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Aguilar-Luis MA, Watson H, Tarazona-Castro Y, Troyes-Rivera L, Cabellos-Altamirano F, Silva-Caso W, Aquino-Ortega R, Carrillo-Ng H, Zavaleta-Gavidia V, del Valle-Mendoza J. The Chikungunya virus: A reemerging cause of acute febrile illness in the high jungle of northern Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011787. [PMID: 38079402 PMCID: PMC10712839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) that causes undifferentiated acute febrile illness. Cases of CHIKV may be under-reported in Peru, given the various difficulties in diagnosing it, such as lack of diagnostic tests in remote areas, the passive nature of epidemiological surveillance, and co-circulation of other arthropod-borne pathogens. Therefore, a study was conducted in the high jungle of northern Peru to determine the prevalence of CHIKV among febrile patients and describe their clinical characteristics. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in the province of Jaen, Cajamarca, located in the high jungle of northern Peru. Patients attending primary healthcare centers within Cajamarca's Regional Health Directorate were enrolled. The study took place from June 2020 through June 2021. Patients were eligible if they sought outpatient healthcare for a clinical diagnosis of acute febrile illness (AFI). Serum samples were collected from all patients, and the diagnosis of CHIKV was determined using real-time RT-PCR, as well as the detection of IgM antibodies by ELISA. A logistic regression model was employed to identify the risk factors for CHIKV, and the odds ratios (ORs) were calculated, along with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS A total of 1 047 patients with AFI were included during the study period. CHIKV was identified in 130 patients of 1 047 (12.4%). Among the CHIKV positive cases, 84 of 130 (64.6%) were diagnosed by RT-PCR, 42 of 130 (32.3%) by IgM ELISA detection, and 4 of 130 (3.1%) by both assays. The majority of patients with CHIKV infection fell within the 18-39 years age group (50.0%), followed by the 40-59 years age group (23.9%) and those with 60 years or older (10.8%). The most common clinical symptoms observed in patients with CHIKV infection were headache (85.4%), myalgias (72.3%), and arthralgias (64.6%). The highest number of positive CHIKV cases occurred in May (23.1%), followed by March (20.0%) and February (13.8%) of 2021. CONCLUSION The study reports a considerable frequency of CHIKV infections among patients with AFI from the high jungle of northern Peru. These findings highlight the importance of recognizing CHIKV as an ongoing pathogen with continuous transmission in various areas of Peru. It is crucial to enhance epidemiological surveillance by implementing reliable diagnostic techniques, as the clinical symptoms of CHIKV infection can be nonspecific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Aguilar-Luis
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Hugh Watson
- Antiviral Research Unit, Evotec ID, Lyon, France
| | - Yordi Tarazona-Castro
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Wilmer Silva-Caso
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Ronald Aquino-Ortega
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Hugo Carrillo-Ng
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Victor Zavaleta-Gavidia
- Regional Laboratory of Cajamarca, Regional Health Directorate (Dirección Regional de Salud, DIRESA) of Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru
| | - Juana del Valle-Mendoza
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
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Gutierrez B, da Silva Candido D, Bajaj S, Rodriguez Maldonado AP, Ayala FG, Rodriguez MDLLT, Rodriguez AA, Arámbula CW, González ER, Martínez IL, Díaz-Quiñónez JA, Pichardo MV, Hill SC, Thézé J, Faria NR, Pybus OG, Preciado-Llanes L, Reyes-Sandoval A, Kraemer MUG, Escalera-Zamudio M. Convergent trends and spatiotemporal patterns of Aedes-borne arboviruses in Mexico and Central America. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011169. [PMID: 37672514 PMCID: PMC10506721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes-borne arboviruses cause both seasonal epidemics and emerging outbreaks with a significant impact on global health. These viruses share mosquito vector species, often infecting the same host population within overlapping geographic regions. Thus, comparative analyses of the virus evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics across spatial and temporal scales could reveal convergent trends. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Focusing on Mexico as a case study, we generated novel chikungunya and dengue (CHIKV, DENV-1 and DENV-2) virus genomes from an epidemiological surveillance-derived historical sample collection, and analysed them together with longitudinally-collected genome and epidemiological data from the Americas. Aedes-borne arboviruses endemically circulating within the country were found to be introduced multiple times from lineages predominantly sampled from the Caribbean and Central America. For CHIKV, at least thirteen introductions were inferred over a year, with six of these leading to persistent transmission chains. For both DENV-1 and DENV-2, at least seven introductions were inferred over a decade. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that CHIKV, DENV-1 and DENV-2 in Mexico share evolutionary and epidemiological trajectories. The southwest region of the country was determined to be the most likely location for viral introductions from abroad, with a subsequent spread into the Pacific coast towards the north of Mexico. Virus diffusion patterns observed across the country are likely driven by multiple factors, including mobility linked to human migration from Central towards North America. Considering Mexico's geographic positioning displaying a high human mobility across borders, our results prompt the need to better understand the role of anthropogenic factors in the transmission dynamics of Aedes-borne arboviruses, particularly linked to land-based human migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Gutierrez
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Darlan da Silva Candido
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sumali Bajaj
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fabiola Garces Ayala
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, México
| | - María de la Luz Torre Rodriguez
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, México
| | - Adnan Araiza Rodriguez
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, México
| | - Claudia Wong Arámbula
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, México
| | - Ernesto Ramírez González
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, México
| | - Irma López Martínez
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, México
| | - José Alberto Díaz-Quiñónez
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, México
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca de Soto, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Vázquez Pichardo
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, México
| | - Sarah C Hill
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Thézé
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Nuno R Faria
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorena Preciado-Llanes
- Nuffield Department of Medicine/Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Arturo Reyes-Sandoval
- Nuffield Department of Medicine/Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Av. Luis Enrique Erro s/n., Unidad Adolfo López Mateos, Mexico City, Mexico
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Freitas LP, Carabali M, Yuan M, Jaramillo-Ramirez GI, Balaguera CG, Restrepo BN, Zinszer K. Spatio-temporal clusters and patterns of spread of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika in Colombia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010334. [PMID: 35998165 PMCID: PMC9439233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colombia has one of the highest burdens of arboviruses in South America. The country was in a state of hyperendemicity between 2014 and 2016, with co-circulation of several Aedes-borne viruses, including a syndemic of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika in 2015. Methodology/Principal findings We analyzed the cases of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika notified in Colombia from January 2014 to December 2018 by municipality and week. The trajectory and velocity of spread was studied using trend surface analysis, and spatio-temporal high-risk clusters for each disease in separate and for the three diseases simultaneously (multivariate) were identified using Kulldorff’s scan statistics. During the study period, there were 366,628, 77,345 and 74,793 cases of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, respectively, in Colombia. The spread patterns for chikungunya and Zika were similar, although Zika’s spread was accelerated. Both chikungunya and Zika mainly spread from the regions on the Atlantic coast and the south-west to the rest of the country. We identified 21, 16, and 13 spatio-temporal clusters of dengue, chikungunya and Zika, respectively, and, from the multivariate analysis, 20 spatio-temporal clusters, among which 7 were simultaneous for the three diseases. For all disease-specific analyses and the multivariate analysis, the most-likely cluster was identified in the south-western region of Colombia, including the Valle del Cauca department. Conclusions/Significance The results further our understanding of emerging Aedes-borne diseases in Colombia by providing useful evidence on their potential site of entry and spread trajectory within the country, and identifying spatio-temporal disease-specific and multivariate high-risk clusters of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, information that can be used to target interventions. Dengue, chikungunya, and Zika are diseases transmitted to humans by the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. Between 2014 and 2016 chikungunya and Zika viruses started causing outbreaks in Colombia, one of the countries historically most affected by dengue. We used case counts of the diseases by municipality and week to study the spread trajectory of chikungunya and Zika within Colombia’s territory, and to identify space-time high-risk clusters, i.e., the areas and time periods that dengue, chikungunya, and Zika were more present. Chikungunya and Zika spread similarly in Colombia, but Zika spread faster. The Atlantic coast, a famous touristic destination in the country, was likely the place of entry of chikungunya and Zika in Colombia. The south-western region was identified as a high-risk cluster for all three diseases in separate and simultaneously. This region has a favorable climate for the Aedes mosquitoes and other characteristics that facilitate the diseases’ transmission, such as social deprivation and high population mobility. Our results provide useful information on the locations that should be prioritized for interventions to prevent the entry of new diseases transmitted by Aedes and to reduce the burden of dengue, chikungunya and Zika where they are established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Picinini Freitas
- School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mabel Carabali
- School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mengru Yuan
- School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Berta N. Restrepo
- Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Kate Zinszer
- School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Lima-Camara TN, Medeiros-Sousa AR, Coelho RR, Marrelli MT. Body size does not affect locomotor activity of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus females (Diptera:Culicidae). Acta Trop 2022; 231:106430. [PMID: 35367409 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Intraspecific competition between mosquito larvae can affect several adult traits, particularly size. This study tested the hypothesis that intraspecific competition during the larval stage affects wing length in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus adults, in turn influencing locomotor activity. L1 larvae of both species were reared in trays under conditions of low and high competition. After adults had emerged, the locomotor activity of virgin females of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus was evaluated under light-dark cycles of 12:12 h at 25 °C and 70% relative humidity. At the end of the locomotor activity experiment, the left wings of the mosquitoes were removed to be measured, and wing length was used as an indicator of adult female size. Although the results showed that the wing lengths of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus females reared under low larval competition were significantly greater than those of females reared under high larval competition, this difference did not affect locomotor activity in females of either species, demonstrating that locomotor activity in small Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus females is not lower than in larger females. Our findings reinforce the idea that intraspecific competition alters the wing length of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus females and provide new evidence about this effect on the locomotor activity of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Nunes Lima-Camara
- Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Departamento de Epidemiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Ronan Rocha Coelho
- Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro Toledo Marrelli
- Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Departamento de Epidemiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Hopkins HK, Traverse EM, Barr KL. Chikungunya Encephalitis: an Inconsistently Reported Headache and Cause of Death in Patients with Pre-Existing Conditions. Curr Trop Med Rep 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-022-00258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractChikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus of the family Togaviridae with outbreaks occurring across Africa, Asia, parts of Europe, and South and Central America. There are three main lineages of CHIKV, including the West African lineage, the East Central South African (ECSA) lineage, and the Asian lineage. While CHIKV infection usually results in a self-limited febrile illness, there have been reports of concerning neurological manifestations, including encephalitis. Herein we discuss findings of over 700 cases of CHIKV encephalitis and risk factors for death. Additionally, we examined the genotypes of CHIKV associated with encephalitis and found that both the Asian and ECSA lineages were responsible for encephalitis but not the West African lineage. Protein analysis of consensus sequences of CHIKV strains associated with encephalitis identified mutations in the nsP1, nsP2, and nsP3 proteins. Reports and manuscripts of CHIKV encephalitis were inconsistent in reporting viral, demographic, and clinical features which complicated the delineation of risk factors associated with the disease and viral evolution. As climate change contributes to the range expansion of natural vectors, it is important for researchers and clinicians to consistently report patient and viral data to facilitate research and countermeasures for the ecology and epidemiology of CHIKV due to the lack of a targeted treatment or vaccine.
