1
|
Carpentier AC. Tracers and Imaging of Fatty Acid and Energy Metabolism of Human Adipose Tissues. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:0. [PMID: 38113392 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00012.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue (WAT and BAT) regulate fatty acid metabolism and control lipid fluxes to other organs. Dysfunction of these key metabolic processes contributes to organ insulin resistance and inflammation leading to chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, and cardiovascular diseases. Metabolic tracers combined with molecular imaging methods are powerful tools for the investigation of these pathogenic mechanisms. Herein, I review some of the positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging methods combined with stable isotopic metabolic tracers to investigate fatty acid and energy metabolism, focusing on human WAT and BAT metabolism. I will discuss the complementary strengths offered by these methods for human investigations and current gaps in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André C Carpentier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mallick R, Basak S, Das RK, Banerjee A, Paul S, Pathak S, Duttaroy AK. Fatty Acids and their Proteins in Adipose Tissue Inflammation. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:35-51. [PMID: 37794302 PMCID: PMC10867084 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade adipose tissue inflammation is associated with metabolic disorders. Inflammation results from the intertwined cross-talks of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways in the immune response of adipose tissue. In addition, adipose FABP4 levels and lipid droplet proteins are involved in systemic and tissue inflammation. Dysregulated adipocytes help infiltrate immune cells derived from bone marrow responsible for producing cytokines and chemokines. When adipose tissue expands in excess, adipocyte exhibits increased secretion of adipokines and is implicated in metabolic disturbances due to the release of free fatty acids. This review presents an emerging concept in adipose tissue fat metabolism, fatty acid handling and binding proteins, and lipid droplet proteins and their involvement in inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mallick
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanjay Basak
- Molecular Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ranjit K Das
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Sujay Paul
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc, San Pablo, Queretaro, 76130, Mexico
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Asim K Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, POB 1046 Blindern, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Reed RM, Whyte MB, Goff LM. Cardiometabolic disease in Black African and Caribbean populations: an ethnic divergence in pathophysiology? Proc Nutr Soc 2023:1-11. [PMID: 38230432 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665123004895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
In the UK, populations of Black African and Caribbean (BAC) ethnicity suffer higher rates of cardiometabolic disease than White Europeans (WE). Obesity, leading to increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and intrahepatic lipid (IHL), has long been associated with cardiometabolic risk, driving insulin resistance and defective fatty acid/lipoprotein metabolism. These defects are compounded by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation, driven by dysfunctional adipose tissue. Emerging evidence has highlighted associations between central complement system components and adipose tissue, fatty acid metabolism and inflammation; it may therefore sit at the intersection of various cardiometabolic disease risk factors. However, increasing evidence suggests an ethnic divergence in pathophysiology, whereby current theories fail to explain the high rates of cardiometabolic disease in BAC populations. Lower fasting and postprandial TAG has been reported in BAC, alongside lower VAT and IHL deposition, which are paradoxical to the high rates of cardiometabolic disease exhibited by this ethnic group. Furthermore, BAC have been shown to exhibit a more anti-inflammatory profile, with lower TNF-α and greater IL-10. In contrast, recent evidence has revealed greater complement activation in BAC compared to WE, suggesting its dysregulation may play a greater role in the high rates of cardiometabolic disease experienced by this population. This review outlines the current theories of how obesity is proposed to drive cardiometabolic disease, before discussing evidence for ethnic differences in disease pathophysiology between BAC and WE populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reuben M Reed
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Martin B Whyte
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7WG, UK
| | - Louise M Goff
- Leicester Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Daniels LJ, Kay D, Marjot T, Hodson L, Ray DW. Circadian regulation of liver metabolism: experimental approaches in human, rodent, and cellular models. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1158-C1177. [PMID: 37642240 PMCID: PMC10861179 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00551.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are endogenous oscillations with approximately a 24-h period that allow organisms to anticipate the change between day and night. Disruptions that desynchronize or misalign circadian rhythms are associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic disease. This review focuses on the liver circadian clock as relevant to the risk of developing metabolic diseases including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Many liver functions exhibit rhythmicity. Approximately 40% of the hepatic transcriptome exhibits 24-h rhythms, along with rhythms in protein levels, posttranslational modification, and various metabolites. The liver circadian clock is critical for maintaining glucose and lipid homeostasis. Most of the attention in the metabolic field has been directed toward diet, exercise, and rather little to modifiable risks due to circadian misalignment or disruption. Therefore, the aim of this review is to systematically analyze the various approaches that study liver circadian pathways, targeting metabolic liver diseases, such as diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, using human, rodent, and cell biology models.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Over the past decade, there has been an increased interest in understanding the intricate relationship between circadian rhythm and liver metabolism. In this review, we have systematically searched the literature to analyze the various experimental approaches utilizing human, rodent, and in vitro cellular approaches to dissect the link between liver circadian rhythms and metabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorna J Daniels
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle Kay
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Marjot
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David W Ray
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hoecht EM, Budd JM, Notaro NM, Holloway GP, Dyck DJ. Stimulation of fat oxidation in rat muscle by unacylated ghrelin persists for 2-3 hours, but is independent of fatty acid transporter translocation. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15815. [PMID: 37726258 PMCID: PMC10509152 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
While a definitive mechanism-of-action remains to be identified, recent findings indicate that ghrelin, particularly the unacylated form (UnAG), stimulates skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation. The biological importance of UnAG-mediated increases in fat oxidation remains unclear, as UnAG peaks in the circulation before mealtimes, and decreases rapidly during the postprandial situation before increases in postabsorptive circulating lipids. Therefore, we aimed to determine if the UnAG-mediated stimulation of fat oxidation would persist long enough to affect the oxidation of meal-derived fatty acids, and if UnAG stimulated the translocation of fatty acid transporters to the sarcolemma as a mechanism-of-action. In isolated soleus muscle strips from male rats, short-term pre-treatment with UnAG elicited a persisting stimulus on fatty acid oxidation 2 h after the removal of UnAG. UnAG also caused an immediate phosphorylation of AMPK, but not an increase in plasma membrane FAT/CD36 or FABPpm. There was also no increase in AMPK signaling or increased FAT/CD36 or FABPpm content at the plasma membrane at 2 h which might explain the sustained increase in fatty acid oxidation. These findings confirm UnAG as a stimulator of fatty acid oxidation and provide evidence that UnAG may influence the handling of postprandial lipids. The underlying mechanisms are not known.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan M. Hoecht
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Joshua M. Budd
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Nicole M. Notaro
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Graham P. Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - David J. Dyck
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liqiang S, Fang-Hui L, Minghui Q, Yanan Y, Haichun C. Free fatty acids and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are correlated with chronic inflammation in obesity. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:93. [PMID: 37403139 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01842-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-related chronic inflammation is closely related to the ability of immune cells to adapt to the body's needs, research has shown that excess FAs can further activate pro-inflammatory transcription factors in the nucleus by interacting with various receptors such as CD36 and TLR4, thereby affecting the inflammatory state of cells. However, how the profile of various fatty acids in the blood of obese individuals is associated with chronic inflammation remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The biomarkers associated with obesity were identified from 40 fatty acids (FAs) in the blood, and analyze the relationship between the biomarkers and chronic inflammation. Furthermore, by analyzing the difference in the expression of CD36, TLR4 and NF-κB p65 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) between obese and standard weight people, understand that immunophenotype PBMC is associated with chronic inflammation. METHODS This study is a cross-sectional study. Participants were recruited from the Yangzhou Lipan weight loss training camp from May 2020 to July 2020. The sample size was 52 individuals, including 25 in the normal weight group and 27 in the obesity group. Individuals with obesity and controls of normal weight were recruited to identify biomarkers associated with obesity from 40 fatty acids in the blood; correlation analysis was conducted between the screened potential biomarkers FAs and the chronic inflammation index hs-CRP to identify FA biomarkers associated with chronic inflammation. Changes in the fatty acid receptor CD36, inflammatory receptor TLR4, and inflammatory nuclear transcription factor NF-κB p65 in PBMC subsets were used to further test the relationship between fatty acids and the inflammatory state in individuals with obesity. RESULTS 23 potential FA biomarkers for obesity were screened, eleven of the potential obesity biomarkers were also significantly related to hs-CRP. Compared to the control group, in monocytes the obesity group expressed higher TLR4, CD36, and NF-κB p65 in lymphocytes, the obesity group expressed higher TLR4 and CD36; and in granulocytes the obesity group expressed higher CD36. CONCLUSION Blood FAs are associated with obesity and are associated with chronic inflammation through increased CD36, TLR4, and NF-κB p65 in monocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Liqiang
- Key Lab of Aquatic Sports Training Monitoring and Intervention of General Administration of Sport of China, Physical Education College, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, Jiangxi, China
| | - Li Fang-Hui
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quan Minghui
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yang Yanan
- Key Lab of Aquatic Sports Training Monitoring and Intervention of General Administration of Sport of China, Physical Education College, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chen Haichun
