been identified underlying antofine anti-cancerous effects, including the inhibition of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and AKT/mTOR signaling pathways, epigenetic inhibition of protein synthesis, ribosomal targeting, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of DNA synthesis, and cell cycle arrest. This study discusses the molecular structure, sources, photochemistry, and anticancer properties of antofine in relation to its structure-activity relationship and molecular targets. Then, examine in vitro and in vivo studies and analyze the mechanisms of action underpinning antofine efficacy against cancer cells. This review also discusses multidrug resistance in human cancer and the potential of antofine in this context. Safety and toxicity concerns are also addressed as well as current challenges in antofine research, including the need for clinical trials and bioavailability optimization. This review aims to provide comprehensive information for more effective natural compound-based cancer treatments.

Mechanistic exploration of bioactive constituents in Gnetum gnemon for GPCR-related cancer treatment through network pharmacology and molecular docking

G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are integral membrane proteins that have gained considerable attention as drug targets, particularly in cancer treatment. In this study, we explored the capacity of bioactive compounds derived from Gnetum gnemon (GG) for the development of of pharmaceuticals targeting GPCRs within the context of cancer therapy. Integrated approach combined network pharmacology and molecular docking to identify and validate the underlying pharmacological mechanisms. We retrieved targets for GG-derived compounds and GPCRs-related cancer from databases. Subsequently, we established a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network by mapping the shared targets. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were employed to predict the mechanism of action of these targets. Molecular docking was conducted to validate our findings. We identified a total of 265 targets associated with GG-derived bioactive compounds for the treatment of GPCRs-related cancer. Functional enrichment analysis revealed the promising therapeutic effects of these targets on GPCRs-related cancer pathways. The PPI network analysis identified hub targets, including MAPK3, SRC, EGFR, STAT3, ESR1, MTOR, CCND1, and PPARG, which demonstrate as treatment targets for GPCRs-related cancer using GG-derived compounds. Additionally, molecular docking experiments demonstrated the strong binding affinity of gnetin A, gnetin C, (-)-viniferin, and resveratrol dimer, thus inhibiting MAPK3, SRC, EGFR, and MTOR. Survival analysis established the clinical prognostic relevance of identified hub genes in cancer. This study presents a novel approach for comprehending the therapeutic mechanisms of GG-derived active compounds and thereby paving the way for their prospective clinical applications in the field of cancer treatment.

CD87-targeted BiTE and CAR-T cells potently inhibit invasive nonfunctional pituitary adenomas

Recently, bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs) and chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR-Ts) have been shown to have high therapeutic efficacy in hematological tumors. CD87 is highly expressed in solid tumors with an oncogenic function. To assess their cytotoxic effects on invasive nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (iNFPAs), we first examined CD87 expression and its effects on the metabolism of iNFPA cells. We generated CD87-specific BiTE and CAR/IL-12 T cells, and their cytotoxic effects on iNFPAs cells and in mouse models were determined. CD87 had high expression in iNFPA tissue and cell samples but was undetected in noncancerous brain samples. CD87×CD3 BiTE and CD87 CAR/IL-12 T-cells showed antigenic specificity and exerted satisfactory cytotoxic effects, decreasing tumor cell proliferation in vitro and reducing existing tumors in experimental mice. Overall, the above findings suggest that CD87 is a promising target for the immunotherapeutic management of iNFPAs using anti-CD87 BiTE and CD87-specific CAR/IL-12 T cells.

Emerging role of MAPK signaling in glycosphingolipid-associated tumorigenesis

Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a type of amphipathic lipid molecules consisting of hydrophobic ceramide backbone bound to carbohydrate moiety clustered in the cell surface microdomains named 'lipid rafts' and are known to participate in cell-cell communication as well as intra-cellular signaling, thereby facilitating critical normal cellular processes and functions. Over the past several decades, various GSLs have been reported to be aberrantly expressed in different cancers, many of which have been associated with their prognosis. The wide implication of MAPK signaling in controlling tumor growth, progression, and metastasis through activation of an upstream signaling cascade, often originating in the cell membrane, justifies the rationale for its plausible influence on MAPK signaling. This review highlights the role of GSLs and their metabolites in regulating different signaling pathways towards modulation of tumor cell growth, migration, and adhesion by interacting with various receptors [epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), and other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)] leading to activation of the MAPK pathway. Furthermore, GSLs can influence the activity and localization of downstream signaling components in the MAPK pathway by regulating the activation state of kinases, which in turn, regulate the activity of MAPKs. Additionally, this review further consolidates the GSL-mediated modulation of MAPK pathway components through the regulation of gene expression. Finally, recent findings on GSL-MAPK crosstalk will be explored in this article for the identification of potential anti-cancer therapeutic targets.