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da Silva LCM, da Silva Platner F, da Silva Fonseca L, Rossato VF, de Andrade DCP, de Sousa Valente J, Brain SD, Fernandes ES. Ocular Manifestations of Chikungunya Infection: A Systematic Review. Pathogens 2022; 11:412. [PMID: 35456087 PMCID: PMC9028588 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) can cause long lasting symptoms and manifestations. However, there is little information on which ocular ones are most frequent following infection. We performed a systematic review (registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews; no CRD42020171928) to establish the most frequent ocular manifestations of CHIKV infection and their associations with gender and age. Articles published until September 2020 were selected from PubMed, Scielo, Cochrane and Scopus databases. Only studies with CHIKV-infected patients and eye alterations were included. Reviews, descriptive studies, or those not investigating the human ocular manifestations of CHIKV, those with patients with other diseases and infections, abstracts and studies without relevant data were excluded. Twenty-five studies were selected for inclusion. Their risk of bias was evaluated by a modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The most frequent ocular symptoms of CHIKV infection included ocular pain, inflammation and reduced visual acuity, whilst conjunctivitis and optic neuritis were the most common manifestations of the disease. These occurred mostly in individuals of 42 ± 9.5 years of age and woman. The few available reports on CHIKV-induced eye manifestations highlight the need for further research in the field to gather more substantial evidence linking CHIKV infection, the eye and age/gender. Nonetheless, the data emphasizes that ocular alterations are meaningful occurrences of CHIKV infection which can substantially affect quality of life.
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Gray M, Guerrero-Arguero I, Solis-Leal A, Robison RA, Berges BK, Pickett BE. Chikungunya virus time course infection of human macrophages reveals intracellular signaling pathways relevant to repurposed therapeutics. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13090. [PMID: 35341048 PMCID: PMC8944338 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen, within the Alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family, that causes ~1.1 million human infections annually. CHIKV uses Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes as insect vectors. Human infections can develop arthralgia and myalgia, which results in debilitating pain for weeks, months, and even years after acute infection. No therapeutic treatments or vaccines currently exist for many alphaviruses, including CHIKV. Targeting the phagocytosis of CHIKV by macrophages after mosquito transmission plays an important role in early productive viral infection in humans, and could reduce viral replication and/or symptoms. Methods To better characterize the transcriptional response of macrophages during early infection, we generated RNA-sequencing data from a CHIKV-infected human macrophage cell line at eight or 24 hours post-infection (hpi), together with mock-infected controls. We then calculated differential gene expression, enriched functional annotations, modulated intracellular signaling pathways, and predicted therapeutic drugs from these sequencing data. Results We observed 234 pathways were significantly affected 24 hpi, resulting in six potential pharmaceutical treatments to modulate the affected pathways. A subset of significant pathways at 24 hpi includes AGE-RAGE, Fc epsilon RI, Chronic myeloid leukemia, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, and Ras signaling. We found that the MAPK1 and MAPK3 proteins are shared among this subset of pathways and that Telmisartan and Dasatinib are strong candidates for repurposed small molecule therapeutics that target human processes. The results of our analysis can be further characterized in the wet lab to contribute to the development of host-based prophylactics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Gray
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Israel Guerrero-Arguero
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America,Population Health and Host-pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Antonio Solis-Leal
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America,Population Health and Host-pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Robison
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Bradford K. Berges
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Brett E. Pickett
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
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Chaudhary S, Jain J, Kumar R, Shrinet J, Weaver SC, Auguste AJ, Sunil S. Chikungunya virus molecular evolution in India since its re-emergence in 2005. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab074. [PMID: 34754512 PMCID: PMC8570154 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus of the Togaviridae family, is among the most medically significant mosquito-borne viruses, capable of causing major epidemics of febrile disease and severe, chronic arthritis. Identifying viral mutations is crucial for understanding virus evolution and evaluating those genetic determinants that directly impact pathogenesis and transmissibility. The present study was undertaken to expand on past CHIKV evolutionary studies through robust genome-scale phylogenetic analysis to better understand CHIKV genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics since its reintroduction into India in 2005. We sequenced the complete genomes of fifty clinical isolates collected between 2010 and 2016 from two geographic locations, Delhi and Mumbai. We then analysed them along with 753 genomes available on the Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource sampled over fifteen years (2005-20) from a range of locations across the globe and identified novel genetic variants present in samples from this study. Our analyses show evidence of frequent reintroduction of the virus into India and that the most recent CHIKV outbreak shares a common ancestor as recently as 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaspreet Jain
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | - Jatin Shrinet
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Scott C Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Albert J Auguste
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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Diouf B, Sene NM, Ndiaye EH, Gaye A, Ngom EHM, Gueye A, Seck F, Diagne CT, Dia I, Diallo M, Diallo D. Resting Behavior of Blood-Fed Females and Host Feeding Preferences of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Morphological Forms in Senegal. J Med Entomol 2021; 58:2467-2473. [PMID: 34165556 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) is the main vector of most arboviruses in tropical and subtropical urban areas. In West Africa, particularly in Senegal, domestic and wild populations have been described. Both Ae. aegypti aegypti (Aaa) and Ae. aegypti formosus (Aaf) were found in progenies of Ae. aegypti families from several localities of Senegal. However, nothing is known about their resting and trophic behavior, which are key data for vector control. To fill this gap, blood-fed mosquitoes were collected monthly indoors and outdoors with BackPack aspirators and BG-Sentinel 2 traps between July and November 2019 from four urban sites. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique was used to analyze blood-fed Aaa and Aaf specimens. Both forms were found resting in all investigated places with the highest proportions found in scrap metals (51.7% for Aaa and 44.1% for Aaf) and used tires (19.2% for Aaa and 26.1% for Aaf). Blood-fed Aaf females showed lower occupation of the indoors environment compared to Aaa. Overall, the percentages of single bloodmeals from human were 80.5% (916/1138) for Aaa and 71.1% (263/370) for Aaf. A low frequency of other domestic hosts, including bovine, ovine, and cat were detected for both forms. This study provides the first data on resting and trophic behavior of Aaa and Aaf in Senegal. Both forms showed differences in their resting behavior but fed primarily on human and highlight the risk of arboviruses transmission in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babacar Diouf
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ndeye Marie Sene
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - El Hadj Ndiaye
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Alioune Gaye
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Assiyatou Gueye
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Fatoumata Seck
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Ibrahima Dia
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Diawo Diallo
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
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Bisanzio D, Martello E, Izenour K, Stevens K, Kaur R, McKenzie BA, Kraemer M, Reithinger R, Zohdy S. Arboviral diseases and poverty in Alabama, 2007-2017. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009535. [PMID: 34228748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne viruses cause diseases of great public health concern. Arboviral disease case distributions have complex relationships with socioeconomic and environmental factors. We combined information about socio-economic (population, and poverty rate) and environmental (precipitation, and land use) characteristics with reported human cases of arboviral disease in the counties of Alabama, USA, from 2007–2017. We used county level data on West Nile virus (WNV), dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Zika virus (ZIKV), California serogroup virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, and Saint Louis encephalitis virus to provide a detailed description of their spatio-temporal pattern. We found a significant spatial convergence between incidence of WNV and poverty rate clustered in the southern part of Alabama. DENV, CHIKV and ZIKV cases showed a different spatial pattern, being mostly located in the northern part, in areas of high socioeconomic status. The results of our study establish that poverty-driven inequities in arboviral risk exist in the southern USA, and should be taken into account when planning prevention and intervention strategies. Mosquito-borne arboviruses like West Nile virus (WNV), dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Zika virus (ZIKV), California serogroup virus (CSV), Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEE), and Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLE) are on the rise globally. Socioeconomic and environmental conditions have played a role in directing in this expansion by creating conditions ideal for mosquito vectors and transmission. In this study, we used 10 years (2007–2017) of county level human arboviral case data from the US state of Alabama to better understand the roles socioeconomics (poverty rate) and environmental (land use, precipitation, land cover) conditions may play in driving patterns of arboviral disease in the southern US. We found a significant association between poverty rate and incidence of WNV, an arbovirus primarily transmitted by Culex spp. mosquitoes, which are known for thriving in contaminated water sources and sewage overflow. Conversely, cases of DENV, CHIKV, and ZIKV, arboviruses primarily transmitted by Aedes spp. mosquitoes, were reported in areas of high socioeconomic status. These findings suggest differential distribution of arboviruses relevant to human health in Alabama, and that poverty in the southern US is a significant factor that should be considered when planning WNV prevention and intervention strategies.
