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To A, Kamara VM, Tekah DM, Jalloh MA, Kamara SB, Wong TAS, Ball AH, Mayerlen LI, Ishikawa KM, Ahn HJ, Shobayo B, Teahton J, Haun BK, Wang WK, Berestecky JM, Nerurkar VR, Humphrey PS, Lehrer AT. Baseline Seroprevalence of Arboviruses in Liberia Using a Multiplex IgG Immunoassay. Trop Med Infect Dis 2025; 10:92. [PMID: 40278765 PMCID: PMC12031126 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed10040092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2025] [Revised: 03/28/2025] [Accepted: 04/01/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025] Open
Abstract
Insect-borne viruses may account for a significant proportion of non-malaria and non-bacterial febrile illnesses in Liberia. Although the presence of many arthropod vectors has been documented, the collective burden of arbovirus infections and baseline pre-existing immunity remains enigmatic. Our goal was to determine the seroprevalence of arbovirus exposure across the country using a resource-sparing, multiplex immunoassay to determine IgG responses to immunodominant antigens. 532 human serum samples, from healthy adults, collected from 10 counties across Liberia, were measured for IgG reactivity against antigens of eight common flavi-, alpha-, and orthobunya/nairoviruses suspected to be present in West Africa. Approximately 32.5% of our samples were reactive to alphavirus (CHIKV) E2, ~7% were reactive separately to West Nile (WNV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) NS1, while 4.3 and 3.2% were reactive to Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) N and Dengue virus-2 (DENV-2) NS1, respectively. Altogether, 21.6% of our samples were reactive to ≥1 flavivirus NS1s. Of the CHIKV E2 reactive samples, 8.5% were also reactive to at least one flavivirus NS1, and six samples were concurrently reactive to antigens of all three arbovirus groups, suggesting a high burden of multiple arbovirus infections for some participants. These insights suggest the presence of these four arbovirus families in Liberia with low and moderate rates of flavi- and alphavirus infections, respectively, in healthy adults. Further confirmational investigation, such as mosquito surveillance or other serological tests, is warranted and should be conducted before initiating additional flavivirus vaccination campaigns. The findings of these studies can help guide healthcare resource mobilization, vector control, and animal husbandry practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert To
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Varney M. Kamara
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Medical Science, T.J.R Faulkner College of Science and Technology, University of Liberia, Fendall 1000, Liberia
| | - Davidetta M. Tekah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Medical Science, T.J.R Faulkner College of Science and Technology, University of Liberia, Fendall 1000, Liberia
| | - Mohammed A. Jalloh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Medical Science, T.J.R Faulkner College of Science and Technology, University of Liberia, Fendall 1000, Liberia
| | - Salematu B. Kamara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Medical Science, T.J.R Faulkner College of Science and Technology, University of Liberia, Fendall 1000, Liberia
| | - Teri Ann S. Wong
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Aquena H. Ball
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Ludwig I. Mayerlen
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Kyle M. Ishikawa
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Hyeong Jun Ahn
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Bode Shobayo
- National Public Health Institute of Liberia, Monrovia 1000, Liberia
| | - Julius Teahton
- National Public Health Institute of Liberia, Monrovia 1000, Liberia
| | - Brien K. Haun
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Wei-Kung Wang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - John M. Berestecky
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Medical Science, T.J.R Faulkner College of Science and Technology, University of Liberia, Fendall 1000, Liberia
- Math & Science Department, Kapiolani Community College, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA
| | - Vivek R. Nerurkar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Peter S. Humphrey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Medical Science, T.J.R Faulkner College of Science and Technology, University of Liberia, Fendall 1000, Liberia
| | - Axel T. Lehrer
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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Koné A, Kané F, Neal A, Konate I, Coulibaly B, Dabitao DK, Diarra B, Sanogo I, Sarro YDS, Coulibaly TA, Diallo D, Samake S, Dicko I, Diallo M, Diarra A, Coulibaly MD, Keita D, Coulibaly N, Koloma I, Perou M, Diarra HB, Cisse BE, Togo ACG, Coulibaly G, Traoré FG, Sanogo M, Diakité M, Aboulhab J, Akpa E, Fouth-Tchos K, Shaw-Saliba K, Collins J, Lu XJ, Nischay M, Wickiser JK, Briese T, Lipkin WI, Chen RY, Doumbia S, Dao S. Adding Virome Capture Metagenomic Sequencing to Conventional Laboratory Testing Increases Unknown Fever Etiology Determination in Bamako, Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2025; 112:626-635. [PMID: 39719110 PMCID: PMC11884276 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.24-0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 12/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Unexplained fever poses significant diagnostic challenges in resource-limited settings like Bamako, Mali, where overlapping endemic diseases include malaria, HIV/AIDS, yellow fever, typhoid, and others. This study aimed to elucidate the infectious etiologies of acute febrile illnesses in this context. Acute febrile patients of any age were enrolled after informed consent or assent. Baseline clinical and demographic data were collected, and samples were analyzed by using rapid diagnostic tests, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, ELISA, and virus-targeted metagenomic sequencing (virome capture sequencing platform for vertebrate viruses [VirCapSeq-VERT]). Among 108 enrolled subjects, most were male (51.9%) and under 15 years old (56.5%). Measles virus was identified in 39.8% of cases, primarily among children. Other findings included Plasmodium spp. (12%), Salmonella spp. (13%), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; 8.7%). The virome capture sequencing platform for vertebrate viruses was used for 101 subjects, corroborating many routine test results and identifying additional cases of measles virus (1), SARS-CoV-2 (5), and numerous other agents. Notably, nearly all subjects showed evidence of herpesviruses (90%) and anelloviruses (98%). Hemorrhagic fever viruses were not observed. With the inclusion of VirCapSeq-VERT, identifiable pathogens were found in 79.6% of cases, leaving 20.4% without a clear etiology. The identification of more than one concurrent pathogen was common (41.5%). Integrating metagenomic sequencing with routine laboratory diagnostic testing enhances the detection of pathogens in acute febrile illnesses, highlighting its potential value in identifying infectious etiologies in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadou Koné
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- Global Alliance for Preventing Pandemics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Fousseyni Kané
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- Global Alliance for Preventing Pandemics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Aaron Neal