An in silico molecular docking and simulation study to identify potential anticancer phytochemicals targeting the RAS signaling pathway

The dysregulation of the rat sarcoma (RAS) signaling pathway, particularly the MAPK/ERK cascade, is a hallmark of many cancers, leading to uncontrolled cellular proliferation and resistance to apoptosis-inducing treatments. Dysregulation of the MAPK/ERK pathway is common in various cancers including pancreatic, lung, and colon cancers, making it a critical target for therapeutic intervention. Natural compounds, especially phytochemicals, offer a promising avenue for developing new anticancer therapies due to their potential to interfere with these signaling pathways. This study investigates the potential of anticancer phytochemicals to inhibit the MAPK/ERK pathway through molecular docking and simulation techniques. A total of 26 phytochemicals were screened from an initial set of 340 phytochemicals which were retrieved from Dr. Duke's database using in silico methods for their binding affinity and stability. Molecular docking was performed to identify key interactions with ERK2, followed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to evaluate the stability of these interactions. The study identified several phytochemicals, including luteolin, hispidulin, and isorhamnetin with a binding score of -10.1±0 Kcal/mol, -9.86±0.15 Kcal/mol, -9.76±0.025 Kcal/mol, respectively as promising inhibitors of the ERK2 protein. These compounds demonstrated significant binding affinities and stable interactions with ERK2 in MD simulation studies up to 200ns, particularly at the active site. The radius of gyration analysis confirmed the stability of these phytochemical-protein complexes' compactness, indicating their potential to inhibit ERK activity. The stability and binding affinity of these compounds suggest that they can effectively inhibit ERK2 activity, potentially leading to more effective and less toxic cancer treatments. The findings underscore the therapeutic promise of these phytochemicals, which could serve as a basis for developing new cancer therapies.

Targeting the RAS upstream and downstream signaling pathway for cancer treatment

Cancer often involves the overactivation of RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) and PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathways due to mutations in genes like RAS, RAF, PTEN, and PIK3CA. Various strategies are employed to address the overactivation of these pathways, among which targeted therapy emerges as a promising approach. Directly targeting specific proteins, leads to encouraging results in cancer treatment. For instance, RTK inhibitors such as imatinib and afatinib selectively target these receptors, hindering ligand binding and reducing signaling initiation. These inhibitors have shown potent efficacy against Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Other inhibitors, like lonafarnib targeting Farnesyltransferase and GGTI 2418 targeting geranylgeranyl Transferase, disrupt post-translational modifications of proteins. Additionally, inhibition of proteins like SOS, SH2 domain, and Ras demonstrate promising anti-tumor activity both in vivo and in vitro. Targeting downstream components with RAF inhibitors such as vemurafenib, dabrafenib, and sorafenib, along with MEK inhibitors like trametinib and binimetinib, has shown promising outcomes in treating cancers with BRAF-V600E mutations, including myeloma, colorectal, and thyroid cancers. Furthermore, inhibitors of PI3K (e.g., apitolisib, copanlisib), AKT (e.g., ipatasertib, perifosine), and mTOR (e.g., sirolimus, temsirolimus) exhibit promising efficacy against various cancers such as Invasive Breast Cancer, Lymphoma, Neoplasms, and Hematological malignancies. This review offers an overview of small molecule inhibitors targeting specific proteins within the RAS upstream and downstream signaling pathways in cancer.

Revolutionizing non-melanoma skin cancer treatment: Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors take the stage

BACKGROUND

Innovative treatments for non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are required to enhance patient outcomes.

AIMS

This review examines the effectiveness and safety of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKIs).

METHODS

A comprehensive review was conducted on the treatment potential of several RTKIs, namely cetuximab, erlotinib, gefitinib, panitumumab, and lapatinib.

RESULTS

The findings indicate that these targeted therapies hold great promise for the treatment of NMSCs. However, it is crucial to consider relapse rates and possible adverse effects. Further research is needed to improve treatment strategies, identify patient groups that would benefit the most, and assess the long-term efficacy and safety, despite the favorable results reported in previous studies. Furthermore, it is crucial to investigate the potential benefits of integrating RTKIs with immunotherapy and other treatment modalities to enhance the overall efficacy of therapy for individuals with NMSC.

CONCLUSIONS

Targeted therapies for NMSCs may be possible with the use of RTKIs. The majority of studies focused on utilizing epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors as the primary class of RTKIs for the treatment of NMSC. Other RTKIs were only employed in experimental investigations. Research indicates that RTKIs could potentially serve as a suitable alternative for elderly patients who are unable to undergo chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

From Crypts to Cancer: A Holistic Perspective on Colorectal Carcinogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies

Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a significant global health burden, with high incidence and mortality rates worldwide. Recent progress in research highlights the distinct clinical and molecular characteristics of colon versus rectal cancers, underscoring tumor location's importance in treatment approaches. This article provides a comprehensive review of our current understanding of CRC epidemiology, risk factors, molecular pathogenesis, and management strategies. We also present the intricate cellular architecture of colonic crypts and their roles in intestinal homeostasis. Colorectal carcinogenesis multistep processes are also described, covering the conventional adenoma-carcinoma sequence, alternative serrated pathways, and the influential Vogelstein model, which proposes sequential APC, KRAS, and TP53 alterations as drivers. The consensus molecular CRC subtypes (CMS1-CMS4) are examined, shedding light on disease heterogeneity and personalized therapy implications.