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Traverse EM, Hopkins HK, Vaidhyanathan V, Barr KL. Cardiomyopathy and Death Following Chikungunya Infection: An Increasingly Common Outcome. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:108. [PMID: 34206332 PMCID: PMC8293388 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is vectored by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes and is found throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions. While most infections cause mild symptoms such as fever and arthralgia, there have been cases in which cardiac involvement has been reported. In adults, case reports include symptoms ranging from tachycardia and arrythmia, to myocarditis and cardiac arrest. In children, case reports describe symptoms such as arrythmia, myocarditis, and heart failure. Case reports of perinatal and neonatal CHIKV infections have also described cardiovascular compromise, including myocardial hypertrophy, ventricular dysfunction, myocarditis, and death. Myocarditis refers to inflammation of the heart tissue, which can be caused by viral infection, thus becoming viral myocarditis. Since viral myocarditis is linked as a causative factor of other cardiomyopathies, including dilated cardiomyopathy, in which the heart muscle weakens and fails to pump blood properly, the connection between CHIKV and the heart is concerning. We searched Pubmed, Embase, LILACS, and Google Scholar to identify case reports of CHIKV infections where cardiac symptoms were reported. We utilized NCBI Virus and NCBI Nucleotide to explore the lineage/evolution of strains associated with these outbreaks. Statistical analysis was performed to identify which clinical features were associated with death. Phylogenetic analysis determined that CHIKV infections with cardiac symptoms are associated with the Asian, the East Central South African, and the Indian Ocean lineages. Of patients admitted to hospital, death rates ranged from 26-48%. Myocarditis, hypertension, pre-existing conditions, and the development of heart failure were significantly correlated with death. As such, clinicians should be aware in their treatment and follow-up of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Traverse
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (E.M.T.); (H.K.H.)
| | - Hannah K. Hopkins
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (E.M.T.); (H.K.H.)
| | | | - Kelli L. Barr
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (E.M.T.); (H.K.H.)
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12
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Hibl BM, Dailey Garnes NJM, Kneubehl AR, Vogt MB, Spencer Clinton JL, Rico-Hesse RR. Mosquito-bite infection of humanized mice with chikungunya virus produces systemic disease with long-term effects. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009427. [PMID: 34106915 PMCID: PMC8189471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging, mosquito-borne alphavirus responsible for acute to chronic arthralgias and neuropathies. Although it originated in central Africa, recent reports of disease have come from many parts of the world, including the Americas. While limiting human CHIKV cases through mosquito control has been used, it has not been entirely successful. There are currently no licensed vaccines or treatments specific for CHIKV disease, thus more work is needed to develop effective countermeasures. Current animal research on CHIKV is often not representative of human disease. Most models use CHIKV needle inoculation via unnatural routes to create immediate viremia and localized clinical signs; these methods neglect the natural route of transmission (the mosquito vector bite) and the associated human immune response. Since mosquito saliva has been shown to have a profound effect on viral pathogenesis, we evaluated a novel model of infection that included the natural vector, Aedes species mosquitoes, transmitting CHIKV to mice containing components of the human immune system. Humanized mice infected by 3-6 mosquito bites showed signs of systemic infection, with demonstrable viremia (by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescent antibody assay), mild to moderate clinical signs (by observation, histology, and immunohistochemistry), and immune responses consistent with human infection (by flow cytometry and IgM ELISA). This model should give a better understanding of human CHIKV disease and allow for more realistic evaluations of mechanisms of pathogenesis, prophylaxis, and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne M. Hibl
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Natalie J. M. Dailey Garnes
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexander R. Kneubehl
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Megan B. Vogt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Spencer Clinton
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rebecca R. Rico-Hesse
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ammar SE, Mclntyre M, Baker MG, Hales S. Imported arboviral infections in New Zealand, 2001 to 2017: A risk factor for local transmission. Travel Med Infect Dis 2021; 41:102047. [PMID: 33819569 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Over the last decade and following international trends, cases of mosquito-borne arboviral infections, notably dengue fever, chikungunya and Zika, have increased among travellers arriving in New Zealand, but no locally acquired cases have been identified. Imported cases are characterised and examined to identify trends and features that might assist in reducing transmission risk from travellers. METHODS Information on traveller arrivals, notified cases and risk factors for disease acquisition were obtained from national sources. Trends in importation rates, seasonality are described and relationships of notifications with traveller arrivals were examined with a negative binomial regression model. RESULTS There was a significant increase in dengue notifications combined with the emergence of Zika and chikungunya. Most notifications were from arrivals in Auckland from Pacific Islands during summer and early autumn. CONCLUSION/IMPLICATIONS Overseas travel from New Zealand, particularly to the Pacific Islands and Southeast Asia, involves a risk of arboviral infection. The repeated introduction of arboviruses to New Zealand also increases the risk of local transmission in a country that has vector capable and vector potential mosquitoes, as well as an increasingly suitable climate for new vectors to establish.
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Teixeira MG, Skalinski LM, Paixão ES, Costa MDCN, Barreto FR, Campos GS, Sardi SI, Carvalho RH, Natividade M, Itaparica M, Dias JP, Trindade SC, Teixeira BP, Morato V, Santana EB, Goes CB, Silva NSDJ, Santos CADST, Rodrigues LC, Whitworth J. Seroprevalence of Chikungunya virus and living conditions in Feira de Santana, Bahia-Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009289. [PMID: 33878115 PMCID: PMC8087031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya is an arbovirus, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, which emerged in the Americas in 2013 and spread rapidly to almost every country on this continent. In Brazil, where the first cases were detected in 2014, it currently has reached all regions of this country and more than 900,000 cases were reported. The clinical spectrum of chikungunya ranges from an acute self-limiting form to disabling chronic forms. The purpose of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of chikungunya infection in a large Brazilian city and investigate the association between viral circulation and living condition. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We conducted a population-based ecological study in selected Sentinel Areas (SA) through household interviews and a serologic survey in 2016/2017. The sample was of 1,981 individuals randomly selected. The CHIKV seroprevalence was 22.1% (17.1 IgG, 2.3 IgM, and 1.4 IgG and IgM) and varied between SA from 2.0% to 70.5%. The seroprevalence was significantly lower in SA with high living conditions compared to SA with low living condition. There was a positive association between CHIKV seroprevalence and population density (r = 0.2389; p = 0.02033). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The seroprevalence in this city was 2.6 times lower than the 57% observed in a study conducted in the epicentre of the CHIKV epidemic of this same urban centre. So, the herd immunity in this general population, after four years of circulation of this agent is relatively low. It indicates that CHIKV transmission may persist in that city, either in endemic form or in the form of a new epidemic, because the vector infestation is persistent. Besides, the significantly lower seroprevalences in SA of higher Living Condition suggest that beyond the surveillance of the disease, vector control and specific actions of basic sanitation, the reduction of the incidence of this infection also depends on the improvement of the general living conditions of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lacita Menezes Skalinski
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva/ Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-BA, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde/ Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | - Enny S. Paixão
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Gubio Soares Campos
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde/ Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-BA, Brazil
| | - Silvia Ines Sardi
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde/ Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-BA, Brazil
| | | | - Marcio Natividade
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva/ Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-BA, Brazil
| | - Martha Itaparica
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva/ Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-BA, Brazil
| | - Juarez Pereira Dias
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva/ Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-BA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vanessa Morato
- Secretaria de Segurança Pública do Estado da Bahia, Salvador-BA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jimmy Whitworth
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Lani R, Agharbaoui FE, Hassandarvish P, Teoh BT, Sam SS, Zandi K, Rahman NA, AbuBakar S. In silico studies of fisetin and silymarin as novel chikungunya virus nonstructural proteins inhibitors. Future Virol 2021. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection is often characterized by fever, rash and arthralgia. Until now, there is no vaccine or antiviral drug available for this disease. Two flavonoid compounds, silymarin and fisetin, were reported to be able to inhibit CHIKV replication. Materials & methods: The interaction between the flavonoid compounds and two CHIKV nonstructural proteins (nsP2 and nsP3) were investigated through molecular docking supported with other analysis such as molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy calculation. Results: The compounds establish potent, stable and flexible interaction with the binding pocket of the two target proteins. Conclusion: The outcomes of this study support the previously published experimental data on anti-CHIKV activity of the compounds by highlighting the interactions with the proteins’ key residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafidah Lani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | | | - Pouya Hassandarvish
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Boon Teong Teoh
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sing Sin Sam
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Keivan Zandi
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Noorsaadah Abd Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sazaly AbuBakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Alayu M, Teshome T, Amare H, Kinde S, Belay D, Assefa Z, Brown JC. Risk Factors for Chikungunya Virus Outbreak in Somali Region of Ethiopia, 2019: Unmatched Case-Control Study. Adv Virol 2021; 2021:1-7. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/8847906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Chikungunya virus is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus transmitted by a mosquito bite. Chikungunya virus outbreaks are characterized by rapid spread, and the disease manifests as acute fever. This study aimed at determining risk factors for chikungunya virus outbreak to apply appropriate prevention and control measures. Methods. Unmatched case-control study was performed to identify risk factors of chikungunya outbreak in Somali region of Ethiopia in 2019. Cases and controls were enrolled with 1 : 2 ratio. All cases during the study period (74 cases) and 148 controls were included in the study. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were implemented. The serum samples were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction at Ethiopian Public Health Institute Laboratory. Results. A total of 74 chikungunya fever cases were reported starting from 19th May 2019 to 8th June 2019. Not using bed net at daytime sleeping (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 20.8; 95% confidence interval (CI): 6.4–66.7), presence of open water holding container (AOR: 4.0; CI: 1.2–3.5), presence of larvae in water holding container (AOR: 4.8; CI: 1.4–16.8), ill person with similar signs and symptoms in the family or neighbors (AOR: 27.9; CI: 6.5–120.4), and not wearing full body cover clothes (AOR: 8.1; CI: 2.2–30.1) were significant risk factors. Conclusion. Not using bed net at daytime sleeping, presence of open water holding container, presence of larvae in water holding container, ill person with similar signs and symptoms in the family or neighbors, and not wearing full body cover clothes are risk factors for chikungunya virus outbreak.
