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Shahininejad H, Rahimi S, Karimi Torshizi MA, Arabkhazaeli F, Ayyari M, Behnamifar A, Abuali M, Grimes J. Comparing the effect of phytobiotic, coccidiostat, toltrazuril, and vaccine on the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in broilers. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103596. [PMID: 38471232 PMCID: PMC11067760 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compared 2 herbal anticoccidiosis drugs (water-soluble and feed-additive drugs) with monensin coccidiostat, toltrazuril (TTZ, anticoccidiosis drug), and Livacox Q (anticoccidiosis vaccine) in terms of their effects on the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in broilers. In this study, 280 Ross 308 broiler chickens (a mix of both genders) were used in a completely randomized design with 7 treatments and 5 replications each including 8 chickens per replicate. On d 21 of rearing, all experimental groups, except for the negative control group (NC), were challenged with a mixed suspension of common strains of Eimeria, and the intended indices were assessed, including performance indices, number of oocysts per gram (OPG) of feces, intestinal injuries, and the total number of intestinal bacteria. In addition, the NC and the group receiving the monensin had greater body weight gain (BWG) (P < 0.05). At the end of week 6, the monensin group had the highest feed intake (FI), while the water soluble medicine treatment resulted in the lowest feed intake (P < 0.05). Regarding the lesion scores on day 28, the highest and lowest rates of jejunal injuries were observed in the positive control group (PC), the monensin and vaccine group respectively. The rate of oocysts excretion (oocysts per gram of feces = OPG) on different days was higher in the PC group, and the use of monensin could further reduce excretion compared to the other groups (P > 0.05). Based on a comparison of the population of lactic acid bacteria between the NC and both medicinal plant treated groups, the use of these products could increase the population of these types of bacteria. Moreover, the population of Escherichia coli was less considerable in the NC and herbal powder groups (P < 0.05). Overall, similar to commercial medicines, the herbal medicines used in this project can be effective in the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis and can improve profitability in broiler rearing centers by improving intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Shahininejad
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14117-13116 Iran
| | - Shaban Rahimi
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14117-13116 Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Arabkhazaeli
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, 14199-63114 Iran
| | - Mahdi Ayyari
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14117-13116 Iran
| | - Alireza Behnamifar
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14117-13116 Iran
| | - Morteza Abuali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Medicinal Plants-ACECR, Karaj, Alborz, 1419815477 Iran
| | - Jesse Grimes
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608 USA.
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Calik A, Emami NK, White MB, Dalloul RA. Performance, fatty acid composition, and liver fatty acid metabolism markers of broilers fed genetically modified soybean DP-3Ø5423-1. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103470. [PMID: 38301495 PMCID: PMC10846397 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Several genetically modified (GM) plants have been produced and approved by regulatory agencies worldwide for cultivation and commercialization. Soybean and its by-products are major components of poultry diets and approximately 74% of world production is obtained from GM soybean events. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutrient composition of DP-3Ø5423-1 extruded full-fat soybean meal (FFSBM) and near isoline non-GM control FFSBM included in broiler diets. Also assessed were their effects on bird performance, body composition, intestinal morphology, tissue fatty acid profile, and mRNA abundance of fatty acid metabolism markers. A total of 480 Ross 308 d of hatch birds were randomly allocated to 24 floor pens in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with diet and gender as main factors. Birds were fed diets containing 20% of either DP-3Ø5423-1 or control FFSBM for 35 d. Data were subjected to a 2-way ANOVA using the GLM procedure of JMP (Pro13). No significant interaction (P > 0.05) was observed between treatment groups in terms of performance and carcass composition. Morphological measurements of the jejunum and ileum were not influenced by the SBM treatments. Dietary addition of the DP-3Ø5423-1 FFSBM resulted in higher monounsaturated fatty acid composition of the thigh muscle and abdominal fat. Moreover, dietary treatment had no significant impact on the mRNA abundance of metabolic markers ACCα, FAS, MTTP, SREBP1, PPARα, PPARγ, AMPK-α1, SOD, CAT, and GPx in the liver. In conclusion, our results showed that DP-3Ø5423-1 extruded FFSBM is nutritionally equivalent to non-GM near-isoline counterpart with a comparable genetic background as evidenced by feed analyses except for fatty acid composition. Furthermore, the findings of this study clearly indicate that the examined DP-3Ø5423-1 FFSBM yields similar bird performance as conventional FFSBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Calik
- Department of Poultry Science, Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Animal Nutrition & Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110, Turkey
| | - Nima K Emami
- Department of Poultry Science, Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Mallory B White