Evaluation of the effect of GSK-3β on liver cancer based on the PI3K/AKT pathway

The PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in numerous physiological and pathological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and metabolic regulation. Aberrant activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway is intricately linked to development of tumor. GSK-3β, belonging to the serine/threonine protein kinase family, is crucial in the pathogenesis of liver cancer. As a key rate-limiting enzyme in the glucose metabolism pathway, GSK-3β significantly impacts the growth, proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis of liver cancer cells. It is also implicated in chemotherapy resistance. Elevated expression of GSK-3β diminishes the sensitivity of liver cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents, thereby playing a substantial role in the development of drug resistance. Consequently, targeting of GSK-3β, particularly within the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, is regarded as a promising therapeutic strategy for liver cancer. The precise identification and subsequent modulation of this pathway represent a substantial potential for innovative clinical interventions in the management of liver cancer.

Navigating the complexity of PI3K/AKT pathway in HER-2 negative breast cancer: biomarkers and beyond

The results of the SOLAR-1 and CAPItello-291, highlight the benefit of the ɑ-selective phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Pathway inhibitor (PI3Ki) alpelisib and the AKT inhibitor (AKTi) capivasertib in patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2)- negative metastatic breast cancer (mBC) that have PIK3CA/AKT1/PTEN tumour alterations. Although effective, these drugs are associated with significant toxicities, which often limit their use, particularly in frail patients. Following the recent incorporation of these agents into clinical practice, and with many others currently in development, significant challenges have emerged, particularly those regarding biomarkers for patient selection. This review will discuss biomarkers of response and their resistance to PI3K/AKT inhibitors (PI3K/AKTis) in HR+/HER- BC in early and advanced settings to ascertain which populations will most benefit from these drugs. Of the biomarkers that were analysed, such as PIK3CA, AKT, PTEN mutations, insulin levels, 18 F-FDG-PET/TC, only the PIK3CA-mutations (PIK3CA-mut) and the AKT pathway alterations seem to have a predictive value for treatments with alpelisib and capivasertib. However, due to the retrospective and exploratory nature of the study, the data did not provide conclusive results. In addition, the different methods used to detect PIK3CA/AKT1/PTEN alterations underline the fact that the optimal diagnostic companion has yet to be established. We have summarised the clinical data on the approved and discontinued agents targeting this pathway and have assessed the drugs development, successes, and failures. Finally, because of tumour heterogeneity, we emphasise the importance of reassessing the mutational status of PI3KCA in both metastatic tissue and blood at the time of disease progression to better tailor treatment for patients.

Chemotherapeutic Potential of Chlorambucil-Platinum(IV) Prodrugs against Cisplatin-Resistant Colorectal Cancer Cells

Chlorambucil-platinum(IV) prodrugs exhibit multi-mechanistic chemotherapeutic activity with promising anticancer potential. The platinum(II) precursors of the prodrugs have been previously found to induce changes in the microtubule cytoskeleton, specifically actin and tubulin of HT29 colon cells, while chlorambucil alkylates the DNA. These prodrugs demonstrate significant anticancer activity in 2D cell and 3D spheroid viability assays. A notable production of reactive oxygen species has been observed in HT29 cells 72 h post treatment with prodrugs of this type, while the mitochondrial membrane potential was substantially reduced. The cellular uptake of the chlorambucil-platinum(IV) prodrugs, assessed by ICP-MS, confirmed that active transport was the primary uptake mechanism, with platinum localisation identified primarily in the cytoskeletal fraction. Apoptosis and necrosis were observed at 72 h of treatment as demonstrated by Annexin V-FITC/PI assay using flow cytometry. Immunofluorescence measured via confocal microscopy showed significant changes in actin and tubulin intensity and in architecture. Western blot analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic pathway apoptotic markers, microtubule cytoskeleton markers, cell proliferation markers, as well as autophagy markers were studied post 72 h of treatment. The proteomic profile was also studied with a total of 1859 HT29 proteins quantified by mass spectroscopy, with several dysregulated proteins. Network analysis revealed dysregulation in transcription, MAPK markers, microtubule-associated proteins and mitochondrial transport dysfunction. This study confirms that chlorambucil-platinum(IV) prodrugs are candidates with promising anticancer potential that act as multi-mechanistic chemotherapeutics.

TERT activation targets DNA methylation and multiple aging hallmarks

Insufficient telomerase activity, stemming from low telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene transcription, contributes to telomere dysfunction and aging pathologies. Besides its traditional function in telomere synthesis, TERT acts as a transcriptional co-regulator of genes pivotal in aging and age-associated diseases. Here, we report the identification of a TERT activator compound (TAC) that upregulates TERT transcription via the MEK/ERK/AP-1 cascade. In primary human cells and naturally aged mice, TAC-induced elevation of TERT levels promotes telomere synthesis, blunts tissue aging hallmarks with reduced cellular senescence and inflammatory cytokines, and silences p16INK4a expression via upregulation of DNMT3B-mediated promoter hypermethylation. In the brain, TAC alleviates neuroinflammation, increases neurotrophic factors, stimulates adult neurogenesis, and preserves cognitive function without evident toxicity, including cancer risk. Together, these findings underscore TERT's critical role in aging processes and provide preclinical proof of concept for physiological TERT activation as a strategy to mitigate multiple aging hallmarks and associated pathologies.