- Collaborative Clinical Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Issa Konate
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Bintou Coulibaly
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Djeneba K. Dabitao
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Bassirou Diarra
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ibrahim Sanogo
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Yeya Dit Sadio Sarro
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Tenin A. Coulibaly
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Dramane Diallo
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- Global Alliance for Preventing Pandemics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Seydou Samake
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ilo Dicko
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mountaga Diallo
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ayouba Diarra
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mamadou D. Coulibaly
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Daouda Keita
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Nadié Coulibaly
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Isaac Koloma
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mamadou Perou
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Hawa Boukary Diarra
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Boubacar Elmadane Cisse
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Antieme Combo Georges Togo
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Gagni Coulibaly
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Fah Gaoussou Traoré
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Moumine Sanogo
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mahamadou Diakité
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Jamila Aboulhab
- Collaborative Clinical Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Esther Akpa
- Collaborative Clinical Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Karine Fouth-Tchos
- Collaborative Clinical Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kathryn Shaw-Saliba
- Collaborative Clinical Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John Collins
- Global Alliance for Preventing Pandemics, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Xiang-Jun Lu
- Global Alliance for Preventing Pandemics, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Mishra Nischay
- Global Alliance for Preventing Pandemics, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - J. Kenneth Wickiser
- Global Alliance for Preventing Pandemics, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Thomas Briese
- Global Alliance for Preventing Pandemics, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Global Alliance for Preventing Pandemics, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ray Y. Chen
- Collaborative Clinical Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Seydou Doumbia
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sounkalo Dao
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
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Semancik CS, Whitworth HS, Price MA, Yun H, Postler TS, Zaric M, Kilianski A, Cooper CL, Kuteesa M, Talasila S, Malkevich N, Gupta SB, Francis SC. Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Filoviruses with Outbreak Potential in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review to Inform Vaccine Development and Deployment. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:1394. [PMID: 39772055 PMCID: PMC11726543 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12121394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2024] [Revised: 11/27/2024] [Accepted: 12/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Orthoebolaviruses and orthomarburgviruses are filoviruses that can cause viral hemorrhagic fever and significant morbidity and mortality in humans. The evaluation and deployment of vaccines to prevent and control Ebola and Marburg outbreaks must be informed by an understanding of the transmission and natural history of the causative infections, but little is known about the burden of asymptomatic infection or undiagnosed disease. This systematic review of the published literature examined the seroprevalence of antibodies to orthoebolaviruses and orthomarburgviruses in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023415358) and previously published. Eighty-seven articles describing 85 studies were included, of which seventy-six measured antibodies to orthoebolaviruses and forty-one measured antibodies to orthomarburgviruses. Results: The results highlight three central findings that may have implications for vaccine development and deployment. First, substantial antibody seropositivity to Ebola virus (EBOV) and Sudan virus (SUDV) was observed in populations from outbreak-affected areas (≤33% seroprevalence among general populations; ≤41% seroprevalence among healthcare workers and close contacts of disease cases). Second, antibody seropositivity to EBOV, SUDV, and Marburg virus (MARV) was observed among populations from areas without reported outbreaks, with seroprevalence ranging from <1 to 21%. Third, in Central and East Africa, MARV antibody seroprevalence was substantially lower than EBOV or SUDV antibody seroprevalence, even in outbreak-affected areas and in populations at a moderate or high risk of infection (with MARV seroprevalence mostly ranging from 0 to 3%). Conclusions: Whilst gaps remain in our understanding of the significance of antibody seropositivity in some settings and contexts, these findings may be important in considering target indications for novel filovirus vaccines, in defining study designs and strategies for demonstrating vaccine efficacy or effectiveness, and in planning and evaluating vaccine deployment strategies to prevent and control outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Semancik
- IAVI, 125 Broad St, New York, NY 10004, USA
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | - Matt A. Price
- IAVI, 125 Broad St, New York, NY 10004, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Heejin Yun
- IAVI, 125 Broad St, New York, NY 10004, USA
| | - Thomas S. Postler
- Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, IAVI, Brooklyn, NY 11220, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Suzanna C. Francis
- IAVI, 125 Broad St, New York, NY 10004, USA
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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Bane S, Rosenke K, Feldmann F, Meade-White K, Diawara S, Keita M, Maiga O, Diakite M, Safronetz D, Doumbia S, Sogoba N, Feldmann H. Seroprevalence of Arboviruses in a Malaria Hyperendemic Area in Southern Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 111:107-112. [PMID: 38834052 PMCID: PMC11229645 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Diagnostics for febrile illnesses other than malaria are not readily available in rural sub-Saharan Africa. This study assessed exposure to three mosquito-borne arboviruses-dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and chikungunya virus (CHIKV)-in southern Mali. Seroprevalence for DENV, CHIKV, and ZIKV was analyzed by detection of IgG antibodies and determined to be 77.2%, 31.2%, and 25.8%, respectively. Among study participants, 11.3% were IgG-positive for all three arboviruses. DENV had the highest seroprevalence rate at all sites; the highest seroprevalence of CHIKV and ZIKV was observed in Bamba. The seroprevalence for all three arboviruses increased with age, and the highest seroprevalence was observed among adults older than 50 years. The prevalence of Plasmodium spp. in the cohort was analyzed by microscopy and determined to be 44.5% (N = 600) with Plasmodium falciparum representing 95.1% of all infections. This study demonstrates the co-circulation of arboviruses in a region hyperendemic for malaria and highlights the needs for arbovirus diagnostics in rural sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidy Bane
