1
|
Lu K, Lai KP, Stoeger T, Ji S, Lin Z, Lin X, Chan TF, Fang JKH, Lo M, Gao L, Qiu C, Chen S, Chen G, Li L, Wang L. Detrimental effects of microplastic exposure on normal and asthmatic pulmonary physiology. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126069. [PMID: 34492895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Concerns that airborne microplastics (MP) may be detrimental to human health are rising. However, research on the effects of MP on the respiratory system are limited. We tested the effect of MP exposure on both normal and asthmatic pulmonary physiology in mice. We show that MP exposure caused pulmonary inflammatory cell infiltration, bronchoalveolar macrophage aggregation, increased TNF-α level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and increased plasma IgG1 production in normal mice. MP exposure also affected asthma symptoms by increasing mucus production and inflammatory cell infiltration with notable macrophage aggregation. Further, we found co-labeling of macrophage markers with MP incorporating fluorescence, which indicates phagocytosis of the MP by macrophages. A comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that MP exposure altered clusters of genes related to immune response, cellular stress response, and programmed cell death. A bioinformatics analysis further uncovered the molecular mechanism whereby MP stimulated production of tumor necrosis factor and immunoglobulins to activate a group of transmembrane B-cell antigens, leading to the modulation of cellular stress and programmed cell death in the asthma model. In summary, we show that MP exposure had detrimental effects on the respiratory system in both healthy and asthmatic mice, which calls for urgent discourse and action to mitigate environmental microplastic pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Lu
- The Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China; Post-Doctoral Scientific Research Station of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Keng Po Lai
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China; Department of Chemistry, City University Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg and Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Germany
| | - Shuqin Ji
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ziyi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ting Fung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - James Kar-Hei Fang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liang Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chen Qiu
- The Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China; Post-Doctoral Scientific Research Station of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shanze Chen
- The Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China; Post-Doctoral Scientific Research Station of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guobing Chen
- The Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China; Post-Doctoral Scientific Research Station of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Institute of Geriatric Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Lei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Lingwei Wang
- The Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China; Post-Doctoral Scientific Research Station of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li F, An Z, Li H, Gao X, Wang G, Wu W. Involvement of Oxidative Stress and the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Diesel Exhaust Particle-Induced Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in Human Mononuclear Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:3437104. [PMID: 31827376 PMCID: PMC6881744 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3437104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) has been associated with increased incidence of cardiopulmonary diseases. This study is aimed at examining the proinflammatory effects of DEP on primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the underlying mechanisms using a human mononuclear cell line, THP-1. DEPs were incubated with the PBMC and THP-1 cells for 24 h, respectively. The supernatants were collected and subjected to measurement of proinflammatory mediators including interleukin 8 (IL-8) or tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) by ELISA. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined using flow cytometry. Phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was examined with immunoblotting. Exposure to DEP induced a concentration-dependent increase in the expression of IL-8 and TNFα in the PBMC and THP-1 cells. Further mechanistic studies with THP-1 cells indicated that DEP stimulation increased intracellular levels of ROS, an indicator of oxidative stress, and phosphorylation of the EGFR, indicative of EGFR activation. Pretreatment of THP-1 cells with the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) markedly blunted DEP-induced EGFR phosphorylation, indicating that oxidative stress was involved in DEP-induced EGFR activation. Furthermore, the pretreatment of THP-1 cells with either NAC or a selective EGFR inhibitor significantly blocked DEP-induced IL-8 expression, implying that oxidative stress and subsequent EGFR activation mediated DEP-induced inflammatory response. In summary, DEP stimulation increases the expression of proinflammatory mediators in human mononuclear cells, which is regulated by oxidative stress-EGFR signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Li
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Zhen An
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Haibin Li
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Gui Wang
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
TF-343 Alleviates Diesel Exhaust Particulate-Induced Lung Inflammation via Modulation of Nuclear Factor- κB Signaling. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:8315845. [PMID: 31781683 PMCID: PMC6875297 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8315845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of diesel exhaust particulate (DEP) causes oxidative stress-induced lung inflammation. This study investigated the protective effects of TF-343, an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, in mouse and cellular models of DEP-induced lung inflammation as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. Mice were intratracheally instilled with DEP or vehicle (0.05% Tween 80 in saline). TF-343 was orally administered for 3 weeks. Cell counts and histological analysis of lung tissue showed that DEP exposure increased the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages in the peribronchial/perivascular/interstitial regions, with macrophages harboring black pigments observed in alveoli. TF-343 pretreatment reduced lung inflammation caused by DEP exposure. In an in vitro study using alveolar macrophages (AMs), DEP exposure reduced cell viability and increased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species and inflammatory genes (IL-1β, inhibitor of nuclear factor- (NF-) κB (IκB), and Toll-like receptor 4), effects that were reduced by TF-343. A western blot analysis showed that the IκB degradation-induced increase in NF-κB nuclear localization caused by DEP was reversed by TF-343. In conclusion, TF-343 reduces DEP-induced lung inflammation by suppressing NF-κB signaling and may protect against adverse respiratory effects caused by DEP exposure.
Collapse
|
4
|
Cordero MD, Alcocer-Gómez E. Inflammasome in the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Diseases. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2018; 108:111-151. [PMID: 30536170 PMCID: PMC7123416 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89390-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lung diseases are common and significant causes of illness and death around the world. Inflammasomes have emerged as an important regulator of lung diseases. The important role of IL-1 beta and IL-18 in the inflammatory response of many lung diseases has been elucidated. The cleavage to turn IL-1 beta and IL-18 from their precursors into the active forms is tightly regulated by inflammasomes. In this chapter, we structurally review current evidence of inflammasome-related components in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic lung diseases, focusing on the "inflammasome-caspase-1-IL-1 beta/IL-18" axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario D. Cordero
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Armilla, Spain
| | - Elísabet Alcocer-Gómez
- Departamento de Psicología Experimental, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chu H, Shang J, Jin M, Chen Y, Pan Y, Li Y, Tao X, Cheng Z, Meng Q, Li Q, Jia G, Zhu T, Hao W, Wei X. Comparison of lung damage in mice exposed to black carbon particles and 1,4-naphthoquinone coated black carbon particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:572-581. [PMID: 28034545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is a key component of atmospheric particles and has a significant effect on human health. BC can provide reactive sites and surfaces thus absorb quinones which were primarily generated from fossil fuel combustion and/or atmospheric photochemical conversions of PAHs. Oxidation could change the characteristics of BC and increase its toxicity. The comparison of lung damage in mice exposed to BC and 1,4-NQ-coated BC (1,4NQ-BC) particles is investigated in this study. Mice which were intratracheally instilled with particles have a higher expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-33 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Also, the IL-6, IL-33 mRNA expression in the lung tissue of mice instilled with 1,4NQ-BC were higher than that of mice instilled with BC. The pathology results showed that the lung tissue of mice instilled with 1,4NQ-BC particles have much more inflammatory cells infiltration than that of mice treated with BC. It is believed that the MAPK and PI3K-AKT pathway might be involved in the 1,4NQ-BC particles caused lung damage. Results indicated that 1,4NQ-BC particles in the atmosphere may cause more damage to health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongqian Chu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Jing Shang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Yueyue Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yao Pan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Xi Tao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Cheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Qinghe Meng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; POTEN Environment Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100082, PR China
| | - Guang Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Weidong Hao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
| | - Xuetao Wei
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
O’Keefe SJ, Feltis BN, Piva TJ, Turney TW, Wright PFA. ZnO nanoparticles and organic chemical UV-filters are equally well tolerated by human immune cells. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1287-96. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1206148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean J. O’Keefe
- School of Medical Sciences, and Nanosafe Australia, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia and
| | - Bryce N. Feltis
- School of Medical Sciences, and Nanosafe Australia, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia and
- Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terrence J. Piva
- School of Medical Sciences, and Nanosafe Australia, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia and
| | - Terence W. Turney
- Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul F. A. Wright
- School of Medical Sciences, and Nanosafe Australia, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia and
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Effects of High-Intensity Swimming on Lung Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in a Murine Model of DEP-Induced Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137273. [PMID: 26332044 PMCID: PMC4557939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have reported that exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) induces lung inflammation and increases oxidative stress, and both effects are susceptible to changes via regular aerobic exercise in rehabilitation programs. However, the effects of exercise on lungs exposed to DEP after the cessation of exercise are not clear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of high-intensity swimming on lung inflammation and oxidative stress in mice exposed to DEP concomitantly and after exercise cessation. Male Swiss mice were divided into 4 groups: Control (n = 12), Swimming (30 min/day) (n = 8), DEP (3 mg/mL—10 μL/mouse) (n = 9) and DEP+Swimming (n = 8). The high-intensity swimming was characterized by an increase in blood lactate levels greater than 1 mmoL/L between 10th and 30th minutes of exercise. Twenty-four hours after the final exposure to DEP, the anesthetized mice were euthanized, and we counted the number of total and differential inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF), measured the lung homogenate levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, INF-ϫ, IL-10, and IL-1ra using ELISA, and measured the levels of glutathione, non-protein thiols (GSH-t and NPSH) and the antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the lung. Swimming sessions decreased the number of total cells (p<0.001), neutrophils and lymphocytes (p<0.001; p<0.05) in the BALF, as well as lung levels of IL-1β (p = 0.002), TNF-α (p = 0.003), IL-6 (p = 0.0001) and IFN-ϫ (p = 0.0001). However, the levels of IL-10 (p = 0.01) and IL-1ra (p = 0.0002) increased in the swimming groups compared with the control groups, as did the CAT lung levels (p = 0.0001). Simultaneously, swimming resulted in an increase in the GSH-t and NPSH lung levels in the DEP group (p = 0.0001 and p<0.002). We concluded that in this experimental model, the high-intensity swimming sessions decreased the lung inflammation and oxidative stress status during DEP-induced lung inflammation in mice.