The Role of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Axis in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most common malignancies globally, representing a significant public health problem with a poor prognosis. The development of efficient therapeutic strategies for HNSCC prevention and treatment is urgently needed. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR (PAM) signaling pathway is a highly conserved transduction network in eukaryotic cells that promotes cell survival, growth, and cycle progression. Dysfunction in components of this pathway, such as hyperactivity of PI3K, loss of PTEN function, and gain-of-function mutations in AKT, are well-known drivers of treatment resistance and disease progression in cancer. In this review, we discuss the major mutations and dysregulations in the PAM signaling pathway in HNSCC. We highlight the results of clinical trials involving inhibitors targeting the PAM signaling pathway as a strategy for treating HNSCC. Additionally, we examine the primary mechanisms of resistance to drugs targeting the PAM pathway and potential therapeutic strategies.

Anticancer Effect of PtIIPHENSS, PtII5MESS, PtII56MESS and Their Platinum(IV)-Dihydroxy Derivatives against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and Cisplatin-Resistant Colorectal Cancer

Development of resistance to cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin remains a challenge for their use as chemotherapies, particularly in breast and colorectal cancer. Here, we compare the anticancer effect of novel complexes [Pt(1,10-phenanthroline)(1S,2S-diaminocyclohexane)](NO3)2 (PtIIPHENSS), [Pt(5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline)(1S,2S-diaminocyclohexane)](NO3)2 (PtII5MESS) and [Pt(5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)(1S,2S-diaminocyclohexane)](NO3)2 (PtII56MESS) and their platinum(IV)-dihydroxy derivatives with cisplatin. Complexes are greater than 11-fold more potent than cisplatin in both 2D and 3D cell line cultures with increased selectivity for cancer cells over genetically stable cells. ICP-MS studies showed cellular uptake occurred through an active transport mechanism with considerably altered platinum concentrations found in the cytoskeleton across all complexes after 24 h. Significant reactive oxygen species generation was observed, with reduced mitochondrial membrane potential at 72 h of treatment. Late apoptosis/necrosis was shown by Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry assay, accompanied by increased sub-G0/G1 cells compared with untreated cells. An increase in S and G2+M cells was seen with all complexes. Treatment resulted in significant changes in actin and tubulin staining. Intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis markers, MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT activation markers, together with autophagy markers showed significant activation of these pathways by Western blot. The proteomic profile investigated post-72 h of treatment identified 1597 MDA-MB-231 and 1859 HT29 proteins quantified by mass spectroscopy, with several differentially expressed proteins relative to no treatment. GO enrichment analysis revealed a statistically significant enrichment of RNA/DNA-associated proteins in both the cell lines and specific additional processes for individual drugs. This study shows that these novel agents function as multi-mechanistic chemotherapeutics, offering promising anticancer potential, and thereby supporting further research into their application as cancer therapeutics.

Chemical proteomics approaches for protein post-translational modification studies

The diversity and dynamics of proteins play essential roles in maintaining the basic constructions and functions of cells. The abundance of functional proteins is regulated by the transcription and translation processes, while the alternative splicing enables the same gene to generate distinct protein isoforms of different lengths. Beyond the transcriptional and translational regulations, post-translational modifications (PTMs) are able to further expand the diversity and functional scope of proteins. PTMs have been shown to make significant changes in the surface charges, structures, activation states, and interactome of proteins. Due to the functional complexity, highly dynamic nature, and low presence percentage, the study of protein PTMs remains challenging. Here we summarize and discuss the major chemical biology tools and chemical proteomics approaches to enrich and investigate the protein PTM of interest.

Adult cardiomyocytes-derived EVs for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis

Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathological feature of cardiovascular diseases that arises from the hyperactivation of fibroblasts and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, leading to impaired cardiac function and potentially heart failure or arrhythmia. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by cardiomyocytes (CMs) regulate various physiological functions essential for myocardial homeostasis, which are disrupted in cardiac disease. Therefore, healthy CM-derived EVs represent a promising cell-free therapy for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis. To this end, we optimized the culture conditions of human adult CMs to obtain a large yield of EVs without compromising cellular integrity by using a defined combination of small molecules. EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation, and their characteristics were analysed. Finally, their effect on fibrosis was tested. Treatment of TGFβ-activated human cardiac fibroblasts with EVs derived from CMs using our culture system resulted in a decrease in fibroblast activation markers and ECM accumulation. The rescued phenotype was associated with specific EV cargo, including multiple myocyte-specific and antifibrotic microRNAs, although their effect individually was not as effective as the EV treatment. Notably, pathway analysis showed that EV treatment reverted the transcription of activated fibroblasts and decreased several signalling pathways, including MAPK, mTOR, JAK/STAT, TGFβ, and PI3K/Akt, all of which are involved in fibrosis development. Intracardiac injection of CM-derived EVs in an animal model of cardiac fibrosis reduced fibrotic area and increased angiogenesis, which correlated with improved cardiac function. These findings suggest that EVs derived from human adult CMs may offer a targeted and effective treatment for cardiac fibrosis, owing to their antifibrotic properties and the specificity of cargo.