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Kyle Rosenke
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Sory Diawara
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Moussa Keita
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ousmane Maiga
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mahamadou Diakite
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - David Safronetz
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Seydou Doumbia
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Nafomon Sogoba
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
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Diarra AZ, Kelly P, Davoust B, Parola P. Tick-Borne Diseases of Humans and Animals in West Africa. Pathogens 2023; 12:1276. [PMID: 38003741 PMCID: PMC10675719 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are a significant group of arthropod vectors that transmit a large variety of pathogens responsible for human and animal diseases worldwide. Ticks are the second biggest transmitters of vector-borne diseases, behind mosquitoes. However, in West Africa, there is often only limited knowledge of tick-borne diseases. With the scarcity of appropriate diagnostic services, the prevalence of tick-borne diseases is generally underestimated in humans. In this review, we provide an update on tick-borne pathogens reported in people, animals and ticks in West Africa by microscopic, immunological and molecular methods. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar. The selection criteria included all studies conducted in West Africa reporting the presence of Rickettsia, Borrelia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Bartonella, Coxiella burnetii, Theileria, Babesia, Hepatozoon and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever viruses in humans, animals or ticks. Our intention is to raise awareness of tick-borne diseases amongst human and animal health workers in West Africa, and also physicians working with tourists who have travelled to the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adama Zan Diarra
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.Z.D.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Kelly
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
| | - Bernard Davoust
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.Z.D.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.Z.D.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
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6
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Abdoullah B, Durand GA, Basco LK, El Bara A, Bollahi MA, Bosio L, Geulen M, Briolant S, Boukhary AOMS. Seroprevalence of Alphaviruses ( Togaviridae) among Urban Population in Nouakchott, Mauritania, West Africa. Viruses 2023; 15:1588. [PMID: 37515274 PMCID: PMC10385508 DOI: 10.3390/v15071588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of alphaviruses, such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV), has never been reported in Mauritania. We assessed the seroprevalence of CHIKV among Nouakchott residents. A cross-sectional study involving 1300 non-febrile patients consulting at the Nouakchott hospital center was conducted between January and June 2021. The presence of anti-CHIKV IgG and neutralizing antibodies against CHIKV, O'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV), and Semliki Forest virus (SFV) was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a serum neutralization test, respectively, and the associated risk factors were investigated. Of the 1300 study participants, serological evidence of previous exposure to CHIKV was observed in 37 individuals (2.8%). Sex, age, reported use of repellants, and bed net ownership and usage were not associated with CHIKV seropositivity. Our results showed the co-circulation of two other alphaviruses, ONNV and SFV, in Nouakchott in 30 (2.3%) individuals. This is the first study that documents the co-circulation of CHIKV, ONNV, and SFV in Mauritania, albeit at low prevalence. Surveillance and routine testing for alphaviruses and other arboviruses in symptomatic patients should be implemented in health facilities to assess the health burden associated with these viruses. Efforts should also be made to strengthen the vector control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bedia Abdoullah
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott BP 5026, Mauritania
| | - Guillaume André Durand
- National Reference Center for Arboviruses, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm) and French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), 13005 Marseille, France
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo K Basco
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Ahmed El Bara
- Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, Nouakchott BP 695, Mauritania
| | | | - Laurent Bosio
- National Reference Center for Arboviruses, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm) and French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), 13005 Marseille, France
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Manon Geulen
- National Reference Center for Arboviruses, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm) and French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), 13005 Marseille, France
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Unité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott BP 5026, Mauritania
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7
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Hien AS, Sangaré I, Ouattara ELP, Sawadogo SP, Soma DD, Maiga H, Diabaté A, Bonnet E, Ridde V, Fournet F, Hawkes FM, Kaupra C, Bouyer J, Abd-Alla AMM, Dabiré RK. Chikungunya (Togaviridae) and dengue 2 (Flaviviridae) viruses detected from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Burkina Faso by qRT-PCR technique: Preliminary results and perspective for molecular characterization of arbovirus circulation in vector populations. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022; 3. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.920224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2016, an entomological study was carried out in a railway transect between Banfora and Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The objective was to assess the risk factors of arbovirus outbreaks, including vector-borne infection status within representative regions of the country. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were collected at the larval stage from their natural rearing habitats in four study sites when estimating the main larval index, then reared until adult stage and kept in RNAlater for the detection of arbovirus RNA. In the laboratory, mosquito samples were tested for dengue virus (DENV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) using a real-time qRT-PCR stage. A DENV-2 positive pool was detected in Ouagadougou with a minimum infection rate (MIR) of 16.67 and other six CHIKV-positive pools with a MIR of 66.67 in Ouagadougou, Banfora, and Boromo. This qRT-PCR approach, if validated with various samples also comprising wild blood-fed adults, is a useful tool for arbovirus circulation and disease monitoring in Burkina Faso.