- School of STEM, Virginia Western Community College, Roanoke, VA 24015, USA
| | - Rami A Dalloul
- Department of Poultry Science, Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Itani K, Marcussen C, Rocha SDC, Kathiresan P, Mydland LT, Press CM, Xie Z, Tauson AH, Øverland M. Effect of Cyberlindnera jadinii yeast on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut health of broiler chickens from 1 to 34 d of age. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103127. [PMID: 37837676 PMCID: PMC10585334 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of dietary graded levels of Cyberlindnera jadinii yeast (C. jadinii) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut health of broilers was evaluated from 1 to 34 d of age. A total of 360 male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (6 replicate pens each) consisting of a wheat-soybean meal-based pelleted diet (Control or CJ0), and 3 diets in which 10% (CJ10), 20% (CJ20), and 30% (CJ30) of the crude protein were supplied by C. jadinii, by gradually replacing protein-rich ingredients. Body weight and feed intake were measured at d 1, 11, 22, and 32. Pellet temperature, durability, and hardness increased linearly (P < 0.05) with C. jadinii inclusion, with highest (P < 0.05) values for CJ30. Up until d 22, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was similar between treatments (P = 0.169). Overall, increasing C. jadinii inclusion linearly increased (P = 0.047) feed intake but had no effect on weight gain or mortality. FCR increased (P < 0.05) linearly with increasing C. jadinii inclusion but only birds fed CJ30 had a significantly poorer FCR compared to the Control. Ileal digestibility was not affected by C. jadinii inclusion, however, there was a significant linear decrease in crude protein and phosphorus, and a tendency for a decrease in fat digestibility. Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) decreased (P < 0.001) quadratically with increasing C. jadinii and was significantly lower in CJ30 compared to the Control. Ileal concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were not affected by C. jadinii inclusion, but butyric acid and total VFAs were linearly and quadratically increased and were significantly higher in cecal digesta of birds fed CJ20 and CJ30. Increasing C. jadinii inclusion was associated with an increase (P < 0.05) in the relative abundance of lactobacillus in the ileum and cecum. In conclusion, C. jadinii yeast can supply up to 20% of the total dietary protein without negatively affecting performance, digestibility, or gut health of broilers. The potential confounding role of feed processing and C. jadinii cell wall components on broiler performance is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Itani
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Caroline Marcussen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Gronnegärdsvej 3, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlagevej 16, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sérgio D C Rocha
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Purushothaman Kathiresan
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Liv Torunn Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Charles McLean Press
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Zhuqing Xie
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26,1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anne-Helene Tauson
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Gronnegärdsvej 3, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway.
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Dietary 1,3-β-Glucans Affect Growth, Breast Muscle Composition, Antioxidant Activity, Inflammatory Response, and Economic Efficiency in Broiler Chickens. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030751. [PMID: 36983906 PMCID: PMC10054407 DOI: 10.3390/life13030751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, researchers have been intensively looking for novel, safe antibiotic alternatives because of the prevalence of many clinical and subclinical diseases affecting bird flocks and the risks of using antibiotics in subtherapeutic doses as feed additives. The present study intended to evaluate the potential use of 1,3-β-glucans (GLC) as antibiotic alternative growth promotors and assessed the effect of their dietary inclusion on the growth performance, carcass traits, chemical composition of breast muscles, economic efficiency, blood biochemical parameters, liver histopathology, antioxidant activity, and the proinflammatory response of broiler chickens. This study used 200 three-day-old ROSS broiler chickens (50 chicks/group, 10 chicks/replicate, with an average body weight of 98.71 ± 0.17 g/chick). They were assigned to four experimental groups with four dietary levels of GLC, namely 0, 50, 100, and 150 mg kg−1, for a 35-day feeding period. Birds fed diets containing GLC showed an identical different growth rate to the control group. However, the total feed intake (TFI) increased quadratically in the GLC50 and GLC100 groups as compared to that in the control group. GLC addition had no significant effect on the weights of internal and immune organs, except for a decrease in bursal weight in the GLC150 group (p = 0.01). Dietary GLC addition increased the feed cost and total cost at 50 and 100 mg kg−1 doses. The percentages of n-3 and n-6 PUFA in the breast muscle of broiler chickens fed GLC-supplemented diets increased linearly in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.01). The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level and the uric acid level were quadratically increased in the GLC150 group. The serum levels of total antioxidant capacity, catalase, superoxide dismutase, interleukin-1β, and interferon-gamma