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Li K, Xiao X, Li Y, Lu S, Zi J, Sun X, Xu J, Liu HY, Li X, Song T, Cai D. Insights into the interplay between gut microbiota and lipid metabolism in the obesity management of canines and felines. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:114. [PMID: 39118186 PMCID: PMC11308499 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01073-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a prevalent chronic disease that has significant negative impacts on humans and our companion animals, including dogs and cats. Obesity occurs with multiple comorbidities, such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease and osteoarthritis in dogs and cats. A direct link between lipid metabolism dysregulation and obesity-associated diseases has been implicated. However, the understanding of such pathophysiology in companion animals is limited. This review aims to address the role of lipid metabolism in various metabolic disorders associated with obesity, emphasizing the involvement of the gut microbiota. Furthermore, we also discuss the management of obesity, including approaches like nutritional interventions, thus providing novel insights into obesity prevention and treatment for canines and felines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqi Li
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Molecular Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Breeding and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiangyu Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuling Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Sichen Lu
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Molecular Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Breeding and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jianghang Zi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jia Xu
- College of Agriculture, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, 321017, China
| | - Hao-Yu Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Molecular Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Breeding and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tongxing Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Demin Cai
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Molecular Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Breeding and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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McGrath AP, Horschler DJ, Hancock L. Feline Cognition and the Role of Nutrition: An Evolutionary Perspective and Historical Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1967. [PMID: 38998079 PMCID: PMC11240355 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Research into cognition in cats and the impact of nutrition on cat cognitive health lags behind that in dogs but is receiving increased attention. In this review, we discuss the evolutionary history of the domesticated cat, describe possible drivers of domestication, and explore the interrelationships between nutrition and cat cognition. While most cat species are solitary, domesticated cats can live in social groups, engage in complex social encounters, and form strong attachments to humans. Researchers have recently started to study cat cognition using similar methods as those developed for dogs, with an initial primary focus on perception and social cognition. Similar to dogs, cats also show cognitive and behavioral changes associated with stress and aging, but these signs are often gradual and often considered a consequence of natural aging. Despite the fundamental role of nutrition in cognitive development, function, and maintenance, research into the association between nutrition and cognition in cats is only preliminary. Ultimately, additional research is needed to gain a full understanding of cat cognition and to explore the role of nutrition in the cognitive health of cats to help improve their welfare.
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3
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Cook AK, Behrend E. SGLT2 inhibitor use in the management of feline diabetes mellitus. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024. [PMID: 38954371 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are routinely used in the management of human type 2 diabetes and have been shown to effectively mitigate hyperglycemia and reduce the risks of cardiovascular and renal compromise. Two SGLT2 inhibitors, namely bexagliflozin and velagliflozin, were recently FDA approved for the treatment of uncomplicated feline diabetes mellitus. These oral hypoglycemic agents are a suitable option for many newly diagnosed cats, with rapid improvements in glycemic control and clinical signs. Suitable candidates must have some residual β-cell function, as some endogenous insulin production is required to prevent ketosis. Appropriate patient selection and monitoring are necessary, and practitioners should be aware of serious complications such as euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey K Cook
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ellen Behrend
- Veterinary Information Network, Davis, California, USA
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Sun M, De Cuyper A, Bosch G, Dierenfeld ES, Hendriks WH, Janssens GPJ. Protein quality of a small mammal prey and its body organs for felids. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae180. [PMID: 38980729 PMCID: PMC11247530 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the protein quality of small mammalian prey and its body organs by analyzing amino acid (AA) composition and digestibility of wild adult rats and their body organs (skin/fur, bone, muscle, intestine, liver, kidney, spleen, brain, heart, and lung) utilizing an in vitro digestion method. The average dry matter (DM) digestibility of whole rats was 89.9%. The digestibility of total AA (TAA), total indispensable AA (TIAA), and total dispensable AA (TDAA) in whole rats was 85.6, 87.0, and 87.6%, respectively. Differences in DM digestibility were observed among rat organs, ranging from 59.0% in bone to 99.8% in muscle (P < 0.001). Highly digestible organs generally exhibited AA digestibility exceeding 90%, except for cysteine (Cys) in the intestine and kidney (83.8% and 88.9%, respectively). The digestibility of AAs in skin/fur ranged from 19.7% for Cys to 81.0% for glycine (Gly). In bone, the digestibility spanned from 56.9% for Gly to 81.1% for tyrosine (Tyr). Additionally, examining the digestible indispensable AA score (DIAAS) gives us an idea of the protein quality of small mammalian prey and their body organs. Our results complement information on AA supply and digestion during prey ingestion by felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Sun
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Annelies De Cuyper
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Guido Bosch
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen S Dierenfeld
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Ellen S. Dierenfeld LLC, Saint Louis, MO 63128, USA
| | - Wouter H Hendriks
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Geert P J Janssens
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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5
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Connolly ED, Wu G. Functions and Metabolism of Amino Acids in the Hair and Skin of Dogs and Cats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1446:135-154. [PMID: 38625527 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-54192-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The hair and skin of domestic cats or dogs account for 2% and 12-24% of their body weight, respectively, depending on breed and age. These connective tissues contain protein as the major constituent and provide the first line of defense against external pathogens and toxins. Maintenance of the skin and hair in smooth and elastic states requires special nutritional support, particularly an adequate provision of amino acids (AAs). Keratin (rich in cysteine, serine and glycine) is the major protein both in the epidermis of the skin and in the hair. Filaggrin [rich in some AAs (e.g., serine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, arginine, and histidine)] is another physiologically important protein in the epidermis of the skin. Collagen and elastin (rich in glycine and proline plus 4-hydroxyproline) are the predominant proteins in the dermis and hypodermis of the skin. Taurine and 4-hydroxyproline are abundant free AAs in the skin of dogs and cats, and 4-hydroxyproline is also an abundant free AA in their hair. The epidermis of the skin synthesizes melanin (the pigment in the skin and hair) from tyrosine and produces trans-urocanate from histidine. Qualitative requirements for proteinogenic AAs are similar between cats and dogs but not identical. Both animal species require the same AAs to nourish the hair and skin but the amounts differ. Other factors (e.g., breeds, coat color, and age) may affect the requirements of cats or dogs for nutrients. The development of a healthy coat, especially a black coat, as well as healthy skin critically depends on AAs [particularly arginine, glycine, histidine, proline, 4-hydroxyproline, and serine, sulfur AAs (methionine, cysteine, and taurine), phenylalanine, and tyrosine] and creatine. Although there are a myriad of studies on AA nutrition in cats and dogs, there is still much to learn about how each AA affects the growth, development and maintenance of the hair and skin. Animal-sourced foodstuffs (e.g., feather meal and poultry by-product meal) are excellent sources of the AAs that are crucial to maintain the normal structure and health of the skin and hair in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Connolly
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Brozou A, Fuller BT, De Cupere B, Marrast A, Monchot H, Peters J, Van de Vijver K, Lambert O, Mannino MA, Ottoni C, Van Neer W. A dietary perspective of cat-human interactions in two medieval harbors in Iran and Oman revealed through stable isotope analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12316. [PMID: 37516781 PMCID: PMC10387063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39417-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cats are hypercarnivorous, opportunistic animals that have adjusted to anthropogenic environments since the Neolithic period. Through humans, either by direct feeding and/or scavenging on food scraps, the diet of cats has been enriched with animals that they cannot kill themselves (e.g., large mammals, fish). Here, we conducted carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratio analysis to reconstruct the diet of medieval cats and investigate cat-human interactions in two medieval harbor sites (Qalhât, Oman and Siraf, Iran). The analysis included 28 cat individuals and 100 associated marine and terrestrial faunal samples pertaining to > 30 taxa. The isotopic results indicate a high marine protein-based diet for the cats from Qalhât and a mixed marine-terrestrial (C4) diet for the cats from Siraf. Cats at these sites most likely scavenged on both human food scraps and refuse related to fishing activities, with differences in the two sites most likely associated with the availability of marine resources and/or the living conditions of the cats. By shedding light on the dietary habits of cats from two medieval harbors in the Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, this study illustrates the potential of stable isotope analysis in reconstructing human-cat interactions in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Brozou