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8
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Mencattelli G, Ndione MHD, Rosà R, Marini G, Diagne CT, Diagne MM, Fall G, Faye O, Diallo M, Faye O, Savini G, Rizzoli A. Epidemiology of West Nile virus in Africa: An underestimated threat. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010075. [PMID: 35007285 PMCID: PMC8789169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus which has been posing continuous challenges to public health worldwide due to the identification of new lineages and clades and its ability to invade and establish in an increasing number of countries. Its current distribution, genetic variability, ecology, and epidemiological pattern in the African continent are only partially known despite the general consensus on the urgency to obtain such information for quantifying the actual disease burden in Africa other than to predict future threats at global scale. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS References were searched in PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases on January 21, 2020, using selected keywords, without language and date restriction. Additional manual searches of reference list were carried out. Further references have been later added accordingly to experts' opinion. We included 153 scientific papers published between 1940 and 2021. This review highlights: (i) the co-circulation of WNV-lineages 1, 2, and 8 in the African continent; (ii) the presence of diverse WNV competent vectors in Africa, mainly belonging to the Culex genus; (iii) the lack of vector competence studies for several other mosquito species found naturally infected with WNV in Africa; (iv) the need of more competence studies to be addressed on ticks; (iv) evidence of circulation of WNV among humans, animals and vectors in at least 28 Countries; (v) the lack of knowledge on the epidemiological situation of WNV for 19 Countries and (vii) the importance of carrying out specific serological surveys in order to avoid possible bias on WNV circulation in Africa. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the state of art on WNV investigation carried out in Africa, highlighting several knowledge gaps regarding i) the current WNV distribution and genetic diversity, ii) its ecology and transmission chains including the role of different arthropods and vertebrate species as competent reservoirs, and iii) the real disease burden for humans and animals. This review highlights the needs for further research and coordinated surveillance efforts on WNV in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mencattelli
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Rosà
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marini
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | | | | | - Gamou Fall
- Department of Virology, Fondation Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Department of Virology, Fondation Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Department of Zoology, Fondation Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Oumar Faye
- Department of Virology, Fondation Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Department of Public Health, OIE Reference Laboratory for WND, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
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9
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Fourié T, El Bara A, Dubot-Pérès A, Grard G, Briolant S, Basco LK, Ouldabdallahi Moukah M, Leparc-Goffart I. Emergence of dengue virus serotype 2 in Mauritania and molecular characterization of its circulation in West Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009829. [PMID: 34695119 PMCID: PMC8568173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of sporadic and epidemic dengue fever cases have reportedly been increasing in recent years in some West African countries, such as Senegal and Mali. The first epidemic of laboratory-confirmed dengue occurred in Nouakchott, the capital city of Mauritania situated in the Saharan desert, in 2014. On-site diagnosis of dengue fever was established using a rapid diagnostic test for dengue. In parallel, the presence of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in the city was confirmed. The initial diagnosis was confirmed by RT-PCR, which showed that all samples from the 2014 dengue epidemic in Nouakchott were dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2). The whole genome or envelope protein gene of these strains, together with other DENV-2 strains obtained from travelers returning from West African countries to France between 2016 and 2019 (including two Mauritanian strains in 2017 and 2018), were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis suggested a recent emergence of an epidemic strain from the cosmopolitan genotype belonging to West African cosmopolitan lineage II, which is genetically distinct from African sylvatic genotype. The origin of this DENV-2 lineage is still unknown, but our data seem to suggest a recent and rapid dispersion of the epidemic strain throughout the region. More complete genome sequences of West African DENV-2 are required for a better understanding of the dynamics of its circulation. Arboviral surveillance and outbreak forecasting are urgently needed in West Africa. In Africa, dengue viruses 1 to 4 are transmitted to primates by Aedes mosquitoes in a sylvatic cycle or an urban/epidemic cycle involving humans. Infection in humans may be asymptomatic or may range from mild flu-like illness to severe hemorrhagic fever. The dengue viruses have a pantropical distribution, mostly in urbanized areas where vectors have become well adapted. This report shows dengue can also emerge in desert areas, as seen for the first time in an outbreak in 2014 in Nouakchott, Mauritania, where climatic, environmental, and human behavioral changes favor the emergence of Aedes mosquitoes. Dengue virus 2 was found in multiple human samples collected during the outbreak. Genomic analysis of dengue virus 2 isolates from the Mauritanian outbreak and from infected travelers revealed the rapid emergence of a specific “West African epidemic strain” of the virus throughout West Africa during the last decade, which is distinct from other strains found elsewhere and from historical or sylvatic strains. More genomic data would help us understand the circulation of dengue virus in West Africa, to help forecast and mitigate outbreaks in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toscane Fourié
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Université - IRD 190—INSERM 1207, Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
| | - Ahmed El Bara
- Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Audrey Dubot-Pérès
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Université - IRD 190—INSERM 1207, Marseille, France
| | - Gilda Grard
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Université - IRD 190—INSERM 1207, Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU—Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo K. Basco
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU—Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Mohamed Ouldabdallahi Moukah
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouakchott, Mauritania
- Initiative mauritanienne pour la lutte contre les maladies endémiques “MEDCINGO” Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Isabelle Leparc-Goffart
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Université - IRD 190—INSERM 1207, Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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10
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Bane S, Rosenke K, Maiga O, Feldmann F, Meade-White K, Callison J, Safronetz D, Sogoba N, Feldmann H. Ebola Virus IgG Seroprevalence in Southern Mali. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1681-1684. [PMID: 34013879 PMCID: PMC8153881 DOI: 10.3201/eid2706.203510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mali had 2 reported introductions of Ebola virus (EBOV) during the 2013–2016 West Africa epidemic. Previously, no evidence for EBOV circulation was reported in Mali. We performed an EBOV serosurvey study in southern Mali. We found low seroprevalence in the population, indicating local exposure to EBOV or closely related ebola viruses.