Collapse
|
8
|
Bach N, Bølling AK, Brinchmann BC, Totlandsdal AI, Skuland T, Holme JA, Låg M, Schwarze PE, Øvrevik J. Cytokine responses induced by diesel exhaust particles are suppressed by PAR-2 silencing and antioxidant treatment, and driven by polar and non-polar soluble constituents. Toxicol Lett 2015; 238:72-82. [PMID: 26160521 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adsorbed soluble organics seem to be the main drivers of inflammatory responses induced by diesel exhaust particles (DEP). The specific compounds contributing to this process and the cellular mechanisms behind DEP-induced inflammation are not well known. We have assessed pro-inflammatory effects of DEP and various soluble DEP fractions, in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). DEP increased the expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and CXCL8. Silencing of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) by siRNA or pretreatment with AhR-antagonists did not attenuate DEP-induced IL-6 and CXCL8 responses. However, the halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon (HAH)-selective AhR antagonist CH223191 caused a considerable reduction in DEP-induced CYP1A1 expression indicating that this response may be due to dioxin or dioxin-like constituents in DEP. Knock-down of protease activated receptor (PAR)-2 attenuated IL-6 responses without affecting CXCL8. Antioxidants did not affect IL-6 expression after 4h DEP-exposure and only partly reduced CXCL8 expression. However, after 24h exposure antioxidant treatment partly suppressed IL-6 protein release and completely blocked CXCL8 release. Furthermore, a heptane-soluble (non-polar) extract of DEP induced both IL-6 and CXCL8 release, whereas a PBS-soluble (highly polar) extract induced only IL-6. Thus, pro-inflammatory responses in DEP-exposed epithelial cells appear to be the result of both reactive oxygen species and receptor signaling, mediated through combinatorial effects between both non-polar and polar constituents adhered to the particle surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Bach
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway; Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Anette Kocbach Bølling
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Bendik C Brinchmann
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Annike I Totlandsdal
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Tonje Skuland
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Jørn A Holme
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Marit Låg
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Per E Schwarze
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Turner J, Hernandez M, Snawder JE, Handorean A, McCabe KM. A toxicology suite adapted for comparing parallel toxicity responses of model human lung cells to diesel exhaust particles and their extracts. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2015; 49:599-610. [PMID: 26412929 PMCID: PMC4583370 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2015.1053559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to airborne particulate matter can be an important risk factor for some common respiratory diseases. While many studies have shown that particulate matter exposures are associated with inflammatory reactions, the role of specific cellular responses in the manifestation of primary hypersensitivities, and the progression of respiratory diseases remains unclear. In order to better understand mechanisms by which particulate matter can exert adverse health effects, more robust approaches to support in vitro studies are warranted. In response to this need, a group of accepted toxicology assays were adapted to create an analytical suite for screening and evaluating the effects of important, ubiquitous atmospheric pollutants on two model human lung cell lines (epithelial and immature macrophage). To demonstrate the utility of this suite, responses to intact diesel exhaust particles, and mass-based equivalent doses of their organic extracts were examined. Results suggest that extracts have the potential to induce greater biological responses than those associated with their colloidal counterpart. Additionally, macrophage cells appear to be more susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of both intact diesel exhaust particles and their organic extract, than epithelial cells tested in parallel. As designed, the suite provided a more robust basis for characterizing toxicity mechanisms than the analysis of any individual assay. Findings suggest that cellular responses to particulate matter are cell line dependent, and show that the collection and preparation of PM and/or their extracts have the potential to impact cellular responses relevant to screening fundamental elements of respiratory toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Turner
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Mark Hernandez
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - John E. Snawder
- Biomonitoring Research, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Alina Handorean
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Kevin M. McCabe
- Biology Department, Columbia Gorge Community College, The Dalles, Oregon, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bhavaraju L, Shannahan J, William A, McCormick R, McGee J, Kodavanti U, Madden M. Diesel and biodiesel exhaust particle effects on rat alveolar macrophages with in vitro exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 104:126-33. [PMID: 24268344 PMCID: PMC3962714 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Combustion emissions from diesel engines emit particulate matter which deposits within the lungs. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) encounter the particles and attempt to engulf the particles. Emissions particles from diesel combustion engines have been found to contain diverse biologically active components including metals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons which cause adverse health effects. However little is known about AM response to particles from the incorporation of biodiesel. The objective of this study was to examine the toxicity in Wistar Kyoto rat AM of biodiesel blend (B20) and low sulfur petroleum diesel (PDEP) exhaust particles. Particles were independently suspended in media at a range of 1-500μgmL(-1). Results indicated B20 and PDEP initiated a dose dependent increase of inflammatory signals from AM after exposure. After 24h exposure to B20 and PDEP gene expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) increased. B20 exposure resulted in elevated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release at lower particle concentrations compared to PDEP. B20 and PDEP demonstrated similar affinity for sequestration of PGE2 at high concentrations, suggesting detection is not impaired. Our data suggests PGE2 release from AM is dependent on the chemical composition of the particles. Particle analysis including measurements of metals and ions indicate B20 contains more of select metals than PDEP. Other particle components generally reduced by 20% with 20% incorporation of biodiesel into original diesel. This study shows AM exposure to B20 results in increased production of PGE2in vitro relative to diesel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laya Bhavaraju
- Currciculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | | | - Aaron William
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | | | - John McGee
- EPHD, NHEERL, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | - Michael Madden
- EPHD, NHEERL, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Totlandsdal AI, Øvrevik J, Cochran RE, Herseth JI, Bølling AK, Låg M, Schwarze P, Lilleaas E, Holme JA, Kubátová A. The occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives and the proinflammatory potential of fractionated extracts of diesel exhaust and wood smoke particles. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2014; 49:383-96. [PMID: 24345236 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.854586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to combustion emissions, including diesel engine exhaust and wood smoke particles (DEPs and WSPs), has been associated with inflammatory responses. To investigate the possible role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAH-derivatives, the DEPs and WSPs methanol extracts were fractionated by solid phase extraction (SPE), and the fractions were analyzed for more than ∼120 compounds. The pro-inflammatory effects of the fractionated extracts were characterized by exposure of bronchial epithelial lung cells (BEAS-2B). Both native DEPs and WSPs caused a concentration-dependent increase in IL-6 and IL-8 release and cytotoxicity. This is consistent with the finding of a rather similar total content of PAHs and PAH-derivatives. Yet, the samples differed in specific components, suggesting that different species contribute to the toxicological response in these two types of particles. The majority of the IL-6 release and cytotoxicity was induced upon exposure to the most polar (methanol) SPE fraction of extracts from both samples. In these fractions hydroxy-PAHs, carboxy-PAHs were observed along with nitro-amino-PAHs in DEP. However, the biological effects induced by the polar fractions could not be attributed only to the occurrence of PAH-derivatives. The present findings indicate a need for further characterization of organic extracts, beyond an extensive analysis of commonly suspected PAH and PAH-derivatives. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, to view the supplemental file.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annike I Totlandsdal
- a Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
A randomized cross-over study of inhalation of diesel exhaust, hematological indices, and endothelial markers in humans. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:7. [PMID: 23531317 PMCID: PMC3637197 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is considered a trigger for acute cardiovascular events. Diesel Exhaust (DE) is a major contributor to TRAP in the world. We evaluated the effect of DE inhalation on circulating blood cell populations, hematological indices, and systemic inflammatory cytokines in humans using a specialized facility. METHODS In a randomized double-blind crossover study balanced to order, 17 metabolic syndrome (MetS) and 15 healthy subjects inhaled filtered air (FA) or DE exposure in two-hour sessions on different days with a minimum 2-week washout period. We collected blood pre-exposure, 7, and 22 hours after exposure initiation and measured the complete blood count and differential. We performed multiplex cytokine assay to measure the changes in the systemic inflammatory cytokines, and endothelial adhesion molecules (n=15). A paired analysis compared the effect of DE and FA exposures for the change from pre-exposure to the subsequent time points. RESULTS A significant increase in the hematocrit was noted 7 hrs after DE [1.4% (95% CI: 0.9 to 1.9%)] compared to FA exposure [0.5% (95% CI: -0.09 to 1.0%); p=0.008. The hemoglobin levels increased non-significantly at 7 hrs post DE [0.3 gm/dL (95% CI: 0.2 to 0.5 gm/dL)] versus FA exposure [0.2 gm/dL (95% CI: 0 to 0.3 gm/dL)]; p=0.06. Furthermore, the platelet count increased 22 hrs after DE exposure in healthy, but not in MetS subjects [DE: 16.6 (95% CI: 10.2 to 23) thousand platelets/mL versus [FA: 3.4 (95% CI: -9.5 to 16.3) thousand platelets/mL)]; p=0.04. No DE effect was observed for WBC, neutrophils, lymphocytes or erythrocytes. Using the multiplex assay, small borderline significant increases in matrix metalloproteinase-9, interleukins (IL)-1 beta, 6 and 10 occurred 7 hrs post exposure initiation, whereas E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule -1, and myeloperoxidase 22 hrs post exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that short-term DE exposure results in hemoconcentration and thrombocytosis, which are important determinants of acute cardiovascular events. Multiplex assay showed a non-significant increase in IL-1β and IL-6 immediately post exposure followed by myeloperoxidase and endothelial activation molecules. Further specific assays in a larger population will improve our understanding of the systemic inflammatory mechanisms following acute exposure to TRAP.