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Benjamin T Fuller
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, UMR 5563, CNRS, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées 14, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Bea De Cupere
- Operational Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anaïs Marrast
- UMR AASPE 7209, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 56, 43 Rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Monchot
- CNRS UMR 8167, Orient & Méditerranée, 27 Rue Paul Bert, 94200, Ivry-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Joris Peters
- ArchaeoBioCenter and Institute of Palaeoanatomy, Domestication Research, and the History of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Kaulbachstr. 37, 80539, Munich, Germany
- SNSB, State Collection of Palaeoanatomy Munich, Karolinenplatz 2a, 80333, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrien Van de Vijver
- Operational Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Lambert
- Operational Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marcello A Mannino
- Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, Aarhus University, Moesgård Allé 20, 8270, Højbjerg, Denmark
| | - Claudio Ottoni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Wim Van Neer
- Operational Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
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Zhang M, Mo R, Li M, Qu Y, Wang H, Liu T, Liu P, Wu Y. Comparison of the Effects of Enzymolysis Seaweed Powder and Saccharomyces boulardii on Intestinal Health and Microbiota Composition in Kittens. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050637. [PMID: 37233678 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Kittens are prone to intestinal health problems as their intestines are not completely developed. Seaweed is rich in plant polysaccharides and bioactive substances that are highly beneficial to gut health. However, the effects of seaweed on cat gut health have not been assessed. This study compared the effects of dietary supplementation with enzymolysis seaweed powder and Saccharomyces boulardii on the intestinal health of kittens. In total, 30 Ragdoll kittens (age: 6 months; weight: 1.50 ± 0.29 kg) were assigned to three treatment groups for a 4-week feeding trial. The dietary treatment given was as follows: (1) basal diet (CON); (2) CON + enzymolysis seaweed powder (20 g/kg of feed) mixed evenly with the diet (SE); and (3) CON + Saccharomyces boulardii (2 × 1010 CFU/kg of feed) mixed evenly with the diet (SB). Compared with the CON and SB groups, dietary supplementation with the enzymolysis seaweed powder improved the immune and antioxidant capacity and also reduced the intestinal permeability and inflammation levels of kittens. The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Lachnospiraceae, Prevotellaceae, and Faecalibacterium in the SE group was higher than those in the CON and SB groups (p ≤ 0.05), while the relative abundance of Desulfobacterota, Sutterellaceae, and Erysipelatoclostridium in the SB group was lower than that in the SE group (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, enzymolysis seaweed powder did not alter the level of intestinal SCFAs in kittens. Conclusively, supplementing kitten diet with enzymolysis seaweed powder can promote intestinal health by enhancing the gut barrier function and optimizing the microbiota composition. Our findings provide new perspectives on the application of enzymolysis seaweed powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruixia Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingtan Li
- Shidai Marine Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Weihai 264319, China
| | - Yuankai Qu
- Shidai Marine Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Weihai 264319, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Rankovic A, Godfrey H, Grant CE, Shoveller AK, Bakovic M, Kirby G, Verbrugghe A. Serum metabolomic analysis of the dose-response effect of dietary choline in overweight male cats fed at maintenance energy requirements. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280734. [PMID: 36689425 PMCID: PMC9870128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Choline participates in methyl group metabolism and has been recognized for its roles in lipid metabolism, hepatic health and muscle function in various species. Data regarding the impacts of choline on feline metabolic pathways are scarce. The present study investigated how choline intake affects the metabolomic profile of overweight cats fed at maintenance energy. Overweight (n = 14; body condition score:6-8/9) male adult cats were supplemented with five doses of choline in a 5x5 Latin Square design. Cats received a daily dose of choline on extruded food (3620 mg choline/kg diet) for three weeks at maintenance energy requirements (130 kcal/kgBW0.4). Doses were based on body weight (BW) and the daily recommended allowance (RA) for choline for adult cats (63 mg/kg BW0.67). Treatment groups included: Control (no additional choline, 1.2 x NRC RA, 77 mg/kg BW0.67), 2 x NRC RA (126 mg/kg BW0.67), 4 x NRC RA (252 mg/kg BW0.67), 6 x RA (378 mg/kg BW0.67), and 8 x NRC RA (504 mg/kg BW0.67). Serum was collected after an overnight fast at the end of each treatment period and analyzed for metabolomic parameters through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and direct infusion mass spectrometry (DI-MS). Data were analyzed using GLIMMIX, with group and period as random effects, and dose as the fixed effect. Choline up to 8 x NRC RA was well-tolerated. Choline at 6 and 8 x NRC RA resulted in greater concentrations of amino acids and one-carbon metabolites (P < 0.05) betaine, dimethylglycine and methionine. Choline at 6 x NRC RA also resulted in greater phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin concentrations (P < 0.05). Supplemental dietary choline may be beneficial for maintaining hepatic health in overweight cats, as it may increase hepatic fat mobilization and methyl donor status. Choline may also improve lean muscle mass in cats. More research is needed to quantify how choline impacts body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rankovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hannah Godfrey
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caitlin E. Grant
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna K. Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gordon Kirby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Sierawska O, Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P. Adipokines as potential biomarkers for type 2 diabetes mellitus in cats. Front Immunol 2022; 13:950049. [PMID: 36248900 PMCID: PMC9561307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.950049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is no longer only a disease of humans, but also of domestic animals, and it particularly affects cats. It is increasingly thought that because of its unique characteristics, T2DM may belong not only to the group of metabolic diseases but also to the group of autoimmune diseases. This is due to the involvement of the immune system in the inflammation that occurs with T2DM. Various pro- and anti-inflammatory substances are secreted, especially cytokines in patients with T2DM. Cytokines secreted by adipose tissue are called adipokines, and leptin, adiponectin, resistin, omentin, TNF-α, and IL-6 have been implicated in T2DM. In cats, approximately 90% of diabetic cases are T2DM. Risk factors include older age, male sex, Burmese breed, presence of obesity, and insulin resistance. Diagnosis of a cat requires repeated testing and is complicated compared to human diagnosis. Based on similarities in the pathogenesis of T2DM between humans and cats, adipokines previously proposed as biomarkers for human T2DM may also serve in the diagnosis of this disease in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sierawska
- Doctoral School, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- *Correspondence: Olga Sierawska,
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Krupa A, de Vos J, Van Eetvelde L, Teske E. Pegylated asparaginase in feline high-grade lymphoma: clinical results of single injection and continued incorporation into a modified COP regimen. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e203-e213. [PMID: 35748790 PMCID: PMC10812256 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the response to a single injection of pegylated asparaginase ('pegaspargase') and to assess the tolerability and outcome of prolonged incorporation of pegaspargase into a modified COP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisolone) regimen in pegaspargase sensitive cats. METHODS Fifty-six client-owned cats with confirmed macroscopic high-grade lymphoma at any anatomical site were included. Treatment was commenced with a single pegaspargase injection. Cats showing an objective response were eligible to continue therapy with pegaspargase incorporated into a modified COP protocol and had their survival analysed using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. RESULTS Objective response to pegaspargase was reported in 46 cats (82%), including 21 (38%) complete and 25 (44%) partial responses. Thirty-four responders continued therapy with pegaspargase-COP as the first-line treatment. Of these, 31 cats (92%) achieved complete remission with a median duration of the first remission (disease-free survival [DFS]) of 816 days. The median overall survival time (OST) for all 34 cats treated with pegaspargase-COP was 181 days. Response to the initial pegaspargase injection before COP initiation was significantly associated with DFS (P = 0.04) and OST (P = 0.001). Median DFS/OST for cats with complete response to initial pegaspargase injection was significantly longer compared with those with partial remission (>1273 days/>2066 days vs 77 days/108 days, respectively). Cats with gastric lymphoma showed a significantly longer survival (OST 854 days, 1- and 2-year survival rate 57.1%) compared with cats with intestinal lymphoma (OST 102 days, 1-year survival rate 0%). The pegaspargase-COP protocol was generally well tolerated, but two deaths were likely attributable to treatment-related toxicity during the maintenance phase. Importantly, none of the cats experienced hypersensitivity, despite multiple repeated treatments with pegaspargase. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Pegaspargase is an effective agent for feline lymphoma. Its incorporation into a COP chemotherapy protocol may confer a survival benefit, especially in cats with complete response to pegaspargase. Treatment is generally well tolerated, but careful monitoring is recommended. Further studies are required to assess the benefits of pegaspargase as monotherapy or as part of different multi-agent chemotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Krupa