linearly increased, while the MDA level decreased in the GLC-fed groups in a dose-dependent manner. Normal histological characterization of different liver structures in the different groups with moderate round cells was noted as a natural immune response around the hepatic portal area. The different experimental groups showed an average percentage of positive immunostaining to the proinflammatory marker transforming growth factor-beta with an increase in the dose of GLC addition. The results suggest that GLC up to 100 mg kg−1 concentration can be used as a feed additive in the diets of broiler chickens and shows no adverse effects on their growth, dressing percentage, and internal organs. GLC addition in diets improves the antioxidant activity and immune response in birds. GLC help enrich the breast muscle with n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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Kyoung H, Kim E, Cho JH, Lee H, Kim Y, Park KI, Kim HB, Song M. Dietary yeast cell wall enhanced intestinal health of broiler chickens by modulating intestinal integrity, immune responses, and microbiota. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102660. [PMID: 37043955 PMCID: PMC10140172 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary yeast cell wall (YCW) on growth performance, intestinal health, and immune responses of broiler chickens. In a randomized completely block design (block: initial body weight), a total of 800 broilers (Ross 308; 45.18 ± 3.13 g of initial body weight) were assigned to 2 dietary treatments (40 birds/pen; 10 replicates/treatment) and fed for 5 wk: 1) a basal broiler diet based on corn-soybean meal (CON) and 2) CON + 0.05% dietary YCW. Growth performance was measured at intervals in 3 phase feed program. On the final day of the study, one bird per pen was randomly selected and euthanized for sample collection. Broilers fed YCW had decreased (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio during the grower phase compared with those fed CON. The YCW increased (P < 0.05) villus height to crypt depth ratio in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum compared with the CON. In addition, the YCW tended to higher (P < 0.10) number of goblet cells in the duodenum than in the CON. Broilers fed YCW had increased (P < 0.05) serum TGF- β1, ileal gene expression of the claudin family, and relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Prevotella, and Enterococcus compared with the CON, but decreased serum TNF-α (P < 0.05), IL-1β (P < 0.05), and IL-6 (P < 0.10), ileal gene expression of IL-6 (P < 0.05), and relative abundance of Clostridium (P < 0.05). The present study demonstrated that the addition of dietary YCW in broiler diets enhanced the intestinal health of broiler chickens and may be associated with modulated intestinal morphology and integrity by upregulating tight junction-related protein gene expression and modifying the ileal microbiota. In addition, dietary YCW modulated immune responses and inflammatory cytokine gene expression in the ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Kyoung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjoo Kim
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanbae Lee
- Pathway Intermediates, Seoul 06253, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghee Kim
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Il Park
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Zhen W, Zhu T, Wang P, Guo F, Zhang K, Zhang T, Jalukar S, Zhang Y, Bai D, Zhang C, Guo Y, Wang Z, Ma Y. Effect of dietary Saccharomyces-derived prebiotic refined functional carbohydrates as antibiotic alternative on growth performance and intestinal health of broiler chickens reared in a commercial farm. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102671. [PMID: 37120891 PMCID: PMC10172995 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for effective in-feed antibiotic alternative is growing due to the global trend to reduce or ban the utilization of antibiotics as growth promotors in poultry diets. This study was processed to assess the effect of dietary refined functional carbohydrates (RFCs) replacing antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) on growth performance, intestinal morphologic structure and microbiota, as well as intestinal immune function and barrier function of broilers reared on a commercial broilers farm. Trials contained 3 treatments with 4 replicate broiler houses, with about 25,000 birds each room. The treatments were control group (CON), RFCs group (CON + 100 mg/kg RFCs), and AGP group (CON + 50 mg/kg bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD), respectively. Results showed that RFCs and AGP group significantly increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) during d 22 to 45 in contrast to control. Compared with the control and AGP-treated groups, feeding RFCs increased (P < 0.05) jejunal villus height to crypt depth ratio. AGP addition reduced (P < 0.05) the jejunal villi surface area compared to broilers fed control and RFC supplemented diets. Supplementation of RFCs promoted (P < 0.05) the growth of Lactobacillus but inhibited Escherichia coli and Salmonella proliferation compared with the control group. Inclusion of RFCs and BMD enhanced (P < 0.05) antibody titers against avian influenza virus H9 compared with control. RFCs and AGP both down-regulated (P < 0.05) intestinal TLR4 mRNA levels, whereas RFCs tended to up-regulate (P = 0.05) IFN-γ gene expression compared to control. Expression of intestinal tight junction genes was not affected by either AGP or RFCs supplementation. Based on above observation, we suggested that RFCs could replace in-feed antibiotic BMD in broiler diets for reducing intestinal pathogenic bacteria and modulating immunity of broilers.