Collapse
|
13
|
Inflammation-related effects of diesel engine exhaust particles: studies on lung cells in vitro. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:685142. [PMID: 23509760 PMCID: PMC3586454 DOI: 10.1155/2013/685142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust and its particles (DEP) have been under scrutiny for health effects in humans. In the development of these effects inflammation is regarded as a key process. Overall, in vitro studies report similar DEP-induced changes in markers of inflammation, including cytokines and chemokines, as studies in vivo. In vitro studies suggest that soluble extracts of DEP have the greatest impact on the expression and release of proinflammatory markers. Main DEP mediators of effects have still not been identified and are difficult to find, as fuel and engine technology developments lead to continuously altered characteristics of emissions. Involved mechanisms remain somewhat unclear. DEP extracts appear to comprise components that are able to activate various membrane and cytosolic receptors. Through interactions with receptors, ion channels, and phosphorylation enzymes, molecules in the particle extract will trigger various cell signaling pathways that may lead to the release of inflammatory markers directly or indirectly by causing cell death. In vitro studies represent a fast and convenient system which may have implications for technology development. Furthermore, knowledge regarding how particles elicit their effects may contribute to understanding of DEP-induced health effects in vivo, with possible implications for identifying susceptible groups of people and effect biomarkers.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ji H, Khurana Hershey GK. Genetic and epigenetic influence on the response to environmental particulate matter. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:33-41. [PMID: 22196522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ambient air pollution, including particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants, represents important environmental exposures that adversely affect human health. Because of their heritable and reversible nature, epigenetic modifications provide a plausible link between the environment and alterations in gene expression that might lead to disease. Epidemiologic evidence supports that environmental exposures in childhood affect susceptibility to disease later in life, supporting the belief that epigenetic changes can affect ongoing development and promote disease long after the environmental exposure has ceased. Indeed, allergic disorders often have their roots in early childhood, and early exposure to PM has been strongly associated with the subsequent development of asthma. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings on the genetic and epigenetic regulation of responses to ambient air pollutants, specifically respirable PM, and their association with the development of allergic disorders. Understanding these epigenetic biomarkers and how they integrate with genetic influences to translate the biologic effect of particulate exposure is critical to developing novel preventative and therapeutic strategies for allergic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ji
- Division of Asthma Research, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Differential effects of the particle core and organic extract of diesel exhaust particles. Toxicol Lett 2011; 208:262-8. [PMID: 22100492 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to diesel engine exhaust particles (DEPs), representing a complex and variable mixture of components, has been associated with lung disease and induction of pro-inflammatory mediators and CYP1A1 expression. The aim of this study was to further characterise DEP-components accounting for these effects. Human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were exposed to either native DEPs, or corresponding methanol DEP-extract or residual DEPs, and investigated with respect to cytotoxicity and expression and release of multiple inflammation-related mediators. Both native DEPs and DEP-extract, but not residual DEPs, induced marked mRNA expression of COX-2, IL-6 and IL-8, as well as cytotoxicity and release of IL-6. However, CYP1A1 was primarily induced by the native and residual DEPs. Overall, the results of near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of DEP-extracts indicated that the majority of the analysed PAHs and PAH-derivatives were extracted from the particles, but that certain PAH-derivatives, probably their carboxylic isomers, tended to be retained on the residual DEPs. Moreover, it appeared that certain components of the methanol extract may suppress CYP1A1 expression. These results provide insight into how different components of the complex DEP-mixture may be differently involved in DEP-induced pro-inflammatory responses and underscore the importance of identifying and clarifying the roles of active DEP-components in relation to different biological effects.
Collapse
|
16
|
Provoost S, Maes T, Pauwels NS, Vanden Berghe T, Vandenabeele P, Lambrecht BN, Joos GF, Tournoy KG. NLRP3/Caspase-1–Independent IL-1β Production Mediates Diesel Exhaust Particle-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3331-7. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
17
|
Li R, Ning Z, Majumdar R, Cui J, Takabe W, Jen N, Sioutas C, Hsiai T. Ultrafine particles from diesel vehicle emissions at different driving cycles induce differential vascular pro-inflammatory responses: implication of chemical components and NF-kappaB signaling. Part Fibre Toxicol 2010; 7:6. [PMID: 20307321 PMCID: PMC2859401 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-7-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological evidence supports the association between exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) and cardiovascular diseases. Chronic exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP; Dp <100 nm) is reported to promote atherosclerosis in ApoE knockout mice. Atherogenesis-prone factors induce endothelial dysfunction that contributes to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. We previously demonstrated that UFP induced oxidative stress via c-Jun N-terminal Kinases (JNK) activation in endothelial cells. In this study, we investigated pro-inflammatory responses of human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) exposed to UFP emitted from a diesel truck under an idling mode (UFP1) and an urban dynamometer driving schedule (UFP2), respectively. We hypothesize that UFP1 and UFP2 with distinct chemical compositions induce differential pro-inflammatory responses in endothelial cells. RESULTS UFP2 contained a higher level of redox active organic compounds and metals on a per PM mass basis than UFP1. While both UFP1 and UFP2 induced superoxide production and up-regulated stress response genes such as heme oxygenease-1 (HO-1), OKL38, and tissue factor (TF), only UFP2 induced the expression of pro-inflammatory genes such as IL-8 (2.8 +/- 0.3-fold), MCP-1 (3.9 +/- 0.4-fold), and VCAM (6.5 +/- 1.1-fold) (n = 3, P < 0.05). UFP2-exposed HAEC also bound to a higher number of monocytes than UFP1-exposed HAEC (Control = 70 +/- 7.5, UFP1 = 106.7 +/- 12.5, UFP2 = 137.0 +/- 8.0, n = 3, P < 0.05). Adenovirus NF-kappaB Luciferase reporter assays revealed that UFP2, but not UFP1, significantly induced NF-kappaB activities. NF-kappaB inhibitor, CAY10512, significantly abrogated UFP2-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression and monocyte binding. CONCLUSION While UFP1 induced higher level of oxidative stress and stress response gene expression, only UFP2, with higher levels of redox active organic compounds and metals, induced pro-inflammatory responses via NF-kappaB signaling. Thus, UFP with distinct chemical compositions caused differential response patterns in endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongsong Li
- Biomedical Engineering and Cardiovascular Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zhi Ning
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Rohit Majumdar
- Biomedical Engineering and Cardiovascular Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jeffery Cui
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Wakako Takabe
- Biomedical Engineering and Cardiovascular Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Nelson Jen
- Biomedical Engineering and Cardiovascular Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | - Tzung Hsiai
- Biomedical Engineering and Cardiovascular Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sawyer K, Mundandhara S, Ghio AJ, Madden MC. The effects of ambient particulate matter on human alveolar macrophage oxidative and inflammatory responses. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:41-57. [PMID: 19953419 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903248901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic and occupational studies demonstrated that ambient particulate matter (PM) and diesel exhaust particles (DEP) exert deleterious effects on human cardiopulmonary health, including exacerbation of pre-existing lung disease and development of respiratory infections. The effects of ambient PM on lung cell responsiveness are poorly defined. Human alveolar macrophages (AM) were exposed to SRM 1649 (Washington, DC, urban dust; UD), SRM 2975 (forklift diesel exhaust particles; DEP), and fine or coarse ambient PM collected in Chapel Hill, NC, during the late fall (November) and early summer (June) of 2001-2002. AM were subsequently incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), or calcium ionophore A23817 for 6 or 24 h after PM exposure. UD and DEP markedly suppressed O2- release 24 h post-PM exposure. UD exposure significantly inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 release after exposure to 10 nanog/ml LPS. DEP significantly suppressed only TNF-alpha and IL-6 release. Suppressed cytokine release may also be produced by reduced cellular cytokine production. Data suggested that decreased cytokine release is not produced by the presence of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Comparison of TNF-alpha release after LPS, PMA, or A23817 revealed that suppressive effects of UD are LPS dependent, whereas inhibitory effects of DEP may work across multiple mechanistic pathways. November and June Chapel Hill PM exposure stimulated TNF-alpha and IL-8 release before LPS exposure. Fine and coarse November PM exposure markedly suppressed TNF-alpha release 6 h after LPS stimulation, but appeared to exert a stimulatory effect on IL-8 release 24 h after LPS exposure. June fine and coarse PM suppressed IL-8 release after LPS exposure. Data suggest that seasonal influences on PM composition affect AM inflammatory response before and after bacterial exposure. Overall, delayed or inhibited AM immune responses to LPS after PM exposure suggest human exposure to ambient PM may enhance pulmonary susceptibility to respiratory infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Sawyer
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hiramatsu K, Saito Y, Sakakibara K, Azuma A, Takizawa H, Sugawara I. THE EFFECTS OF INHALATION OF DIESEL EXHAUST ON MURINE MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTION. Exp Lung Res 2009; 31:405-15. [PMID: 16025921 DOI: 10.1080/01902140590918786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The authors investigated the effects of inhalation of diesel exhaust (DE) on murine mycobacterial infection in vivo. Eight-week-old female BALB/c mice were exposed to DE (3 mg/m3 of diesel exhaust particles [DEPs]) for 1 month, 2 months, or 6 months (for 7 hours a day, 5 days a week). Control mice were housed in a clean room for the same periods. On the day following the last DE exposure, control mice and DE-exposed mice were aerially infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1 x 10(6) colony-forming units (CFU), Kurono strain). At 7 weeks after mycobacterial infection, the authors examined the lung tissues for histopathological changes and performed reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to measure the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of several proinflammatory cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Then, the homogenates of lungs and spleens were cultured on 1% (v/v) Ogawa's egg slant medium, and after a 4-week incubation period at 37 degrees C, colonies on the medium were counted. After 1 month of DE exposure, the mycobacterial infection had slightly ameliorated. After 2 months of DE exposure, the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-12p40, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and iNOS mRNAs were slightly increased. However, after 6 months of DE exposure, the expression levels of IL-1beta , IL-12p40, IFN-gamma, and iNOS mRNAs were decreased, and the infection as measured by increased lung burden (CFU) actually increased. These results indicate that long-term DE exposure may increase pulmonary mycobacterial burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Hiramatsu