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11
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Dedkov VG, Magassouba N, Stukolova OA, Savina VA, Camara J, Soropogui B, Safonova MV, Semizhon P, Platonov AE. Differential Laboratory Diagnosis of Acute Fever in Guinea: Preparedness for the Threat of Hemorrhagic Fevers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6022. [PMID: 34205104 PMCID: PMC8199941 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18116022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute febrile illnesses occur frequently in Guinea. Acute fever itself is not a unique, hallmark indication (pathognomonic sign) of any one illness or disease. In the infectious disease context, fever's underlying cause can be a wide range of viral or bacterial pathogens, including the Ebola virus. In this study, molecular and serological methods were used to analyze samples from patients hospitalized with acute febrile illness in various regions of Guinea. This analysis was undertaken with the goal of accomplishing differential diagnosis (determination of causative pathogen) in such cases. As a result, a number of pathogens, both viral and bacterial, were identified in Guinea as causative agents behind acute febrile illness. In approximately 60% of the studied samples, however, a definitive determination could not be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G. Dedkov
- Pasteur Institute, Federal Service on Consumers’ Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.A.S.); (A.E.P.)
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - N’Faly Magassouba
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Projet de Recherche sur les Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée, 001 B1568 Conakry, Guinea; (N.M.); (J.C.); (B.S.)
| | - Olga A. Stukolova
- Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Federal Service on Consumers’ Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, 111123 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Victoria A. Savina
- Pasteur Institute, Federal Service on Consumers’ Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.A.S.); (A.E.P.)
| | - Jakob Camara
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Projet de Recherche sur les Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée, 001 B1568 Conakry, Guinea; (N.M.); (J.C.); (B.S.)
| | - Barrè Soropogui
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Projet de Recherche sur les Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée, 001 B1568 Conakry, Guinea; (N.M.); (J.C.); (B.S.)
| | - Marina V. Safonova
- Anti-Plague Center, Federal Service on Consumers’ Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, 119121 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Pavel Semizhon
- The Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 220114 Minsk, Belarus;
| | - Alexander E. Platonov
- Pasteur Institute, Federal Service on Consumers’ Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.A.S.); (A.E.P.)
- Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Federal Service on Consumers’ Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, 111123 Moscow, Russia;
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12
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Agboli E, Zahouli JBZ, Badolo A, Jöst H. Mosquito-Associated Viruses and Their Related Mosquitoes in West Africa. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050891. [PMID: 34065928 PMCID: PMC8151702 DOI: 10.3390/v13050891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-associated viruses (MAVs), including mosquito-specific viruses (MSVs) and mosquito-borne (arbo)viruses (MBVs), are an increasing public, veterinary, and global health concern, and West Africa is projected to be the next front for arboviral diseases. As in-depth knowledge of the ecologies of both western African MAVs and related mosquitoes is still limited, we review available and comprehensive data on their diversity, abundance, and distribution. Data on MAVs’ occurrence and related mosquitoes were extracted from peer-reviewed publications. Data on MSVs, and mosquito and vertebrate host ranges are sparse. However, more data are available on MBVs (i.e., dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, Zika, and Rift Valley fever viruses), detected in wild and domestic animals, and humans, with infections more concentrated in urban areas and areas affected by strong anthropogenic changes. Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Aedes albopictus are incriminated as key arbovirus vectors. These findings outline MAV, related mosquitoes, key knowledge gaps, and future research areas. Additionally, these data highlight the need to increase our understanding of MAVs and their impact on host mosquito ecology, to improve our knowledge of arbovirus transmission, and to develop specific strategies and capacities for arboviral disease surveillance, diagnostic, prevention, control, and outbreak responses in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Agboli
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho PMB 31, Ghana
| | - Julien B. Z. Zahouli
- Centre d’Entomologie Médicale et Vétérinaire, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouake, 27 BP 529 Abidjan 27, Cote D’Ivoire;
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Département de Recherche et Développement, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Cote D’Ivoire
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Athanase Badolo
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Entomology, Universitée Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso;
| | - Hanna Jöst
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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13