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Franco EJ, Tao X, Hanrahan KC, Zhou J, Bulitta JB, Brown AN. Combination Regimens of Favipiravir Plus Interferon Alpha Inhibit Chikungunya Virus Replication in Clinically Relevant Human Cell Lines. Microorganisms 2021; 9:307. [PMID: 33540830 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus associated with a broad tissue tropism for which no antivirals or vaccines are approved. This study evaluated the antiviral potential of favipiravir (FAV), interferon-alpha (IFN), and ribavirin (RBV) against CHIKV as mono- and combination-therapy in cell lines that are clinically relevant to human infection. Cells derived from human connective tissue (HT-1080), neurons (SK-N-MC), and skin (HFF-1) were infected with CHIKV and treated with different concentrations of FAV, IFN, or RBV. Viral supernatant was sampled daily and the burden was quantified by plaque assay on Vero cells. FAV and IFN were the most effective against CHIKV on various cell lines, suppressing the viral burden at clinically achievable concentrations; although the degree of antiviral activity was heavily influenced by cell type. RBV was not effective and demonstrated substantial toxicity, indicating that it is not a feasible candidate for CHIKV. The combination of FAV and IFN was then assessed on all cell lines. Combination therapy enhanced antiviral activity in HT-1080 and SK-N-MC cells, but not in HFF-1 cells. We developed a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model that described the viral burden and inhibitory antiviral effect. Simulations from this model predicted clinically relevant concentrations of FAV plus IFN completely suppressed CHIKV replication in HT-1080 cells, and considerably slowed down the rate of viral replication in SK-N-MC cells. The model predicted substantial inhibition of viral replication by clinical IFN regimens in HFF-1 cells. Our results highlight the antiviral potential of FAV and IFN combination regimens against CHIKV in clinically relevant cell types.
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Harapan H, Imrie A. Movement of arboviruses between Indonesia and Western Australia. Microbiol Aust 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ma21047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (DENV) are arboviruses of major public health importance. Monitoring circulation of medically important mosquito-borne viruses in the Indo Pacific region allows countries to predict disease outbreaks and prepare mitigation and control strategies. We have monitored long-term molecular epidemiology of DENV and CHIKV in Indonesia and Western Australia (WA), with febrile Western Australian travellers returning from Indonesia as sentinels. Our findings provide insights into the transmission dynamics of CHIKV genotypes and DENV serotypes, genotypes and lineages in the region and virus importation to WA. Our ongoing studies provide valuable and timely information on transmission of emerging and re-emerging arboviruses in the Indo Pacific region and furthermore provide detailed genomic data that inform our understanding of viral and epidemic virulence.
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Tritsch SR, Encinales L, Pacheco N, Cadena A, Cure C, McMahon E, Watson H, Porras Ramirez A, Mendoza AR, Li G, Khurana K, Jaller-Raad JJ, Castillo SM, Barrios Taborda O, Jaller-Char A, Echavez LA, Jiménez D, Gonzalez Coba A, Alarcon Gomez M, Ariza Orozco D, Bravo E, Martinez V, Guerra B, Simon G, Firestein GS, Chang AY. Chronic Joint Pain 3 Years after Chikungunya Virus Infection Largely Characterized by Relapsing-remitting Symptoms. J Rheumatol 2020; 47:1267-1274. [PMID: 31263071 PMCID: PMC7938419 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.190162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of chronic joint pain and stiffness 3 years after infection with chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in a Latin American cohort. METHODS A cross-sectional followup of 120 patients from an initial cohort of 500 patients who reported joint pain 2 years after infection from the Atlántico Department, Colombia. Patients were clinically diagnosed as having CHIKV during the 2014-2015 epidemic, and baseline and followup symptoms at 40 months were evaluated in serologically confirmed cases. RESULTS Of the initial 500 patients enrolled in the study, 482 had serologically confirmed chikungunya infection. From this group, 123 patients reported joint pain 20 months after infection, and 54% of those patients reported continued joint pain 40 months after infection. Therefore, 1 out of every 8 people who tested serologically positive for CHIKV infection had persistent joint pain 3 years after infection. Participants who followed up in person were predominantly adult (mean ± SD age 51 ± 14 yrs) and female (86%). The most common type of pain reported in these patients at 40 months post-infection was pain with periods of relief and subsequent reoccurrence, and over 75% reported stiffness after immobility, with 39% experiencing morning stiffness. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe persistent joint pain and stiffness 40 months after viral infection. The high frequency of chronic disease highlights the need to develop prevention and treatment methods. Further studies should be conducted to understand the similarities between post-chikungunya joint pain and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Tritsch
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Liliana Encinales
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Nelly Pacheco
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Andres Cadena
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Carlos Cure
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Elizabeth McMahon
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Hugh Watson
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Alexandra Porras Ramirez
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Alejandro Rico Mendoza
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Guangzhao Li
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Kunal Khurana
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Juan Jose Jaller-Raad
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Stella Mejia Castillo
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Onaldo Barrios Taborda
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Alejandro Jaller-Char
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Lil Avendaño Echavez
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Dennys Jiménez
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Andres Gonzalez Coba
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Magda Alarcon Gomez
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Dores Ariza Orozco
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Eyda Bravo
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Victor Martinez
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Brenda Guerra
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Gary Simon
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Gary S Firestein
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Aileen Y Chang
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France.
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University.
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20
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Cunha MS, Costa PAG, Correa IA, de Souza MRM, Calil PT, da Silva GPD, Costa SM, Fonseca VWP, da Costa LJ. Chikungunya Virus: An Emergent Arbovirus to the South American Continent and a Continuous Threat to the World. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1297. [PMID: 32670231 PMCID: PMC7332961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) of epidemic concern, transmitted by Aedes ssp. mosquitoes, and is the etiologic agent of a febrile and incapacitating arthritogenic illness responsible for millions of human cases worldwide. After major outbreaks starting in 2004, CHIKV spread to subtropical areas and western hemisphere coming from sub-Saharan Africa, South East Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. Even though CHIKV disease is self-limiting and non-lethal, more than 30% of the infected individuals will develop chronic disease with persistent severe joint pain, tenosynovitis, and incapacitating polyarthralgia that can last for months to years, negatively impacting an individual’s quality of life and socioeconomic productivity. The lack of specific drugs or licensed vaccines to treat or prevent CHIKV disease associated with the global presence of the mosquito vector in tropical and temperate areas, representing a possibility for CHIKV to continually spread to different territories, make this virus an agent of public health burden. In South America, where Dengue virus is endemic and Zika virus was recently introduced, the impact of the expansion of CHIKV infections, and co-infection with other arboviruses, still needs to be estimated. In Brazil, the recent spread of the East/Central/South Africa (ECSA) and Asian genotypes of CHIKV was accompanied by a high morbidity rate and acute cases of abnormal disease presentation and severe neuropathies, which is an atypical outcome for this infection. In this review, we will discuss what is currently known about CHIKV epidemics, clinical manifestations of the human disease, the basic concepts and recent findings in the mechanisms underlying virus-host interaction, and CHIKV-induced chronic disease for both in vitro and in vivo models of infection. We aim to stimulate scientific debate on how the characterization of replication, host-cell interactions, and the pathogenic potential of the new epidemic viral strains can contribute as potential developments in the virology field and shed light on strategies for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela S Cunha
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro A G Costa
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isadora Alonso Correa
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos R M de Souza
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Teles Calil
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo P Duarte da Silva
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sara Mesquita Costa
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Wakoff P Fonseca
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana J da Costa
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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21
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Subramanian R, Romeo-Aznar V, Ionides E, Codeço CT, Pascual M. Predicting re-emergence times of dengue epidemics at low reproductive numbers: DENV1 in Rio de Janeiro, 1986-1990. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200273. [PMID: 32574544 PMCID: PMC7328382 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting arbovirus re-emergence remains challenging in regions with limited off-season transmission and intermittent epidemics. Current mathematical models treat the depletion and replenishment of susceptible (non-immune) hosts as the principal drivers of re-emergence, based on established understanding of highly transmissible childhood diseases with frequent epidemics. We extend an analytical approach to determine the number of ‘skip’ years preceding re-emergence for diseases with continuous seasonal transmission, population growth and under-reporting. Re-emergence times are shown to be highly sensitive to small changes in low R0 (secondary cases produced from a primary infection in a fully susceptible population). We then fit a stochastic Susceptible–Infected–Recovered (SIR) model to observed case data for the emergence of dengue serotype DENV1 in Rio de Janeiro. This aggregated city-level model substantially over-estimates observed re-emergence times either in terms of skips or outbreak probability under forward simulation. The inability of susceptible depletion and replenishment to explain re-emergence under ‘well-mixed’ conditions at a city-wide scale demonstrates a key limitation of SIR aggregated models, including those applied to other arboviruses. The predictive uncertainty and high skip sensitivity to epidemiological parameters suggest a need to investigate the relevant spatial scales of susceptible depletion and the scaling of microscale transmission dynamics to formulate simpler models that apply at coarse resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Subramanian
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Victoria Romeo-Aznar
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, and, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Manseuto Institute for Urban Innovation, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Edward Ionides
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Claudia T Codeço
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mercedes Pascual
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, and, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
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22
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Robert MA, Christofferson RC, Weber PD, Wearing HJ. Temperature impacts on dengue emergence in the United States: Investigating the role of seasonality and climate change. Epidemics 2019; 28:100344. [PMID: 31175008 PMCID: PMC6791375 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical mosquito-borne viruses have been expanding into more temperate regions in recent decades. This is partly due to the coupled effects of temperature on mosquito life history traits and viral infection dynamics and warming surface temperatures, resulting in more suitable conditions for vectors and virus transmission. In this study, we use a deterministic ordinary differential equations model to investigate how seasonal and diurnal temperature fluctuations affect the potential for dengue transmission in six U.S. cities. We specifically consider temperature-dependent mosquito larval development, adult mosquito mortality, and the extrinsic incubation period of the virus. We show that the ability of introductions to lead to outbreaks depends upon the relationship between a city's temperature profile and the time of year at which the initial case is introduced. We also investigate how the potential for outbreaks changes with predicted future increases in mean temperatures due to climate change. We find that climate change will likely lead to increases in suitability for dengue transmission and will increase the periods of the year in which introductions may lead to outbreaks, particularly in cities that typically have mild winters and warm summers, such as New Orleans, Louisiana, and El Paso, Texas. We discuss our results in the context of temperature heterogeneity within and across cities and how these differences may impact the potential for dengue emergence given present day and predicted future temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Robert