- Key Lab of Aquatic Sports Training Monitoring and Intervention of General Administration of Sport of China, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ahmmed MK, Hachem M, Ahmmed F, Rashidinejad A, Oz F, Bekhit AA, Carne A, Bekhit AEDA. Marine Fish-Derived Lysophosphatidylcholine: Properties, Extraction, Quantification, and Brain Health Application. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073088. [PMID: 37049852 PMCID: PMC10095705 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids esterified in lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC-omega-3) are the most bioavailable omega-3 fatty acid form and are considered important for brain health. Lysophosphatidylcholine is a hydrolyzed phospholipid that is generated from the action of either phospholipase PLA1 or PLA2. There are two types of LPC; 1-LPC (where the omega-3 fatty acid at the sn-2 position is acylated) and 2-LPC (where the omega-3 fatty acid at the sn-1 position is acylated). The 2-LPC type is more highly bioavailable to the brain than the 1-LPC type. Given the biological and health aspects of LPC types, it is important to understand the structure, properties, extraction, quantification, functional role, and effect of the processing of LPC. This review examines various aspects involved in the extraction, characterization, and quantification of LPC. Further, the effects of processing methods on LPC and the potential biological roles of LPC in health and wellbeing are discussed. DHA-rich-LysoPLs, including LPC, can be enzymatically produced using lipases and phospholipases from wide microbial strains, and the highest yields were obtained by Lipozyme RM-IM®, Lipozyme TL-IM®, and Novozym 435®. Terrestrial-based phospholipids generally contain lower levels of long-chain omega-3 PUFAs, and therefore, they are considered less effective in providing the same health benefits as marine-based LPC. Processing (e.g., thermal, fermentation, and freezing) reduces the PL in fish. LPC containing omega-3 PUFA, mainly DHA (C22:6 omega-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid EPA (C20:5 omega-3) play important role in brain development and neuronal cell growth. Additionally, they have been implicated in supporting treatment programs for depression and Alzheimer’s. These activities appear to be facilitated by the acute function of a major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2 (Mfsd2a), expressed in BBB endothelium, as a chief transporter for LPC-DHA uptake to the brain. LPC-based delivery systems also provide the opportunity to improve the properties of some bioactive compounds during storage and absorption. Overall, LPCs have great potential for improving brain health, but their safety and potentially negative effects should also be taken into consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Kaizer Ahmmed
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Department of Fishing and Post-Harvest Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Mayssa Hachem
- Department of Chemistry and Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatema Ahmmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ali Rashidinejad
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Fatih Oz
- Department of Food Engineering, Ataturk University, Yakutiye 25030, Turkey
| | - Adnan A. Bekhit
- Allied Health Department, College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Sakhir 32038, Bahrain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Alan Carne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Alaa El-Din A. Bekhit
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-3-479-4994
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Campos-Ramírez C, Palacios-Delgado J, Caamaño-Perez MDC, Camacho-Calderon N, Villagrán-Herrera ME, Aguilar-Galarza A, García-Gasca T, Anaya-Loyola MA. Perceived Stress Is Directly Associated with Major Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages among Public University Students. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13030232. [PMID: 36975257 PMCID: PMC10045845 DOI: 10.3390/bs13030232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is a condition that has been related to the development of risk behaviors for health such as sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) consumption. The aim of this study was to examine the link between SSBs consumption and perceived stress level in university students. This was an observational, cross-sectional and single-time-point study where the subjects were recruited as a non-probabilistic sample of first-year university students. The students reported their SSBs consumption through a validated questionnaire, as well as their perceived stress level, evaluated through the Cohen scale. Comparisons were made between the means of all variables. Factorial analysis of variance was conducted to explore the effect of the variables’ interaction on the stress level. One-way analysis of variance was performed to assess differences between the sexes. Men consumed more SSBs (6101.17 ± 3772.50 mL/week) compared to women (4294.06 ± 3093.8 mL/week). However, women had higher scores of perceived stress and showed a strong association of stress with the SSBs consumption pattern (r and p-value). This study shows for the first time the association that exists between stress and SSBs consumption and indicates that it is related to sex in the young population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Campos-Ramírez
- Department of Neurometabolism Sciences, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Clavel 200, Prados de la Capilla, Queretaro 76176, Mexico
| | - Jorge Palacios-Delgado
- Neuroeconomics Research Department, University of Valle de México, Campus Querétaro, Blvd. Juriquilla 1000 A. Santa Rosa Jáuregui, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Maria del Carmen Caamaño-Perez
- Department of Human Nutrition, School of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. De las Ciencias Juriquilla, Queretaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Nicolas Camacho-Calderon
- Department of Neurometabolism Sciences, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Clavel 200, Prados de la Capilla, Queretaro 76176, Mexico
| | - María Elena Villagrán-Herrera
- Department of Neurometabolism Sciences, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Clavel 200, Prados de la Capilla, Queretaro 76176, Mexico
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Galarza
- Department of Human Nutrition, School of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. De las Ciencias Juriquilla, Queretaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Teresa García-Gasca
- Department of Human Nutrition, School of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. De las Ciencias Juriquilla, Queretaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Miriam Aracely Anaya-Loyola
- Department of Human Nutrition, School of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. De las Ciencias Juriquilla, Queretaro 76230, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-442-192-1200 (ext. 5367)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Calderón-DuPont D, Torre-Villalvazo I, Díaz-Villaseñor A. Is insulin resistance tissue-dependent and substrate-specific? The role of white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Biochimie 2023; 204:48-68. [PMID: 36099940 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) refers to a reduction in the ability of insulin to exert its metabolic effects in organs such as adipose tissue (AT) and skeletal muscle (SM), leading to chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, and cardiovascular diseases. Obesity is the main cause of IR, however not all subjects with obesity develop clinical insulin resistance, and not all clinically insulin-resistant people have obesity. Recent evidence implies that IR onset is tissue-dependent (AT or SM) and/or substrate-specific (glucometabolic or lipometabolic). Therefore, the aims of the present review are 1) to describe the glucometabolic and lipometabolic activities of insulin in AT and SM in the maintenance of whole-body metabolic homeostasis, 2) to discuss the pathophysiology of substrate-specific IR in AT and SM, and 3) to highlight novel validated tests to assess tissue and substrate-specific IR that are easy to perform in clinical practice. In AT, glucometabolic IR reduces glucose availability for glycerol and fatty acid synthesis, thus decreasing the esterification and synthesis of signaling bioactive lipids. Lipometabolic IR in AT impairs the antilipolytic effect of insulin and lipogenesis, leading to an increase in circulating FFAs and generating lipotoxicity in peripheral tissues. In SM, glucometabolic IR reduces glucose uptake, whereas lipometabolic IR impairs mitochondrial lipid oxidation, increasing oxidative stress and inflammation, all of which lead to metabolic inflexibility. Understanding tissue-dependent and substrate-specific IR is of paramount importance for early detection before clinical manifestations and for the development of more specific treatments or direct interventions to prevent chronic life-threatening diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Calderón-DuPont
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, 04510, Mexico; Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Ivan Torre-Villalvazo
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional en Ciencias Médicas y Nutricíon Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, 14000, Mexico
| | - Andrea Díaz-Villaseñor
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
O'Donovan SD, Erdős B, Jacobs DM, Wanders AJ, Thomas EL, Bell JD, Rundle M, Frost G, Arts ICW, Afman LA, van Riel NAW. Quantifying the contribution of triglycerides to metabolic resilience through the mixed meal model. iScience 2022; 25:105206. [PMID: 36281448 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the pivotal role played by elevated circulating triglyceride levels in the pathophysiology of cardio-metabolic diseases many of the indices used to quantify metabolic health focus on deviations in glucose and insulin alone. We present the Mixed Meal Model, a computational model describing the systemic interplay between triglycerides, free fatty acids, glucose, and insulin. We show that the Mixed Meal Model can capture deviations in the post-meal excursions of plasma glucose, insulin, and triglyceride that are indicative of features of metabolic resilience; quantifying insulin resistance and liver fat; validated by comparison to gold-standard measures. We also demonstrate that the Mixed Meal Model is generalizable, applying it to meals with diverse macro-nutrient compositions. In this way, by coupling triglycerides to the glucose-insulin system the Mixed Meal Model provides a more holistic assessment of metabolic resilience from meal response data, quantifying pre-clinical metabolic deteriorations that drive disease development in overweight and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shauna D O'Donovan
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Eindhoven Artifical Intelligence Systems Institute (EAISI), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Balázs Erdős
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Doris M Jacobs
- Unilever Global Food Innovation Centre, Bronland 14, 6708WH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anne J Wanders
- Unilever Global Food Innovation Centre, Bronland 14, 6708WH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - E Louise Thomas
- Research Center for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Jimmy D Bell
- Research Center for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Milena Rundle
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gary Frost
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ilja C W Arts
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lydia A Afman
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Natal A W van Riel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Eindhoven Artifical Intelligence Systems Institute (EAISI), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Association between Obesity, Overweight, Elevated Waist Circumference, and Insulin Resistance Markers among Brazilian Adolescent Students. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173487. [PMID: 36079745 PMCID: PMC9458155 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: There is still controversy concerning the most effective and efficient strategy to identify insulin resistance in adolescents. We estimated the level of fasting insulin (fasting insulin equivalent, FIeq) that would replicate the strength of the associations of obesity, overweight, and waist circumference with two insulin resistance markers: triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein (TG/HDL) and triglyceride/glucose (TyG); (2) Methods: We studied approximately 38,000 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, sampled from a multicenter Brazilian school-based survey, The Study of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents (Portuguese acronym, ERICA), conducted in 2013–2014. Fasting insulin equivalents for adiposity variables were calculated by dividing the beta coefficient of each adiposity measure by the fasting insulin beta coefficient from linear regression analysis according to age (12–14, 15–17 years old) and sex, and adjusted by smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, sedentary behavior, socioeconomic status, and Tanner stage; (3) Results: The FIeqs for obesity were greater than those for overweight and elevated waist circumference for both TG/HDL and TyG in early adolescence. The FIeqs for elevated WC were greater than those for obesity and overweight in adolescents aged 15 to 17 years; (4) Conclusions: Our study suggests that WC measurements might be useful to identify adolescents with insulin resistance, particularly in late adolescence.
Collapse
|
12
|
Serum vascular endothelial growth factor b and metabolic syndrome incidence in the population based cohort Di@bet.es study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:2013-2020. [PMID: 35987953 PMCID: PMC9584818 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background/Objectives
Although vascular endothelial growth factor b (VEGFb) might have an impact on the development of obesity, diabetes and related disorders, the possible relationship between VEGFb serum levels and the incidence of these metabolic complications in humans is still unknown. The aim of our study was to evaluate the association between VEGFb serum levels and the new-onset of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components in the Spanish adult population after 7.5 years of follow-up.