E4orf1: The triple agent of adenovirus - Unraveling its roles in oncogenesis, infectious obesity and immune responses in virus replication and vector therapy

Human Adenoviruses (HAdV) are nearly ubiquitous pathogens comprising numerous sub-types that infect various tissues and organs. Among many encoded proteins that facilitate viral replication and subversion of host cellular processes, the viral E4orf1 protein has emerged as an intriguing yet under-investigated player in the complex interplay between the virus and its host. E4orf1 has gained attention as a metabolism activator and oncogenic agent, while recent research is showing that E4orf1 may play a more important role in modulating cellular pathways such as PI3K-Akt-mTOR, Ras, the immune response and further HAdV replication stages than previously anticipated. In this review, we aim to explore the structure, molecular mechanisms, and biological functions of E4orf1, shedding light on its potentially multifaceted roles during HAdV infection, including metabolic diseases and oncogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss the role of functional E4orf1 in biotechnological applications such as Adenovirus (AdV) vaccine vectors and oncolytic AdV. By dissecting the intricate relationships between HAdV types and E4orf1 proteins, this review provides valuable insights into viral pathogenesis and points to promising areas of future research.

Glyoxalase System in Breast and Ovarian Cancers: Role of MEK/ERK/SMAD1 Pathway

The glyoxalase system, comprising GLO1 and GLO2 enzymes, is integral in detoxifying methylglyoxal (MGO) generated during glycolysis, with dysregulation implicated in various cancer types. The MEK/ERK/SMAD1 signaling pathway, crucial in cellular processes, influences tumorigenesis, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Altered GLO1 expression in cancer showcases its complex role in cellular adaptation and cancer aggressiveness. GLO2 exhibits context-dependent functions, contributing to both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic effects in different cancer scenarios. Research highlights the interconnected nature of these systems, particularly in ovarian cancer and breast cancer. The glyoxalase system's involvement in drug resistance and its impact on the MEK/ERK/SMAD1 signaling cascade underscore their clinical significance. Furthermore, this review delves into the urgent need for effective biomarkers, exemplified in ovarian cancer, where the RAGE-ligand pathway emerges as a potential diagnostic tool. While therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways hold promise, this review emphasizes the challenges posed by context-dependent effects and intricate crosstalk within the cellular milieu. Insights into the molecular intricacies of these pathways offer a foundation for developing innovative therapeutic approaches, providing hope for enhanced cancer diagnostics and tailored treatment strategies.

A new perspective on prostate cancer treatment: the interplay between cellular senescence and treatment resistance

The emergence of resistance to prostate cancer (PCa) treatment, particularly to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), has posed a significant challenge in the field of PCa management. Among the therapeutic options for PCa, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy are commonly used modalities. However, these therapeutic approaches, while inducing apoptosis in tumor cells, may also trigger stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS). Cellular senescence, an entropy-driven transition from an ordered to a disordered state, ultimately leading to cell growth arrest, exhibits a dual role in PCa treatment. On one hand, senescent tumor cells may withdraw from the cell cycle, thereby reducing tumor growth rate and exerting a positive effect on treatment. On the other hand, senescent tumor cells may secrete a plethora of cytokines, growth factors and proteases that can affect neighboring tumor cells, thereby exerting a negative impact on treatment. This review explores how radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy trigger SIPS and the nuanced impact of senescent tumor cells on PCa treatment. Additionally, we aim to identify novel therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance in PCa treatment, thereby enhancing patient outcomes.

Eriocitrin Inhibits Angiogenesis by Targeting VEGFR2-Mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathways

Eriocitrin, a flavanone found in peppermint and citrus fruits, is known to possess many physiological activities. However, the anti-angiogenic effects of eriocitrin are yet to be fully elucidated. Therefore, the objective of this research was to explore the anti-angiogenic effects of eriocitrin both in vitro and in vivo as well as its underlying mechanism. Anti-angiogenic effects of eriocitrin were evaluated utilizing in vitro models of angiogenesis, including inhibition of tube formation, and induction of apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). A chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay in chick embryos was also performed to evaluate the in vivo effects of eriocitrin on angiogenesis. Results showed significant eriocitrin effects on proliferation, tube formation, migration, and apoptosis in HUVECs. Furthermore, in vivo analysis revealed that eriocitrin significantly suppressed the formation of new blood vessels. In particular, it regulated MAPK/ERK signaling pathway and VEGFR2, inhibited the downstream PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, and activated apoptosis signals such as caspase cascades. In HUVECs, the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) exhibited an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis through the suppression of the signaling pathway. Therefore, eriocitrin presents potential for development into an antiangiogenic therapeutic agent.

Sex-based differences in growth-related IGF1 signaling in response to PAPP-A2 deficiency: comparative effects of rhGH, rhIGF1 and rhPAPP-A2 treatments

BACKGROUND

Children with pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPP-A2) mutations resulting in low levels of bioactive insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) and progressive postnatal growth retardation have improved growth velocity and height following recombinant human (rh)IGF1 treatment. The present study aimed to evaluate whether Pappa2 deficiency and pharmacological manipulation of GH/IGF1 system are associated with sex-specific differences in growth-related signaling pathways.

METHODS

Plasma, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and liver of Pappa2ko/ko mice of both sexes, showing reduced skeletal growth, and liver of these mice treated with rhGH, rhIGF1 and rhPAPP-A2 from postnatal day (PND) 5 to PND35 were analyzed.