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Department of Mathematics, Physics, and Statistics, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Rebecca C Christofferson
- Department of Pathobiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States; Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Paula D Weber
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Helen J Wearing
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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23
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Young AR, Locke MC, Cook LE, Hiller BE, Zhang R, Hedberg ML, Monte KJ, Veis DJ, Diamond MS, Lenschow DJ. Dermal and muscle fibroblasts and skeletal myofibers survive chikungunya virus infection and harbor persistent RNA. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007993. [PMID: 31465513 PMCID: PMC6715174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthritogenic alphavirus that acutely causes fever as well as severe joint and muscle pain. Chronic musculoskeletal pain persists in a substantial fraction of patients for months to years after the initial infection, yet we still have a poor understanding of what promotes chronic disease. While replicating virus has not been detected in joint-associated tissues of patients with persistent arthritis nor in various animal models at convalescent time points, viral RNA is detected months after acute infection. To identify the cells that might contribute to pathogenesis during this chronic phase, we developed a recombinant CHIKV that expresses Cre recombinase (CHIKV-3'-Cre). CHIKV-3'-Cre replicated in myoblasts and fibroblasts, and it induced arthritis during the acute phase in mice. Importantly, it also induced chronic disease, including persistent viral RNA and chronic myositis and synovitis similar to wild-type virus. CHIKV-3'-Cre infection of tdTomato reporter mice resulted in a population of tdTomato+ cells that persisted for at least 112 days. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometric profiling revealed that these tdTomato+ cells predominantly were myofibers and dermal and muscle fibroblasts. Treatment with an antibody against Mxra8, a recently defined host receptor for CHIKV, reduced the number of tdTomato+ cells in the chronic phase and diminished the levels of chronic viral RNA, implicating these tdTomato+ cells as the reservoir of chronic viral RNA. Finally, isolation and flow cytometry-based sorting of the tdTomato+ fibroblasts from the skin and ankle and analysis for viral RNA revealed that the tdTomato+ cells harbor most of the persistent CHIKV RNA at chronic time points. Therefore, this CHIKV-3'-Cre and tdTomato reporter mouse system identifies the cells that survive CHIKV infection in vivo and are enriched for persistent CHIKV RNA. This model represents a useful tool for studying CHIKV pathogenesis in the acute and chronic stages of disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Experimental/virology
- Chikungunya Fever/metabolism
- Chikungunya Fever/virology
- Chikungunya virus/genetics
- Chikungunya virus/pathogenicity
- Dermis/metabolism
- Dermis/pathology
- Dermis/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Fibroblasts/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/virology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/virology
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa R. Young
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Marissa C. Locke
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lindsey E. Cook
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Bradley E. Hiller
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Matthew L. Hedberg
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kristen J. Monte
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Deborah J. Veis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Shriners Hospitals for Children–St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Deborah J. Lenschow
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Frickmann H, Herchenröder O. Chikungunya Virus Infections in Military Deployments in Tropical Settings-A Narrative Minireview. Viruses 2019; 11:E550. [PMID: 31197085 DOI: 10.3390/v11060550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya fever is a vector-borne viral disease in subtropical and tropical areas of endemicity. Apart from the burden on local populations, chikungunya virus infection also poses a risk for travelers and, in particular, soldiers during prolonged deployment-associated outdoor activities. The absence of rapid diagnostic tests makes surveillance challenging during military deployments in war and crisis zones with restricted medical infrastructure. Consequently, both historical and up-to-date surveillance data from battlefields are scarce. From several studies and postdeployment assessments, some information on the epidemiology of chikungunya virus infections in deployed military personnel is nevertheless available. The few published data homogeneously suggest a low infection risk in the endemic setting. During outbreaks, however, the infection risk of military personnel is comparable to that of the local population. Infection clusters of soldiers without pronounced outdoor activity have been reported under such circumstances as well. In spite of efforts focusing on the development of a chikungunya virus vaccine, no licensed product is available so far.
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Travanty NV, Apperson CS, Ponnusamy L. A Diverse Microbial Community Supports Larval Development and Survivorship of the Asian Tiger Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 2019; 56:632-640. [PMID: 30753569 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory microcosm experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of bacteria isolated from senescent white oak leaves on the growth and survivorship of larval Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Larvae hatched from surface-sterilized eggs were reared in microcosms containing individual bacterial isolates, combined isolates (Porphyrobacter sp., Enterobacter asburiae, Acidiphilium rubrum, Pseudomonas syringae, and Azorhizobium caulinodans), a positive control containing a microbial community from an infusion of white oak leaves, and a negative control consisting of sterile culture media. Experiments were conducted for 21 d after which microcosms were deconstructed, larval survivorship was calculated, and bacteria contained in pupae, and adults that developed were quantified to determine rates of transstadial transmission. Positive control microcosms containing diverse microbial communities had an average (±SE) pupation rate of 89.3 (±5.8)% and average larval survivorship of 96.0 (± 2.3)%. Pupation in microcosms with bacterial isolates only occurred twice among all experimental replications; average larval survivorship ranged from 19 to 56%, depending on treatment. Larval growth was not found to be dependent on bacterial isolate density or isolate species, and larval survivorship was dependent on bacterial isolate density, not on isolate species. Potential mechanisms for failed development of larvae in microcosms with bacterial isolates are discussed. Bacterial isolates alone did not support larval development. High larval survivorship in positive control microcosms suggests that a diverse microbial community is required to complete larval development. Additional studies are needed to evaluate larval growth and survivorship on nonbacterial microbes, such as fungi and protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas V Travanty
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Charles S Apperson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Loganathan Ponnusamy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Mallhi TH, Khan YH, Tanveer N, Bukhsh A, Khan AH, Aftab RA, Khan OH, Khan TM. Awareness and knowledge of Chikungunya infection following its outbreak in Pakistan among health care students and professionals: a nationwide survey. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5481. [PMID: 30186686 PMCID: PMC6119596 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization (WHO) declares Chikungunya (CHIK) infection to be endemic in South Asia. Despite its first outbreak in Pakistan, no documented evidence exists which reveals the knowledge or awareness of healthcare students and workers (HCSW) regarding CHIK, its spread, symptoms, treatment and prevention. Since CHIK is an emergent infection in Pakistan, poor disease knowledge may result in a significant delay in diagnosis and treatment. The current study was aimed to evaluate the awareness and knowledge of CHIK among HCSW. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among HCSW from teaching institutes and hospitals in seven provinces of Pakistan. We collected information on socio-demographic characteristics of the participants and their knowledge by using a 30-item questionnaire. The cumulative knowledge score (CKS) was calculated by correct answers with maximum score of 22. The relationship between demographics and knowledge score was evaluated by using appropriate statistical methods. Results There were 563 respondents; mean age 25.2 ± 5.9 years with female preponderance (62.5%). Of these, 319 (56.7%) were aware of CHIK infection before administering the survey. The average knowledge score was 12.8 ± 4.1 (% knowledge score: 58.2%). Only 31% respondents had good disease knowledge while others had fair (36.4%) and poor (32.6%) knowledge. Out of five knowledge domains, domain III (vector, disease spread and transmission) and V (prevention and treatment) scored lowest among all i.e. percent score 44.5% and 54.1%, respectively. We found that socio-demographic characteristics had no influence on knowledge score of the study participants. Conclusion Approximately one-half of participants were not aware of CHIK infection and those who were aware had insufficient disease knowledge. Findings of the current study underscore the dire need of educational interventions not only for health care workers but also for students, irrespective to the discipline of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yusra Habib Khan
- Institute of Pharmacy, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Allah Bukhsh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amer Hayat Khan
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Raja Ahsan Aftab
- School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Omaid Hayat Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Mehmood Khan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Michlmayr D, Pak TR, Rahman AH, Amir EAD, Kim EY, Kim-Schulze S, Suprun M, Stewart MG, Thomas GP, Balmaseda A, Wang L, Zhu J, Suaréz-Fariñas M, Wolinsky SM, Kasarskis A, Harris E. Comprehensive innate immune profiling of chikungunya virus infection in pediatric cases. Mol Syst Biol 2018; 14:e7862. [PMID: 30150281 PMCID: PMC6110311 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20177862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes global epidemics of debilitating disease worldwide. To gain functional insight into the host cellular genes required for virus infection, we performed whole-blood RNA-seq, 37-plex mass cytometry of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and serum cytokine measurements of acute- and convalescent-phase samples obtained from 42 children naturally infected with CHIKV Semi-supervised classification and clustering of single-cell events into 57 sub-communities of canonical leukocyte phenotypes revealed a monocyte-driven response to acute infection, with the greatest expansions in "intermediate" CD14++CD16+ monocytes and an activated subpopulation of CD14+ monocytes. Increases in acute-phase CHIKV envelope protein E2 expression were highest for monocytes and dendritic cells. Serum cytokine measurements confirmed significant acute-phase upregulation of monocyte chemoattractants. Distinct transcriptomic signatures were associated with infection timepoint, as well as convalescent-phase anti-CHIKV antibody titer, acute-phase viremia, and symptom severity. We present a multiscale network that summarizes all observed modulations across cellular and transcriptomic levels and their interactions with clinical outcomes, providing a uniquely global view of the biomolecular landscape of human CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Michlmayr
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Theodore R Pak
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adeeb H Rahman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - El-Ad David Amir
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Seunghee Kim-Schulze
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Suprun
- Department of Population Health and Science Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael G Stewart
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guajira P Thomas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministerio de Salud, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mayte Suaréz-Fariñas
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Population Health and Science Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven M Wolinsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew Kasarskis