Subjects/Methods
A total of 908 subjects from the Di@bet.es cohort study without MS at cross-sectional stage according to International Diabetes Federation (IDF) or Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP-III) criteria were included. Additionally, five sub-populations were grouped according to the absence of each MS component at baseline. Socio-demographic, anthropometric and clinical data were recorded. The Short Form of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (SF-IPAQ) was used to estimate physical activity. A fasting blood extraction and an oral glucose tolerance test were performed. Serum determinations of glucose, lipids, hsCRP and insulin were made. VEGFb levels were determined and categorized according to the 75th percentile of the variable. New cases of MS and its components were defined according to ATPIII and IDF criteria.
Results
A total of 181 or 146 people developed MS defined by IDF or ATP-III criteria respectively. Serum triglyceride levels, hs-CRP and systolic blood pressure at the baseline study were significantly different according to the VEGFb categories. Adjusted logistic regression analysis showed that the likelihood of developing MS and abdominal obesity was statistically reduced in subjects included in the higher VEGFb category.
Conclusion
Low serum levels of VEGFb may be considered as early indicators of incident MS and abdominal obesity in the Spanish adult population free of MS, independently of other important predictor variables.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhu M, Fan Z. The role of the Wnt signalling pathway in the energy metabolism of bone remodelling. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13309. [PMID: 35811348 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bone remodelling is necessary to repair old and impaired bone caused by aging and its effects. Injury in the process of bone remodelling generally leads to the development of various bone diseases. Energy metabolism plays crucial roles in bone cell formation and function, the disorder of which will disrupt the balance between bone formation and bone resorption. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, we review the intrinsic interactions between bone remodelling and energy metabolism and the role of the Wnt signalling pathway. RESULTS We found a close interplay between metabolic pathways and bone homeostasis, demonstrating that bone plays an important role in the regulation of energy balance. We also discovered that Wnt signalling is associated with multiple biological processes regulating energy metabolism in bone cells. CONCLUSIONS Thus, targeted regulation of Wnt signalling and the recovery of the energy metabolism function of bone cells are key means for the treatment of metabolic bone diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Research Unit of Tooth Development and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhipeng Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Research Unit of Tooth Development and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
von Gerichten J, Elnesr MH, Prollins JE, De Mel IA, Flanagan A, Johnston JD, Fielding BA, Short M. The [ 13 C]octanoic acid breath test for gastric emptying quantification: A focus on nutrition and modeling. Lipids 2022; 57:205-219. [PMID: 35799422 PMCID: PMC9546385 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gastric emptying (GE) is the process of food being processed by the stomach and delivered to the small intestine where nutrients such as lipids are absorbed into the blood circulation. The combination of an easy and inexpensive method to measure GE such as the CO2 breath test using the stable isotope [13C]octanoic acid with semi‐mechanistic modeling could foster a wider application in nutritional studies to further understand the metabolic response to food. Here, we discuss the use of the [13C]octanoic acid breath test to label the solid phase of a meal, and the factors that influence GE to support mechanistic studies. Furthermore, we give an overview of existing mathematical models for the interpretation of the breath test data and how much nutritional studies could benefit from a physiological based pharmacokinetic model approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna von Gerichten
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Marwan H Elnesr
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Joe E Prollins
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Ishanki A De Mel
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Alan Flanagan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Jonathan D Johnston
- Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Barbara A Fielding
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Michael Short
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cui Y, Yu S, Gao W, Zhao Z, Wu J, Xiao M, An L. Dietary curcumin supplementation regulates the lipid metabolism in laying hens. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2071774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Cui
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Sumeng Yu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Wen Gao
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Mei Xiao
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Lilong An
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Herring RA, Shojaee-Moradie F, Stevenage M, Parsons I, Jackson N, Mendis J, Middleton B, Umpleby AM, Fielding BA, Davies M, Russell-Jones DL. The SGLT2 Inhibitor Dapagliflozin Increases the Oxidation of Ingested Fatty Acids to Ketones in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:1408-1415. [PMID: 35312749 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism for increased ketogenesis following treatment with the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin in people with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The design was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study with a 4-week washout period. Participants received dapagliflozin or placebo in random order for 4 weeks. After each treatment, they ingested 30 mL of olive oil containing [U-13C]palmitate to measure ketogenesis, with blood sampling for 480 min. Stable isotopes of glucose and glycerol were infused to measure glucose flux and lipolysis, respectively, at 450-480 min. RESULTS Glucose excretion rate was higher and peripheral glucose uptake lower with dapagliflozin than placebo. Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) concentrations and [13C2]BOHB concentrations were higher and glucose concentrations lower with dapagliflozin than placebo. Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) were higher with dapagliflozin at 300 and 420 min, but lipolysis at 450-480 min was not different. Triacylglycerol at all time points and endogenous glucose production rate at 450-480 min were not different between treatments. CONCLUSIONS The increase in ketone enrichment from the ingested palmitic acid tracer suggests that meal-derived fatty acids contribute to the increase in ketones during treatment with dapagliflozin. The increase in BOHB concentration with dapagliflozin occurred with only minimal changes in plasma NEFA concentration and no change in lipolysis. This finding suggests a metabolic switch to increase ketogenesis within the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roselle A Herring
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Research, Royal Surrey NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, U.K.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K
| | - Fariba Shojaee-Moradie
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Research, Royal Surrey NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, U.K
| | - Mary Stevenage
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Research, Royal Surrey NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, U.K
| | - Iain Parsons
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Research, Royal Surrey NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, U.K
| | - Nicola Jackson
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K
| | - Jeewaka Mendis
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K
| | - Benita Middleton
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K
| | - A Margot Umpleby
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K
| | - Barbara A Fielding
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K
| | - Melanie Davies
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K.,National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, U.K
| | - David L Russell-Jones
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Research, Royal Surrey NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, U.K.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lebrun LJ, Moreira S, Tavernier A, Niot I. Postprandial consequences of lipid absorption in the onset of obesity: Role of intestinal CD36. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
18
|
Heath RJ, Wood TR. Why Have the Benefits of DHA Not Been Borne Out in the Treatment and Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease? A Narrative Review Focused on DHA Metabolism and Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11826. [PMID: 34769257 PMCID: PMC8584218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid rich in seafood, is linked to Alzheimer's Disease via strong epidemiological and pre-clinical evidence, yet fish oil or other DHA supplementation has not consistently shown benefit to the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Furthermore, autopsy studies of Alzheimer's Disease brain show variable DHA status, demonstrating that the relationship between DHA and neurodegeneration is complex and not fully understood. Recently, it has been suggested that the forms of DHA in the diet and plasma have specific metabolic fates that may affect brain uptake; however, the effect of DHA form on brain uptake is less pronounced in studies of longer duration. One major confounder of studies relating dietary DHA and Alzheimer's Disease may be that adipose tissue acts as a long-term depot of DHA for the brain, but this is poorly understood in the context of neurodegeneration. Future work is required to develop biomarkers of brain DHA and better understand DHA-based therapies in the setting of altered brain DHA uptake to help determine whether brain DHA should remain an important target in the prevention of Alzheimer's Disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rory J. Heath
- Emergency Medicine Department, Derriford Hospital, University Hospitals Plymouth, Plymouth PL6 8DH, UK;
| | - Thomas R. Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL 32502, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Duran EK, Pradhan AD. Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein Remnants and Cardiovascular Disease. Clin Chem 2021; 67:183-196. [PMID: 33409533 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvaa296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triglycerides, cholesterol, and their metabolism are linked due to shared packaging and transport within circulating lipoprotein particles. While a case for a causal role of cholesterol-carrying low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in atherosclerosis is well made, the body of scientific evidence for a causal role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) is rapidly growing, with multiple lines of evidence (old and new) providing robust support. CONTENT This review will discuss current perspectives and accumulated evidence that an overabundance of remnant lipoproteins stemming from intravascular remodeling of nascent TRLs-chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)-results in a proatherogenic milieu that augments cardiovascular risk. Basic mechanisms of TRL metabolism and clearance will be summarized, assay methods reviewed, and pivotal clinical studies highlighted. SUMMARY Remnant lipoproteins are rendered highly atherogenic by their high cholesterol content, altered apolipoprotein composition, and physicochemical properties. The aggregate findings from multiple lines of evidence suggest that TRL remnants play a central role in residual cardiovascular risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward K Duran
- Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Aruna D Pradhan
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, VA Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Montastier É, Ye RZ, Noll C, Bouffard L, Fortin M, Frisch F, Phoenix S, Guérin B, Turcotte ÉE, Lewis GF, Carpentier AC. Increased postprandial nonesterified fatty acid efflux from adipose tissue in prediabetes is offset by enhanced dietary fatty acid adipose trapping. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E1093-E1106. [PMID: 33870714 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00619.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of increased postprandial nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) appearance in the circulation in impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is due to increased adipose tissue lipolysis but could also be contributed to by reduced adipose tissue (AT) dietary fatty acid (DFA) trapping and increased "spillover" into the circulation. Thirty-one subjects with IGT (14 women, 17 men) and 29 with normal glucose tolerance (NGT, 15 women, 14 men) underwent a meal test with oral and intravenous palmitate tracers and the oral [18F]-fluoro-thia-heptadecanoic acid positron emission tomography method. Postprandial palmitate appearance (Rapalmitate) was higher in IGT versus NGT (P < 0.001), driven exclusively by Rapalmitate from obesity-associated increase in intracellular lipolysis (P = 0.01), as Rapalmitate from DFA spillover was not different between the groups (P = 0.19) and visceral AT DFA trapping was even higher in IGT versus NGT (P = 0.02). Plasma glycerol appearance was lower in IGT (P = 0.01), driven down by insulin resistance and increased insulin secretion. Thus, we found higher AT DFA trapping, limiting spillover to lean organs and in part offsetting the increase in Rapalmitate from intracellular lipolysis. Whether similar findings occur in frank diabetes, a condition also characterized by insulin resistance but relative insulin deficiency, requires further investigation (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04088344, NCT02808182).NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found higher adipose tissue dietary fatty acid trapping, limiting spillover to lean organs, that in part offsets the increase in appearance rate of palmitate from intracellular lipolysis in prediabetes. These results point to the adaptive nature of adipose tissue trapping and dietary fatty acid spillover as a protective mechanism against excess obesity-related palmitate appearance rate from intracellular adipose tissue lipolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Émilie Montastier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Run Zhou Ye