RESULTS

Reduced body and femur length of Pappa2ko/ko mice was associated with increases in: (1) components of IGF1 ternary complexes (IGF1, IGFBP5/Igfbp5, Igfbp3, Igfals) in plasma, hypothalamus and/or liver; and (2) key signaling regulators (phosphorylated PI3K, AKT, mTOR, GSK3β, ERK1/2 and AMPKα) in hypothalamus, pituitary gland and/or liver, with Pappa2ko/ko females having a more prominent effect. Compared to rhGH and rhIGF1, rhPAPP-A2 specifically induced: (1) increased body and femur length, and reduced plasma total IGF1 and IGFBP5 concentrations in Pappa2ko/ko females; and (2) increased Igf1 and Igf1r levels and decreased Ghr, Igfbp3 and Igfals levels in the liver of Pappa2ko/ko females. These changes were accompanied by lower phospho-STAT5, phospho-AKT and phospho-ERK2 levels and higher phospho-AMPK levels in the liver of Pappa2ko/ko females.

CONCLUSIONS

Sex-specific differences in IGF1 system and signaling pathways are associated with Pappa2 deficiency, pointing to rhPAPP-A2 as a promising drug to alleviate postnatal growth retardation underlying low IGF1 bioavailability in a female-specific manner.

Anticancer activities of natural abietic acid

Cancer is the main cause of death in the world. There are several therapies that are in practice for cancer cure including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery. Among the chemotherapies, natural products are considered comparable safe, easily available and cost effective. Approximately 60% of cancer approved FDA drugs are natural products including vinblastine, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel. These natural products have complex structures due to which they work against cancer through different molecular pathways, STAT3, NF-kB, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial dependent pathway, extrinsic apoptosis pathway, autophagy, mitophagy and ferroptosis. AA is a natural abietane diterpenoid compound from Pinus palustris and Pimenta racemose var. grissea with different pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-convulsant, anti-obesity and anti-allergic. Recently it has been reported with its anticancer activities through different molecular mechanisms including NF-kB, PI3K/AKT, call cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase, mitochondrial dependent pathway, extrinsic apoptosis pathway, AMPK pathway and ferroptosis pathways. The literature survey reveals that there is no review on AA anticancer molecular mechanisms, therefore in current review, we summarize the anticancer molecular mechanisms of AA.

MicroRNAs in osteoblast differentiation and fracture healing: From pathogenesis to therapeutic implication

The term "fracture" pertains to the occurrence of bones being either fully or partially disrupted as a result of external forces. Prolonged fracture healing can present a notable danger to the patient's general health and overall quality of life. The significance of osteoblasts in the process of new bone formation is widely recognized, and optimizing their function could be a desirable strategy. Therefore, the mending of bone fractures is intricately linked to the processes of osteogenic differentiation and mineralization. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are RNA molecules that do not encode for proteins, but rather modulate the functioning of physiological processes by directly targeting proteins. The participation of microRNAs (miRNAs) in experimental investigations has been extensive, and their control functions have earned them the recognition as primary regulators of the human genome. Earlier studies have shown that modulating the expression of miRNAs, either by increasing or decreasing their levels, can initiate the differentiation of osteoblasts. This implies that miRNAs play a pivotal function in promoting osteogenesis, facilitating bone mineralization and formation, ultimately leading to an efficient healing of fractures. Hence, focusing on miRNAs can be considered a propitious therapeutic approach to accelerate the healing of fractures and forestall nonunion. In this manner, the information supplied by this investigation has the potential to aid in upcoming clinical utilization, including its possible use as biomarkers or as resources for devising innovative therapeutic tactics aimed at promoting fracture healing.

Cellular and clinical impact of protein phosphatase enzyme epigenetic silencing in multiple cancer tissues

BACKGROUND

Protein Phosphatase Enzymes (PPE) and protein kinases simultaneously control phosphorylation mechanisms that tightly regulate intracellular signalling pathways and stimulate cellular responses. In human malignancies, PPE and protein kinases are frequently mutated resulting in uncontrolled kinase activity and PPE suppression, leading to cell proliferation, migration and resistance to anti-cancer therapies. Cancer associated DNA hypermethylation at PPE promoters gives rise to transcriptional silencing (epimutations) and is a hallmark of cancer. Despite recent advances in sequencing technologies, data availability and computational capabilities, only a fraction of PPE have been reported as transcriptionally inactive as a consequence of epimutations.

METHODS

In this study, we examined promoter-associated DNA methylation profiles in Protein Phosphatase Enzymes and their Interacting Proteins (PPEIP) in a cohort of 705 cancer patients in five tissues (Large intestine, Oesophagus, Lung, Pancreas and Stomach) in three cell models (primary tumours, cancer cell lines and 3D embedded cancer cell cultures). As a subset of PPEIP are known tumour suppressor genes, we analysed the impact of PPEIP promoter hypermethylation marks on gene expression, cellular networks and in a clinical setting.

RESULTS

Here, we report epimutations in PPEIP are a frequent occurrence in the cancer genome and manifest independent of transcriptional activity. We observed that different tumours have varying susceptibility to epimutations and identify specific cellular signalling networks that are primarily affected by epimutations. Additionally, RNA-seq analysis showed the negative impact of epimutations on most (not all) Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase transcription. Finally, we detected novel clinical biomarkers that inform on patient mortality and anti-cancer treatment sensitivity.

CONCLUSIONS

We propose that DNA hypermethylation marks at PPEIP frequently contribute to the pathogenesis of malignancies and within the precision medicine space, hold promise as biomarkers to inform on clinical features such as patient survival and therapeutic response.