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Temporal changes of genes associated with intestinal homeostasis in broiler chickens following a single infection with Eimeria acervulina. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102537. [PMID: 36867919 PMCID: PMC10011500 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the protozoan parasite Eimeria can cause the economically devastating disease coccidiosis, which is characterized by gross tissue damage and inflammation resulting in blunted villi and altered intestinal homeostasis. Male broiler chickens at 21 d of age were given a single challenge with Eimeria acervulina. Temporal changes in intestinal morphology and gene expression were investigated at 0, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 d postinfection (dpi). There were increased crypt depths for chickens infected with E. acervulina starting at 3 dpi and continuing to 14 dpi. At 5 and 7 dpi, infected chickens had decreased Mucin2 (Muc2), and Avian beta defensin (AvBD) 6 mRNA at 5 and 7 dpi and decreased AvBD10 mRNA at 7 dpi compared to uninfected chickens. Liver-enriched antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) mRNA was decreased at 3, 5, 7, and 14 dpi compared to uninfected chickens. After 7 dpi, there was increased Collagen 3a1 and Notch 1 mRNA compared to uninfected chickens. Marker of proliferation Ki67 mRNA was increased in infected chickens from 3 to 10 dpi. In addition, the presence of E. acervulina was visualized by in situ hybridization (ISH) with an E. acervulina sporozoite surface antigen (Ea-SAG) probe. In E. acervulina infected chickens, Ea-SAG mRNA was only detectable on 5 and 7 dpi by both ISH and qPCR. To further investigate the site of E. acervulina infection, Ea-SAG and Muc2 probes were examined on serial sections. The Muc2 ISH signal was decreased in regions where the Ea-SAG ISH signal was present, suggesting that the decrease in Muc2 by qPCR may be caused by the loss of Muc2 in the localized regions where the E. acervulina had invaded the tissue. Eimeria acervulina appears to manipulate host cells by decreasing their defensive capabilities and thereby allows the infection to propagate freely. Following infection, the intestinal cells upregulate genes that may support regeneration of damaged intestinal tissue.