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Collaborative Veterinary Cancer Centers (SDK) of The Netherlands and Belgium, AR Terneuzen, the Netherlands
| | - Johan de Vos
- Collaborative Veterinary Cancer Centers (SDK) of The Netherlands and Belgium, AR Terneuzen, the Netherlands
| | - Lynn Van Eetvelde
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Erik Teske
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
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11
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Laflamme DP, Backus RC, Forrester SD, Hoenig M. Evidence does not support the controversy regarding carbohydrates in feline diets. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:506-513. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.06.0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert C. Backus
- 2Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | | | - Margarethe Hoenig
- 4Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL
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12
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Badri DV, Jackson MI, Jewell DE. Dietary Protein and Carbohydrate Levels Affect the Gut Microbiota and Clinical Assessment in Healthy Adult Cats. J Nutr 2021; 151:3637-3650. [PMID: 34587256 PMCID: PMC8643606 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relative levels of dietary protein and carbohydrate intake influence microbiota and their functional capabilities, but the effect has not been well documented in cats. OBJECTIVES The impact of 3 foods with different protein:carbohydrate ratios on the gut microbiota and functional attributes in healthy adult cats was evaluated. METHODS Male and female cats (n = 30; mean age: 5.1 y; mean body weight: 5.26 kg) were fed 1 of 3 foods [P28 (28.3% protein, dry matter basis), P35 (35.1%), and P55 (54.8%)] for 90 d in a Williams Latin Square design. Each food had a 1:1 ratio of animal (dried chicken) to plant (pea) protein; protein replaced carbohydrate as protein level increased. Fecal microbiota and their functional capability were assessed with 16S sequencing and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database, respectively. RESULTS Fecal pH, ammonia, and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) were higher when cats consumed P55 food than when they consumed P28 and P35. Clear separation of samples between P28 and P55 based on bacterial genera was observed, with partitioning into saccharolytic and proteolytic functions, respectively. Significantly higher α diversity was seen with P55 than with P28 and P35. Amino acid metabolism, mucin foraging pathways, and urea metabolism were higher with P55 than with P28, whereas feces from cats fed P28 had higher concentrations of carbohydrate-active enzymes and enzymes involved in SCFA pathways than with P55. Bacterial genera that showed positive associations with amino acid catabolism also showed positive associations with mucin degradation. CONCLUSIONS Despite higher protein digestibility and less protein arriving to the colon, when healthy adult cats consumed the highest level of protein (P55), their gut microbiota exhibited higher mucin glycan foraging and amino acid metabolism, leading to higher fecal pH, ammonia, and BCFAs. This is likely due to lower availability of carbohydrate substrates and dietary fiber as protein replaced carbohydrate in the food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dennis E Jewell
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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13
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Alrubaye HS, Kohl KD. Abundance and Compositions of B-Vitamin-Producing Microbes in the Mammalian Gut Vary Based on Feeding Strategies. mSystems 2021; 6:e0031321. [PMID: 34463576 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00313-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals maintain close associations with gut microbes that provide numerous nutritional benefits, including vitamin synthesis. While most mammals obtain sufficient vitamins from their diets, deficiencies in various B vitamins (biotin, cobalamin, riboflavin, thiamine, etc.) are reported in captive animals. Biomedical and agricultural research has shown that gut microbes are capable of synthesizing B vitamins and assisting with host vitamin homeostasis. However, we have a poor understanding of distribution and abundance of B-vitamin synthesis across mammalian hosts. Here, we leveraged a publicly available metagenomic data set from 39 mammalian species and used MG-RAST to compare the abundance and composition of B-vitamin-synthesizing microbes across mammalian feeding strategies. We predicted that herbivores would have the highest abundance of genes associated with vitamin synthesis, as plant material is often low in B vitamins. However, this hypothesis was not supported. Instead, we found that relative abundances of genes associated with cobalamin and thiamine synthesis were significantly enriched in carnivorous mammals. The taxonomic community structure of microbes predicted to be involved in B-vitamin synthesis also varied significantly based on host feeding strategy. For example, the genus Acinetobacter primarily contributed to predicted biotin synthesis in carnivores but was not predicted to contribute to biotin synthesis in herbivores or omnivores. Given that B vitamins cannot be stored within the body, we hypothesize that microbial synthesis of B vitamins could be important for wild carnivores that regularly experience periods of fasting. Overall, these results shed light on the distribution and abundance of microbial B-vitamin synthesis across mammalian groups, with potential implications for captive animals. IMPORTANCE Microbial communities offer numerous physiological services to their hosts, but we still have a poor understanding of how these functions are structured across mammalian species. Specifically, our understanding of processes of vitamin synthesis across animals is severely limited. Here, we compared the abundance of genes associated with the synthesis of B vitamins and the taxonomic composition of the microbes containing these genes. We found that herbivores, omnivores, and carnivores harbor distinct communities of microbes that putatively conduct vitamin synthesis. Additionally, carnivores exhibited the highest abundance of genes associated with synthesis of specific B vitamins, cobalamin and thiamine. These data uncover the potential importance of microbes in the vitamin homeostasis of various mammals, especially carnivorous mammals. These findings have implications for understanding the microbial interactions that contribute to the nutritional requirements of animals held in captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham S Alrubaye
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburghgrid.21925.3d, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin D Kohl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburghgrid.21925.3d, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Dodd SAS, Shoveller AK, Fascetti AJ, Yu ZZ, Ma DWL, Verbrugghe A. A Comparison of Key Essential Nutrients in Commercial Plant-Based Pet Foods Sold in Canada to American and European Canine and Feline Dietary Recommendations. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082348. [PMID: 34438805 PMCID: PMC8388700 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Plant-based pet foods appear to be growing in popularity, but it is unclear how suitable these products are for dogs and cats, considering both species naturally consume diets rich in, or exclusively comprised of, animal tissues. Laboratory analyses of essential nutrients were performed on 26 plant-based diets available in Ontario, Canada in 2018, including 18 canine products (13 products labelled for adult maintenance, four for all life stages, one for puppy growth), 5 feline products (two for adult maintenance and three for all life stages), and 3 products labelled for both dogs and cats (one for adult maintenance and two for all life stages). The nutrient measurements were compared to industry standard nutrient profiles. Four products met the recommendations of the Association of American Feed Control Officials and one product the nutrient recommendations of the European Pet Food Industry Federation for adult dogs. No diets met recommended nutrient content for adult cats or growing puppies or kittens. Nutrients most commonly found to be insufficient were: sulfur amino acids, taurine, arachidonic acid, EPA and DHA, calcium phosphorus and vitamin D. These nutrients are all typically found in animal tissues, though non-animal sources are available, and require careful formulation or supplementation in products made without animal-derived ingredients. Compliance with Canadian labelling regulation and guidelines was poor. These problems do not appear to be exclusive to plant-based foods and have been demonstrated previously in commercially available animal-based products as well. This study demonstrates areas where manufacturers of plant-based pet foods must improve formulation and/or manufacturing practices to produce products appropriate for feeding cats and dogs. Abstract Plant-based foods intended for feeding dogs and cats are available in Canada, though few studies have examined the suitability of plant-based foods for dogs and cats. All commercial plant-based extruded and wet pet food products available in Ontario, Canada, in 2018 (n = 26) were acquired and analysed for energy, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and vitamins A, B12, D2 and D3. Results were compared with recommendations of the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) and the European Pet Food Industry Federation (FEDIAF). Thirteen products were labelled for adult canine maintenance, four for canine all life stages, one for puppy growth, two for adult feline maintenance, three for feline all life stages, one for adult maintenance of dogs and cats and two for all life stages of dogs and cats. Four products met AAFCO and one product met FEDIAF nutrient recommendations for canine maintenance. No diets met AAFCO or FEDIAF recommendations for feline maintenance or growth for either species. Nutrients most commonly found insufficient were: sulfur amino acids, taurine, arachidonic acid, EPA and DHA, calcium phosphorus and vitamin D. There were no nutrients unable to be provided from non-animal sources. Compliance with labelling guidelines was also poor, similar to other findings with commercial animal-based pet products. The results from this study indicate areas where producers of plant-based pet foods must improve to meet the industry recommended nutrient profiles and labelling requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. S. Dodd
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Anna K. Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Andrea J. Fascetti
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.J.F.); (Z.Z.Y.)
| | - Zengshou Z. Yu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.J.F.); (Z.Z.Y.)