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Goulaouic S, Foucaud L, Bennasroune A, Laval-Gilly P, Falla J. Effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and carbon black particles on pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion: impact of PAH coating onto particles. J Immunotoxicol 2008; 5:337-45. [PMID: 18830893 DOI: 10.1080/15476910802371016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that the organic fraction of particulate matter in air pollution has a major role in the toxicity of this pollutant, notably via its effects on inflammation. The major organic compounds adsorbed onto these particles are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), among which benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F), and pyrene (Pyr) are quantitatively the most important. Generally, cells or organisms are exposed to organic extracts of the particles rather than the native particles in order to study the effects of these PAH. In this study, B[a]P, B[b]F, and Pyr were tested alone and/or adsorbed onto carbon black (CB) particles differing in size in order to evaluate their impact on cytokine production (with or without LPS stimulation) by THP-1 macrophage-like cells. PAH induced significant secretion of IL-1beta, IL-8, and IL-12 after 24 or 48 hr of treatment, an effect reinforced by LPS stimulation; no effect on IL-10 secretion was noted. Fine CB particles (260 nm diameter) induced secretion of each cytokine. In general, coating the CB with PAH did not modify the effect of the CB alone; the exception was that LPS-induced IL-1beta secretion was reduced. In contrast, ultrafine CB (14 nm diameter: ufCB) caused a decrease in cytokine secretion; this effect was modified by PAH coating. For example, PAH coating on ufCB amplified the inhibitory effect of ufCB against IL-1beta secretion but did not modify IL-8 formation. Moreover, PAH coating on ufCB tended to minimize the effect of LPS stimulation; this included (i) inhibition of the decrease in IL-12 secretion induced by uncoated ufCB and (ii) stimulation of IL-10 production. It was concluded that adsorption of PAH onto these particles could decrease their bioavailability and so their abilities to affect cell cytokine production. The results also showed that when PAH were adsorbed onto the fine particles, any observed increases in cytokine secretion consistently appeared to be due to the particles themselves. In contrast, while ufCB alone almost uniformly led to decreases in cytokine formation by the cells, the added presence of the test PAHs led to variable effects - depending on whether stimulation with LPS took place or not. Thus, while some PAHs likely to be associated with PM are clearly immunomodulants, their ultimate effects in situ will likely depend on the properties of the particles themselves, in particular, their size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Goulaouic
- Laboratoire des Interactions Ecotoxicologie, Biodiversité, Ecosystèmes, UMR7146, IUT de Thionville Yutz, Espace Cormontaigne, Yutz, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Debbage P, Jaschke W. Molecular imaging with nanoparticles: giant roles for dwarf actors. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:845-75. [PMID: 18825403 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging, first developed to localise antigens in light microscopy, now encompasses all imaging modalities including those used in clinical care: optical imaging, nuclear medical imaging, ultrasound imaging, CT, MRI, and photoacoustic imaging. Molecular imaging always requires accumulation of contrast agent in the target site, often achieved most efficiently by steering nanoparticles containing contrast agent into the target. This entails accessing target molecules hidden behind tissue barriers, necessitating the use of targeting groups. For imaging modalities with low sensitivity, nanoparticles bearing multiple contrast groups provide signal amplification. The same nanoparticles can in principle deliver both contrast medium and drug, allowing monitoring of biodistribution and therapeutic activity simultaneously (theranostics). Nanoparticles with multiple bioadhesive sites for target recognition and binding will be larger than 20 nm diameter. They share functionalities with many subcellular organelles (ribosomes, proteasomes, ion channels, and transport vesicles) and are of similar sizes. The materials used to synthesise nanoparticles include natural proteins and polymers, artificial polymers, dendrimers, fullerenes and other carbon-based structures, lipid-water micelles, viral capsids, metals, metal oxides, and ceramics. Signal generators incorporated into nanoparticles include iron oxide, gadolinium, fluorine, iodine, bismuth, radionuclides, quantum dots, and metal nanoclusters. Diagnostic imaging applications, now appearing, include sentinal node localisation and stem cell tracking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Debbage
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical University Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li N, Xia T, Nel AE. The role of oxidative stress in ambient particulate matter-induced lung diseases and its implications in the toxicity of engineered nanoparticles. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:1689-99. [PMID: 18313407 PMCID: PMC2387181 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ambient particulate matter (PM) is an environmental factor that has been associated with increased respiratory morbidity and mortality. The major effect of ambient PM on the pulmonary system is the exacerbation of inflammation, especially in susceptible people. One of the mechanisms by which ambient PM exerts its proinflammatory effects is the generation of oxidative stress by its chemical compounds and metals. Cellular responses to PM-induced oxidative stress include activation of antioxidant defense, inflammation, and toxicity. The proinflammatory effect of PM in the lung is characterized by increased cytokine/chemokine production and adhesion molecule expression. Moreover, there is evidence that ambient PM can act as an adjuvant for allergic sensitization, which raises the possibility that long-term PM exposure may lead to increased prevalence of asthma. In addition to ambient PM, rapid expansion of nanotechnology has introduced the potential that engineered nanoparticles (NP) may also become airborne and may contribute to pulmonary diseases by novel mechanisms that could include oxidant injury. Currently, little is known about the potential adverse health effects of these particles. In this communication, the mechanisms by which particulate pollutants, including ambient PM and engineered NP, exert their adverse effects through the generation of oxidative stress and the impacts of oxidant injury in the respiratory tract will be reviewed. The importance of cellular antioxidant and detoxification pathways in protecting against particle-induced lung damage will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Cooperative Research Centers, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- The Southern California Particle Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Tian Xia
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Andre E. Nel
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Cooperative Research Centers, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- The Southern California Particle Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Corresponding Author: Andre Nel, M.D., Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, UCLA School of Medicine, 52-175 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1680., Tel: (310) 825-6620, Fax: (310) 206-8107, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
A substantial literature demonstrates that the main ultrafine particles found in ambient urban air are combustion-derived nanoparticles (CDNP) which originate from a number of sources and pose a hazard to the lungs. For CDNP, three properties appear important-surface area, organics and metals. All of these can generate free radicals and so induce oxidative stress and inflammation. Inflammation is a process involved in the diseases exhibited by the individuals susceptible to the effects of PM- development and exacerbations of airways disease and cardiovascular disease. It is therefore possible to implicate CDNP in the common adverse effects of increased PM. The adverse effects of increases in PM on the cardiovascular system are well-documented in the epidemiological literature and, as argued above, these effects are likely to be driven by the combustion-derived NP. The epidemiological findings can be explained in a number of hypotheses regarding the action of NP:-1) Inflammation in the lungs caused by NP causes atheromatous plaque development and destabilization; 2) The inflammation in the lungs causes alteration in the clotting status or fibrinolytic balance favouring thrombogenesis; 3) The NP themselves or metals/organics released by the particles enter the circulation and have direct effects on the endothelium, plaques, the clotting system or the autonomic nervous system/ heart rhythm. Environmental nanoparticles are accidentally produced but they provide a toxicological model for a new class of purposely 'engineered' NP arising from the nanotechnology industry, whose effects are much less understood. Bridging our toxicological knowledge between the environmental nanoparticles and the new engineered nanoparticles is a considerable challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodger Duffin
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chang CC, Hwang JS, Chan CC, Cheng TJ. Interaction effects of ultrafine carbon black with iron and nickel on heart rate variability in spontaneously hypertensive rats. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:1012-7. [PMID: 17637915 PMCID: PMC1913579 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particulate matter (PM) has been reported to be associated with alterations in heart rate variability (HRV); however, the results are inconsistent. We propose that different components of PM cause the discrepancy. OBJECTIVE In this study, our goal was to determine whether different types of exposure would cause different HRV effects, and to verify the interactions between co-exposing components. METHODS Ultrafine carbon black (ufCB; 14 nm; 415 microg and 830 microg), ferric sulfate [Fe(2)(SO(4))(3); 105 microg and 210 microg], nickel sulfate (NiSO(4); 263 mug and 526 microg), and a combination of high-dose ufCB and low-dose Fe(2)(SO(4))(3) or NiSO(4) were intratracheally instilled into spontaneously hypertensive rats. Radiotelemetry data were collected in rats for 72 hr at baseline and for 72 hr the following week to determine the response to exposure. Effects of exposure on 5-min average of normal-to-normal intervals (ANN), natural logarithm-transformed standard deviation of the normal-to-normal intervals (LnSDNN), and root mean square of successive differences of adjacent normal-to-normal intervals (LnRMSSD) were analyzed using self-control experimental designs. RESULTS Both high- and low-dose ufCB decreased ANN marginally around hour 30, with concurrent increases of LnSDNN. LnRMSSD returned to baseline levels after small initial increases. We observed minor effects after low-dose Fe and Ni instillation, whereas biphasic changes were noted after high-dose instillations. Combined exposures of ufCB and either Fe or Ni resulted in HRV trends different from values estimated from individual-component effects. CONCLUSIONS Components in PM may induce different cardioregulatory responses, and a single component may induce different responses during different phases. Concurrent exposure to ufCB and Fe or Ni might introduce interactions on cardioregulatory effects. Also, the effect of PM may be mediated through complex interaction between different components of PM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Chau Chang
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chang-Chuan Chan
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Jen Cheng