Molecular targeted therapies for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: recent developments and clinical implications

Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (cSCC) is a common and potentially fatal type of skin cancer that poses a significant threat to public health and has a high prevalence rate. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation on the skin surface increases the risk of cSCC, especially in those with genetic syndromes like xerodermapigmentosum and epidermolysis bullosa. Therefore, understanding the molecular pathogenesis of cSCC is critical for developing personalized treatment approaches that are effective in cSCC. This article provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge of cSCC pathogenesis, emphasizing dysregulated signaling pathways and the significance of molecular profiling. Several limitations and challenges associated with conventional therapies, however, are identified, stressing the need for novel therapeutic strategies. The article further discusses molecular targets and therapeutic approaches, i.e., epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, hedgehog pathway inhibitors, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors, as well as emerging molecular targets and therapeutic agents. The manuscript explores resistance mechanisms to molecularly targeted therapies and proposes methods to overcome them, including combination strategies, rational design, and optimization. The clinical implications and patient outcomes of molecular-targeted treatments are assessed, including response rates and survival outcomes. The management of adverse events and toxicities in molecular-targeted therapies is crucial and requires careful monitoring and control. The paper further discusses future directions for therapeutic advancement and research in this area, as well as the difficulties and constraints associated with conventional therapies.

Discovering potential inhibitors of Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase 1: a virtual screening approach towards anticancer drug development

Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase 1 (RAF1 or c-Raf) is a serine/threonine protein kinase crucial in regulating cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Any disruption or overexpression of RAF1 can result in neoplastic transformation and other disorders such as cardiomyopathy, Noonan syndrome, leopard syndrome, etc. RAF1 has been identified as a potential therapeutic target in drug development against various complex diseases, including cancer, due to its remarkable role in disease progression. Here, we carried out a multitier virtual screening study involving different in-silico approaches to discover potential inhibitors of RAF1. After applying the Lipinski rule of five, we retrieved all phytocompounds from the IMPPAT database based on their physicochemical properties. We performed a molecular docking-based virtual screening and got top hits with the best binding affinity and ligand efficiency. Then we screened out the selected hits using the PAINS filter, ADMET properties, and other druglike features. Eventually, PASS evaluation identifies two phytocompounds, Moracin C and Tectochrysin, with appreciable anti-cancerous properties. Finally, all-atom molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) followed by interaction analysis was performed on the elucidated compounds in complex with RAF1 for 200 ns to investigate their time-evolution dynamics and interaction mechanism. Molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) and Dynamical Cross-Correlation Matrix (DCCM) analyses then followed these results from the simulated trajectories. According to the results, the elucidated compounds stabilize the RAF1 structure and lead to fewer conformational alterations. The results of the current study indicated that Moracin C and Tectochrysin could serve as potential inhibitors of RAF1 after required validation.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-anthraquinone inhibits tumor angiogenesis through HIF-1α downregulation

Photorhabdus luminescens is a gram-negative bioluminescent bacterium known as an intestinal bacterium that coexists in the digestive tract of insect-pathogenic nematodes. As part of our ongoing exploration to identify bioactive compounds from diverse natural resources, the chemical analysis of the cultures of P. luminescens KACC 12254 via LC/MS and TLC-based analyses enabled the isolation and identification of a major fluorescent compound. Its chemical structure was elucidated as 1,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxyanthraquinone (DMA) using HR-ESI-MS and NMR analysis. In this study, we conducted comprehensive investigations utilizing human colorectal cancer HCT116 cells, human umbilical cord vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs), and zebrafish embryos to assess the potential benefits of DMA in suppressing tumor angiogenesis. Our results convincingly demonstrate that DMA effectively suppresses the stability of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein and its target genes without inducing any cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, DMA demonstrates the ability to inhibit HIF-1α transcriptional activation and mitigate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In our in vitro experiments, DMA exhibits notable inhibitory effects on VEGF-mediated tube formation, migration, and invasion in HUVECs. Additionally, in vivo investigations using zebrafish embryos confirm the antiangiogenic properties of DMA. Notably, DMA does not exhibit any adverse developmental or cardiotoxic effects in the in vivo setting. Moreover, we observe DMA's capability to restrain tumor growth through the downregulation of PI3K/AKT and c-RAF/ERK pathway. Collectively, these compelling findings underscore DMA's potential as a promising therapeutic candidate for targeted intervention against HIF-1α and angiogenesis in cancer treatment.

CD133-Dependent Activation of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase /AKT/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling in Melanoma Progression and Drug Resistance

Melanoma frequently harbors genetic alterations in key molecules leading to the aberrant activation of PI3K and its downstream pathways. Although the role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR in melanoma progression and drug resistance is well documented, targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway showed less efficiency in clinical trials than might have been expected, since the suppression of the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway-induced feedback loops is mostly associated with the activation of compensatory pathways such as MAPK/MEK/ERK. Consequently, the development of intrinsic and acquired resistance can occur. As a solid tumor, melanoma is notorious for its heterogeneity. This can be expressed in the form of genetically divergent subpopulations including a small fraction of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) and non-cancer stem cells (non-CSCs) that make the most of the tumor mass. Like other CSCs, melanoma stem-like cells (MSCs) are characterized by their unique cell surface proteins/stemness markers and aberrant signaling pathways. In addition to its function as a robust marker for stemness properties, CD133 is crucial for the maintenance of stemness properties and drug resistance. Herein, the role of CD133-dependent activation of PI3K/mTOR in the regulation of melanoma progression, drug resistance, and recurrence is reviewed.