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christophe Noll
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lucie Bouffard
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Fortin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédérique Frisch
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Brigitte Guérin
- Department of Radiobiology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Éric E Turcotte
- Department of Radiobiology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gary F Lewis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - André C Carpentier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Carpentier AC. 100 th anniversary of the discovery of insulin perspective: insulin and adipose tissue fatty acid metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E653-E670. [PMID: 33522398 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00620.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin inhibits systemic nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) flux to a greater degree than glucose or any other metabolite. This remarkable effect is mainly due to insulin-mediated inhibition of intracellular triglyceride (TG) lipolysis in adipose tissues and is essential to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis, but also to limit the potential lipotoxic effects of NEFA in lean tissues that contribute to the development of diabetes complications. Insulin also regulates adipose tissue fatty acid esterification, glycerol and TG synthesis, lipogenesis, and possibly oxidation, contributing to the trapping of dietary fatty acids in the postprandial state. Excess NEFA flux at a given insulin level has been used to define in vivo adipose tissue insulin resistance. Adipose tissue insulin resistance defined in this fashion has been associated with several dysmetabolic features and complications of diabetes, but the mechanistic significance of this concept is not fully understood. This review focusses on the in vivo regulation of adipose tissue fatty acid metabolism by insulin and the mechanistic significance of the current definition of adipose tissue insulin resistance. One hundred years after the discovery of insulin and despite decades of investigations, much is still to be understood about the multifaceted in vivo actions of this hormone on adipose tissue fatty acid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André C Carpentier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sprenger RR, Hermansson M, Neess D, Becciolini LS, Sørensen SB, Fagerberg R, Ecker J, Liebisch G, Jensen ON, Vance DE, Færgeman NJ, Klemm RW, Ejsing CS. Lipid molecular timeline profiling reveals diurnal crosstalk between the liver and circulation. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108710. [PMID: 33535053 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diurnal regulation of whole-body lipid metabolism plays a vital role in metabolic health. Although changes in lipid levels across the diurnal cycle have been investigated, the system-wide molecular responses to both short-acting fasting-feeding transitions and longer-timescale circadian rhythms have not been explored in parallel. Here, we perform time-series multi-omics analyses of liver and plasma revealing that the majority of molecular oscillations are entrained by adaptations to fasting, food intake, and the postprandial state. By developing algorithms for lipid structure enrichment analysis and lipid molecular crosstalk between tissues, we find that the hepatic phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) methylation pathway is diurnally regulated, giving rise to two pools of oscillating phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecules in the circulation, which are coupled to secretion of either very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) or high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. Our work demonstrates that lipid molecular timeline profiling across tissues is key to disentangling complex metabolic processes and provides a critical resource for the study of whole-body lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Sprenger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin Hermansson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ditte Neess
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lena Sokol Becciolini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Signe Bek Sørensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rolf Fagerberg
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Josef Ecker
- ZIEL-Institute for Food & Health, Research Group Lipid Metabolism, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ole N Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dennis E Vance
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nils J Færgeman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Robin W Klemm
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christer S Ejsing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lee J, Kim B, Kim W, Ahn C, Choi HY, Kim JG, Kim J, Shin H, Kang JG, Moon S. Lipid indices as simple and clinically useful surrogate markers for insulin resistance in the U.S. population. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2366. [PMID: 33504930 PMCID: PMC7840900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the accuracy of novel lipid indices, including the visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), triglycerides and glucose (TyG) index, TyG-body mass index (TyG-BMI), and TyG-waist circumference (TyG-WC), in identifying insulin resistance and establish valid cutoff values. This cross-sectional study used the data of 11,378 adults, derived from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2016). Insulin resistance was defined as a homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance value above the 75th percentile for each sex and race/ethnicities. The area under the curves (AUCs) were as follows: VAI, 0.735; LAP, 0.796; TyG index, 0.723; TyG-BMI, 0.823, and; TyG-WC, 0.822. The AUCs for TyG-BMI and TyG-WC were significantly higher than those for VAI, LAP, and TyG index (vs. TyG-BMI, p < 0.001; vs. TyG-WC, p < 0.001). The cutoff values were as follows: VAI: men 1.65, women 1.65; LAP: men 42.5, women 42.5; TyG index: men 4.665, women 4.575; TyG-BMI: men 135.5, women 135.5; and TyG-WC: men 461.5, women 440.5. Given that lipid indices can be easily calculated with routine laboratory tests, these values may be useful markers for insulin resistance risk assessments in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juncheol Lee
- grid.413897.00000 0004 0624 2238Department of Emergency Medicine, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongyoung Kim
- grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhee Kim
- grid.256753.00000 0004 0470 5964Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiwon Ahn
- grid.254224.70000 0001 0789 9563Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Young Choi
- grid.256753.00000 0004 0470 5964Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Guk Kim
- grid.256753.00000 0004 0470 5964Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Kim
- grid.256753.00000 0004 0470 5964Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungoo Shin
- grid.412145.70000 0004 0647 3212Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Goo Kang
- grid.256753.00000 0004 0470 5964Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea ,grid.256753.00000 0004 0470 5964Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hallym University College of Medicine, 1, Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24252 Republic of Korea
| | - Shinje Moon
- grid.256753.00000 0004 0470 5964Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea ,grid.256753.00000 0004 0470 5964Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hallym University College of Medicine, 1, Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24252 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Remesar X, Alemany M. Dietary Energy Partition: The Central Role of Glucose. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7729. [PMID: 33086579 PMCID: PMC7593952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have developed effective survival mechanisms under conditions of nutrient (and energy) scarcity. Nevertheless, today, most humans face a quite different situation: excess of nutrients, especially those high in amino-nitrogen and energy (largely fat). The lack of mechanisms to prevent energy overload and the effective persistence of the mechanisms hoarding key nutrients such as amino acids has resulted in deep disorders of substrate handling. There is too often a massive untreatable accumulation of body fat in the presence of severe metabolic disorders of energy utilization and disposal, which become chronic and go much beyond the most obvious problems: diabetes, circulatory, renal and nervous disorders included loosely within the metabolic syndrome. We lack basic knowledge on diet nutrient dynamics at the tissue-cell metabolism level, and this adds to widely used medical procedures lacking sufficient scientific support, with limited or nil success. In the present longitudinal analysis of the fate of dietary nutrients, we have focused on glucose as an example of a largely unknown entity. Even most studies on hyper-energetic diets or their later consequences tend to ignore the critical role of carbohydrate (and nitrogen disposal) as (probably) the two main factors affecting the substrate partition and metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Remesar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine Faculty of Biology, University Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- IBUB Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marià Alemany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine Faculty of Biology, University Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- IBUB Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Elhassan YS, Kluckova K, Fletcher RS, Schmidt MS, Garten A, Doig CL, Cartwright DM, Oakey L, Burley CV, Jenkinson N, Wilson M, Lucas SJE, Akerman I, Seabright A, Lai YC, Tennant DA, Nightingale P, Wallis GA, Manolopoulos KN, Brenner C, Philp A, Lavery GG. Nicotinamide Riboside Augments the Aged Human Skeletal Muscle NAD + Metabolome and Induces Transcriptomic and Anti-inflammatory Signatures. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1717-1728.e6. [PMID: 31412242 PMCID: PMC6702140 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is modulated by conditions of metabolic stress and has been reported to decline with aging in preclinical models, but human data are sparse. Nicotinamide riboside (NR) supplementation ameliorates metabolic dysfunction in rodents. We aimed to establish whether oral NR supplementation in aged participants can increase the skeletal muscle NAD+ metabolome and if it can alter muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics. We supplemented 12 aged men with 1 g NR per day for 21 days in a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Targeted metabolomics showed that NR elevated the muscle NAD+ metabolome, evident by increased nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide clearance products. Muscle RNA sequencing revealed NR-mediated downregulation of energy metabolism and mitochondria pathways, without altering mitochondrial bioenergetics. NR also depressed levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines. Our data establish that oral NR is available to aged human muscle and identify anti-inflammatory effects of NR. NR supplementation in aged subjects augments the skeletal muscle NAD+ metabolome NR supplementation does not affect skeletal muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics NR supplementation reduces levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasir S Elhassan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK; MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Katarina Kluckova
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rachel S Fletcher
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark S Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Antje Garten
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Craig L Doig
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David M Cartwright
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lucy Oakey
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Claire V Burley
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ned Jenkinson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Martin Wilson
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samuel J E Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ildem Akerman
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alex Seabright
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Yu-Chiang Lai
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniel A Tennant
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter Nightingale
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gareth A Wallis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Konstantinos N Manolopoulos
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Andrew Philp
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Sydney, UNSW, Australia
| | - Gareth G Lavery
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK; MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
A Tool to Explore Discrete-Time Data: The Time Series Response Analyser. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 30:374-381. [PMID: 32726749 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of time series data is common in nutrition and metabolism research for quantifying the physiological responses to various stimuli. The reduction of many data from a time series into a summary statistic(s) can help quantify and communicate the overall response in a more straightforward way and in line with a specific hypothesis. Nevertheless, many summary statistics have been selected by various researchers, and some approaches are still complex. The time-intensive nature of such calculations can be a burden for especially large data sets and may, therefore, introduce computational errors, which are difficult to recognize and correct. In this short commentary, the authors introduce a newly developed tool that automates many of the processes commonly used by researchers for discrete time series analysis, with particular emphasis on how the tool may be implemented within nutrition and exercise science research.