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Address correspondence to T.J. Cheng, Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xu-Zhou Rd., Rm 720, Taipei, Taiwan 10055. Telephone and Fax: +886-2-3322-8090. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yin XJ, Dong CC, Ma JYC, Roberts JR, Antonini JM, Ma JKH. Suppression of phagocytic and bactericidal functions of rat alveolar macrophages by the organic component of diesel exhaust particles. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2007; 70:820-8. [PMID: 17454558 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701209766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) was shown to increase the susceptibility of the lung to bacterial infection in rats. In this study, the effects of DEP on alveolar macrophage (AM) phagocytic and bactericidal functions and cytokine secretion by AM and lymphocytes in response to Listeria monocytogenes infection were investigated in vitro and the roles of different DEP components in these processes were compared. Exposure to DEP or the organic extracts of DEP (eDEP) significantly decreased the phagocytosis and killing of L. monocytogenes by AM obtained from normal rats. Washed DEP (wDEP) also decreased AM phagocytosis and bacterial killing to a lesser extent, whereas carbon black (CB) reduced AM phagocytosis but had no significant effect on AM bactericidal activity. DEP or eDEP concentration-dependently suppressed L. monocytogenes-induced secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-12 by AM and of IL-2 and interferon-gamma by lymphocytes obtained from L. monocytogenes-infected rats, but augmented the AM secretion of IL-10. wDEP or CB, however, exerted little or no effect on these L. monocytogenes-induced cytokines. These results provide direct evidence that DEP, through the actions of organic components, suppresses AM phagocytic and bactericidal functions in vitro. Inhibition of AM phagocytic function and alterations of AM and lymphocyte cytokine secretion by DEP and DEP organic compounds may be implicated in the diminished AM bactericidal activity and the lymphatic arm of the host immune system, thus resulting in an suppressed pulmonary clearance of L. monocytogenes and an increased susceptibility of the lung to bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun J Yin
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-9203, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Burgess JL, Fleming JE, Mulenga EM, Josyula A, Hysong TA, Joggerst PJ, Kurzius-Spencer M, Miller HB. Acute changes in sputum IL-10 following underground exposure to diesel exhaust. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2007; 45:255-60. [PMID: 17453876 DOI: 10.1080/15563650601072142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although exposure to diesel exhaust has been linked with adverse health effects, little is known about the acute effects of exposure in the underground workplace. METHODS Cross-shift spirometry and sputum induction were completed on twelve subjects associated with comminuted rock removal (mucking) operations in an underground copper mine using diesel powered and pneumatic equipment on separate days, and sputum collected on a baseline non-exposure day as well. RESULTS For diesel operations, elemental carbon exposure averaged 538 +/- 512 microg/m(3) during the 1-2 hour operations. Sputum interleukin-10 decreased with diesel exhaust using one ELISA assay (3.69 v. 2.32 pg/ml, p = 0.015), but increased when measured with a different ELISA kit (0.18 v. 0.59 pg/ml, p = 0.019), consistent with an overall decline in IL-10 protein concentration but an increase in the biologically active form. Sputum interleukin-6 decreased with exposure to diesel exhaust, although this change lost statistical significance when restricted to non-smokers. There were no significant changes in spirometry, interleukins 1beta, 4, and 8, tumor necrosis factor alpha or 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine. CONCLUSION High levels of diesel exhaust can result in rapid changes in sputum IL-10, suggesting possible protein modification.
Collapse
|
27
|
Lewis JA, Rao KMK, Castranova V, Vallyathan V, Dennis WE, Knechtges PL. Proteomic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: effect of acute exposure to diesel exhaust particles in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:756-63. [PMID: 17520064 PMCID: PMC1867966 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhalation of diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) is characterized by lung injury and inflammation, with significant increases in the numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and alveolar macrophages. This influx of cellular infiltrates is associated with the activation of multiple genes, including cytokines and chemokines, and the production of reactive oxygen species. OBJECTIVE The pathogenesis of the lung injury is not fully understood, but alterations in the presence or abundance of a number of proteins in the lung have been observed. Our objective in this study was to further characterize these changes and to ask whether additional changes could be discerned using modern proteomic techniques. METHODS The present study investigates global alterations in the proteome of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid taken from rats 1, 7, or 30 days after exposure to 5, 35, or 50 mg/kg of animal weight of DEPs. RESULTS Analysis by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry identified two distinct peaks that appeared as an acute response postexposure at all doses in all animals. We identified these two peaks, with mass to charge ratios (m/z) of 9,100 and 10,100, as anaphylatoxin C3a and calgranulin A by additional mass spectral investigation using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. CONCLUSIONS With this approach, we found a number of inflammatory response proteins that may be associated with the early phases of inflammation in response to DEP exposure. Further studies are warranted to determine whether serum levels of these proteins could be markers of diesel exhaust exposure in workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Lewis
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21740, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Medina C, Santos-Martinez MJ, Radomski A, Corrigan OI, Radomski MW. Nanoparticles: pharmacological and toxicological significance. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 150:552-8. [PMID: 17245366 PMCID: PMC2189773 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are tiny materials (<1000 nm in size) that have specific physicochemical properties different to bulk materials of the same composition and such properties make them very attractive for commercial and medical development. However, nanoparticles can act on living cells at the nanolevel resulting not only in biologically desirable, but also in undesirable effects. In contrast to many efforts aimed at exploiting desirable properties of nanoparticles for medicine, there are limited attempts to evaluate potentially undesirable effects of these particles when administered intentionally for medical purposes. Therefore, there is a pressing need for careful consideration of benefits and side effects of the use of nanoparticles in medicine. This review article aims at providing a balanced update of these exciting pharmacological and potentially toxicological developments. The classes of nanoparticles, the current status of nanoparticle use in pharmacology and therapeutics, the demonstrated and potential toxicity of nanoparticles will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Medina
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - M J Santos-Martinez
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Radomski
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - O I Corrigan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - M W Radomski
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
- Author for correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Aam BB, Fonnum F. Carbon black particles increase reactive oxygen species formation in rat alveolar macrophages in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2006; 81:441-6. [PMID: 17119925 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-006-0164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AM) have an important role in clearing particles from the lungs. In response to different stimuli they can release reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory mediators and promote pulmonary inflammation. We exposed rat AM to carbon black (CB) particles (0.63-20 microg/ml) and measured the eneration of ROS by using the fluorescent probe 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Fluorescence was elevated in a concentration dependent manner in the AM exposed to CB. Follow-up experiments using a series of enzyme inhibitors indicate that the ERK MAP kinase pathway and the p38 MAP kinase pathway may be involved in the formation of ROS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berit Bjugan Aam
- Division for Protection, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, P.O. Box 25, Kjeller, 2027, Norway.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Aam BB, Fonnum F. ROS scavenging effects of organic extract of diesel exhaust particles on human neutrophil granulocytes and rat alveolar macrophages. Toxicology 2006; 230:207-18. [PMID: 17175087 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles are major constituents of ambient air pollution, and are associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer. The organic part of the particles is heterogenic and complex, and seems to be responsible for many of the adverse effects. Increased formation of ROS is often connected to the adverse effects. We have therefore investigated the effect of an organic extract of diesel exhaust particles on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) status in human neutrophil granulocytes and rat alveolar macrophages in vitro. ROS formation were studied by three different assays namely the use of DCFH-DA, lucigenin and luminol. The organic extract increased ROS assayed with DCFH-DA, but it decreased the amount of ROS in cells stimulated by PMA in all three assays. The identities of the ROS affected were further studied in cell free systems. The cell free studies confirmed that the extract had scavenging effects against superoxide, hypochlorite and to a smaller extent against peroxynitrite, but not against the hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide. ROS take part in the intracellular signalling pathways as well as in the defence against invading microorganisms, and the possible effects of interference of the redox status in the cells are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berit Bjugan Aam
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division for Protection, P.O. Box 25, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Aratani Y, Kura F, Watanabe H, Akagawa H, Takano Y, Ishida-Okawara A, Suzuki K, Maeda N, Koyama H. Contribution of the myeloperoxidase-dependent oxidative system to host defence against Cryptococcus neoformans. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:1291-1299. [PMID: 16914663 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46620-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo contribution of reactive oxygen species produced by neutrophils against Cryptococcus infection is not widely recognized. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a neutrophil-specific enzyme that catalyses the production of hypohalous acids such as HOCl from H2O2. This study investigated the role of MPO in immunological defence against Cryptococcus neoformans in an MPO-deficient (MPO-/-) mouse model. The survival of MPO-/- mice infected either intranasally or intravenously with C. neoformans was lower than that of identically challenged wild-type mice. The MPO-/- mice that received intranasal injection of C. neoformans had significantly larger lung fungal burdens than wild-type mice. On day 7, MPO-/- mice had a significantly higher lung concentration of interleukin (IL)-4 and lower concentrations of IL-2, IL-12p70 and interferon (IFN)-gamma than wild-type mice, suggesting a weak Th1 response in the MPO-/- mice to C. neoformans. Pathologically, the MPO-/- mice with intranasal infection showed more severe pneumonia than wild-type mice, which was associated with an increase in the levels of IL-1alpha/beta in the lungs. In addition, in MPO-/- mice, the pulmonary infection disseminated to the brain with occasional meningitis. The keratinocyte-derived cytokine (KC) level in the brain of infected MPO-/- mice was higher than that of control mice. Both intranasal and intravenous infections resulted in a higher number of fungi in the spleen of MPO-/- mice compared to wild-type, suggesting decreased resistance to C. neoformans not only in the lungs but also in the spleen in the absence of MPO. Taken together, these data suggest a major role of MPO in the response to cryptococcal infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Aratani