| | - David W. L. Ma
- Department of Human Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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Shajid Pyari M, Uccheddu S, Lenkei R, Pongrácz P. Inexperienced but still interested – Indoor-only cats are more inclined for predatory play than cats with outdoor access. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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16
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Che D, Nyingwa PS, Ralinala KM, Maswanganye GMT, Wu G. Amino Acids in the Nutrition, Metabolism, and Health of Domestic Cats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1285:217-231. [PMID: 33770409 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Domestic cats (carnivores) require high amounts of dietary amino acids (AAs) for normal growth, development, and reproduction. Amino acids had been traditionally categorised as nutritionally essential (EAAs) or nonessential (NEAAs), depending on whether they are synthesized de novo in the body. This review will focus on AA nutrition and metabolism in cats. Like other mammals, cats do not synthesize the carbon skeletons of twelve proteinogenic AAs: Arg, Cys, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, Tyr, and Val. Like other feline carnivores but unlike many mammals, cats do not synthesize citrulline and have a very limited ability to produce taurine from Cys. Except for Leu and Lys that are strictly ketogenic AAs, most EAAs are both glucogenic and ketogenic AAs. All the EAAs (including taurine) must be provided in diets for cats. These animals are sensitive to dietary deficiencies of Arg and taurine, which rapidly result in life-threatening hyperammonemia and retinal damage, respectively. Although the National Research Council (NCR, Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats. National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2006) does not recommend dietary requirements of cats for NEAAs, much attention should be directed to this critical issue of nutrition. Cats can synthesize de novo eight proteinogenic AAs: Ala, Asn, Asp, Gln, Glu, Gly, Pro, and Ser, as well as some nonproteinogenic AAs, such as γ-aminobutyrate, ornithine, and β-alanine with important physiological functions. Some of these AAs (e.g., Gln, Glu, Pro, and Gly) are crucial for intestinal integrity and health. Except for Gln, AAs in the arterial blood of cats may not be available to the mucosa of the small intestine. Plant-source foodstuffs lack taurine and generally contain inadequate Met and Cys and, therefore, should not be fed to cats in any age group. Besides meat, animal-source foodstuffs (including ruminant meat & bone meal, poultry by-product meal, porcine mucosal protein, and chicken visceral digest) are good sources of proteinogenic AAs and taurine for cats. Meeting dietary requirements for both EAAs and NEAAs in proper amounts and balances is crucial for improving the health, wellbeing, longevity, and reproduction of cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Che
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, and Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Pakama S Nyingwa
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, and Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Khakhathi M Ralinala
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, and Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Gwen M T Maswanganye
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, and Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Fantinati M, Dufayet R, Rouch-Buck P, Priymenko N. Relationship between a plant-based 'vegan' pet food and clinical manifestation of multiple nutrient deficiencies in two cats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 105:1179-1191. [PMID: 33656761 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A topical subject in human nutrition is the steadily growing number of people choosing to limit or completely avoid all animal-derived food products either for moral dilemma, health concerns or both. To meet people's will of applying their dietary choices to their domestic animals, the pet food industry answered by launching on the market some plant-based diets. This leads to concerns about whether these diets are adequately formulated to satisfy the target species nutritional requirements, especially for cats which are still considered strict carnivores. This case report follows a 2-year-old male neutered Main Coon and a 1-year-old female spayed Domestic Shorthair cat, presented to the nutrition service of the University of Toulouse, France. Reason for consultation was lethargy with in anamnesis a recent dietary transition to a plant-based pet food. Dysorexia, lethargy and muscle waste were present at first consultation. Progressive weight loss developed during follow-ups. A macrocytic, non-regenerative anaemia with serum folates below reference were the main clinical features. Analysis of pet food showed multiple nutrients below minimum recommendation at the average daily intake of both cats. Folic acid supplementation improved dysorexia, and subsequent reintroduction of animal-derived ingredients in the diet restored appetite, weight and a normal mentation in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fantinati
- Nutrition Department, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Romane Dufayet
- Nutrition Department, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Petra Rouch-Buck
- Nutrition Department, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Priymenko
- Nutrition Department, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse ENVT, Toulouse, France
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18
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Dodd SAS, Dewey C, Khosa D, Verbrugghe A. A cross-sectional study of owner-reported health in Canadian and American cats fed meat- and plant-based diets. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:53. [PMID: 33509191 PMCID: PMC7842014 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cats, being obligate carnivores, have unique dietary requirements for nutrients most commonly found in dietary ingredients of animal origin. As such, feeding a diet devoid of animal-derived ingredients has been postulated as a possible cause of nutrient imbalances and adverse health outcomes. A small proportion of cat owners feed strictly plant-based diets to the cats in their care, yet the health and wellness of cats fed these diets has not been well documented. Results A total of 1325 questionnaires were complete enough for inclusion. The only exclusion criterion was failure to answer all questions. Most cats, 65% (667/1026), represented in the survey were fed a meat-based diet and 18.2% (187/1026) were fed a plant-based diet, with the rest fed either a combination of plant-based with meat-based (69/1026, 6.7%) or indeterminable (103/1026, 10%). Cat age ranged from 4 months to 23 years, with a median of 7 years, and was not associated with diet type. No differences in reported lifespan were detected between diet types. Fewer cats fed plant-based diets reported to have gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders. Cats fed plant-based diets were reported to have more ideal body condition scores than cats fed a meat-based diet. More owners of cats fed plant-based diets reported their cat to be in very good health. Conclusions Cat owner perception of the health and wellness of cats does not appear to be adversely affected by being fed a plant-based diet. Contrary to expectations, owners perceived no body system or disorder to be at particular risk when feeding a plant-based diet to cats. This study collected information from cat owners and is subject to bias, as well as methodological limitations. Further research is warranted to determine if these results are replicable in a prospective investigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02754-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A S Dodd
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Cate Dewey
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Deep Khosa
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Dose-Dependent Effects of Dietary Xylooligosaccharides Supplementation on Microbiota, Fermentation and Metabolism in Healthy Adult Cats. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215030. [PMID: 33138291 PMCID: PMC7662210 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect and appropriate dose of prebiotics, this study evaluated the effect of two levels of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) in cats. Twenty-four healthy adult cats were divided into three groups: no-XOS control diet with 1% cellulose; low XOS supplementation (LXOS) with 0.04% XOS and 0.96% cellulose; and high XOS supplementation (HXOS) with 0.40% XOS and 0.60% cellulose. Both XOS groups increased blood 3-hydroxybutyryl carnitine levels and decreased hexadecanedioyl carnitine levels. Both XOS treatments displayed an increased bacterial abundance of Blautia, Clostridium XI, and Collinsella and a decreased abundance of Megasphaera and Bifidobacterium. LXOS groups increased fecal pH and bacterial abundance of Streptococcus and Lactobacillus, decreased blood glutaryl carnitine concentration, and Catenibacterium abundance. HXOS group showed a more distinct microbiome profile and higher species richness, and an increased bacterial abundance of Subdoligranulum, Ruminococcaceae genus (unassigned genus), Erysipelotrichaceae genus, and Lachnospiraceae. Correlations between bacterial abundances and blood and fecal parameters were also observed. In conclusion, XOS could benefit feline gut health by altering microbiota; its effects dependant on the dose. The higher-dose XOS increased bacterial populations that possibly promoted intestinal fermentation, while the lower dose altered populations of carbohydrate-metabolic microbiota and possibly modulated host metabolism. Low-dose prebiotics may become a trend in future studies.
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Brenes-Soto A, Tye M, Esmail MY. The Role of Feed in Aquatic Laboratory Animal Nutrition and the Potential Impact on Animal Models and Study Reproducibility. ILAR J 2020; 60:197-215. [PMID: 33094819 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed plays a central role in the physiological development of terrestrial and aquatic animals. Historically, the feeding practice of aquatic research species derived from aquaculture, farmed, or ornamental trades. These diets are highly variable, with limited quality control, and have been typically selected to provide the fastest growth or highest fecundity. These variations of quality and composition of diets may affect animal/colony health and can introduce confounding experimental variables into animal-based studies that impact research reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brenes-Soto
- Department of Animal Science, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Marc Tye
- Zebrafish Core Facility, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michael Y Esmail
- Tufts Comparative Medicine Services, Tufts University Health Science Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
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21
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Lawson GT, Langford FM, Harvey AM. The environmental needs of many Australian pet cats are not being met. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:898-906. [PMID: 31841057 PMCID: PMC10814394 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19890189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate whether Australian cat owners are effectively meeting their cats' environmental needs and to identify areas of deficiency that may have an impact on the cats' health and welfare. METHODS An online survey investigating lifestyle factors and provision of environmental resources was distributed to Australian cat owners. RESULTS In total, 12,010 respondents, representing cat-owning households, completed the survey. Altogether, 45.5% were single-cat households and 54.5% were multi-cat households, with a mean number of two cats per household. In total, 46.3% of households contained indoor cats, 51.8% contained indoor-outdoor cats and 1.8% had mostly outdoor cats. Dry food was the predominant food type in 59% of households and few respondents fed their cats in a manner that stimulates natural predatory behaviours. Altogether, 17.1% of households reported cats with urinary problems such as haematuria or urethral obstruction, and 19.8% reported inappropriate urination outside of the litter tray. The incidence of urinary problems was found to be significantly increased in multi-cat households, those with a low number of litter trays, less frequent cleaning of the trays of faeces and the use of crystal type litter. The veterinary clinic was the most common place to obtain advice about feeding and toileting management. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE An increased number of Australian households now contain multiple cats that live restricted or indoor lifestyles. Despite the majority of respondents claiming to have a lot of knowledge about cats and obtaining veterinary advice, deficiencies were identified in toileting facilities and feeding practices, which raises significant welfare concerns. Urinary tract disorders are an important cause of morbidity, mortality and relinquishment and its presence was associated with inadequate toileting facilities. Ongoing education of cat owners and an increased effort by veterinarians to include basic husbandry in preventative care consultations is critical to improving the welfare of pet cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle T Lawson