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Temur AI, Kuhn JH, Pecor DB, Apanaskevich DA, Keshtkar-Jahromi M. Epidemiology of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) in Africa-Underestimated for Decades. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:1978-1990. [PMID: 33900999 PMCID: PMC8176481 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is endemic in Africa, but the epidemiology remains to be defined. Using a broad database search, we reviewed the literature to better define CCHF evidence in Africa. We used a One Health approach to define the impact of CCHF by reviewing case reports, human and animal serology, and records of CCHF virus (CCHFV) isolations (1956-mid-2020). In addition, published and unpublished collection data were used to estimate the geographic distribution of Hyalomma ticks and infection vectors. We implemented a previously proposed classification scheme for organizing countries into five categories by the level of evidence. From January 1, 1956 to July 25, 2020, 494 CCHF cases (115 lethal) were reported in Africa. Since 2000, nine countries (Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Sudan, and Tunisia) have reported their first CCHF cases. Nineteen countries reported CCHF cases and were assigned level 1 or level 2 based on maturity of their surveillance system. Thirty countries with evidence of CCHFV circulation in the absence of CCHF cases were assigned level 3 or level 4. Twelve countries for which no data were available were assigned level 5. The goal of this review is to inform international organizations, local governments, and healthcare professionals about shortcomings in CCHF surveillance in Africa to assist in a movement toward strengthening policy to improve CCHF surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Irfan Temur
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - David B. Pecor
- Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, Maryland
- Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Dmitry A. Apanaskevich
- US National Tick Collection, The James H. Oliver Jr. Institute for Coastal Plain Science, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia
| | - Maryam Keshtkar-Jahromi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Chevalier V, Marsot M, Molia S, Rasamoelina H, Rakotondravao R, Pedrono M, Lowenski S, Durand B, Lecollinet S, Beck C. Serological Evidence of West Nile and Usutu Viruses Circulation in Domestic and Wild Birds in Wetlands of Mali and Madagascar in 2008. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17061998. [PMID: 32197367 PMCID: PMC7142923 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The geographical distribution and impact on animal and human health of both West Nile and Usutu viruses, two flaviviruses of the Japanese encephalitis complex, have been increasing during the past two decades. Both viruses circulate in Europe and Africa within a natural cycle between wild birds and mosquitoes, mainly from the Culex genus. We retrospectively analyzed sera from domestic and wild birds sampled in 2008 in two wetlands, namely the Inner Niger Delta, Mali, and the Lake Alaotra area, Madagascar. Sera were first tested using a commercial ID Screen West Nile Competition Multi-species ELISA kit. Then, positive sera and sera with insufficient volume for testing with ELISA were tested with a Microneutralization Test. In Mali, the observed seroprevalence in domestic birds was 28.5% [24.5; 32.8] 95%CI, 3.1 % [1.8; 5.2] 95%CI, 6.2% [3.4; 10.2] 95%CI and 9.8 % [7.3; 12.8] 95%CI, for West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV), undetermined flavivirus, and WNV/USUV respectively. Regarding domestic birds of Madagascar, the observed seroprevalence was 4.4 % [2.1; 7.9]95%CI for WNV, 0.9% [0.1; 3.1] 95%CI for USUV, 1.3% [0.5; 2.8] 95%CI for undetermined flavivirus, and null for WNV/USUV. Among the 150 wild birds sampled in Madagascar, two fulvous whistling-ducks (Dendrocygna bicolor) were positive for WNV and two for an undetermined flavivirus. One white-faced whistling-duck (Dendrocygna viduata) and one Hottentot teal (Spatula hottentota) were tested positive for USUV. African and European wetlands are linked by wild bird migrations. This first detection of USUV—as well as the confirmed circulation of WNV in domestic birds of two wetlands of Mali and Madagascar—emphasizes the need to improve the surveillance, knowledge of epidemiological patterns, and phylogenetic characteristics of flavivirus in Africa, particularly in areas prone to sustained, intense flavivirus transmission such as wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Chevalier
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, F-34090 Montpellier, France
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh PO Box 983, Cambodia
| | - Maud Marsot
- University Paris Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie Molia
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, F-34090 Montpellier, France
- Centre Régional de Santé Animale, Parc Sotuba, Bamako, Mali
| | | | | | - Miguel Pedrono
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, F-34090 Montpellier, France
- FOFIFA-DRZV, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Steve Lowenski
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- University Paris Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cécile Beck
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
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15
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Baumann J, Knüpfer M, Ouedraogo J, Traoré BY, Heitzer A, Kané B, Maiga B, Sylla M, Kouriba B, Wölfel R. Lassa and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses, Mali. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:999-1002. [PMID: 31002054 PMCID: PMC6478234 DOI: 10.3201/eid2505.181047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report detection of Lassa virus and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infections in the area of Bamako, the capital of Mali. Our investigation found 2 cases of infection with each of these viruses. These results show the potential for both of these viruses to be endemic to Mali.