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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White SK, Mavian C, Salemi M, Morris JG, Elbadry MA, Okech BA, Lednicky JA, Dunford JC. A new "American" subgroup of African-lineage Chikungunya virus detected in and isolated from mosquitoes collected in Haiti, 2016. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196857. [PMID: 29746539 PMCID: PMC5944945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of on-going arboviral surveillance activity in a semi-rural region in Haiti, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)-positive mosquito pools were identified in 2014 (the peak of the Caribbean Asian-clade epidemic), and again in 2016 by RT-PCR. In 2014, CHIKV was only identified in Aedes aegypti (11 positive pools/124 screened). In contrast, in sampling in 2016, CHIKV was not identified in Ae. aegypti, but, rather, in (a) a female Aedes albopictus pool, and (b) a female Culex quinquefasciatus pool. Genomic sequence analyses indicated that the CHIKV viruses in the 2016 mosquito pools were from the East-Central-South African (ECSA) lineage, rather than the Asian lineage. In phylogenetic studies, these ECSA lineage strains form a new ECSA subgroup (subgroup IIa) together with Brazilian ECSA lineage strains from an isolated human outbreak in 2014, and a mosquito pool in 2016. Additional analyses date the most recent common ancestor of the ECSA IIa subgroup around May 2007, and the 2016 Haitian CHIKV genomes around December 2015. Known CHIKV mutations associated with improved Ae. albopictus vector competence were not identified. Isolation of this newly identified lineage from Ae. albopictus is of concern, as this vector has a broader geographic range than Ae. aegypti, especially in temperate areas of North America, and stresses the importance for continued vector surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keller White
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Carla Mavian
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Marco Salemi
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - John Glenn Morris
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Maha A. Elbadry
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Bernard A. Okech
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - John A. Lednicky
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - James C. Dunford
- US Navy and Marine Corps Public Health Center, Portsmouth, Virginia, United States of America
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White SK, Mavian C, Elbadry MA, Beau De Rochars VM, Paisie T, Telisma T, Salemi M, Lednicky JA, Morris JG. Detection and phylogenetic characterization of arbovirus dual-infections among persons during a chikungunya fever outbreak, Haiti 2014. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006505. [PMID: 29851952 PMCID: PMC5997359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of recent arbovirus epidemics, questions about the frequency of simultaneous infection of patients with different arbovirus species have been raised. In 2014, a major Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) epidemic impacted the Caribbean and South America. As part of ongoing screening of schoolchildren presenting with acute undifferentiated febrile illness in rural Haiti, we used RT-PCR to identify CHIKV infections in 82 of 100 children with this diagnosis during May-August 2014. Among these, eight were infected with a second arbovirus: six with Zika virus (ZIKV), one with Dengue virus serotype 2, and one with Mayaro virus (MAYV). These dual infections were only detected following culture of the specimen, suggesting low viral loads of the co-infecting species. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the ZIKV and MAYV strains differ from those detected later in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Moreover, CHIKV and ZIKV strains from co-infected patients clustered monophyletically in their respective phylogeny, and clock calibration traced back the common ancestor of each clade to an overlapping timeframe of introduction of these arboviruses onto the island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. White
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Carla Mavian
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Maha A. Elbadry
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Valery Madsen Beau De Rochars
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Health Services Research, Management and Policy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Taylor Paisie
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Taina Telisma
- Christianville Foundation School Clinic, Gressier, Haiti
| | - Marco Salemi
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - John A. Lednicky
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - J. Glenn Morris
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Richman R, Diallo D, Diallo M, Sall AA, Faye O, Diagne CT, Dia I, Weaver SC, Hanley KA, Buenemann M. Ecological niche modeling of Aedes mosquito vectors of chikungunya virus in southeastern Senegal. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:255. [PMID: 29673389 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2832-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) originated in a sylvatic cycle of transmission between non-human animal hosts and vector mosquitoes in the forests of Africa. Subsequently the virus jumped out of this ancestral cycle into a human-endemic transmission cycle vectored by anthropophilic mosquitoes. Sylvatic CHIKV cycles persist in Africa and continue to spill over into humans, creating the potential for new CHIKV strains to enter human-endemic transmission. To mitigate such spillover, it is first necessary to delineate the distributions of the sylvatic mosquito vectors of CHIKV, to identify the environmental factors that shape these distributions, and to determine the association of mosquito presence with key drivers of virus spillover, including mosquito and CHIKV abundance. We therefore modeled the distribution of seven CHIKV mosquito vectors over two sequential rainy seasons in Kédougou, Senegal using Maxent. Methods Mosquito data were collected in fifty sites distributed in five land cover classes across the study area. Environmental data representing land cover, topographic, and climatic factors were included in the models. Models were compared and evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) statistics. The correlation of model outputs with abundance of individual mosquito species as well as CHIKV-positive mosquito pools was tested. Results Fourteen models were produced and evaluated; the environmental variables most strongly associated with mosquito distributions were distance to large patches of forest, landscape patch size, rainfall, and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Seven models were positively correlated with mosquito abundance and one (Aedes taylori) was consistently, positively correlated with CHIKV-positive mosquito pools. Eight models predicted high relative occurrence rates of mosquitoes near the villages of Tenkoto and Ngary, the areas with the highest frequency of CHIKV-positive mosquito pools. Conclusions Of the environmental factors considered here, landscape fragmentation and configuration had the strongest influence on mosquito distributions. Of the mosquito species modeled, the distribution of Ae. taylori correlated most strongly with abundance of CHIKV, suggesting that presence of this species will be a useful predictor of sylvatic CHIKV presence. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2832-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Gómez-SanJuan A, Gamo AM, Delang L, Pérez-Sánchez A, Amrun SN, Abdelnabi R, Jacobs S, Priego EM, Camarasa MJ, Jochmans D, Leyssen P, Ng LFP, Querat G, Neyts J, Pérez-Pérez MJ. Inhibition of the Replication of Different Strains of Chikungunya Virus by 3-Aryl-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5- d]pyrimidin-7(6 H)-ones. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:605-619. [PMID: 29406692 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The re-emergence of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a serious global health threat. CHIKV is an alphavirus that is transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes; therefore, their wide distribution significantly contributes to the globalization of the disease. Unfortunately, no effective antiviral drugs are available. We have identified a series of 3-aryl-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5- d]pyrimidin-7(6 H)-ones as selective inhibitors of CHIKV replication. New series of compounds have now been synthesized with the aim to improve their physicochemical properties and to potentiate the inhibitory activity against different CHIKV strains. Among these newly synthesized compounds modified at position 3 of the aryl ring, tetrahydropyranyl and N- t-butylpiperidine carboxamide derivatives have shown to elicit potent antiviral activity against different clinically relevant CHIKV isolates with 50% effective concentration (EC50) values ranging from 0.30 to 4.5 μM in Vero cells, as well as anti-CHIKV activity in human skin fibroblasts (EC50 = 0.1 μM), a clinically relevant cell system for CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Gómez-SanJuan
- Instituto de Química Médica, IQM, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana-María Gamo
- Instituto de Química Médica, IQM, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven−University
of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Siti Naqiah Amrun
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, 04-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- KU Leuven−University
of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Jacobs
- KU Leuven−University
of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva-María Priego
- Instituto de Química Médica, IQM, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-José Camarasa
- Instituto de Química Médica, IQM, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- KU Leuven−University
of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- KU Leuven−University
of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa F. P. Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, 04-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Gilles Querat
- UMR “Émergence des Pathologies Virales” (EPV: Aix-Marseille Univ−IRD 190−Inserm 1207−EHESP−IHU Méditerranée Infection), 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven−University
of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Monaghan AJ, Sampson KM, Steinhoff DF, Ernst KC, Ebi KL, Jones B, Hayden MH. The potential impacts of 21st century climatic and population changes on human exposure to the virus vector mosquito Aedes aegypti. Clim Change 2018; 146:487-500. [PMID: 29610543 PMCID: PMC5877411 DOI: 10.1007/s10584-016-1679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The mosquito Aedes (Ae). aegypti transmits the viruses that cause dengue and chikungunya, two globally-important vector-borne diseases. We investigate how choosing alternate emissions and/or socioeconomic pathways may modulate future human exposure to Ae. aegypti. Occurrence patterns for Ae. aegypti for 2061-2080 are mapped globally using empirically downscaled air temperature and precipitation projections from the Community Earth System Model, for the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. Population growth is quantified using gridded global population projections consistent with two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), SSP3 and SSP5. Change scenarios are compared to a 1950-2000 reference period. A global land area of 56.9 M km2 is climatically suitable for Ae. aegypti during the reference period, and is projected to increase by 8% (RCP4.5) to 13% (RCP8.5) by 2061-2080. The annual average number of people exposed globally to Ae. aegypti for the reference period is 3794 M, a value projected to statistically significantly increase by 298-460 M (8-12%) by 2061-2080 if only climate change is considered, and by 4805-5084 M (127-134%) for SSP3 and 2232-2483 M (59-65%) for SSP5 considering both climate and population change (lower and upper values of each range represent RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 respectively). Thus, taking the lower-emissions RCP4.5 pathway instead of RCP8.5 may mitigate future human exposure to Ae. aegypti globally, but the effect of population growth on exposure will likely be larger. Regionally, Australia, Europe and North America are projected to have the largest percentage increases in human exposure to Ae. aegypti considering only climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Monaghan
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307
| | - K M Sampson
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307
| | - D F Steinhoff
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307
| | - K C Ernst
- University of Arizona, College of Public Health, P.O. Box 245163, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - K L Ebi
- University of Washington, School of Public Health, 1705 NE Pacific St, Box 357965, Seattle, WA 98195-7965
| | - B Jones
- City University of New York, CUNY Institute for Demographic Research, 135 East 22 St, New York, NY 10010
| | - M H Hayden
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307