- The Cat Clinic Hobart, Hobart, Australia
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fritha M Langford
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Scotland’s Rural College, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrea M Harvey
- Independent Feline Specialist Consultant, New South Wales, Australia
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Souza JL, Moraes MT, Galera LA, Abdalla Filho AL, Navarro AB, Junior AA, Mazola YT, Alvarez DO, Camargo PB, Martinelli LA. Identifying the composition of commercial Brazilian cat food with stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2020; 56:346-357. [PMID: 32508164 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2020.1771331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Considering the increasing pet owner's concern about the food their pets are consuming, in this study we investigated the origin of the main ingredients in wet and dry foods produced in Brazil using stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen. We concluded that chicken and pork seem to be the dominant ingredients in most of the samples, with larger proportions in wet cat food. Even in pet foods showing 'beef' as the main ingredient on the label, we found a low proportion of bovine products in both wet and dry cat foods. Comparing the contribution of plant-derived products (C3 and C4 plants) and animal-derived products (chicken-pork, bovine and fish), approximately 21 % of cat foods had more than 30 % of ingredients with plant origin in their composition. The high amount of plant-derived products in cat foods found here raises the question whether this should be mentioned on package labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina L Souza
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Moacir T Moraes
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Leonardo A Galera
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Adibe L Abdalla Filho
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana B Navarro
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Alci Albiero Junior
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Yuniel T Mazola
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Dasiel O Alvarez
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Plínio B Camargo
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Luiz A Martinelli
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Brenes-Soto A, Dierenfeld ES, Muñoz-Saravia A, Janssens GPJ. No longer a leap in the dark: the importance of protein as an energy source in amphibians. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen S. Dierenfeld
- E. S. Dierenfeld (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7295-0740), LLC, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Geert P. J. Janssens
- G. P. J. Janssens (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5191-3657), Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent Univ., Heidestraat 19, BE-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. ABS also at: Animal Science Dept, Univ. of Costa Rica, Ciudad Universi
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Koehler G, Hobson KA. Tracking cats revisited: Placing terrestrial mammalian carnivores on δ2H and δ18O isoscapes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221876. [PMID: 31479471 PMCID: PMC6720029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopic compositions in environmental water and hair was investigated for both domestic cats (Felis catus) and dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). A strong, but different, covariance was measured between the hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopic compositions of local precipitation and hair keratin from both cats and dogs. These isotopic differences are most likely a result of the differences between the dietary and drinking water needs of cats compared to dogs. Moreover, the δ2H and δ18O values of hair from captive and wild felids and canids, such as cougars (Puma concolor), bobcats (Lynx rufus), and wolves (Canis lupus) are broadly consistent with these measurements. This evidence indicates that while the water budgets of terrestrial mammalian carnivores need to be considered in isotopic applications, it is clear that felids and canids may be placed on tissue–specific hydrogen and oxygen isotopic landscapes for ecological, provenance, or forensic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff Koehler
- NHRC Stable Isotope Laboratory, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Keith A. Hobson
- NHRC Stable Isotope Laboratory, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Read JL, Dagg E, Moseby KE. Prey selectivity by feral cats at central Australian rock-wallaby colonies. AUSTRALIAN MAMMALOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/am17055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Threatened warru, or black-footed rock-wallaby (Petrogale lateralis MacDonnell Ranges race), populations in northern South Australia continued to decline despite baiting for foxes (Vulpes vulpes), which improved their short-term conservation status elsewhere. To investigate whether feral cats (Felis catus) also represent a risk to warru we compared frequencies of prey occurrence in 103 feral cat and 14 fox stomachs shot near warru colonies in northern South Australia during 2001–17 with measures of prey abundance from pitfall trapping and opportunistic searches. We hypothesise that one fresh adult warru kill and the presence of warru remains in four other cats suggests predation by cats on adult and juvenile warru. Small reptiles and invertebrates were the most frequently recorded prey of cats in summer, whereas rodents and small dasyurids were the most frequent prey items in winter. Small mammals, small snakes and pygopodid lizards were over-represented in the diet of cats compared with estimated encounter frequencies, whereas fast-running dragons, knob-tailed geckoes (Nephrurus) and echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus) were not recorded from cat stomachs despite being relatively abundant. Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), rodents and fruits were the most frequently recorded items in fox stomachs. This study reinforces that targeted management of feral cat populations should be considered in concert with control of canids in sustainable recovery programs for warru and other cat-vulnerable species.
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Dor C, Adamany JL, Kisielewicz C, de Brot S, Erles K, Dhumeaux MP. Acquired urea cycle amino acid deficiency and hyperammonaemic encephalopathy in a cat with inflammatory bowel disease and chronic kidney disease. JFMS Open Rep 2018; 4:2055116918786750. [PMID: 30109117 PMCID: PMC6083777 DOI: 10.1177/2055116918786750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 5-year-old male neutered Persian cat was referred for investigation of a 4 week history of weight loss, inappetence and intermittent vomiting. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and inflammatory bowel disease were diagnosed, and despite immunosuppressive therapy and assisted enteral nutrition, the cat experienced persistent anorexia, vomiting and severe weight loss. After 2 additional weeks of treatment, the cat developed acute-onset neurological signs associated with severe hyperammonaemia and was euthanased. Plasma amino acid assessment revealed deficiency of several amino acids involved in the urea cycle, including arginine. Relevance and novel information To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an acquired urea cycle amino acid deficiency without nutritional deprivation in a cat. Several contributing factors were suspected, including intestinal malabsorption and CKD. This case demonstrates the importance of urea cycle amino acids in feline metabolism and possible necessity for parenteral supplementation, particularly in the context of persistent weight loss despite adequate enteral nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Dor
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Internal Medicine, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, UK
| | | | | | - Simone de Brot
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Marc P Dhumeaux
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, UK
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Öhlund M, Palmgren M, Holst BS. Overweight in adult cats: a cross-sectional study. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:5. [PMID: 29351768 PMCID: PMC5775588 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Overweight in cats is a major risk factor for diabetes mellitus and has also been associated with other disorders. Overweight and obesity are believed to be increasing problems in cats, as is currently seen in people, with important health consequences. The objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence of overweight in cats from two different cohorts in a cross-sectional study design and to assess associations between overweight and diagnoses, and between overweight and demographic and environmental factors. Data were obtained from medical records for cats (n = 1072) visiting an academic medical center during 2013–2015, and from a questionnaire on insured cats (n = 1665). From the medical records, information on body condition score, breed, age, sex, neutering status, and diagnosis was obtained. The questionnaire included questions relating to the cat’s body condition, breed, age, sex, neutering status, outdoor access, activity level, and diet. Data were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression. Results The prevalence of overweight was 45% in the medical records cohort and 22% in the questionnaire cohort, where owners judged their pet’s body condition. Overweight cats in the medical records cohort were more likely to be diagnosed with lower urinary tract disease, diabetes mellitus, respiratory disease, skin disorders, locomotor disease, and trauma. Eating predominantly dry food, being a greedy eater, and inactivity were factors associated with an increased risk of overweight in the final model in the questionnaire cohort. In both cohorts, the Birman and Persian breeds, and geriatric cats, were less likely to be overweight, and male cats were more likely to be overweight. Conclusions The prevalence of overweight cats (45%) as assessed by trained personnel was high and in the same range as previously reported. Birman and Persian cats had a lower risk of overweight. The association with dry food found in adult, neutered cats is potentially important because this type of food is commonly fed to cats worldwide, and warrants further attention. Drawbacks related to the study design need to be acknowledged when interpreting the results, such as a potential for selection bias for cats visiting an animal hospital, and an information bias for questionnaire data. The high occurrence of overweight in cats needs to be addressed because it negatively affects their health. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13028-018-0359-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Verbrugghe A, Hesta M. Cats and Carbohydrates: The Carnivore Fantasy? Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4040055. [PMID: 29140289 PMCID: PMC5753635 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The domestic cat’s wild ancestors are obligate carnivores that consume prey containing only minimal amounts of carbohydrates. Evolutionary events adapted the cat’s metabolism and physiology to this diet strictly composed of animal tissues and led to unique digestive and metabolic peculiarities of carbohydrate metabolism. The domestic cat still closely resembles its wild ancestor. Although the carnivore connection of domestic cats is well recognised, little is known about the precise nutrient profile to which the digestive physiology and metabolism of the cat have adapted throughout evolution. Moreover, studies show that domestic cats balance macronutrient intake by selecting low-carbohydrate foods. The fact that cats evolved consuming low-carbohydrate prey has led to speculations that high-carbohydrate diets could be detrimental for a cat’s health. More specifically, it has been suggested that excess carbohydrates could lead to feline obesity and diabetes mellitus. Additionally, the chances for remission of diabetes mellitus are higher in cats that consume a low-carbohydrate diet. This literature review will summarise current carbohydrate knowledge pertaining to digestion, absorption and metabolism of carbohydrates, food selection and macronutrient balancing in healthy, obese and diabetic cats, as well as the role of carbohydrates in prevention and treatment of obesity and diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph N1G 2W1 ON, Canada.
| | - Myriam Hesta
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, Merelbeke B-9820, Belgium.