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16
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Ouattara LPE, Sangaré I, Namountougou M, Hien A, Ouari A, Soma DD, Kassié D, Diabaté A, Gnankiné O, Bonnet E, Ridde V, Akré MA, Fournet F, Dabiré KR. Surveys of Arboviruses Vectors in Four Cities Stretching Along a Railway Transect of Burkina Faso: Risk Transmission and Insecticide Susceptibility Status of Potential Vectors. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:140. [PMID: 31192232 PMCID: PMC6546915 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A severe outbreak of dengue occurred in Burkina Faso in 2016, with the most cases reported in Ouagadougou, that highlights the necessity to implement vector surveillance system. This study aims to estimate the risk of arboviruses transmission and the insecticide susceptibility status of potential vectors in four sites in Burkina Faso. Methods: From June to September 2016, house-to-house cross sectional entomological surveys were performed in four cities stretching along a southwest-to-northeast railway transect. The household surveys analyzed the presence of Aedes spp. larvae in containers holding water and the World Health Organization (WHO) larval abundance indices were estimated. WHO tube assays was used to evaluate the insecticide susceptibility within Aedes populations from these localities. Results: A total of 31,378 mosquitoes' larvae were collected from 1,330 containers holding water. Aedes spp. was the most abundant (95.19%) followed by Culex spp. (4.75%). Aedes aegypti a key vector of arboviruses (ARBOV) in West Africa was the major Aedes species found (98.60%). The relative larval indices, house index, container and Breteau indexes were high, up to 70, 35, and 10, respectively. Aedes aegypti tended to breed mainly in discarded tires and terracotta jars. Except in Banfora the western city, Ae. aegypti populations were resistant to deltamethrin 0.05% in the other localities with low mortality rate under 20% in Ouagadougou whereas they were fully susceptible to malathion 5% whatever the site. Intermediate resistance was observed in the four sites with mortality rates varying between 78 and 94% with bendiocarb 0.1%. Conclusions: This study provided basic information on entomological indices that can help to monitor the risks of ARBOV epidemics in the main cities along the railway in Burkina Faso. In these cities, all larval indices exceeded the risk level of ARBOV outbreak. Aedes aegypti the main species collected was resistant to deltamethrin 0.05% and bendiocarb 0.1% whereas they were fully susceptible to malathion 5%. The monitoring of insecticide resistance is also important to be integrated to the vector surveillance system in Burkina Faso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissy Parfait Eric Ouattara
- Unité de Recherche-Paludisme et maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Ibrahim Sangaré
- Unité de Recherche-Paludisme et maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Santé, Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Moussa Namountougou
- Unité de Recherche-Paludisme et maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Santé, Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Aristide Hien
- Unité de Recherche-Paludisme et maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Ali Ouari
- Unité de Recherche-Paludisme et maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Dieudonné Diloma Soma
- Unité de Recherche-Paludisme et maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Unité de Recherche-Paludisme et maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Olivier Gnankiné
- UFR-Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Université Joseph-Ki Zerbo-Ouaga 1, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Valéry Ridde
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health (ESPUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maurice Adja Akré
- Département D'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Kounbobr Roch Dabiré
- Unité de Recherche-Paludisme et maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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17
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Tandina F, Doumbo O, Yaro AS, Traoré SF, Parola P, Robert V. Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and mosquito-borne diseases in Mali, West Africa. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:467. [PMID: 30103823 PMCID: PMC6090629 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases cause major human diseases in almost every part of the world. In West Africa, and notably in Mali, vector control measures help reduce the impact of mosquito-borne diseases, although malaria remains a threat to both morbidity and mortality. The most recent overview article on mosquitoes in Mali was published in 1961, with a total of 88 species. Our present review focuses on mosquitoes of medical importance among which the Anopheles vectors of Plasmodium and filaria, as well as the Culex and Aedes vectors of arboviruses. It aims to provide a concise update of the literature on Culicidae, covering the ecological areas in which the species are found but also the transmitted pathogens and recent innovative tools for vector surveys. This review highlights the recent introduction of invasive mosquito species, including Aedes albopictus and Culex neavei. The comprehensive list of mosquito species currently recorded includes 106 species (28 species of the Anophelinae and 78 species of the Culicinae). There are probable gaps in our knowledge concerning mosquitoes of the subfamily Culicinae and northern half of Mali because most studies have been carried out on the genus Anopheles and have taken place in the southern part of the country. It is hoped that this review may be useful to decision makers responsible for vector control strategies and to researchers for future surveys on mosquitoes, particularly the vectors of emerging arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatalmoudou Tandina
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ogobara Doumbo
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Alpha Seydou Yaro
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sékou F. Traoré
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Robert
- MIVEGEC Unit, IRD-CNRS-Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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18
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Sule WF, Oluwayelu DO, Hernández-Triana LM, Fooks AR, Venter M, Johnson N. Epidemiology and ecology of West Nile virus in sub-Saharan Africa. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:414. [PMID: 30005653 PMCID: PMC6043977 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2998-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is the aetiological agent of the mosquito-borne zoonotic disease West Nile fever. The virus, first isolated in Uganda in 1937, evolved into two distinct lineages in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) that subsequently spread to most continents where the virus has evolved further as evident through phylogenetic analysis of extant genomes. Numerous published reports from the past 70 years from countries in SSA indicate that the virus is endemic across the region. However, due in part to the limited availability of diagnostic methods across large areas of the continent, the human burden of WNV is poorly understood. So too are the drivers for translocation of the virus from countries south of the Sahara Desert to North Africa and Europe. Migratory birds are implicated in this translocation although the transient viraemia, measured in days, and the time taken to migrate, measured in weeks, suggest a more complex mechanism is in play. This review considers the evidence for the presence of WNV across SSA and the role of migratory birds in the emergence of the virus in other continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waidi F Sule
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Daniel O Oluwayelu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.,Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Anthony R Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT153NB, UK.,Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marietjie Venter
- Emerging Arbo and Respiratory Program, Centre for Viral Zoonosis, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT153NB, UK. .,Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU27XH, UK.