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Maioka-cho 641-12, Totsuka, Yokohama 244-0813, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nobuyo Maeda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
| | - Hideki Koyama
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Maioka-cho 641-12, Totsuka, Yokohama 244-0813, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hiyoshi K, Takano H, Inoue KI, Ichinose T, Yanagisawa R, Tomura S, Kumagai Y. Effects of phenanthraquinone on allergic airway inflammation in mice. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 35:1243-8. [PMID: 16164454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) enhance allergic airway inflammation in mice (Takano et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 36-42). DEP consist of carbonaceous nuclei and a vast number of organic chemical compounds. However, it remains to be identified which component(s) from DEP are responsible for the enhancing effects. 9,10-Phenanthraquinone (PQ) is a quinone compound involved in DEP. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of PQ inoculated intratracheally on allergic airway inflammation related to ovalbumin (OVA) challenge. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated effects of PQ on airway inflammation, local expression of cytokine proteins, and allergen-specific immunoglobulin production in mice in the presence or absence of OVA. Results In the presence of OVA, PQ (2.1 ng/animal) significantly increased the numbers of eosinophils and mononuclear cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as compared with OVA alone. In contrast, the numbers of these cells around the airways were not significantly different between OVA challenge and OVA plus PQ challenge in lung histology. PQ exhibited adjuvant activity for the allergen-specific production of IgG1 and IgE. OVA challenge induced significant increases in the lung expression of IL-4, IL-5, eotaxin, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, and keratinocyte chemoattractant as compared with vehicle challenge. However, the combination of PQ with OVA did not alter the expression levels of these proteins as compared with OVA alone. CONCLUSION These results indicate that PQ can enhance the immunoglobulin production and the infiltration of inflammatory cells into alveolar spaces that are related to OVA, whereas PQ seems to be partially responsible for the DEP toxicity on the allergic airway inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Hiyoshi
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mundandhara SD, Becker S, Madden MC. Effects of diesel exhaust particles on human alveolar macrophage ability to secrete inflammatory mediators in response to lipopolysaccharide. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 20:614-24. [PMID: 16360300 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Revised: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ambient particulate matter (PM) has been shown to be associated with mortality and morbidity. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) contribute to ambient PM. Alveolar macrophages (AM) are important targets for PM effects in the lung. The effects of DEP exposure on human AM response to lipopolysachharide (LPS; from gram-negative bacteria) challenge in vitro were determined by monitoring the production of interleukin 8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). The roles of organic compounds and carbonaceous core of DEP in response to LPS were evaluated by comparing the DEPs effect to that of carbon black (CB), a carbonaceous particle with few adsorbed organic compounds. AMs were exposed in vitro to Standard Reference Material (SRM) DEP 2975, SRM DEP 1650, SRM 1975 (a dichloromethane extract of SRM DEP 2975) and CB particles for 24 h. DEPs induced a decreased secretion of IL-8, TNF-alpha and PGE(2) in response to a subsequent LPS stimulation. DEPs also show suppressive effect on the release of inflammatory mediators when stimulated with lipoteichoic acid, a product of gram positive bacteria. In summary, in vitro exposure of human AM to DEPs significantly suppress AM responsiveness to gram-negative and positive bacterial products, which may be a contributing factor to the impairment of pulmonary defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sailaja D Mundandhara
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Donaldson K, Tran L, Jimenez LA, Duffin R, Newby DE, Mills N, MacNee W, Stone V. Combustion-derived nanoparticles: a review of their toxicology following inhalation exposure. Part Fibre Toxicol 2005; 2:10. [PMID: 16242040 PMCID: PMC1280930 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 618] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This review considers the molecular toxicology of combustion-derived nanoparticles (CDNP) following inhalation exposure. CDNP originate from a number of sources and in this review we consider diesel soot, welding fume, carbon black and coal fly ash. A substantial literature demonstrates that these pose a hazard to the lungs through their potential to cause oxidative stress, inflammation and cancer; they also have the potential to redistribute to other organs following pulmonary deposition. These different CDNP show considerable heterogeneity in composition and solubility, meaning that oxidative stress may originate from different components depending on the particle under consideration. Key CDNP-associated properties of large surface area and the presence of metals and organics all have the potential to produce oxidative stress. CDNP may also exert genotoxic effects, depending on their composition. CDNP and their components also have the potential to translocate to the brain and also the blood, and thereby reach other targets such as the cardiovascular system, spleen and liver. CDNP therefore can be seen as a group of particulate toxins unified by a common mechanism of injury and properties of translocation which have the potential to mediate a range of adverse effects in the lungs and other organs and warrant further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Donaldson
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Lang Tran
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Park North, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Luis Albert Jimenez
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Rodger Duffin
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - David E Newby
- Cardiovascular Research, Division of Medical and Radiological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SU, UK
| | - Nicholas Mills
- Cardiovascular Research, Division of Medical and Radiological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SU, UK
| | - William MacNee
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Vicki Stone
- Napier University, School of Life Sciences, 10 Colinton Rd, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang M, Xiao GG, Li N, Xie Y, Loo JA, Nel AE. Use of a fluorescent phosphoprotein dye to characterize oxidative stress-induced signaling pathway components in macrophage and epithelial cultures exposed to diesel exhaust particle chemicals. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:2092-108. [PMID: 15880549 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence has shown that exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) leads to asthma exacerbation through an excitation of allergic inflammation. Utilizing diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) as a model air pollutant, we and others have demonstrated that PM contains redox-active chemicals that generate inflammation through an oxidative stress mechanism. Recently, the strengths of proteomics have enabled us to demonstrate that organic DEP extracts induce a hierarchical expression pattern of oxidative stress-induced proteins in macrophages and epithelial cells. As a further extension of this work, we now employ a new phosphosensor fluorescent dye, Pro-Q Diamond, to elucidate the induction of phosphoproteins and intracellular signaling cascades that may play a role in DEP-induced inflammation. We demonstrate that DEPs induced the phosphorylation of several phosphoproteins that belong to a number of signaling pathways as well as other oxidative stress pathways. In combination with cytokine array, phosphoproteome analysis using Pro-Q Diamond allowed us to characterize the aromatic and polar chemicals of DEPs that are involved in the activation of three different mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiying Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Verheyen GR, Nuijten JM, Van Hummelen P, Schoeters GR. Microarray analysis of the effect of diesel exhaust particles on in vitro cultured macrophages. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 18:377-91. [PMID: 15046786 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2003.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2003] [Accepted: 10/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) have been reported to induce or aggravate pulmonary diseases, including cancer and asthma. Alveolar macrophages are important cellular targets for DEP and have important immunological and inflammatory properties in the response to foreign substances in the lung. In vitro cultures of human THP-1 cells were differentiated to macrophages and were exposed to 1600 ng/ml DEP during 6 and 24 h. Global changes in gene expression were evaluated using cDNA microarrays containing about 13,000 cDNAs. Each gene on the microarray was present in duplicate. A colorflip experiment was also performed, resulting in four ratio measurements for each gene, that were used to evaluate significance of the gene expression findings. Gene expression changes were very modest (<3-fold induction/repression). Less than 1% of all genes were significantly regulated by DEP. Considering the 6 h exposure data, 50 clones were up- and 39 were downregulated. For the 24 h exposure data, there were 54 upregulated and 60 downregulated genes. Nine genes (CYP1B1, THBD, Il1b, ITGB7, SEC6, TNFRSF1B, LPXN, LOC51093 and BTG2) are upregulated and seven (PRDX1, CD36, PRKACB, BBOX1, CLK1, STMN1, and HMGB2) are downregulated at both time-points. Our data indicate the multitude of biological processes potentially influenced by DEP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geert R Verheyen
- Centre of Expertise in Environmental Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rao KMK, Ma JYC, Meighan T, Barger MW, Pack D, Vallyathan V. Time course of gene expression of inflammatory mediators in rat lung after diesel exhaust particle exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2005; 113:612-7. [PMID: 15866772 PMCID: PMC1257556 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) at three concentrations (5, 35, and 50 mg/kg body weight) were instilled into rats intratracheally. We studied gene expression at 1, 7, and 30 days postexposure in cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and in lung tissue. Using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we measured the mRNA levels of eight genes [interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase), MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), MIP-2 (macrophage inflammatory protein-2), TGF-beta1 (transforming growth factor-beta1), and TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor-alpha )] in BAL cells and four genes [IL-6, ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1), GM-CSF (granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor), and RANTES (regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted)] in lung tissue. In BAL cells on day 1, high-dose exposure induced a significant up-regulation of IL-1beta, iNOS, MCP-1, and MIP-2 but no change in IL-6, IL-10, TGF-beta1, and TNF-alpha mRNA levels. There was no change in the mRNA levels of IL-6, RANTES, ICAM-1, and GM-CSF in lung tissue. Nitric oxide production and levels of MCP-1 and MIP-2 were increased in the 24-hr culture media of alveolar macrophages (AMs) obtained on day 1. IL-6, MCP-1, and MIP-2 levels were also elevated in the BAL fluid. BAL fluid also showed increases in albumin and lactate dehydrogenase. The cellular content in BAL fluid increased at all doses and at all time periods, mainly due to an increase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In vitro studies in AMs and cultured lung fibroblasts showed that lung fibroblasts are a significant source of IL-6 and MCP-1 in the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Murali Krishna Rao