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Brenes-Soto A, Dierenfeld ES, Janssens GPJ. Colouration in amphibians as a reflection of nutritional status: The case of tree frogs in Costa Rica. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182020. [PMID: 28837604 PMCID: PMC5570269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Colouration has been considered a cue for mating success in many species; ornaments in males often are related to carotenoid mobilization towards feathers and/or skin and can signal general health and nutrition status. However, there are several factors that can also link with status, such as physiological blood parameters and body condition, but there is not substantial evidence which supports the existence of these relationships and interactions in anurans. This study evaluated how body score and blood values interact with colouration in free-range Agalychnis callidryas and Agalychnis annae males. We found significant associations between body condition and plasmatic proteins and haematocrit, as well as between body condition and colour values from the chromaticity diagram. We also demonstrated that there is a significant relation between the glucose and plasmatic protein values that were reflected in the ventral colours of the animals, and haematocrit inversely affected most of those colour values. Significant differences were found between species as well as between populations of A. callidryas, suggesting that despite colour variation, there are also biochemical differences within animals from the same species located in different regions. These data provide information on underlying factors for colouration of male tree frogs in nature, provide insights about the dynamics of several nutrients in the amphibian model and how this could affect the reproductive output of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brenes-Soto
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Animal Science Department, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | - Geert P. J. Janssens
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Rückert C, Braun C, Vervuert I. [Evaluation of nutritional characteristics of commercial canned cat diets]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2017; 45:219-225. [PMID: 28765866 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-170029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate commercial complete canned cat foods according to their composition, labeling and nutritional characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 21 commercial complete canned compound feeds for adult cats were analyzed for crude nutrients, minerals, vitamins, selected amino acids and taurine. The analyzed parameters were compared to the internal set of standards of the European Pet Food Industry Federation (FEDIAF). The energy content was calculated and compared with the labeled recommendations regarding the amounts of diet that should be fed. Analyzed nutrients were compared with the labeled nutrients according to the regulations of the EU food and feed law (directive EU regulation 767/2009). RESULTS In many cases, the labeled feeding protocols did not match the calculated daily energy requirements. In eight complete foods, the recommended daily feed amounts were underestimated and four recommendations exceeded energy requirements of adult cats. In 12 complete foods, the calcium and phosphorus contents were threefold higher than the respective requirement. In 16 of 21 complete foods, substantial discrepancies were observed between the recommendations and the analyzed trace elements. In particular, selenium contents exceeded the selenium requirement more than threefold. The vitamin, arginine and taurine contents showed no significant discrepancies to the recommendations. With respect to the labeled nutrients, there were only minor deviations from the regulations of the European law. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In general, healthy adult cats are adequately supplied with energy and nutrients when feeding commercial canned complete diets for cats. In cases of body weight loss or gain, the labelled feed amounts should be questioned. The high phosphorus contents are an issue of concern, because a high phosphorus intake can potentially increase the risk for urinary stones and particularly for older cats the risk for renal insufficiency. Furthermore, it is recommended to decrease the high selenium levels by the reduction of selenium-rich feed materials such as offal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ingrid Vervuert
- PD Dr. med. vet. Ingrid Vervuert, Institut für Tierernährung, Ernährungsschäden und Diätetik, der Universität Leipzig, An den Tierklinken 9, 04103 Leipzig, E-Mail:
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Abstract
Feline hepatic lipidosis (FHL) is a common and potentially fatal liver disorder. Although the pathophysiologic mechanisms of FHL remain elusive, there is an imbalance between the influx of fatty acids from peripheral fat stores into the liver, de novo liposynthesis, and the rate of hepatic oxidation and dispersal of hepatic TAG via excretion of very-low density lipoproteins. The diagnosis of FHL is based on anamnestic, clinical, and clinicopathologic findings, associated with diagnostic imaging of the liver, and cytology, or histological examination of liver biopsies. Fluid therapy, electrolyte correction and adequate early nutrition are essential components of the therapy for FHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Valtolina
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert P Favier
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Management Practices of Cats Owned by Faculty, Staff, and Students at Two Midwest Veterinary Schools. ScientificWorldJournal 2017; 2016:7108374. [PMID: 28090571 PMCID: PMC5206440 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7108374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding cat owners' housing, care, and management practices is important for promoting cat welfare. A survey study was conducted on the housing and management practices used for cats by students, faculty, and staff of The Ohio State University and Purdue University veterinary colleges. Subjects were 138 cat-owner dyads. Most cats (74%) were housed strictly indoors in keeping with common US veterinary recommendations. However, many did not implement best practices outlined for behavior and other welfare needs of indoor cats. The percentage of respondents placing resources where cats could be disrupted while using them was 31%, 53%, and 30% for resting areas, food/water dishes, and litter boxes, respectively. Many cats were not provided a litter box in a private area (35%), in multiple areas of the house (51%), or that was regularly washed (73%). Horizontal scratching opportunities were not provided to 38% of cats; 32% were not provided toys that mimic prey and 91% of cats were fed a diet consisting of >75% dry food. These findings suggest a need for more concerted efforts to educate owners about meeting their cats' welfare needs so as to attenuate risks and improve cat physical and behavioral welfare outcomes.
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Salaun F, Blanchard G, Le Paih L, Roberti F, Niceron C. Impact of macronutrient composition and palatability in wet diets on food selection in cats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:320-328. [PMID: 27278300 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cats are obligate carnivores adapted to high-protein diets, but are commonly fed diets rich in carbohydrate. The aim of this study was to examine the food intake choices of cats when diets with different protein and carbohydrate contents were offered. Thirty-nine cats participated in voluntary dietary intake studies. Four foods were formulated to provide between 24% and 53% of metabolizable energy as protein, between 43% and 11% as carbohydrate and holding dietary fat constant with a contribution of approximately 36%. Foods were offered either singly to evaluate voluntary food intake or in pairs to compare food intake between pairs of diets. Cats regulated their macronutrient intake to attain an overall diet composition that provided 53% of metabolizable energy as protein, 11% as carbohydrate and 36% as fat. The protein contribution corresponded to approximately 6 g of protein/kg body weight/day. High-protein/low-carbohydrate diets were always eaten preferentially over low-protein/high-carbohydrate foods. When low-protein/high-carbohydrate diets were offered, cats limited their food intake to limit daily carbohydrate intake to less than 3 g of carbohydrate/kg body weight. This carbohydrate ceiling may limit protein and even energy intake when only low-protein/high-carbohydrate diets were offered. The inclusion of palatability enhancer in the diets increased food intake but did not change protein or carbohydrate intake patterns, indicating that macronutrient intake can be regulated regardless of the use of palatability enhancers in cats. We conclude that cats can discriminate between diets based on macronutrient composition and regulate their intake to maintain maximal protein intake but limit carbohydrate intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Blanchard
- Animal Nutrition Expertise SARL, Antony, France
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Geesaman BM, Whitehouse WH, Viviano KR. Serum Cobalamin and Methylmalonic Acid Concentrations in Hyperthyroid Cats Before and After Radioiodine Treatment. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:560-5. [PMID: 26934857 PMCID: PMC4913605 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperthyroidism, the most common endocrine disorder in cats, has been associated with low serum cobalamin concentrations. Whether this is a functional cobalamin deficiency of clinical importance has not been assessed. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Cats with hyperthyroidism experience a functional cobalamin deficiency which correlates with their clinical catabolic state and is reversible with return of the euthyroid state. ANIMALS Thirty-nine client-owned hyperthyroid cats. METHODS Prospective observational study. Serum cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, and clinical scores were determined in each hyperthyroid cat at enrollment and when euthyroid (60 days after radioiodine treatment). RESULTS Five of the 39 hyperthyroid cats (13%) had a low serum cobalamin concentration ranging from <150 to 290 ng/L. Serum cobalamin concentrations normalized to >350 ng/L in 2 of the hypocobalaminemic cats once euthyroid. None of the hyperthyroid/hypocobalaminemic cats had increased serum methylmalonic acid concentrations (175-601 nmol/L). In cats with clinical and biochemical hyperthyroidism, there was no correlation between serum cobalamin concentrations with total T4 concentration (P = .12) or clinical scores including body weight (P = .11) and BCS (P = .54). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE In this population of hyperthyroid cats, the prevalence of hypocobalaminemia was low. Specifically, hyperthyroid cats, in which concurrent gastrointestinal disease is unlikely. Hypocobalaminemia is not a functional deficiency requiring supplementation in hyperthyroid cats without gastrointestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Geesaman
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - W H Whitehouse
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - K R Viviano