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Alagawany M, Bilal RM, Elnesr SS, Elwan HAM, Farag MR, Dhama K, Naiel MAE. Yeast in layer diets: its effect on production, health, egg composition and economics. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2023.2164235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rana Muhammad Bilal
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Shaaban S. Elnesr
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Hamada A. M. Elwan
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, Miniya, Egypt
| | - Mayada R. Farag
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Mohammed A. E. Naiel
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Bar-Dagan H, Gover O, Cohen NA, Vetvicka V, Rozenboim I, Schwartz B. Beta-glucans induce cellular immune training and changes in intestinal morphology in poultry. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1092812. [PMID: 36699331 PMCID: PMC9868956 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1092812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Beta-glucans are known as biological response modifiers due to their ability to activate the immune system. This research aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of feeding beta-glucans from various sources on the immune status and intestinal morphology of chickens. Methods To this end we used in vitro and in vivo set-ups. In the in vitro set-up the chicken macrophage cell line HD-11 was used to measure the response of the chicken immune cells to beta-glucans extracted from algae and mushrooms on immune-related gene expression and associated activities. Additionally, we conducted two in vivo experiments using either beta-glucans extracted from yeast or mix of yeast and mushrooms beta-glucans as part of the chicks feed in order to test their effects on the chick intestinal morphology. Results In the in vitro set-up exposure of HD-11 cells to a concentration of 1 mg/ml of algae and mushroom beta-glucans resulted in significantly higher expression of 6 genes (TNFα, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10, and iNOS2) compared to control. The release of nitrite oxide (NO) to the medium after exposure of HD-11 cells to mushrooms or algae beta-glucans was significantly increased compared to control. Additionally, significantly increased phagocytosis activity was found after exposure of the cells to algae and mushroom beta-glucans. In the in vivo set-up we observed that the length of the villi and the number of goblet cells in the ileum and the jejunum in the beta-glucan fed chicks were significantly augmented compared to control, when the chicks were fed with either yeast or yeast and mushroom beta-glucans mix. Discussion In conclusion, dietary supplementation of poultry with beta-glucan exerts significant and positive effects on immune activity and the intestinal morphology in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Bar-Dagan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ofer Gover
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Natalie Avital Cohen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Israel Rozenboim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Betty Schwartz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Amer SA, Attia GA, Aljahmany AA, Mohamed AK, Ali AA, Gouda A, Alagmy GN, Megahed HM, Saber T, Farahat M. Effect of 1,3-Beta Glucans Dietary Addition on the Growth, Intestinal Histology, Blood Biochemical Parameters, Immune Response, and Immune Expression of CD3 and CD20 in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223197. [PMID: 36428424 PMCID: PMC9687024 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment evaluated the impact of the dietary addition of 1,3-β-glucans (GLU) on broiler chickens’ growth, intestinal histology, blood biochemical parameters, and immunity. Two hundred three-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) (97.93 ± 0.19 g/chick) were randomly assigned into four treatments with five replicates, each containing ten birds, in a complete randomized design. The four treatments were formulated with 0, 50, 100, and 150 mg 1,3-β-glucans kg−1 in broiler chicken diets. During the study, no significant impacts (p > 0.05) were observed in weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) between treatment groups. Based on the results of total body weight gain and FCR, the optimal level of 1,3-β-glucan is 120 mg Kg−1. The intestinal histomorphology was improved by GLU supplementation, as indicated by increased villi height and villi height to crypt depth ratio (p < 0.01). All levels of supplemental β-1,3 glucan decreased the serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride levels, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p < 0.05). The serum levels of growth hormones (GH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) were increased in GLU-supplemented groups (p < 0.05). The serum immune indices (lysozyme activity, interleukin 10 (IL10), complement 3 (C3), and total protein levels) were increased in the GLU-supplemented groups (p < 0.05). Dietary GLU up-regulated the immunoexpression of CD3 (T-cell marker) and CD20 (B-cell marker) in the spleen of birds (p < 0.01). It can be concluded that 1,3-β-glucan can be added to broiler chicken diets for improving the development and integrity of the intestine and enhancing the bird’s immune status. The optimal level for 1,3-β-glucan dietary supplementation was 120 mg Kg−1. Dietary 1,3-β-glucan has a hypolipidemic effect and improves the hormonal profile of birds without affecting their growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa A. Amer
- Department of Nutrition & Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Ghadeer A. Attia
- Department of Nutrition & Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Abed Alsalam Aljahmany
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, 255, Al Nakhil, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aya K. Mohamed
- Department of Nutrition & Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Amer Al Ali
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, 255, Al Nakhil, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Gouda
- Animal Production Department, Agricultural & Biological Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 11865, Egypt
| | - Gehan N. Alagmy
- Department of Pathology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Hend M. Megahed
- Department of Biochemistry, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center ARC, Zagazig Branch, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Taisir Saber
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Farahat
- Department of Nutrition & Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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Gloanec N, Dory D, Quesne S, Béven V, Poezevara T, Keita A, Chemaly M, Guyard-Nicodème M. Impact of DNA Prime/Protein Boost Vaccination against Campylobacter jejuni on Immune Responses and Gut Microbiota in Chickens. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060981. [PMID: 35746589 PMCID: PMC9231206 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is reported to be the leading zoonosis in Europe, and poultry is the main reservoir of Campylobacter. Despite all the efforts made, there is still no efficient vaccine to fight this bacterium directly in poultry. Recent studies have reported interactions between the chicken immune system and gut microbiota in response to Campylobacter colonisation. The present study was designed to analyse in more depth the immune responses and caecal microbiota following vaccination with a DNA prime/protein boost flagellin-based vaccine that induces some protection in specific-pathogen-free White Leghorn chickens, as shown previously. These data may help to improve future vaccination protocols against Campylobacter in poultry. Here a vaccinated and a placebo group were challenged by C. jejuni at the age of 19 days. A partial reduction in Campylobacter loads was observed in the vaccinated group. This was accompanied by the production of specific systemic and mucosal antibodies. Transient relatively higher levels of Interleukin-10 and antimicrobial peptide avian β-defensin 10 gene expressions were observed in the vaccinated and placebo groups respectively. The analysis of caecal microbiota revealed the vaccination's impact on its structure and composition. Specifically, levels of operational taxonomic units classified as Ruminococcaceae and Bacillaceae increased on day 40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Gloanec
- GVB–Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (N.G.); (V.B.)