Collapse
|
27
|
Shimy KJ, Feldman HA, Klein GL, Bielak L, Ebbeling CB, Ludwig DS. Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate Content on Circulating Metabolic Fuel Availability in the Postprandial State. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa062. [PMID: 32666008 PMCID: PMC7326475 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Context According to the carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity, an elevated insulin-to-glucagon ratio in response to a high-carbohydrate diet directs metabolic fuels toward storage, resulting in lower circulating energy. Objective To determine differences in total circulating energy post-meal related to dietary carbohydrate. Design Ancillary study within the Framingham State Food Study. Setting University community. Participants 29 adults (aged 20 to 65 years) with overweight or obesity (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2) Intervention After achieving 10% to 14% weight loss on a run-in diet, participants were randomized to weight-loss-maintenance test diets varying in carbohydrate content (high-carbohydrate, 60% of total energy, n = 11; moderate-carbohydrate, 40%, n = 8; low-carbohydrate, 20%, n = 10) and controlled for protein (20%). During 24-hour metabolic ward admissions between 10 and 15 weeks on the test diets, metabolic fuels and hormones were measured. Main Outcome Measure Energy availability (EA) based on energy content of blood glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and free fatty acids, in the late postprandial period (180 to 300 minutes). Insulin at 30 minutes into the test meal (Meal Insulin-30) was measured as an effect modifier. Results Insulin-to-glucagon ratio was 7-fold higher in participants on the high- vs low-carbohydrate diet (2.5 and 0.36, respectively). Late postprandial EA was 0.58 kcal/L lower on the high- vs low-carbohydrate diet (P < 0.0001), primarily related to suppression of free fatty acids. Early postprandial EA (30 to 180 minutes) declined fastest in the high-carbohydrate group, and Meal Insulin-30 modified this diet effect. Conclusions During weight-loss maintenance on a high-carbohydrate diet, late postprandial EA is reduced, consistent with the carbohydrate-insulin model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim J Shimy
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Endocrinology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Henry A Feldman
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gloria L Klein
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa Bielak
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cara B Ebbeling
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David S Ludwig
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Aslan Çin NN, Yardımcı H, Koç N, Uçaktürk SA, Akçil Ok M. Triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is a predictor similar to the triglyceride-glucose index for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome using International Diabetes Federation criteria of insulin resistance in obese adolescents: a cross-sectional study. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020; 33:777-784. [PMID: 32447329 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2019-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a fatal endocrinopathy that begins with insulin resistance (IR) and causes abdominal obesity, glucose intolerance, or systemic disorders. This study was aimed to determine the cut-off values for the triglyceride (TG)/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio, the TG glucose (TyG) index and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) for the diagnosis of MS in obese adolescents, and to compare which of the three indexes would offer a more accurate approach to diagnosis. Methods The study population comprised 1,171 obese adolescents (639 females and 532 males aged 10-16 years, Body Mass Index (BMI)>=95th percentile). Indirect measures of IR screening for MS were the TG/HDL ratio, TyG index, and HOMA-IR. The cut-off values of the TG/HDL ratio, TyG index, and HOMA-IR were obtained from receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curves. Results HOMA-IR had a significant positive correlation with the TyG index (r=0.352, p<0.001) and TG/HDL-C (r=0.291, p<.001). The TyG index and TG/HDL-C showed a strong positive correlation (r=0.901, p<0.001). The TG/HDL-C ratio showed a larger ROC Area under Curve (AUC=0.849) than HOMA-IR index (AUC=0.689), but as a predictor similar to TyG index (AUC=0.833) when screening for MS. The cut-off values for MS were as follows: TG/HDL-C ratio>2.16 (sensitivity: 88.8%; specificity: 49.7%), TyG index>8.50 (sensitivity: 85.6%; specificity: 57.0%) and HOMA-IR>2.52 (sensitivity: 83.2%; specificity: 40.4%). Conclusions Both the TyG index and TG/HDL-C ratio are better markers than HOMA-IR to determine the risk of metabolic syndrome according to IDF criteria. Besides, the TyG index and TG/HDL-C ratio have similar differentiating powers to determine this risk in obese Turkish adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazlı Nur Aslan Çin
- Ankara University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Fatih Cad. Tepebaşı Mah, No:197/A, 06300, Ankara, Kecioren, Turkey
| | - Hülya Yardımcı
- Ankara University Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nevra Koç
- Health Sciences University, Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Department of Child Nutrition and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seyit Ahmet Uçaktürk
- Health Sciences University, Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Department of Child Nutrition and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehtap Akçil Ok
- Baskent University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Baglica Campus, Ankara,Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Erchen Decoction Mitigates Lipid Metabolism Disorder by the Regulation of PPAR γ and LPL Gene in a High-Fat Diet C57BL/6 Mice Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:9102475. [PMID: 32256662 PMCID: PMC7085882 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Erchen decoction (ECD) is a common treatment prescribed in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) clinics, which has remarkable efficacy in the treatment of obesity, fatty liver, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and other diseases caused by phlegm. In this study, we investigated the effect that ECD had on the lipid metabolism induced by high-fat diet in C57BL/6 mice. Body weight, body length, and abdominal circumference were detected. Blood lipid content was measured via biochemical assay kit. The gene and protein expression of PPARγ and LPL in visceral fat and skeletal muscle of mice was measured by real-time PCR and western blot. The research discovered that the phlegm-resolving effect that ECD had on high-fat diet mice was mainly manifested as reduced body weight, Lee's index, abdominal circumference, and level of TG and TC. Meanwhile, we observed significantly increased PPARγ mRNA and protein level in visceral fat and PPARγ and LPL protein level in skeletal muscle in the ECD group. Contrarily, a decrease in PPARγ mRNA level in skeletal muscle in the ECD group was observed. Therefore, we speculate that ECD regulates the lipid metabolic disorder by decreasing the blood lipid level. Moreover, the potential molecular mechanism of ECD is to promote the expression of PPARγ in visceral fat and skeletal muscle and the expression of LPL in skeletal muscle.
Collapse
|
30
|
Jegatheesan P, Seyssel K, Stefanoni N, Rey V, Schneiter P, Giusti V, Lecoultre V, Tappy L. Effects of gastric bypass surgery on postprandial gut and systemic lipid handling. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020; 35:95-102. [PMID: 31987128 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
31
|
Ahmmed MK, Ahmmed F, Tian HS, Carne A, Bekhit AED. Marine omega-3 (n-3) phospholipids: A comprehensive review of their properties, sources, bioavailability, and relation to brain health. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 19:64-123. [PMID: 33319514 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For several decades, there has been considerable interest in marine-derived long chain n-3 fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs) due to their outstanding health benefits. n-3 LCPUFAs can be found in nature either in triglycerides (TAGs) or in phospholipid (PL) form. From brain health point of view, PL n-3 is more bioavailable and potent compared to n-3 in TAG form, as only PL n-3 is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and can be involved in brain biochemical reactions. However, PL n-3 has been ignored in the fish oil industry and frequently removed as an impurity during degumming processes. As a result, PL products derived from marine sources are very limited compared to TAG products. Commercially, PLs are being used in pharmaceutical industries as drug carriers, in food manufacturing as emulsifiers and in cosmetic industries as skin care agents, but most of the PLs used in these applications are produced from vegetable sources that contain less (without EPA, DPA, and DHA) or sometimes no n-3 LCPUFAs. This review provides a comprehensive account of the properties, structures, and major sources of marine PLs, and provides focussed discussion of their relationship to brain health. Epidemiological, laboratory, and clinical studies on n-3 LCPUFAs enriched PLs using different model systems in relation to brain and mental health that have been published over the past few years are discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Kaizer Ahmmed
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Fishing and Post-Harvest Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Bangladesh
| | - Fatema Ahmmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Alan Carne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
O’Donovan SD, Lenz M, Vink RG, Roumans NJT, de Kok TMCM, Mariman ECM, Peeters RLM, van Riel NAW, van Baak MA, Arts ICW. A computational model of postprandial adipose tissue lipid metabolism derived using human arteriovenous stable isotope tracer data. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007400. [PMID: 31581241 PMCID: PMC6890259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the association of disturbances in non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) metabolism with the development of Type 2 Diabetes and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, computational models of glucose-insulin dynamics have been extended to account for the interplay with NEFA. In this study, we use arteriovenous measurement across the subcutaneous adipose tissue during a mixed meal challenge test to evaluate the performance and underlying assumptions of three existing models of adipose tissue metabolism and construct a new, refined model of adipose tissue metabolism. Our model introduces new terms, explicitly accounting for the conversion of glucose to glyceraldehye-3-phosphate, the postprandial influx of glycerol into the adipose tissue, and several physiologically relevant delays in insulin signalling in order to better describe the measured adipose tissues fluxes. We then applied our refined model to human adipose tissue flux data collected before and after a diet intervention as part of the Yoyo study, to quantify the effects of caloric restriction on postprandial adipose tissue metabolism. Significant increases were observed in the model parameters describing the rate of uptake and release of both glycerol and NEFA. Additionally, decreases in the model's delay in insulin signalling parameters indicates there is an improvement in adipose tissue insulin sensitivity following caloric restriction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shauna D. O’Donovan
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Health and Nurtrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael Lenz
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventative Medicine - Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Roel G. Vink
- Dept. Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia J. T. Roumans
- Dept. Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M. C. M. de Kok
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Dept. Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin C. M. Mariman
- Dept. Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ralf L. M. Peeters
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Dept. Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Natal A. W. van Riel
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen A. van Baak
- Dept. Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja C. W. Arts
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Dept. Epidemiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Disease, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hodson L, Karpe F. Hyperinsulinaemia: does it tip the balance toward intrahepatic fat accumulation? Endocr Connect 2019; 8:R157-R168. [PMID: 31581129 PMCID: PMC6826170 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In health, the liver is metabolically flexible over the course of the day, as it undertakes a multitude of physiological processes including the regulation of intrahepatic and systemic glucose and lipid levels. The liver is the first organ to receive insulin and through a cascade of complex metabolic processes, insulin not only plays a key role in the intrahepatic regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, but also in the regulation of systemic glucose and lipid concentrations. Thus, when intrahepatic insulin signalling becomes aberrant then this may lead to perturbations in intrahepatic metabolic processes that have the potential to impact on metabolic health. For example, obesity is associated with intrahepatic fat accumulation (known as nonalcoholic liver disease (NAFLD)) and hyperinsulinaemia, the latter as a result of insulin hypersecretion or impaired hepatic insulin extraction. Although insulin signalling directly alters intra- and extrahepatic metabolism, the regulation of hepatic glucose and fatty acid metabolism is also indirectly driven by substrate availability. Here we discuss the direct and indirect effects of insulin on intrahepatic processes such as the synthesis of fatty acids and peripherally regulating the flux of fatty acids to the liver; processes that may play a role in the development of insulin resistance and/or intrahepatocellular triacylglycerol (IHTAG) accumulation in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Oxford University Hospital Trusts, Oxford, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Oxford University Hospital Trusts, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ness KM, Strayer SM, Nahmod NG, Schade MM, Chang AM, Shearer GC, Buxton OM. Four nights of sleep restriction suppress the postprandial lipemic response and decrease satiety. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1935-1945. [PMID: 31484696 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p094375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic sleep restriction, or inadequate sleep, is associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic disease. Laboratory studies demonstrate that sleep restriction causes impaired whole-body insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal. Evidence suggests that inadequate sleep also impairs adipose tissue insulin sensitivity and the NEFA rebound during intravenous glucose tolerance tests, yet no studies have examined the effects of sleep restriction on high-fat meal lipemia. We assessed the effect of 5 h time in bed (TIB) per night for four consecutive nights on postprandial lipemia following a standardized high-fat dinner (HFD). Furthermore, we assessed whether one night of recovery sleep (10 h TIB) was sufficient to restore postprandial metabolism to baseline. We found that postprandial triglyceride (TG) area under the curve was suppressed by sleep restriction (P = 0.01), but returned to baseline values following one night of recovery. Sleep restriction decreased NEFAs throughout the HFD (P = 0.02) and NEFAs remained suppressed in the recovery condition (P = 0.04). Sleep restriction also decreased participant-reported fullness or satiety (P = 0.03), and decreased postprandial interleukin-6 (P < 0.01). Our findings indicate that four nights of 5 h TIB per night impair postprandial lipemia and that one night of recovery sleep may be adequate for recovery of TG metabolism, but not for markers of adipocyte function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Ness