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hiyoshi K, Takano H, Inoue KI, Ichinose T, Yanagisawa R, Tomura S, Cho AK, Froines JR, Kumagai Y. Effects of a single intratracheal administration of phenanthraquinone on murine lung. J Appl Toxicol 2005; 25:47-51. [PMID: 15669044 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although several studies have reported that diesel exhaust particles (DEP) affect cardiorespiratory health in animals and humans, the responsible components in DEP for the effects remain to be defined. Diesel exhaust particles contain quinones that can catalyse the generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in the induction of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can correlate with a variety of diseases and health effects. In the present study, we investigated the effects of phenanthraquinone--a relatively abundant quinone in DEP--on lung inflammation and the local expression of cytokine proteins in mice as a measure of oxidative damage. The animals were randomized into two experimental groups that received vehicle or phenanthraquinone by intratracheal instillation. The cellular profiles of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and local expression of cytokines were evaluated 24 and 48 h after the instillation. Phenanthraquinone challenge revealed an increase in the numbers of neutrophils and eosinophils in BALF as compared to vehicle challenge (P < 0.05 at 48 h post-instillation). Phenanthraquinone induced the lung expression of interleukin (IL)-5 and eotaxin 48 h and 24 h after the challenge, respectively. These results indicate that intratracheal exposure to phenanthraquinone induces recruitment of inflammatory cells, at least partly, through the local expression of IL-5 and eotaxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Hiyoshi
- Major of Human Care Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Arimoto T, Kadiiska MB, Sato K, Corbett J, Mason RP. Synergistic production of lung free radicals by diesel exhaust particles and endotoxin. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 171:379-87. [PMID: 15477498 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200402-248oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that free radicals were involved in the pathogenesis of lung injury caused by diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Intratracheal coinstillation of DEP and LPS in rat lungs resulted in synergistic enhancement of free radical generation in the lungs. The radical metabolites were characterized as lipid-derived by electron spin resonance (ESR). The free radical generation was paralleled by a synergistic increase in total protein and by infiltration of neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of the lungs. Experiments with NADP-reduced (NADPH) oxidase and iNOS knockout mice showed that NADPH oxidase and iNOS did not contribute to free radical generation. However, pretreatment with the macrophage toxicant GdCl(3), the xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor allopurinol, and the Fe(III) chelator Desferal resulted in a marked decrease in free radical generation, lung inflammation, and lung injury. These effects were concomitant with the inhibition of XO activity in BAL, suggesting that the activated macrophages and the activity of XO contributed to the generation of free radicals caused by DEP and LPS. This is the first demonstration that DEP and LPS work synergistically to enhance free radical generation in lungs, mediated by the activation of local XO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toyoko Arimoto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mathiesen M, Pedersen EK, Bjørseth O, Egeberg KW, Syversen T. Heating of indoor dust causes reduction in its ability to stimulate release of IL-8 and TNFalpha in vitro compared to non-heated dust. INDOOR AIR 2004; 14:226-234. [PMID: 15217476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dust is a major contaminant of the indoor air environment and may affect human health. Indoor dust accumulates on surfaces including heaters and light fixtures, and will be heated when these devices are used. Heat treatment of the dust may change its biologic properties and in this study we simulated the heat treatment with a dust-heating model (50-250 degrees C). The residual and the non-heated dust from seven samples were tested in cultures of fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in A549 cell culture using the release of TNFalpha and IL-8, respectively, as effect indicators. The endotoxin-content and the particle size distribution of the residual and the non-heated dust suspensions were determined for some of the samples. We found that the residual dust had less ability to induce the release of TNFalpha and IL-8. The cytokine decline pattern was similar for all the dust tested and could partly be explained by the reduction in endotoxin content or possibly by inhibitory decomposition products. No correlation was found between the measured particle size distribution and the decreased cytokine levels. The results in this study suggest that the residual dust promotes reduced cytokine response and thereby a possibly lower inflammation reaction in the airways if suspended and inhaled compared with the non-heated dust. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Accumulation of indoor dust on electric heaters and light fixtures may produce a bad odor when switched on in the cold season and some people claim respiratory distress during such events. To investigate to what extent the residuals of heated indoor dust represent a health hazard, we measured the effect in cell cultures before and after heat treatment of the dust. The in vitro results imply that the residual dust will cause a lower proinflammatory response in the airways if suspended and inhaled compared with non-heated dust. This is partly explained by heat destruction of inflammatory components in the dust.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mathiesen
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Donaldson K, Jimenez L, Rahman I, Faux S, Macnee W, Gilmour P, Borm P, Schins R, Shi T, Stone V. Respiratory Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution Particles. OXYGEN/NITROGEN RADICALS 2004. [DOI: 10.1201/b14147-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
42
|
Nikasinovic L, Momas I, Just J. A review of experimental studies on diesel exhaust particles and nasal epithelium alterations. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2004; 7:81-104. [PMID: 14769545 DOI: 10.1080/10937400490241952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present review is to summarize biological events in nasal epithelium after short-term exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP). Therefore human, animal, and in vitro studies carried out since 1987 are reviewed. Short-term exposure results included qualitative alterations characterized by immediate nasal hyperresponsiveness, antioxidant responses, marked epithelial inflammation, and a specific humoral response. In addition, studies on combined DEP/allergen challenge reported that, besides their intrinsic deleterious properties, DEP produced adjuvant-like effects on the immediate and late-phase response to allergen challenge, since they are able to mimic effects occurring after allergen challenge. DEP act deeply in nasal epithelium by (1) directing cytokine gene expression toward a Th2 profile, (2) enhancing local antigen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) production, and (3) driving in vivo isotype switch to IgE. Furthermore, DEP can induce in allergic subjects sensitization to a neoallergen, sensitization that did not occur with exposure to the neoantigen alone. Particulate pollutants such as DEP, encountered in urban areas, are therefore thought to be contributing causal factors to the exaggerated sensitization to allergens in subjects with appropriate genetic predisposition, sensitization that they might not otherwise have experienced. These findings add weight to the hypothesis that DEP are involved in the increased prevalence of airway allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Nikasinovic
- Laboratoire d'Hygiène et de Santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université René Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yanagisawa R, Takano H, Inoue K, Ichinose T, Sadakane K, Yoshino S, Yamaki K, Kumagai Y, Uchiyama K, Yoshikawa T, Morita M. Enhancement of acute lung injury related to bacterial endotoxin by components of diesel exhaust particles. Thorax 2003; 58:605-12. [PMID: 12832678 PMCID: PMC1746720 DOI: 10.1136/thorax.58.7.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) synergistically aggravate acute lung injury related to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice, but the components in DEP responsible for this have not been identified. A study was undertaken to examine the effects of the organic chemicals (DEP-OC) and residual carbonaceous nuclei (washed DEP) derived from DEP on LPS related lung injury. METHODS ICR mice were divided into experimental groups and vehicle, LPS, washed DEP, DEP-OC, washed DEP+LPS, and DEP-OC+LPS were administered intratracheally. The cellular profile of the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, pulmonary oedema, lung histology, and expression of proinflammatory molecules and Toll-like receptors in the lung were evaluated. RESULTS Both DEP-OC and washed DEP enhanced the infiltration of neutrophils into BAL fluid in the presence of LPS. Washed DEP combined with LPS synergistically exacerbated pulmonary oedema and induced alveolar haemorrhage, which was concomitant with the enhanced lung expression of interleukin-1beta, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, and keratinocyte chemoattractant, whereas DEP-OC combined with LPS did not. Gene expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 was increased by combined treatment with washed DEP and LPS. The enhancement effects of washed DEP on LPS related changes were comparable to those of whole DEP. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the residual carbonaceous nuclei of DEP rather than the extracted organic chemicals predominantly contribute to the aggravation of LPS related lung injury. This may be mediated through the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and Toll-like receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Yanagisawa
- Pathophysiology Research Team, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kleinman MT, Sioutas C, Chang MC, Boere AJF, Cassee FR. Ambient fine and coarse particle suppression of alveolar macrophage functions. Toxicol Lett 2003; 137:151-8. [PMID: 12523957 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00398-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AM) are part of the innate immunological defense system and are among the first cells to respond to the effects of inhaled particles. Study of macrophage responses to particles is, therefore, relevant to understanding the mechanisms by which inhaled particles can adversely affect health. Size-fractionated ambient particles were collected at traffic-dominated sites in The Netherlands using a mobile high volume slit impactor system. AM were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage from adult as well as aged rats and were incubated with for 4 h with collected particles at concentrations of 25-1000 pg per cell. Free radical generation by AM was measured with and without stimulation of AM with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). There were dose-dependent decreases in macrophage production of superoxide radicals as measured by the chemiluminescent method. Coarse particles were more toxic than were fine particles. Suppression of free radical production did not seem to be related to the presence of bioavailable iron or to endotoxin associated with the particles. There were no statistically significant differences related to age or strain of the rats tested. We conclude that in vitro tests using AM is a useful and rapid method for delineating differences in toxicity between environmental samples of size fractionated ambient particles.