Targeting HER2 and FGFR-positive cancer cells with a bispecific cytotoxic conjugate combining anti-HER2 Affibody and FGF2

Breast cancer remains a significant global health challenge, necessitating the development of effective targeted therapies. This study aimed to create bispecific targeting molecules against HER2 and FGFR1, two receptors known to play crucial roles in breast cancer progression. By combining the high-affinity Affibody ZHER2:2891 and a modified, stable form of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), we successfully generated bispecific proteins capable of simultaneously recognizing HER2 and FGFR1. Two variants were designed: AfHER2-sFGF2 with a shorter linker and AfHER2-lFGF2 with a longer linker between the HER2 and FGFR1-recognizing proteins. Both proteins exhibited selective binding to HER2 and FGFR1, with AfHER2-lFGF2 demonstrating simultaneous binding to both receptors. AfHER2-lFGF2 exhibited superior internalization compared to FGF2 in FGFR-positive cells and significantly increased internalization compared to AfHER2 in HER2-positive cells. To enhance their therapeutic potential, highly potent cytotoxic agent MMAE was conjugated to the targeting proteins, resulting in protein-drug conjugates. The bispecific AfHER2-lFGF2-vcMMAE conjugate demonstrated exceptional cytotoxic activity against HER2-positive, FGFR-positive, and dual-positive cancer cell lines that was significantly higher compared to monospecific conjugates. These data indicate the beneficial effect of simultaneous targeting of HER2 and FGFR1 in precise anticancer medicine and contribute valuable insights into the design and potential of bispecific targeting molecules for breast cancer treatment.

An Update on Gemcitabine-Based Chemosensitization Strategies in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic cancer is the seventh leading cause of cancer-related deaths, and chemotherapy is one of the most important treatments for pancreatic cancer. Unfortunately, pancreatic cancer cells can block chemotherapy drugs from entering the tumor. This is owing to interactions between the tumor's environment and the cancer cells. Here, we review the latest research on the mechanisms by which pancreatic cancer cells block the chemotherapy drug, gemcitabine. The results of our review can help identify potential therapeutic targets for the blocking of gemcitabine by pancreatic cancer cells and may provide new strategies to help chemotherapy drugs penetrate tumors.

DRP1: At the Crossroads of Dysregulated Mitochondrial Dynamics and Altered Cell Signaling in Cancer Cells

In the past decade, compelling evidence has accumulated that highlights the role of various subcellular structures in human disease conditions. Dysregulation of these structures greatly impacts cellular function and, thereby, disease conditions. One such organelle extensively studied for its role in several human diseases, especially cancer, is the mitochondrion. DRP1 is a GTPase that is considered the master regulator of mitochondrial fission and thereby also affects the proper functioning of the organelle. Altered signaling pathways are a distinguished characteristic of cancer cells. In this review, we aim to summarize our current understanding of the interesting crosstalk between the mitochondrial structure-function maintained by DRP1 and the signaling pathways that are affected in cancer cells. We highlight the structural aspects of DRP1, its regulation by various modifications, and the association of the protein with various cellular pathways altered in cancer. A better understanding of this association may help in identifying potential pharmacological targets for novel therapies in cancer.

Transcriptomics analyses reveal the effects of Pentagamaboronon-0-ol on PI3K/Akt and cell cycle of HER2+ breast cancer cells

Introduction

Monoclonal antibodies and targeted therapies against HER2+ breast cancer has improved overall and disease-free survival in patients; however, encountering drug resistance causes recurrence, necessitating the development of newer HER2-targeted medications. A curcumin analog PGB-0-ol showed most cytotoxicity against HCC1954 HER2+ breast cancer cells than against other subtypes of breast cancer cells.

Objective

Here, we employed next-generation sequencing technology to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of PGB-0-ol on HCC1954 HER2+ breast cancer cells.

Methods

The molecular mechanism underlying the action of PGB-0-ol on HCC1954 HER2+ breast cancer cells was determined using next-generation sequencing technologies. Additional bioinformatics studies were performed, including gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, disease-gene, and drug-gene associations, network topology analysis (NTA), and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA).

Results

We detected 2,263 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (1,459 upregulated and 804 downregulated) in the PGB-0-ol- and DMSO-treated HCC1954 cells. KEGG enrichment data revealed the control of phosphatidylinositol signaling system, and ErbB signaling following PGB-0-ol treatment. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis demonstrated that these DEGs governed cell cycle, participated in the mitotic spindle and nuclear membrane, and controlled kinase activity at the molecular level. According to the NTA data for GO enrichment, GSEA data for KEGG, drug-gene and disease-gene, PGB-0-ol regulated PI3K/Akt signaling and cell cycle in breast cancer. Overall, our investigation revealed the transcriptomic profile of PGB-0-ol-treated HCC1954 breast cancer cells following PGB-0-ol therapy. Bioinformatics analyses showed that PI3K/Akt signaling and cell cycle was modulated. However, further studies are required to validate the findings of this study.