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.,Departments of Biobehavioral Health Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.,Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Stephen M Strayer
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.,Departments of Biobehavioral Health Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Nicole G Nahmod
- Departments of Biobehavioral Health Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Margeaux M Schade
- Departments of Biobehavioral Health Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Anne-Marie Chang
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.,Departments of Biobehavioral Health Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.,College of Nursing, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Gregory C Shearer
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.,Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Orfeu M Buxton
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 .,Departments of Biobehavioral Health Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 20115
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Dikker O, Çetin Dağ N, Şahin M, Türkkan E, Dağ H. The association of angiopoietin-like peptide 4 levels with obesity and hepatosteatosis in adolescents. Cytokine 2019; 125:154802. [PMID: 31419758 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angiopoietin-like peptide 4 (ANGPTL-4) is an adipocytokine that regulates plasma lipoprotein levels by inhibiting the lipoprotein lipase enzyme. Changes in lipid profile can be seen in obese adolescents. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease may also be a complication of obesity. Based on this information, in this study we aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum ANGPTL-4 levels and obesity and hepatosteatosis in adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 85 volunteer adolescents, 55 of them were obese and 30 of them were normal weight, were included in our study. The adolescents having body mass index (BMI) 95% percentile and over according to age and sex was defined as obese. Thirty patients with grade 2-3 hepatosteatosis in abdominal ultrasound (USG) were included in 'obese adolescents with hepatosteatosis' subgroup and 25 obese cases with no hepatosteatosis in the USG were included in the 'obese adolescents without hepatosteatosis' group. Thirty patients with no hepatosteatosis in the abdominal USG and having BMI in normal percentiles according to their age and sex constituted the 'healthy control adolescents' group. Serum ANGPTL-4 levels were measured by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Laboratory tests, gender, age and BMI levels were compared statistically between groups. Correlations between ANGPTL-4 and other laboratory parameters were examined statistically in obese adolescent group. RESULTS The BMI, ANGPTL-4, HbA1c, AST, ALT, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, HOMA-IR and insulin levels of the obese adolescent group were found to be significantly higher than the healthy control group (p < 0.05). We found no statistically significant difference in BMI, ANGPTL-4, triglyceride, insulin and HOMA-IR levels among obese adolescents with or without hepatosteatosis (p > 0.05). In all obese adolescent groups and in obese adolescent group with hepatosteatosis; there was no statistically significant relationship between ANGPTL-4 and other variables (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We found that the levels of ANGPTL-4 increases in obesity in adolescents. However, our results make it difficult to establish a relationship between hepatosteatosis and ANGPTL-4. Targeting ANGPTL-4 may be beneficial for the pathogenesis and associated complications of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Okan Dikker
- University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nevin Çetin Dağ
- University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Şahin
- Hitit University, Erol Olçok Training and Research Hospital, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Çorum, Turkey
| | - Emine Türkkan
- University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Dağ
- University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Ha
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Robert C Bauer
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Beals JW, Burd NA, Moore DR, van Vliet S. Obesity Alters the Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Nutrition and Exercise. Front Nutr 2019; 6:87. [PMID: 31263701 PMCID: PMC6584965 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the health of skeletal muscle is an important component of obesity treatment. Apart from allowing for physical activity, skeletal muscle tissue is fundamental for the regulation of postprandial macronutrient metabolism, a time period that represents when metabolic derangements are most often observed in adults with obesity. In order for skeletal muscle to retain its capacity for physical activity and macronutrient metabolism, its protein quantity and composition must be maintained through the efficient degradation and resynthesis for proper tissue homeostasis. Life-style behaviors such as increasing physical activity and higher protein diets are front-line treatment strategies to enhance muscle protein remodeling by primarily stimulating protein synthesis rates. However, the muscle of individuals with obesity appears to be resistant to the anabolic action of targeted exercise regimes and protein ingestion when compared to normal-weight adults. This indicates impaired muscle protein remodeling in response to the main anabolic stimuli to human skeletal muscle tissue is contributing to poor muscle health with obesity. Deranged anabolic signaling related to insulin resistance, lipid accumulation, and/or systemic/muscle inflammation are likely at the root of the anabolic resistance of muscle protein synthesis rates with obesity. The purpose of this review is to discuss the impact of protein ingestion and exercise on muscle protein remodeling in people with obesity, and the potential mechanisms underlining anabolic resistance of their muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Beals
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephan van Vliet
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Shokry E, Raab R, Kirchberg FF, Hellmuth C, Klingler M, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B, Uhl O. Prolonged monitoring of postprandial lipid metabolism after a western meal rich in linoleic acid and carbohydrates. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:1189-1198. [PMID: 30893569 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Today, awareness has been raised regarding high consumption of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in western diets. A comprehensive analysis of total and individual postprandial fatty acids profiles would provide insights into metabolic turnover and related health effects. After an overnight fast, 9 healthy adults consumed a mixed meal comprising 97 g carbohydrate and 45 g fat, of which 26.4 g was linoleic acid (LA). Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), phospholipid fatty acids (PL-FA) and triacylglycerol fatty acids (TG-FA) were monitored in plasma samples, at baseline and hourly over a 7-h postprandial period. Total TG-FA concentration peaked at 2 h after the meal and steadily decreased thereafter. LA from TG18:2n-6 and behenic acid from TG22:0 showed the highest response among TG-FA, with a biphasic response detected for the former. PL-FA exhibited no change. Total NEFA initially decreased to nadir at 1 h, then increased to peak at 7 h. The individual NEFA showed the same response curve except LA and some very-long-chain saturated fatty acids (VLCSFA, ≥20 carbon chain length) that markedly increased shortly after the meal intake. The similarities and dissimilarities in lipid profiles between study subjects at different time points were visualized using nonmetric multi-dimensional scaling. Overall, the results indicate that postprandial levels of LA and VLCSFA, either as NEFA or TG, were most affected by the test meal, which might provide an explanation for the health effects of this dietary lifestyle characterized by high intake of mixed meals rich in n-6 PUFA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Engy Shokry
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, Munich, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, Munich, Germany
| | - Roxana Raab
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, Munich, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, Munich, Germany
| | - Franca F Kirchberg
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, Munich, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Hellmuth
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, Munich, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, Munich, Germany
| | - Mario Klingler
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, Munich, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Demmelmair
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, Munich, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, Munich, Germany
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, Munich, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, Munich, Germany
| | - Olaf Uhl
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, Munich, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Rosqvist F, McNeil CA, Pramfalk C, Parry SA, Low WS, Cornfield T, Fielding BA, Hodson L. Fasting hepatic de novo lipogenesis is not reliably assessed using circulating fatty acid markers. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:260-268. [PMID: 30721918 PMCID: PMC6367991 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Observational studies often infer hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) by measuring circulating fatty acid (FA) markers; however, it remains to be elucidated whether these markers accurately reflect hepatic DNL. Objectives We investigated associations between fasting hepatic DNL and proposed FA markers of DNL in subjects consuming their habitual diet. Methods Fasting hepatic DNL was assessed using 2H2O (deuterated water) in 149 nondiabetic men and women and measuring the synthesis of very low-density lipoprotein triglyceride (VLDL-TG) palmitate. FA markers of blood lipid fractions were determined by gas chromatography. Results Neither the lipogenic index (16:0/18:2n-6) nor the SCD index (16:1n-7/16:0) in VLDL-TG was associated with isotopically assessed DNL (r = 0.13, P = 0.1 and r = -0.08, P = 0.35, respectively). The relative abundances (mol%) of 14:0, 16:0, and 18:0 in VLDL-TG were weakly (r ≤ 0.35) associated with DNL, whereas the abundances of 16:1n-7, 18:1n-7, and 18:1n-9 were not associated. When the cohort was split by median DNL, only the abundances of 14:0 and 18:0 in VLDL-TG could discriminate between subjects having high (11.5%) and low (3.8%) fasting hepatic DNL. Based on a subgroup, FA markers in total plasma TG, plasma cholesteryl esters, plasma phospholipids, and red blood cell phospholipids were generally not associated with DNL. Conclusions The usefulness of circulating FAs as markers of hepatic DNL in healthy individuals consuming their habitual diet is limited due to their inability to discriminate clearly between individuals with low and high fasting hepatic DNL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Rosqvist
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Catriona A McNeil
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Camilla Pramfalk
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sion A Parry
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wee Suan Low
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Cornfield
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara A Fielding
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Karpe F, Vasan SK, Humphreys SM, Miller J, Cheeseman J, Dennis AL, Neville MJ. Cohort Profile: The Oxford Biobank. Int J Epidemiol 2019; 47:21-21g. [PMID: 29040543 PMCID: PMC5837504 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyx132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Senthil K Vasan
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford
| | - Sandy M Humphreys
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - John Miller
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jane Cheeseman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - A Louise Dennis
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Matt J Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Total Fatty Acid Analysis of Human Blood Samples in One Minute by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Biomolecules 2018; 9:biom9010007. [PMID: 30591667 PMCID: PMC6359376 DOI: 10.3390/biom9010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Total fatty acid analysis is a routine method in many areas, including lipotyping of individuals in personalized medicine, analysis of foodstuffs, and optimization of oil production in biotechnology. This analysis is commonly done by converting fatty acyl (FA) chains of intact lipids into FA methyl esters (FAMEs) and monitoring these by gas-chromatography (GC)-based methods, typically requiring at least 15 min of analysis per sample. Here, we describe a novel method that supports fast, precise and accurate absolute quantification of total FA levels in human plasma and serum samples. The method uses acid-catalyzed transesterification with 18O-enriched H2O (i.e., H218O) to convert FA chains into 18O-labeled free fatty acids. The resulting “mass-tagged” FA analytes can be specifically monitored with improved signal-to-background by 1 min of high resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) on an Orbitrap-based mass spectrometer. By benchmarking to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) certified standard reference materials we show that the performance of our method is comparable, and at times superior, to that of gold-standard GC-based methods. In addition, we demonstrate that the method supports the accurate quantification of FA differences in samples obtained in dietary intervention studies and also affords specific monitoring of ingested stable isotope-labeled fatty acids (13C16-palmitate) in normoinsulinemic and hyperinsulinemic human subjects. Overall, our novel high-throughput method is generic and suitable for many application areas, spanning basic research to personalized medicine, and is particularly useful for laboratories equipped with high resolution mass spectrometers, but lacking access to GC-based instrumentation.