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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Effect of the presence of a person known to the cats on the feeding behavior and placement of feeders of a domestic cat colony. J Vet Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pietsch SJ, Tütken T. Oxygen isotope composition of North American bobcat (Lynx rufus) and puma (Puma concolor) bone phosphate: implications for provenance and climate reconstruction. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2015; 52:164-184. [PMID: 27002600 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2015.1113957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Feline carnivores are threatened by illegal wildlife trade. Tracing the provenance of unknown felid tissues via stable isotope analysis could provide important information in wildlife crime investigations. The oxygen isotope composition of mammalian skeletal phosphate (δ(18)Op) is widely applied to trace the origin of animal remains and to reconstruct migratory patterns in palaeontological, archaeological, ecological and wildlife forensic applications. Teeth and bones of terrestrial mammals form at constant body temperature in isotope equilibrium with body water, which is predominantly controlled by ingested meteoric water (δ(18)Ow) that varies systematically with latitude, altitude and climate. Here we analysed δ(18)Op of 106 North American puma and bobcat bones of known geographic origin to establish the first δ(18)Op-δ(18)Ow regression for feline carnivores: δ(18)Op = 0.40(±0.04) * δ(18)Ow + 20.10(±0.40) (R(2) = 0.46, n = 106). This was compared with those from their respective prey species (deer and rabbit), a canid carnivore (fox) and other placental mammals. Effects of species, sex and relative humidity on the feline δ(18)Op-δ(18)Ow correlation were analysed and additional intra-individual tissue comparisons (hair δ(18)Oh vs. bone δ(18)Op) were performed for some bobcat individuals. Bobcats and pumas exhibited only a moderate δ(18)Op-δ(18)Ow correlation, which differed from canid carnivores and other placental mammals. However, feline δ(18)Op values revealed a moderate relation with δ(18)Ow, which lacks for the δ(18)Oh of hair from the same bobcat individuals. This indicates a difference in oxygen isotope routing from body water to bioapatite and hair. Most herbivores and omnivores track δ(18)Ow in their bioapatite δ(18)Op values much better, whereas δ(18)Op and especially δ(18)Oh values of feline carnivores are less precise proxies for meteoric water δ(18)Ow values and thus for provenance determination in wildlife forensics and palaeoclimate reconstructions. Oxygen isotope fingerprinting of bobcat and puma is biased by factors related to their diet, behaviour and metabolism that need to be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Pietsch
- a Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK) , Zentrum für Molekulare Biodiversitätsforschung (ZMB) , Bonn , Germany
| | - Thomas Tütken
- b Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Universität Bonn , Bonn , Germany
- c Institut für Geowissenschaften, AG für Analytische und Angewandte Paläontologie, Universität Mainz , Mainz , Germany
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Marandel L, Seiliez I, Véron V, Skiba-Cassy S, Panserat S. New insights into the nutritional regulation of gluconeogenesis in carnivorous rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): a gene duplication trail. Physiol Genomics 2015; 47:253-63. [PMID: 25901068 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00026.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is considered to be a strictly carnivorous fish species that is metabolically adapted for high catabolism of proteins and low utilization of dietary carbohydrates. This species consequently has a "glucose-intolerant" phenotype manifested by persistent hyperglycemia when fed a high-carbohydrate diet. Gluconeogenesis in adult fish is also poorly, if ever, regulated by carbohydrates, suggesting that this metabolic pathway is involved in this specific phenotype. In this study, we hypothesized that the fate of duplicated genes after the salmonid-specific 4th whole genome duplication (Ss4R) may have led to adaptive innovation and that their study might provide new elements to enhance our understanding of gluconeogenesis and poor dietary carbohydrate use in this species. Our evolutionary analysis of gluconeogenic genes revealed that pck1, pck2, fbp1a, and g6pca were retained as singletons after Ss4r, while g6pcb1, g6pcb2, and fbp1b ohnolog pairs were maintained. For all genes, duplication may have led to sub- or neofunctionalization. Expression profiles suggest that the gluconeogenesis pathway remained active in trout fed a no-carbohydrate diet. When trout were fed a high-carbohydrate diet (30%), most of the gluconeogenic genes were non- or downregulated, except for g6pbc2 ohnologs, whose RNA levels were surprisingly increased. This study demonstrates that Ss4R in trout involved adaptive innovation via gene duplication and via the outcome of the resulting ohnologs. Indeed, maintenance of ohnologous g6pcb2 pair may contribute in a significant way to the glucose-intolerant phenotype of trout and may partially explain its poor use of dietary carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Marandel
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture Unit (UR1067), Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Iban Seiliez
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture Unit (UR1067), Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Vincent Véron
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture Unit (UR1067), Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Sandrine Skiba-Cassy
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture Unit (UR1067), Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Stéphane Panserat
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture Unit (UR1067), Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
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The effects of differing proportions of dietary macronutrients on the digestibility and post-prandial endocrine responses in domestic cats ( Felis catus). JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL NUTRITION 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/jan.2015.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe aim of this study was to compare the effects of feeding two diets with different macronutrient proportions (high protein, low carbohydrate and low protein, high carbohydrate) on the digestibility and post-prandial endocrine responses of cats fed at maintenance levels, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the marginal ear vein prick technique for the measurement of blood glucose levels in feline studies. Two diets were fed to 16 adult domestic short-haired cats for a period of three weeks (eight cats per diet). Following a seven-day dietary adaptation period, the apparent macronutrient digestibility of the two diets was determined (days 8-19) using the total faecal collection method. The faeces were freeze dried, ground and analysed for dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and gross energy and then apparent digestibility was calculated. On days 20 and 21, the post-prandial glucose responses of the cats fed a single meal of one of the two diets were measured in serial blood samples collected using the marginal ear vein prick technique.Results showed that the high protein, low carbohydrate diet had higher (p < 0.05) apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and energy, lower (p < 0.01) daily faecal output and smaller fluctuations in blood glucose concentrations. Despite the two groups of cats having similar calorific intakes, the cats fed the high protein diet lost weight over the study period, whereas those fed the high carbohydrate, low protein diet gained weight. The marginal ear vein prick technique proved to be an effective alternative to catheterisation for blood glucose determination. The high protein diet tested in the current study, in addition to being more aligned to the cat's natural carnivorous diet, may be beneficial for weight management and blood glucose control in cats.
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Osto M, Lutz TA. Translational value of animal models of obesity-Focus on dogs and cats. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:240-52. [PMID: 25814247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A prolonged imbalance between a relative increase in energy intake over a decrease in energy expenditure results in the development of obesity; extended periods of a positive energy balance eventually lead to the accumulation of abnormally high amounts of fat in adipose tissue but also in other organs. Obesity is considered a clinical state of impaired general heath in which the excessive increase in adipose tissue mass may be associated with metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. This review discusses briefly the use of animal models for the study of obesity and its comorbidities. Generally, most studies are performed with rodents, such as diet induced obesity and genetic models. Here, we focus specifically on two different species, namely dogs and cats. Obese dogs and cats show many features of human obesity. Interestingly, however, dogs and cats differ from each other in certain aspects because even though obese dogs may become insulin resistant, this does not result in the development of diabetes mellitus. In fact, diabetes in dogs is typically not associated with obesity because dogs present a type 1 diabetes-like syndrome. On the other hand, obese cats often develop diabetes mellitus which shares many features with human type 2 diabetes; feline and human diabetes are similar in respect to their pathophysiology, underlying risk factors and treatment strategies. Our review discusses genetic and endocrine factors in obesity, discusses obesity induced changes in lipid metabolism and includes some recent findings on the role of gut microbiota in obesity. Compared to research in rodent models, the array of available techniques and tools is unfortunately still rather limited in dogs and cats. Hence, even though physiological and pathophysiological phenomena are well described in dogs and cats, the underlying mechanisms are often not known and studies investigating causality specifically are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Osto
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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The Choice of Diet Affects the Oral Health of the Domestic Cat. Animals (Basel) 2015; 5:101-9. [PMID: 26479140 PMCID: PMC4494333 DOI: 10.3390/ani5010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oral health was assessed in different teeth of 41 cats of different ages and diets. It was found that oral health in cats varies with the variables considered. Incisors of young or adult cats, fed a dry diet, had better health in comparison to cheek teeth of older cats fed a wet diet. It is argued that cats’ oral health may be promoted with an early-age cheek teeth hygiene and provision of abrasive dry food. Abstract In this cross-sectional study, the gingivitis and the calculus indices of the teeth of N = 41 cats were used to model oral health as a dependent variable using a Poisson regression. The independent variables used were “quadrant”, “teeth type”, “age”, and “diet”. Teeth type (p < 0.001) and diet (p < 0.001) were found to be significant, however, age was not (p > 0.05). Interactions were all significant: age x teeth (p < 0.01), age × diet (p < 0.01), teeth × diet (p < 0.001), and teeth × age × diet (p < 0.001). The probability of poor oral health is lower in the incisors of young or adult cats, fed a dry diet in comparison to the cheek teeth of older cats fed a wet diet. Diet has a higher contribution to poor oral health than age. It is argued that cats’ oral health may be promoted with an early age hygiene of the cheek teeth and with provision of abrasive dry food.
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Read JL, Peacock D, Wayne AF, Moseby KE. Toxic Trojans: can feral cat predation be mitigated by making their prey poisonous? WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/wr15125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Predation, along with competition and disease transmission from feral domestic cats (Felis catus), poses the key threat to many in situ and reintroduced populations of threatened species globally. Feral cats are more challenging to control than pest canids because cats seldom consume poison baits or enter baited traps when live prey are readily available. Novel strategies for sustainably protecting threatened wildlife from feral cats are urgently required. Emerging evidence suggests that once they have successfully killed a challenging species, individual feral cats can systematically eradicate threatened prey populations. Here we propose to exploit this selective predation through three targeted strategies to improve the efficacy of feral cat control. Toxic collars and toxic implants, fitted or inserted during monitoring or reintroduction programs for threatened species, could poison the offending cat before it can effect multiple kills of the target species. A third strategy is informed by evidence that consumption of prey species that are relatively tolerant to natural plant toxins, can be lethal to more sensitive cats. Within key habitats of wildlife species susceptible to cat predation, we advocate increasing the accessibility of these toxins in the food chain, provided negative risks can be mediated. Deliberate poisoning using live and unaffected ‘toxic Trojan prey’ enables ethical feral cat management that takes advantage of cats’ physiological and behavioural predilection for hunting live prey while minimising risks to many non-targets, compared with conventional baiting.