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19
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Subudhi S, Dakouo M, Sloan A, Stein DR, Grolla A, Jones S, Dibernardo A, Rosenke K, Sas M, Traore A, Lindsay R, Groschup MH, Misra V, Feldmann H, Sogoba N, Safronetz D, Niang M. Seroprevalence of Rift Valley Fever Virus Antibodies in Cattle in Mali, 2005-2014. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:872-874. [PMID: 29363462 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) outbreaks have considerable impact on human and animal health. Here, we are reporting a serosurvey of cattle from all regions of Mali. These demonstrated that few had been exposed to RVFV from 2005 to 2014. Recent outbreaks of RVF in Niger and a single human case in Mali provide justification for further entomological and ecological studies of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angela Sloan
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Allen Grolla
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Shane Jones
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Kyle Rosenke
- National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Miriam Sas
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Isle of Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin H Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Isle of Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | - Nafomon Sogoba
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
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20
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Gale TV, Horton TM, Grant DS, Garry RF. Metabolomics analyses identify platelet activating factors and heme breakdown products as Lassa fever biomarkers. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005943. [PMID: 28922385 PMCID: PMC5619842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever afflicts tens of thousands of people in West Africa annually. The rapid progression of patients from febrile illness to fulminant syndrome and death provides incentive for development of clinical prognostic markers that can guide case management. The small molecule profile of serum from febrile patients triaged to the Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Ward at Kenema Government Hospital in Sierra Leone was assessed using untargeted Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Physiological dysregulation resulting from Lassa virus (LASV) infection occurs at the small molecule level. Effects of LASV infection on pathways mediating blood coagulation, and lipid, amino acid, nucleic acid metabolism are manifest in changes in the levels of numerous metabolites in the circulation. Several compounds, including platelet activating factor (PAF), PAF-like molecules and products of heme breakdown emerged as candidates that may prove useful in diagnostic assays to inform better care of Lassa fever patients. Lassa fever afflicts tens of thousands of people in West Africa each year. The disease progresses rapidly, but there are no tests available to determine which patients are at high risk for dying. We measured the levels of small molecules in the blood of febrile patients with and without infection by LASV that presented to Kenema Government Hospital in Sierra Leone using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS), which identifies compounds based on their precise mass. Computational analyses were used to identify compounds that differed in patients with an acute LASV infection, patients with evidence of prior exposure to LASV and patients with fever, but who did not have evidence of exposure to LASV. Several serum metabolites, including factors that are involved in blood clotting and breakdown products of heme, were identified that may prove useful in diagnostic assays that will inform better care of Lassa fever patients or development of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor V. Gale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Timothy M. Horton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Donald S. Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, Maryland, United States of America
- Tulane Center of Excellence, Global Viral Network, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Maiga O, Sas MA, Rosenke K, Kamissoko B, Mertens M, Sogoba N, Traore A, Sangare M, Niang M, Schwan TG, Maiga HM, Traore SF, Feldmann H, Safronetz D, Groschup MH. Serosurvey of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Cattle, Mali, West Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:1341-1345. [PMID: 28719259 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCrimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is a tick-borne disease caused by the arbovirus Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV, family Bunyaviridae, genus Nairovirus). CCHFV can cause a severe hemorrhagic fever with high-case fatality rates in humans. CCHFV has a wide geographic range and has been described in around 30 countries in the Middle East, Asia, Europe, and Africa including Mali and neighboring countries. To date, little is known about the prevalence rates of CCHFV in Mali. Here, using banked bovine serum samples from across the country, we describe the results of a seroepidemiological study for CCHFV aimed at identifying regions of circulation in Mali. In total, 1,074 serum samples were tested by a modified in-house CCHFV-IgG-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with confirmatory testing by commercial ELISA and immunofluorescence assay. Overall, 66% of samples tested were positive for CCHFV-specific IgG antibodies. Regional seroprevalence rates ranged from 15% to 95% and seemed to correlate with cattle density. Our results demonstrate that CCHFV prevalence is high in many regions in Mali and suggest that CCHFV surveillance should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousmane Maiga
- International Center for Excellence in Research, Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Miriam Andrada Sas
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Isle of Riems-Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kyle Rosenke
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | | | - Marc Mertens
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Isle of Riems-Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nafomon Sogoba
- International Center for Excellence in Research, Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Modibo Sangare
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Tom G Schwan
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Hamidou Moussa Maiga
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sekou F Traore
- International Center for Excellence in Research, Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana.,Deptartment of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- Deptartment of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Division of Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Isle of Riems-Greifswald, Germany
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