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Pham PN, Williams LT, Obot U, Padilla LA, Aung M, Akinyemiju TF, Carson AP, Jolly PE. Epidemiology of Chikungunya fever outbreak in Western Jamaica during July-December 2014. Res Rep Trop Med 2018; 8:7-16. [PMID: 29375245 PMCID: PMC5786433 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s122032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Our study describes the 2014 Chikungunya outbreak in Western Jamaica in terms of geographic distribution and trend of the outbreak over time, and evaluates clinical symptoms of the disease based on pre-existing conditions. Methods We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional study of 609 clinically defined Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) fever cases that occurred in the four parishes of the Western Regional Health Authority of Jamaica from July 2014 to December 2014. Cases were not confirmed by laboratory tests but met clinical and epidemiological criteria of CHIKV fever. Results Our results show a propagated spread of CHIKV fever during the outbreak period with the peak at the end of October. Main urban cities, such as Montego Bay and Lucea, were identified as places that had high numbers of cases. Fever and arthralgia were the two most common clinical symptoms in CHIKV patients. Although a majority (80%) of infants aged <2 years had up to four symptoms (80%), the percentage of infants with higher numbers of symptoms (9–10) was higher than in older age groups. However, back pain was found to occur significantly more in older patients. Those with arthritis as a pre-existing condition were more likely to experience headache, asthenia, back pain, and periarticular edema. Conclusion These findings can help public health officials develop more effective programs to prevent the spread of CHIKV outbreaks by focusing on crowded urban cities. The findings indicate that those who are likely to develop a higher number of symptoms, such as young infants and people with pre-existing conditions, such as arthritis, should be more closely monitored to better manage the disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong N Pham
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - LaQueena T Williams
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Uduak Obot
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Luz A Padilla
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Maung Aung
- Epidemiology Unit, Western Regional Health Authority, Ministry of Health, Montego Bay, Jamaica
| | - Tomi F Akinyemiju
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - April P Carson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Pauline E Jolly
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Wada Y, Orba Y, Sasaki M, Kobayashi S, Carr MJ, Nobori H, Sato A, Hall WW, Sawa H. Discovery of a novel antiviral agent targeting the nonstructural protein 4 (nsP4) of chikungunya virus. Virology 2017; 505:102-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Sochacki T, Jourdain F, Perrin Y, Noel H, Paty MC, de Valk H, Septfons A, Simard F, Fontenille D, Roche B. Imported chikungunya cases in an area newly colonised by Aedes albopictus: mathematical assessment of the best public health strategy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:30221. [PMID: 27172607 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.18.30221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to identify the optimal strategy that should be used by public health authorities against transmission of chikungunya virus in mainland France. The theoretical model we developed, which mimics the current surveillance system, predicted that without vector control (VC), the probability of local transmission after introduction of viraemic patients was around 2%, and the number of autochthonous cases between five and 15 persons per hectare, depending on the number of imported cases. Compared with this baseline, we considered different strategies (VC after clinical suspicion of a case or after laboratory confirmation, for imported or autochthonous cases): Awaiting laboratory confirmation for suspected imported cases to implement VC had no significant impact on the epidemiological outcomes analysed, mainly because of the delay before entering into the surveillance system. However, waiting for laboratory confirmation of autochthonous cases before implementing VC resulted in more frequent outbreaks. After analysing the economic cost of such strategies, our study suggested implementing VC immediately after the notification of a suspected autochthonous case as the most efficient strategy in settings where local transmission has been proven. Nevertheless, we identified that decreasing reporting time for imported cases should remain a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sochacki
- UMI IRD/UPMC Unité de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatique des Sytèmes Complexes (UMMISCO), Bondy, France
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Kumar A, Best C, Benskin G. Epidemiology, Clinical and Laboratory Features and Course of Chikungunya among a Cohort of Children during the First Caribbean Epidemic. J Trop Pediatr 2017; 63:43-49. [PMID: 27516419 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmw051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the epidemiology, the clinical features and the course of confirmed chikungunya among a cohort of children. It is a prospective audit of chikungunya cases among children registered for routine medical care at a primary care center. Children presenting with suspected chikungunya were confirmed using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. There were 203 suspected cases of chikungunya; of these, 115 samples were tested and 69 (59.0%) were confirmed. The attack rate of chikungunya was 10.2% and 3.5% for the suspected and confirmed cases, respectively. Only six (8.7%) of the children with confirmed chikungunya required hospitalization. Joint pain was a clinical feature in 68 of 69 (98.6%) and skin rash was seen in 32 (46.4%) confirmed cases. The duration of illness was <2 weeks in 89.9% and less than a week in 62.3% of cases. In conclusion, most children had mild clinical manifestations and recovered fully within 2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar
- Faculty of Medical Science, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados .,The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Barbados.,We Care Medical Center, 30 A, George Street, St. Michael, Barbados
| | - Christine Best
- Faculty of Medical Science, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados.,The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Barbados
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Ali S, Gugliemini O, Harber S, Harrison A, Houle L, Ivory J, Kersten S, Khan R, Kim J, LeBoa C, Nez-Whitfield E, O’Marr J, Rothenberg E, Segnitz RM, Sila S, Verwillow A, Vogt M, Yang A, Mordecai EA. Environmental and Social Change Drive the Explosive Emergence of Zika Virus in the Americas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005135. [PMID: 28182667 PMCID: PMC5300271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Zika virus (ZIKV) was detected in Brazil in 2015, it has spread explosively across the Americas and has been linked to increased incidence of microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). In one year, it has infected over 500,000 people (suspected and confirmed cases) in 40 countries and territories in the Americas. Along with recent epidemics of dengue (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV), which are also transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, the emergence of ZIKV suggests an ongoing intensification of environmental and social factors that have given rise to a new regime of arbovirus transmission. Here, we review hypotheses and preliminary evidence for the environmental and social changes that have fueled the ZIKV epidemic. Potential drivers include climate variation, land use change, poverty, and human movement. Beyond the direct impact of microcephaly and GBS, the ZIKV epidemic will likely have social ramifications for women's health and economic consequences for tourism and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ali
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Olivia Gugliemini
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Serena Harber
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Harrison
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Lauren Houle
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Javarcia Ivory
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sierra Kersten
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Rebia Khan
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jenny Kim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Chris LeBoa
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Emery Nez-Whitfield
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jamieson O’Marr
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Emma Rothenberg
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - R. Max Segnitz
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Sila
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Anna Verwillow
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Miranda Vogt
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Adrienne Yang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Erin A. Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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Ribeiro AMBM, Pimentel CM, Guerra ACCG, Lima MRDO. Physiotherapeutic approach on the late phase of chikungunya: a case report. Rev Bras Saude Mater Infant 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9304201600s100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Introduction: in April of 2016, the epidemiological bulletin reported 39,017 suspected cases of chikungunya fever in Brazil. The main symptoms of the disease in the acute phase are: high fever, polyarthralgia, back pain, headache and fatigue; while in the late phase present polyarthralgia or musculoskeletal pain which often has prolonged duration. Description: in the late phase, the patient presented complaints mainly of: severe pain on the ankle joints wrists, elbows and shoulders. The medical handling consisted of continuous ultrasound sessions with the frequency of 1 MHz. The infrared laser with a dosage of 4J and 3s per point; TENS-burst with a pulse width of 250 us and the frequency of 2Hz, carried out for 10 days. The physiotherapeutic treatment proposal was an innovation, however there are no medical literatures for completementary medication for the treatment which could reduce the use of analgesics and could cause prolonged comfort to the patient ratified by EVA and the SF-36. Discussion: the use of ultrasound and low intensity laser are performed on the signs of chronic articular treatment in order to reduce inflammation, pain and joint stiffness. Therefore, a remarkable reduction of the algic state and the improvement of the patient's life along the r ten consecutive sessions of a proposed protocol in this study, thus there is a need for further researches on this issue so it is possible to perform a medical handling based on evidences on the theme.
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Cherry CC, Beer KD, Fulton C, Wong D, Buttke D, Staples JE, Ellis EM. Knowledge and use of prevention measures for chikungunya virus among visitors - Virgin Islands National Park, 2015. Travel Med Infect Dis 2016; 14:475-480. [PMID: 27597388 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In June 2014, the mosquito-borne chikungunya virus (CHIKV) emerged in the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI), a location where tourists comprise the majority of the population during peak season (January-April). Limited information is available concerning visitors' CHIKV awareness and prevention measures. METHODS We surveyed a convenience sample of Virgin Islands National Park visitors aged ≥18 years. Respondents completed a questionnaire assessing CHIKV knowledge, attitudes, and practices; health information-seeking practices; and demographics. RESULTS Of 783 persons contacted, 443 (57%) completed the survey. Fewer than half (208/441 [47%]) were aware of CHIKV. During trip preparation, 28% of respondents (126/443) investigated USVI-specific health concerns. Compared with persons unaware of CHIKV, CHIKV-aware persons were more likely to apply insect repellent (134/207 [65%] versus 111/231 [48%]; p < 0.001), wear long-sleeves and long pants (84/203 [41%] versus 57/227 [25%]; p < 0.001), and wear insect repellent-treated clothing (36/204 [18%] versus 22/227 [10%]; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS The majority of visitors surveyed did not research destination-related health concerns and were unaware of CHIKV. However, CHIKV awareness was associated with using multiple prevention measures to reduce disease risk. These findings underscore the importance of providing tourists with disease education upon destination arrival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara C Cherry
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, USA; Office of Public Health and Wildlife Health Branch, Biological Resources Division, National Park Service, 1201 Oakridge Drive, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Karlyn D Beer
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Corey Fulton
- Epidemiology Elective Program, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, USA; Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - David Wong
- Office of Public Health, National Park Service, 4030 Mackland Ave NE, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Danielle Buttke
- Office of Public Health and Wildlife Health Branch, Biological Resources Division, National Park Service, 1201 Oakridge Drive, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J Erin Staples
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Esther M Ellis
- Virgin Islands Department of Health, 3500 Estate Richmond Christiansted, U.S. Virgin Islands
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Ooi MK, Gan HM, Rohani A, Syed Hassan S. First Complete Genome Sequence of a Chikungunya Virus Strain Isolated from a Patient Diagnosed with Dengue Virus Infection in Malaysia. Genome Announc 2016; 4:e00876-16. [PMID: 27563048 DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00876-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the complete genome sequence of a chikungunya virus coinfection strain isolated from a dengue virus serotype 2-infected patient in Malaysia. This coinfection strain was determined to be of the Asian genotype and contains a novel insertion in the nsP3 gene.