Collapse
|
45
|
Ma JYC, Ma JKH. The dual effect of the particulate and organic components of diesel exhaust particles on the alteration of pulmonary immune/inflammatory responses and metabolic enzymes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2002; 20:117-47. [PMID: 12515672 DOI: 10.1081/gnc-120016202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) is an environmental and occupational health concern. This review examines the cellular actions of the organic and the particulate components of DEP in the development of various lung diseases. Both the organic and the particulate components cause oxidant lung injury. The particulate component is known to induce alveolar epithelial damage, alter thiol levels in alveolar macrophages (AM) and lymphocytes, and activate AM in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The organic component, on the other hand, is shown to generate intracellular ROS, leading to a variety of cellular responses including apoptosis. There are a number of differences between the biological actions exerted by these two components. The organic component is responsible for DEP induction of cytochrome P450 family 1 enzymes that are critical to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitro-PAH metabolism in the lung as well as in the liver. The particulate component, on the other hand, causes a sustained down-regulation of CYP2B1 in the rat lung. The significance of this effect on pulmonary metabolism of xenobiotics and endobiotics remains to be seen, but may prove to be an important factor governing the interplay of the pulmonary metabolic and inflammatory systems. Long-term exposures to various particles including DEP, carbon black (CB), TiO2, and washed DEP devoid of the organic content, have been shown to produce similar tumorigenic responses in rodents. There is a lack of correlation between tumor development and DEP chemical-derived DNA adduct formation. But the organic component has been shown to generate ROS that produce 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in cell culture. The organic, but not the particulate, component of DEP suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by AM and the development of Th1 cell-mediated immunity. The mechanism for this effect is not yet clear, but may involve the induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a cellular genetic response to oxidative stress. Both the organic and the particulate components of DEP enhance respiratory allergic sensitization. Part of the DEP effects may be due to a depletion of glutathione in lymphocytes. The organic component, which is shown to induce IL-4 and IL-10 productions, may skew the immunity toward Th2 response, whereas the particulate component may stimulate both the Th1 and Th2 responses. In conclusion, the literature shows that the particulate and organic components of DEP exhibit different biological actions but both involve the induction of cellular oxidative stress. Together, these effects inhibit cell-mediated immunity toward infectious agents, exacerbate respiratory allergy, cause DNA damage, and under long-term exposure, induce the development of lung tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Y C Ma
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Juvin P, Fournier T, Grandsaigne M, Desmonts JM, Aubier M. Diesel particles increase phosphatidylcholine release through a NO pathway in alveolar type II cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 282:L1075-81. [PMID: 11943673 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00213.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) have been shown in vivo as well as in vitro to affect the respiratory function and in particular the immune response to infection and allergens. In the current study, we investigated the effect of DEPs on the production of phosphatidylcholine (PC), a major constituent of surfactant, by rat alveolar type II (ATII) primary cells in vitro. Our results demonstrate that incubation of ATII cells with DEPs lead to a time- and dose-dependent increase in labeled PC release. This effect was mimicked by nitric oxide (NO) donors and cGMP and was abolished by inhibitors of NO synthase (NOS). In addition, a NOS inhibitor inhibits by itself the basal secretion of PC. We next examined the effects of DEPs on NOS gene expression and showed that DEPs increase NO production and upregulate both protein content and mRNA levels of the inducible NOS (NOS II). Together our data demonstrate that DEPs alter the production of surfactant by ATII cells through a NO-dependent signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Juvin
- Unité 408, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75870 Paris Cedex 18, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hughes TR, Tengku-Muhammad TS, Irvine SA, Ramji DP. A novel role of Sp1 and Sp3 in the interferon-gamma -mediated suppression of macrophage lipoprotein lipase gene transcription. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:11097-106. [PMID: 11796707 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m106774200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of macrophage lipoprotein lipase by cytokines is of potentially crucial importance in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We have shown previously that macrophage lipoprotein lipase expression is suppressed by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) at the transcriptional level. We investigated the regulatory sequence elements and the transcription factors that are involved in this response. We demonstrated that the -31/+187 sequence contains the minimal IFN-gamma-responsive elements. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that the binding of proteins to two regions in the -31/+187 sequence was reduced dramatically when the cells were exposed to IFN-gamma. Both competition electrophoretic mobility shift assays and antibody supershift assays showed that the interacting proteins were composed of Sp1 and Sp3. Mutations of the Sp1/Sp3-binding sites in the minimal IFN-gamma-responsive elements abolished the IFN-gamma-mediated suppression of promoter activity, whereas multimers of the sequence were able to impart the response to a heterologous promoter. Western blot analysis showed that IFN-gamma reduced the steady state levels of Sp3 protein. In contrast, the cytokine decreased the DNA binding activity of Sp1 without affecting the protein levels. These studies therefore reveal a novel mechanism for IFN-gamma-mediated regulation of macrophage gene transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Hughes
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, P. O. Box 911, Cardiff CF10 3US, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Don Porto Carero A, Hoet PHM, Nemery B, Schoeters G. Increased HLA-DR expression after exposure of human monocytic cells to air particulates. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:296-300. [PMID: 11929496 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of HLA-DR on the cell membrane of antigen-presenting cells is of major importance for the induction of an allergic response in the airways. Environmental particulates are thought to play an important role in inducing or enhancing allergic sensitization, possibly by increasing the expression of HLA-DR on the cell membrane of antigen-presenting cells. In addition, these particulates may synergize with common sensitizing agents in inducing or enhancing HLA-DR and thus antigen presentation. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the potential of three particle types, namely carbon black, diesel exhaust particles and urban air particulates (0.1-1000 ng/cm(2)), to induce the expression of HLA-DR on differentiated THP-1 cells, taken as a model for alveolar macrophages. We also assessed the "adjuvant" potential of the particles on interferon (IFN)-gamma, a known enhancer of HLA-DR. RESULTS By themselves, the particles (0.1-1000 ng/cm(2)) were not able to induce HLA-DR on the THP-1 cells after an incubation of 48 h. However, even at very low concentrations, carbon black (from 1 ng/cm(2) on) and diesel exhaust particles (from 0.1 ng/cm(2) on), interacted with IFN-gamma (100 U/mL) to enhance HLA-DR expression (up to 2.5-fold increase). CONCLUSION This finding may reflect in vitro one of the mechanisms by which pollutant particles exert an "adjuvant" activity and may partially explain how exposure to particles can be related to the enhancement of allergic sensitization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Don Porto Carero
- Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek (Vito), Environmental Toxicology, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Juvin P, Fournier T, Boland S, Soler P, Marano F, Desmonts JM, Aubier M. Diesel particles are taken up by alveolar type II tumor cells and alter cytokines secretion. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2002; 57:53-60. [PMID: 12071361 DOI: 10.1080/00039890209602917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles can reach the alveolar space and interact with alveolar type II cells. The authors investigated whether diesel exhaust particles lead to an internalization process and alter the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-8 and granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor by human alveolar type II cells. Cells from the human lung epithelial cell line A-549 were incubated with diesel exhaust particles or with inert particles for different periods of time. Phagocytosis was studied with electron microscopic analysis and flow cytometry. Cytokines were quantified in supernatants with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Both diesel exhaust particles and inert particles were similarly engulfed by alveolar type II cells. Diesel exhaust particles induced a dose- and a time-dependent increase in granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor release and a transient inhibition of interleukin-8 release, but inert particles did not. Diesel exhaust particles were taken up by alveolar type II cells, and they altered cytokine production. Alveolar type II cells, therefore, may represent a target site for the deleterious effects of diesel exhaust particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Juvin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France. pjuvinAfree.fr
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
van Zijverden M, de Haar C, van Beelen A, van Loveren H, Penninks A, Pieters R. Coadministration of antigen and particles optimally stimulates the immune response in an intranasal administration model in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 177:174-8. [PMID: 11749116 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2001.9306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Some particulate matter is known to affect human health, yet the mechanism(s) by which it acts is largely unknown. One of the factors that may play a role in the immune- stimulating activity of particles is binding of allergen to particles. This may turn the particles into allergen carriers, resulting in antigen deposition within the altered inflammatory microenvironment created by the particles. We compared the efficacy of simultaneous versus separate administration of antigen and particles during sensitization in an intranasal exposure model in BALB/c mice. Sensitization consisted of three separate doses (10 microg) of TNP-OVA at Days 1, 2, and 3. Two hundred micrograms of carbon black particles (CBP) were administered either 1 day before sensitization (Day 0), 1 day after sensitization (Day 4), or during sensitization. The latter was performed either at Day 1 (200 microg) or at Days 1, 2, and 3 (67 microg/day). At Day 10 a challenge with 10 microg of TNP-OVA was performed, and at Day 15 the immune response was assessed. The total number of cells as well as antibody-forming cells (AFC) in lymph nodes draining the lung (peribronchial lymph nodes [PBLN]) were determined, and immunoglobulin levels in blood were assessed. Cell numbers of PBLN increased significantly in all particle-treated groups compared to controls. The number of TNP-specific IgG1-forming cells in the groups receiving particles during sensitization was significantly higher than control level. Only groups receiving particles during or before sensitization displayed significantly higher IgG1 levels than controls, in contrast to the group receiving particles after sensitization. Only in animals receiving three doses of 67 microg during sensitization did TNP-specific IgE increase significantly compared to controls. IgG2a did not show significant differences compared to controls, indicating that the response is predominantly Th2 mediated. These data indicate that coadministration of particles at all time points of antigen dosing is the most effective way to stimulate an immune response in our model compared to separate particle and antigen dosing. Also, administration shortly before antigen administration was effective in stimulating an immune response, suggesting that time-dependent processes are involved in immune-stimulating activity of particles, supporting the important role of the altered inflammatory microenvironment created by the particles.
Collapse
|