Collapse
|
42
|
Schutte S, Esser D, Hoevenaars FPM, Hooiveld GJEJ, Priebe MG, Vonk RJ, Wopereis S, Afman LA. A 12-wk whole-grain wheat intervention protects against hepatic fat: the Graandioos study, a randomized trial in overweight subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:1264-1274. [PMID: 30541093 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whole-grain wheat (WGW) is described as nutritionally superior to refined wheat (RW) and thus advocated as the healthy choice, although evidence from intervention studies is often inconsistent. The liver, as the central organ in energy metabolism, might be an important target organ for WGW interventions. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the potential benefits of WGW consumption compared with RW consumption on liver health and associated parameters. Design We performed a double-blind, parallel trial in which 50 overweight 45- to 70-y-old men and postmenopausal women were randomly allocated to a 12-wk intervention with either WGW (98 g/d) or RW (98 g/d) products. Before and after the intervention we assessed intrahepatic triglycerides (IHTGs) and fat distribution by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy/magnetic resonance imaging, fecal microbiota composition, adipose tissue gene expression, and several fasting plasma parameters, as well as postprandial plasma lipids after a mixed meal. Results Fasting plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acids, and insulin were not affected by RW or WGW intervention. We observed a substantial increase of 49.1% in IHTGs in the RW when compared with the WGW group (P = 0.033). Baseline microbiota composition could not predict the increase in IHTGs after RW, but gut microbiota diversity decreased in the RW group when compared with the WGW group (P = 0.010). In the WGW group, we observed increased postprandial triglyceride levels compared with the RW group (P = 0.020). In addition, the WGW intervention resulted in a trend towards lower fasting levels of the liver acute-phase proteins serum amyloid A (P = 0.057) and C-reactive protein (P = 0.064) when compared to the RW intervention. Conclusions A 12-wk RW intervention increases liver fat and might contribute to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, whereas a 12-wk 98-g/d WGW intervention prevents a substantial increase in liver fat. Our results show that incorporating feasible doses of WGW in the diet at the expense of RW maintains liver health. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02385149.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Schutte
- Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik Esser
- Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Femke P M Hoevenaars
- TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Research Group Microbiology & Systems Biology, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marion G Priebe
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel J Vonk
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan Wopereis
- TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Research Group Microbiology & Systems Biology, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Lydia A Afman
- Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sex Differences in Hepatic De Novo Lipogenesis with Acute Fructose Feeding. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091263. [PMID: 30205493 PMCID: PMC6164310 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary free sugars have received much attention over the past few years. Much of the focus has been on the effect of fructose on hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of meals high and low in fructose on postprandial hepatic DNL and fatty acid partitioning and dietary fatty acid oxidation. Sixteen healthy adults (eight men, eight women) participated in this randomised cross-over study; study days were separated by a 4-week wash-out period. Hepatic DNL and dietary fatty acid oxidation were assessed using stable-isotope tracer methodology. Consumption of the high fructose meal significantly increased postprandial hepatic DNL to a greater extent than consumption of the low fructose meal and this effect was evident in women but not men. Despite an increase in hepatic DNL, there was no change in dietary fatty acid oxidation. Taken together, our data show that women are more responsive to ingestion of higher amounts of fructose than men and if continued over time this may lead to changes in hepatic fatty acid partitioning and eventually liver fat content.
Collapse
|
44
|
Yang H, Ralle M, Wolfgang MJ, Dhawan N, Burkhead JL, Rodriguez S, Kaplan JH, Wong GW, Haughey N, Lutsenko S. Copper-dependent amino oxidase 3 governs selection of metabolic fuels in adipocytes. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006519. [PMID: 30199530 PMCID: PMC6130853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) has emerged as an important modifier of body lipid metabolism. However, how Cu contributes to the physiology of fat cells remains largely unknown. We found that adipocytes require Cu to establish a balance between main metabolic fuels. Differentiating adipocytes increase their Cu uptake along with the ATP7A-dependent transport of Cu into the secretory pathway to activate a highly up-regulated amino-oxidase copper-containing 3 (AOC3)/semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO); in vivo, the activity of SSAO depends on the organism's Cu status. Activated SSAO oppositely regulates uptake of glucose and long-chain fatty acids and remodels the cellular proteome to coordinate changes in fuel availability and related downstream processes, such as glycolysis, de novo lipogenesis, and sphingomyelin/ceramide synthesis. The loss of SSAO-dependent regulation due to Cu deficiency, limited Cu transport to the secretory pathway, or SSAO inactivation shifts metabolism towards lipid-dependent pathways and results in adipocyte hypertrophy and fat accumulation. The results establish a role for Cu homeostasis in adipocyte metabolism and identify SSAO as a regulator of energy utilization processes in adipocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haojun Yang
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Martina Ralle
- Department of Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Wolfgang
- Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Neha Dhawan
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason L. Burkhead
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Susana Rodriguez
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jack H. Kaplan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - G. William Wong
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Norman Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Svetlana Lutsenko
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Green CJ, Parry SA, Gunn PJ, Ceresa CDL, Rosqvist F, Piché ME, Hodson L. Studying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the ins and outs of in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro human models. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2018; 41:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2018-0038/hmbci-2018-0038.xml. [PMID: 30098284 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2018-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing. Determining the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of human NAFLD will allow for evidence-based prevention strategies, and more targeted mechanistic investigations. Various in vivo, ex situ and in vitro models may be utilised to study NAFLD; but all come with their own specific caveats. Here, we review the human-based models and discuss their advantages and limitations in regards to studying the development and progression of NAFLD. Overall, in vivo whole-body human studies are advantageous in that they allow for investigation within the physiological setting, however, limited accessibility to the liver makes direct investigations challenging. Non-invasive imaging techniques are able to somewhat overcome this challenge, whilst the use of stable-isotope tracers enables mechanistic insight to be obtained. Recent technological advances (i.e. normothermic machine perfusion) have opened new opportunities to investigate whole-organ metabolism, thus ex situ livers can be investigated directly. Therefore, investigations that cannot be performed in vivo in humans have the potential to be undertaken. In vitro models offer the ability to perform investigations at a cellular level, aiding in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of NAFLD. However, a number of current models do not closely resemble the human condition and work is ongoing to optimise culturing parameters in order to recapitulate this. In summary, no single model currently provides insight into the development, pathophysiology and progression across the NAFLD spectrum, each experimental model has limitations, which need to be taken into consideration to ensure appropriate conclusions and extrapolation of findings are made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J Green
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Siôn A Parry
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Pippa J Gunn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Carlo D L Ceresa
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fredrik Rosqvist
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie-Eve Piché
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Leanne Hodson
- University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Churchill Hospital,Old Road Headington, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fuller KN, Valentine RJ, Miranda ER, Kumar P, Prabhakar BS, Haus JM. A single high-fat meal alters human soluble RAGE profiles and PBMC RAGE expression with no effect of prior aerobic exercise. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13811. [PMID: 30047241 PMCID: PMC6060105 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet can induce inflammation and metabolic diseases such as diabetes and atherosclerosis. The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) plays a critical role in metabolic disease pathophysiology and the soluble form of the receptor (sRAGE) can mitigate these effects. However, little is known about RAGE in the postprandial condition and the effect of exercise in this context. Thus, we aimed to determine the effects of a single high-fat meal (HFM) with and without prior exercise on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) RAGE biology. Healthy males (n = 12) consumed a HFM on two occasions, one without prior exercise and one 16-18 hours following acute aerobic exercise. Total soluble RAGE (sRAGE) and endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE) were determined via ELISA and cleaved RAGE (cRAGE) was calculated as the difference between the two. Isolated PBMCs were analyzed for RAGE, ADAM10, TLR4, and MyD88 protein expression and ADAM10 activity. The HFM significantly (P < 0.01) attenuated sRAGE, esRAGE, and cRAGE by 9.7%, 6.9%, and 10.5%, respectively. Whereas, the HFM increased PBMC RAGE protein expression by 10.3% (P < 0.01), there was no meal effect on PBMC TLR4, MYD88, or ADAM10 protein expression, nor ADAM10 activity. There was also no exercise effect on any experimental outcomes. These findings suggest that PBMC RAGE and soluble RAGE may be important in the postprandial response to a HFM, and that prior aerobic exercise does not alter these processes in young healthy adult males. The mechanisms by which a HFM induces RAGE expression and reduces circulating soluble RAGE isoforms requires further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly N.Z. Fuller
- Department of Kinesiology and NutritionUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinois
| | | | - Edwin R. Miranda
- Department of Kinesiology and NutritionUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinois
- School of KinesiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinois
| | - Bellur S. Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinois
| | - Jacob M. Haus