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Robert MA, Christofferson RC, Silva NJB, Vasquez C, Mores CN, Wearing HJ. Modeling Mosquito-Borne Disease Spread in U.S. Urbanized Areas: The Case of Dengue in Miami. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161365. [PMID: 27532496 PMCID: PMC4988691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion of mosquito-borne pathogens into more temperate regions of the world necessitates tools such as mathematical models for understanding the factors that contribute to the introduction and emergence of a disease in populations naïve to the disease. Often, these models are not developed and analyzed until after a pathogen is detected in a population. In this study, we develop a spatially explicit stochastic model parameterized with publicly available U.S. Census data for studying the potential for disease spread in Urbanized Areas of the United States. To illustrate the utility of the model, we specifically study the potential for introductions of dengue to lead to autochthonous transmission and outbreaks in a population representative of the Miami Urbanized Area, where introductions of dengue have occurred frequently in recent years. We describe seasonal fluctuations in mosquito populations by fitting a population model to trap data provided by the Miami-Dade Mosquito Control Division. We show that the timing and location of introduced cases could play an important role in determining both the probability that local transmission occurs as well as the total number of cases throughout the entire region following introduction. We show that at low rates of clinical presentation, small outbreaks of dengue could go completely undetected during a season, which may confound mitigation efforts that rely upon detection. We discuss the sensitivity of the model to several critical parameter values that are currently poorly characterized and motivate the collection of additional data to strengthen the predictive power of this and similar models. Finally, we emphasize the utility of the general structure of this model in studying mosquito-borne diseases such as chikungunya and Zika virus in other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Robert
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Rebecca C. Christofferson
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Noah J. B. Silva
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - Chalmers Vasquez
- Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Division, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Christopher N. Mores
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Helen J. Wearing
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
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Mishra P, Furey C, Balaraman V, Fraser MJ. Antiviral Hammerhead Ribozymes Are Effective for Developing Transgenic Suppression of Chikungunya Virus in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes. Viruses 2016; 8:v8060163. [PMID: 27294950 PMCID: PMC4926183 DOI: 10.3390/v8060163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging pathogen with widespread distribution in regions of Africa, India, and Asia that threatens to spread into temperate climates with the introduction of its major vector, Aedes albopictus. CHIKV causes a disease frequently misdiagnosed as dengue fever, with potentially life-threatening symptoms that can result in a longer-term debilitating arthritis. The increasing risk of spread from endemic regions via human travel and commerce and the current absence of a vaccine put a significant proportion of the world population at risk for this disease. In this study we designed and tested hammerhead ribozymes (hRzs) targeting CHIKV structural protein genes of the RNA genome as potential antivirals both at the cellular and in vivo level. We employed the CHIKV strain 181/25, which exhibits similar infectivity rates in both Vero cell cultures and mosquitoes. Virus suppression assay performed on transformed Vero cell clones of all seven hRzs demonstrated that all are effective at inhibiting CHIKV in Vero cells, with hRz #9 and #14 being the most effective. piggyBac transformation vectors were constructed using the Ae. aegypti t-RNAval Pol III promoted hRz #9 and #14 effector genes to establish a total of nine unique transgenic Higgs White Eye (HWE) Ae. aegypti lines. Following confirmation of transgene expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), comparative TCID50-IFA analysis, in situ Immuno-fluorescent Assays (IFA) and analysis of salivary CHIKV titers demonstrated effective suppression of virus replication at 7 dpi in heterozygous females of each of these transgenic lines compared with control HWE mosquitoes. This report provides a proof that appropriately engineered hRzs are powerful antiviral effector genes suitable for population replacement strategies
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, P.O. Box 369, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Colleen Furey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, P.O. Box 369, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Velmurugan Balaraman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, P.O. Box 369, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Malcolm J Fraser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, P.O. Box 369, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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Dahm T, Rudolph H, Schwerk C, Schroten H, Tenenbaum T. Neuroinvasion and Inflammation in Viral Central Nervous System Infections. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8562805. [PMID: 27313404 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8562805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses can cause devastating central nervous system (CNS) infections, especially in young children and the elderly. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) have been described as relevant sites of entry for specific viruses as well as for leukocytes, which are recruited during the proinflammatory response in the course of CNS infection. In this review, we illustrate examples of established brain barrier models, in which the specific reaction patterns of different viral families can be analyzed. Furthermore, we highlight the pathogen specific array of cytokines and chemokines involved in immunological responses in viral CNS infections. We discuss in detail the link between specific cytokines and chemokines and leukocyte migration profiles. The thorough understanding of the complex and interrelated inflammatory mechanisms as well as identifying universal mediators promoting CNS inflammation is essential for the development of new diagnostic and treatment strategies.
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Karpe YA, Pingale KD, Kanade GD. Activities of proteasome and m-calpain are essential for Chikungunya virus replication. Virus Genes 2016; 52:716-21. [PMID: 27206501 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Replication of many viruses is dependent on the ubiquitin proteasome system. The present study demonstrates that Chikungunya virus replication increases proteasome activity and induces unfolded protein response (UPR) in cultured cells. Further, it was seen that the virus replication was dependent on the activities of proteasomes and m-calpain. Proteasome inhibition induced accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins and earlier visualization of UPR.
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Porse CC, Kramer V, Yoshimizu MH, Metzger M, Hu R, Padgett K, Vugia DJ. Public Health Response to Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus Mosquitoes Invading California, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2016. [PMID: 26401891 PMCID: PMC4593441 DOI: 10.3201/eid2110.150494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, primary vectors of dengue and chikungunya viruses, were recently detected in California, USA. The threat of potential local transmission of these viruses increases as more infected travelers arrive from affected areas. Public health response has included enhanced human and mosquito surveillance, education, and intensive mosquito control.
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Porse CC, Kramer V, Yoshimizu MH, Metzger M, Hu R, Padgett K, Vugia DJ. Public Health Response to Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus Mosquitoes Invading California, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:1827-9. [PMID: 26401891 DOI: 10.3201/3210.150494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, primary vectors of dengue and chikungunya viruses, were recently detected in California, USA. The threat of potential local transmission of these viruses increases as more infected travelers arrive from affected areas. Public health response has included enhanced human and mosquito surveillance, education, and intensive mosquito control.
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Wearing HJ, Robert MA, Christofferson RC. Dengue and chikungunya: modelling the expansion of mosquito-borne viruses into naïve populations. Parasitology 2016; 143:860-73. [PMID: 27045211 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182016000421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
With the recent global spread of a number of mosquito-borne viruses, there is an urgent need to understand the factors that contribute to the ability of viruses to expand into naïve populations. Using dengue and chikungunya viruses as case studies, we detail the necessary components of the expansion process: presence of the mosquito vector; introduction of the virus; and suitable conditions for local transmission. For each component we review the existing modelling approaches that have been used to understand recent emergence events or to assess the risk of future expansions. We identify gaps in our knowledge that are related to each of the distinct aspects of the human-mosquito transmission cycle: mosquito ecology; human-mosquito contact; mosquito-virus interactions; and human-virus interactions. Bridging these gaps poses challenges to both modellers and empiricists, but only through further integration of models and data will we improve our ability to better understand, and ultimately control, several infectious diseases that exert a significant burden on human health.
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Abstract
Reverse genetic systems based on an infectious cDNA clone, a double-stranded copy of the viral genome carried on a plasmid vector, have greatly enhanced the understanding of RNA virus biology by facilitating genetic manipulation of viral RNA genomes. To date, infectious cDNA clones of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) have been constructed using different combinations of plasmid vectors and/or bacterial host strains. Here, we describe our approaches for the construction of infectious cDNA clones of CHIKV and the protocol for genetic manipulation of the clones by site-directed mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patchara Phuektes
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Honório NA, Câmara DCP, Calvet GA, Brasil P. Chikungunya: an arbovirus infection in the process of establishment and expansion in Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2015; 31:906-8. [PMID: 26083166 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311xpe020515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guilherme Amaral Calvet
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Patrícia Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Rinkevich FD, Margotta JW, Pittman JM, Danka RG, Tarver MR, Ottea JA, Healy KB. Genetics, Synergists, and Age Affect Insecticide Sensitivity of the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139841. [PMID: 26431171 PMCID: PMC4592006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of honey bee colonies in the United States has declined to half of its peak level in the 1940s, and colonies lost over the winter have reached levels that are becoming economically unstable. While the causes of these losses are numerous and the interaction between them is very complex, the role of insecticides has garnered much attention. As a result, there is a need to better understand the risk of insecticides to bees, leading to more studies on both toxicity and exposure. While much research has been conducted on insecticides and bees, there have been very limited studies to elucidate the role that bee genotype and age has on the toxicity of these insecticides. The goal of this study was to determine if there are differences in insecticide sensitivity between honey bees of different genetic backgrounds (Carniolan, Italian, and Russian stocks) and assess if insecticide sensitivity varies with age. We found that Italian bees were the most sensitive of these stocks to insecticides, but variation was largely dependent on the class of insecticide tested. There were almost no differences in organophosphate bioassays between honey bee stocks (<1-fold), moderate differences in pyrethroid bioassays (1.5 to 3-fold), and dramatic differences in neonicotinoid bioassays (3.4 to 33.3-fold). Synergism bioassays with piperonyl butoxide, amitraz, and coumaphos showed increased phenothrin sensitivity in all stocks and also demonstrated further physiological differences between stocks. In addition, as bees aged, the sensitivity to phenothrin significantly decreased, but the sensitivity to naled significantly increased. These results demonstrate the variation arising from the genetic background and physiological transitions in honey bees as they age. This information can be used to determine risk assessment, as well as establishing baseline data for future comparisons to explain the variation in toxicity differences for honey bees reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank D. Rinkevich
- Department of Entomology, Life Sciences Annex, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Joseph W. Margotta
- Department of Entomology, Life Sciences Annex, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Jean M. Pittman
- Department of Entomology, Life Sciences Annex, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Danka
- USDA-ARS Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics, and Physiology Laboratory, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Tarver
- USDA-ARS Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics, and Physiology Laboratory, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - James A. Ottea
- Department of Entomology, Life Sciences Annex, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Kristen B. Healy
- Department of Entomology, Life Sciences Annex, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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