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Agnew W, Korman R. Pharmacological appetite stimulation: rational choices in the inappetent cat. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:749-56. [PMID: 25146662 PMCID: PMC11185246 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14545273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Inappetence is a commonly encountered problem in feline medicine. Primary goals in managing the inappetent or anorectic cat are to diagnose and treat the underlying disease and reinstate adequate nutrition. RATIONALE As cats are intolerant of prolonged periods of inadequate nutritional intake, especially given their propensity to develop hepatic lipidosis, their increased requirements for amino acids, and inability to slow their rate of gluconeogenesis, symptomatic therapy and nutritional support is often required during diagnostic investigations. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Most cats presenting with reduced food intake will be suffering from an underlying systemic disease, and so the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and contraindications of appetite-stimulating medications will need to be considered in each case to ensure rational use of these agents. Pharmacological appetite stimulation should never replace monitoring and ensuring adequate caloric intake, and may not be appropriate in some cases, such as critically ill or severely malnourished patients. EVIDENCE BASE While there are no medications approved specifically for the treatment of anorexia in cats, some drugs have proven efficacious in the clinical field. Although several agents have been used historically for appetite stimulation, due to potential side effects and/or lack of efficacy or predictability only cyproheptadine and mirtazapine can currently be recommended for use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Agnew
- Veterinary Specialist Services, Cnr Lexington and Logan Roads, Underwood, Queensland 4119, Australia
| | - Rachel Korman
- Veterinary Specialist Services, Cnr Lexington and Logan Roads, Underwood, Queensland 4119, Australia
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Peterson ME, Eirmann L. Dietary Management of Feline Endocrine Disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2014; 44:775-88, vi-vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lindbloom-Hawley S, LeCluyse M, Vandersande V, Lushington GH, Schermerhorn T. Cloning and characterization of feline islet glucokinase. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:130. [PMID: 24917242 PMCID: PMC4066705 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucokinase (GK) is a metabolic enzyme encoded by the GCK gene and expressed in glucose-sensitive tissues, principally pancreatic islets cell and hepatocytes. The GK protein acts in pancreatic islets as a "glucose sensor" that couples fluctuations in the blood glucose concentration to changes in cellular function and insulin secretion. GCK and GK have proposed importance in the development and progression of diabetes mellitus and are potential therapeutic targets for diabetes treatment. The study was undertaken to determine the nucleotide sequence of feline pancreatic GK cDNA, predict the amino acid sequence and structure of the feline GK protein, and perform comparative bioinformatic analysis of feline cDNA and protein. Routine PCR techniques were used with cDNA from feline pancreas. Clones were assembled to obtain the full length cDNA. Protein prediction and modeling were performed using bioinformatic tools. RESULTS Full-length feline pancreatic GK cDNA contains a 1398 nucleotide coding sequence with high identity to other pancreatic GK cDNAs. The deduced 465 amino acid feline protein has 15 amino acid substitutions not found in other mammalian GK proteins but maintains high structural homology with human GK. Feline pancreatic GK is highly conserved at nucleotide and protein levels. Residues crucial for substrate binding and catalysis are completely conserved in the feline protein. CONCLUSION Molecular analysis predicts that feline pancreatic GK functions similarly to other mammalian GK proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Schermerhorn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506-5606, USA.
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Abstract
The glucokinase (GK) enzyme (EC 2.7.1.1.) is essential for the use of dietary glucose because it is the first enzyme to phosphorylate glucose in excess in different key tissues such as the pancreas and liver. The objective of the present review is not to fully describe the biochemical characteristics and the genetics of this enzyme but to detail its nutritional regulation in different vertebrates from fish to human. Indeed, the present review will describe the existence of the GK enzyme in different animal species that have naturally different levels of carbohydrate in their diets. Thus, some studies have been performed to analyse the nutritional regulation of the GK enzyme in humans and rodents (having high levels of dietary carbohydrates in their diets), in the chicken (moderate level of carbohydrates in its diet) and rainbow trout (no carbohydrate intake in its diet). All these data illustrate the nutritional importance of the GK enzyme irrespective of feeding habits, even in animals known to poorly use dietary carbohydrates (carnivorous species).
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Becker AAMJ, Hesta M, Hollants J, Janssens GPJ, Huys G. Phylogenetic analysis of faecal microbiota from captive cheetahs reveals underrepresentation of Bacteroidetes and Bifidobacteriaceae. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:43. [PMID: 24548488 PMCID: PMC3936777 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Imbalanced feeding regimes may initiate gastrointestinal and metabolic diseases in endangered felids kept in captivity such as cheetahs. Given the crucial role of the host’s intestinal microbiota in feed fermentation and health maintenance, a better understanding of the cheetah’s intestinal ecosystem is essential for improvement of current feeding strategies. We determined the phylogenetic diversity of the faecal microbiota of the only two cheetahs housed in an EAZA associated zoo in Flanders, Belgium, to gain first insights in the relative distribution, identity and potential role of the major community members. Results Taxonomic analysis of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries (702 clones) revealed a microbiota dominated by Firmicutes (94.7%), followed by a minority of Actinobacteria (4.3%), Proteobacteria (0.4%) and Fusobacteria (0.6%). In the Firmicutes, the majority of the phylotypes within the Clostridiales were assigned to Clostridium clusters XIVa (43%), XI (38%) and I (13%). Members of the Bacteroidetes phylum and Bifidobacteriaceae, two groups that can positively contribute in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, were absent in the clone libraries and detected in only marginal to low levels in real-time PCR analyses. Conclusions This marked underrepresentation is in contrast to data previously reported in domestic cats where Bacteroidetes and Bifidobacteriaceae are common residents of the faecal microbiota. Next to methodological differences, these findings may also reflect the apparent differences in dietary habits of both felid species. Thus, our results question the role of the domestic cat as the best available model for nutritional intervention studies in endangered exotic felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne A M J Becker
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Winter MD, Londono L, Berry CR, Hernandez JA. Ultrasonographic evaluation of relative gastrointestinal layer thickness in cats without clinical evidence of gastrointestinal tract disease. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:118-24. [PMID: 23906704 PMCID: PMC11383122 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13499013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were (1) to measure normal thickness values of the muscularis, submucosal, mucosal and serosal layers in each gastrointestinal (GI) segment (gastric fundus, body and pyloric antrum; duodenum; jejunum; ileum; colon), and (2) to calculate a ratio of muscularis and mucosal layer thickness to aortic diameter measured at the level of the celiac artery (Musc:Ao and Muc:Ao) in each GI segment in a sample of healthy cats. Ultrasonographic examination of the GI tract was performed, and measurements of the individual layers in each GI segment were obtained in 38 healthy cats without clinical evidence of disease. The muscularis layer was significantly thickest in the ileum, compared with other segments, and it was thicker than the submucosa in all segments except the colon. The mucosa was the thickest layer in all segments, and was thickest in the duodenum and ileum. Measurements of the submucosal and serosal layers were not significantly different between all segments. Musc:Ao and Muc:Ao in each segment were 0.12 and 0.25 (gastric fundus), 0.12 and 0.18 (gastric body), 0.11 and 0.16 (pyloric antrum), 0.08 and 0.27 (duodenum), 0.08 and 0.22 (jejunum), 0.14 and 0.25 (ileum), and 0.05 and 0.08 (colon), respectively. Musc:Ao and Muc:Ao are clinically relevant values that can be used to objectively identify thickening of the muscularis and mucosal layers in response to GI diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Winter
- 1University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Gooding MA, Flickinger EA, Atkinson JL, Duncan IJH, Shoveller AK. Effects of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets on fat and carbohydrate oxidation and plasma metabolites in healthy cats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 98:596-607. [PMID: 24033683 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High-fat (HF) or high-carbohydrate (HC) diets (30% fat, 18.9% carbohydrate; HF and 10% fat, 46.3% carbohydrate; HC) and lengths of adaptation were investigated in cats (Felis catus; 10 ± 2 months, 3.6 ± 0.3 kg). Cats randomly received each treatment for 14 days in a crossover design with a 14-day washout period between each diet. Three 22-h indirect calorimetry studies were conducted after acute (day 0), semichronic (day 4) and chronic (day 13) dietary exposure. Blood samples were collected after a 24-h fast on days 1, 5 and 14. When cats consumed the HC and HF diet, oxidation of the restricted nutrient exceeded intake while oxidation of the nutrient in excess matched intake. Mean max energy expenditure (EE) of cats consuming the HF and HC diet were 107 and 102 kcal/kg(0.67)/day and occurred at a mean of 4 and 12 h post-feeding respectively. Maximal fat (0.90 g/h) and carbohydrate (carbohydrate; 1.42 g/h) oxidation were attained at 26 min and 10.4 h post-feeding respectively. The changes observed in macronutrient oxidation and EE suggest that cats adapt whole-body nutrient metabolism in response to changes in dietary macronutrient content, but may require longer than 14 day to adapt to a macronutrient that is present at a lower concentration in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Gooding
- University of Guelph, Animal and Poultry Science, Guelph, ON, Canada
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