- Department of Kinesiology and NutritionUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinois
- School of KinesiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
van der Kolk BW, Vink RG, Jocken JWE, Roumans NJT, Goossens GH, Mariman ECM, van Baak MA, Blaak EE. Effect of diet-induced weight loss on angiopoietin-like protein 4 and adipose tissue lipid metabolism in overweight and obese humans. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13735. [PMID: 29998530 PMCID: PMC6041698 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) plays a role in lipid partitioning by inhibiting lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-dependent plasma clearance of triacylglycerol in adipose tissue. We investigated the effects of diet-induced weight loss on plasma ANGPTL4 concentrations in relation to in vivo adipose tissue LPL activity and lipolysis and adipose tissue ANGPTL4 release in overweight/obese participants. Sixteen individuals (BMI: 28-35 kg/m2 ; 10 women) were randomized to a dietary intervention composed of either a low-calorie diet (1250 kcal/day) for 12 weeks (n = 9) or a very low-calorie diet (500 kcal/day) for 5 weeks, followed by a 4-week weight stable period. Before and after the intervention, we measured arteriovenous concentration differences in combination with adipose tissue blood flow before and after intake of a high-fat mixed meal with [U-13 C]-palmitate to assess in vivo adipose tissue LPL activity and lipolysis. The intervention significantly reduced body weight (-8.6 ± 0.6 kg, P < 0.001). Plasma ANGPTL4 concentrations were unaffected. Significant postprandial adipose tissue ANGPTL4 release into the circulation was observed (P < 0.01). No association was observed between plasma ANGPTL4 and in vivo LPL activity. After intervention, fasting and postprandial plasma ANGPTL4 concentrations were positively associated with adipose tissue nonesterified FA (NEFA) and glycerol release, reflecting in vivo adipose tissue lipolysis (fasting NEFA: P = 0.039 and postprandial NEFA: P = 0.003). In conclusion, plasma ANGPTL4 is unaffected by weight loss and is secreted from human adipose tissue after a high-fat meal in overweight/obese participants. Plasma ANGPTL4 concentrations were not related to in vivo adipose tissue LPL activity, but were positively associated with in vivo adipose tissue lipolysis after weight loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta W. van der Kolk
- Department of Human BiologyNUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Roel G. Vink
- Department of Human BiologyNUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Johan W. E. Jocken
- Department of Human BiologyNUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Nadia J. T. Roumans
- Department of Human BiologyNUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Gijs H. Goossens
- Department of Human BiologyNUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Edwin C. M. Mariman
- Department of Human BiologyNUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Marleen A. van Baak
- Department of Human BiologyNUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Ellen E. Blaak
- Department of Human BiologyNUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Altun Ö, Dikker O, Arman Y, Ugurlukisi B, Kutlu O, Ozgun Cil E, Aydin Yoldemir S, Akarsu M, Ozcan M, Kalyon S, Ozsoy N, Tükek T. Serum Angiopoietin-like peptide 4 levels in patients with hepatic steatosis. Cytokine 2018; 111:496-499. [PMID: 29908922 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Angiopoietin-like peptide 4 (ANGPTL-4) plays an important role in lipid metabolism by inhibiting the enzyme lipoprotein lipase. This effect of ANGPTL-4 results in suppression of the release of plasma triglyceride-derived fatty acids. Increase in fatty acid levels entering to the liver and abnormalities in their secretion is one of the main mechanisms in pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of ANGPTL-4 in pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis by determining its levels in patients with fatty liver disease. METHODS Totally 51 patients (age: 37.9 ± 9.9 years, M/F) diagnosed with grade 2-3 hepatic steatosis with ultrasound and 30 healthy volunteers (age: 34.8 ± 9.5 years, M/F) were included in the study. In both groups, routine biochemical tests including fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin levels, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL- cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, AST, ALT, ALP, GGT levels were measured together with the ANGPTL-4 levels. In determination of ANGPTL-4 levels, ELISA was performed. RESULTS When compared with the control group, ANGPTL-4 levels were determined to be decreased in patients with hepatic steatosis (369 ± 243 vs 303 ± 286 ng/mL, p = 0.014). There was a negative weak correlation observed between ANGPTL-4 and triglyceride levels (r = -0.246, p = 0.027). Among all groups, when patients with and without insulin resistance were compared; ANGPTL-4 levels were determined to be similar. While fasting blood glucose levels were similar between 2 groups; fasting insulin and triglyceride levels were determined to be increased in hepatic steatosis group (Insulin 17.7 ± 12 vs 7.4 ± 3.3 µIU/mL, p < 0.001, triglyceride 158 ± 46.4 vs 118 ± 59.8 mg/dL p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We have determined lower serum ANGPTL-4 levels in patients with hepatic steatosis. ANGPTL-4 that is regulating LPL activity plays an important role in fatty liver disease pathogenesis via free fatty acid metabolism and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPAR-δ). We believe that the results of this study would elucidate the investigations about the mechanism of fatty liver disease development and treatments targeting ANGPTL-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Altun
- Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Internal Medicine Department, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Okan Dikker
- Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Medical Biochemistry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yücel Arman
- Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Internal Medicine Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilal Ugurlukisi
- Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Internal Medicine Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Orkide Kutlu
- Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Internal Medicine Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eylem Ozgun Cil
- Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Internal Medicine Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sengul Aydin Yoldemir
- Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Internal Medicine Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Akarsu
- Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Internal Medicine Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ozcan
- Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Internal Medicine Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Semih Kalyon
- Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Internal Medicine Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Ozsoy
- Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Internal Medicine Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tufan Tükek
- Istanbul University, Internal Medicine Department, İstanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sarkar J, Dwivedi G, Chen Q, Sheu IE, Paich M, Chelini CM, D'Alessandro PM, Burns SP. A long-term mechanistic computational model of physiological factors driving the onset of type 2 diabetes in an individual. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192472. [PMID: 29444133 PMCID: PMC5812629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A computational model of the physiological mechanisms driving an individual's health towards onset of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is described, calibrated and validated using data from the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). The objective of this model is to quantify the factors that can be used for prevention of T2D. The model is energy and mass balanced and continuously simulates trajectories of variables including body weight components, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin among others on the time-scale of years. Modeled mechanisms include dynamic representations of intracellular insulin resistance, pancreatic beta-cell insulin production, oxidation of macronutrients, ketogenesis, effects of inflammation and reactive oxygen species, and conversion between stored and activated metabolic species, with body-weight connected to mass and energy balance. The model was calibrated to 331 placebo and 315 lifestyle-intervention DPP subjects, and one year forecasts of all individuals were generated. Predicted population mean errors were less than or of the same magnitude as clinical measurement error; mean forecast errors for weight and HbA1c were ~5%, supporting predictive capabilities of the model. Validation of lifestyle-intervention prediction is demonstrated by synthetically imposing diet and physical activity changes on DPP placebo subjects. Using subject level parameters, comparisons were made between exogenous and endogenous characteristics of subjects who progressed toward T2D (HbA1c > 6.5) over the course of the DPP study to those who did not. The comparison revealed significant differences in diets and pancreatic sensitivity to hyperglycemia but not in propensity to develop insulin resistance. A computational experiment was performed to explore relative contributions of exogenous versus endogenous factors between these groups. Translational uses to applications in public health and personalized healthcare are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Sarkar
- PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gaurav Dwivedi
- PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Qian Chen
- PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Iris E. Sheu
- PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark Paich
- PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Colleen M. Chelini
- PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Samuel P. Burns
- PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, New York, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Søndergaard E, Nielsen S. VLDL triglyceride accumulation in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in type 2 diabetes. Curr Opin Lipidol 2018; 29:42-47. [PMID: 29135689 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Insulin resistance is closely linked to accumulation of lipid outside adipose tissue (ectopic fat storage). VLDL particles transport lipids from the liver to peripheral tissues. However, whether abnormalities in VLDL-triglyceride storage in muscle and adipose tissue exist in type 2 diabetes has previously been unknown, primarily because of methodological difficulties. Here, we review recent research on VLDL-triglyceride storage. RECENT FINDINGS In a recent study, men with type 2 diabetes had increased skeletal muscle VLDL-triglyceride storage compared to weight-matched nondiabetic men, potentially leading to intramyocellular triglyceride accumulation. In contrast, studies of adipose tissue VLDL-triglyceride storage have shown similar storage capacity in men with and without diabetes, both in the postabsorptive and the postprandial period. In the initial submission, studies have failed to show associations between lipoprotein lipase activity, considered the rate-limiting step in storage of lipids from lipoproteins, and VLDL-TG storage in both muscle and adipose tissue. SUMMARY Differences in muscle VLDL-triglyceride storage may lead to ectopic fat storage and contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes, whereas the ability to store VLDL-triglyceride in adipose tissue is preserved in type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esben Søndergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Søren Nielsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C
| |
Collapse
|