- HQPAP–Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.Q.); (T.P.); (M.C.); (M.G.-N.)
- UFR of Life Sciences Environment, University of Rennes 1, 35700 Rennes, France
| | - Daniel Dory
- GVB–Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (N.G.); (V.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)2-96-31-64-42
| | - Ségolène Quesne
- HQPAP–Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.Q.); (T.P.); (M.C.); (M.G.-N.)
| | - Véronique Béven
- GVB–Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (N.G.); (V.B.)
| | - Typhaine Poezevara
- HQPAP–Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.Q.); (T.P.); (M.C.); (M.G.-N.)
| | - Alassane Keita
- SELEAC–Avian Breeding and Experimental Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France;
| | - Marianne Chemaly
- HQPAP–Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.Q.); (T.P.); (M.C.); (M.G.-N.)
| | - Muriel Guyard-Nicodème
- HQPAP–Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.Q.); (T.P.); (M.C.); (M.G.-N.)
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12
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Caseiro C, Dias JNR, de Andrade Fontes CMG, Bule P. From Cancer Therapy to Winemaking: The Molecular Structure and Applications of β-Glucans and β-1, 3-Glucanases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063156. [PMID: 35328577 PMCID: PMC8949617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
β-glucans are a diverse group of polysaccharides composed of β-1,3 or β-(1,3-1,4) linked glucose monomers. They are mainly synthesized by fungi, plants, seaweed and bacteria, where they carry out structural, protective and energy storage roles. Because of their unique physicochemical properties, they have important applications in several industrial, biomedical and biotechnological processes. β-glucans are also major bioactive molecules with marked immunomodulatory and metabolic properties. As such, they have been the focus of many studies attesting to their ability to, among other roles, fight cancer, reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and control diabetes. The physicochemical and functional profiles of β-glucans are deeply influenced by their molecular structure. This structure governs β-glucan interaction with multiple β-glucan binding proteins, triggering myriad biological responses. It is then imperative to understand the structural properties of β-glucans to fully reveal their biological roles and potential applications. The deconstruction of β-glucans is a result of β-glucanase activity. In addition to being invaluable tools for the study of β-glucans, these enzymes have applications in numerous biotechnological and industrial processes, both alone and in conjunction with their natural substrates. Here, we review potential applications for β-glucans and β-glucanases, and explore how their functionalities are dictated by their structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Caseiro
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (J.N.R.D.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Nunes Ribeiro Dias
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (J.N.R.D.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Pedro Bule
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (J.N.R.D.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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13
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Girgis G, McBride H, Boyle B, Araba M, Bodle B, Lohrmann T. Effects of a synbiotic combination of Bacillus subtilis and yeast cell wall-derived glucomannan on cecal colonization of Salmonella Enteritidis in layer chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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14
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Zhen W, Liu Y, Shao Y, Ma Y, Wu Y, Guo F, Abbas W, Guo Y, Wang Z. Yeast β-Glucan Altered Intestinal Microbiome and Metabolome in Older Hens. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:766878. [PMID: 34975793 PMCID: PMC8718749 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.766878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The prebiotics- and probiotics-mediated positive modulation of the gut microbiota composition is considered a useful approach to improve gut health and food safety in chickens. This study explored the effects of yeast β-glucan (YG) supplementation on intestinal microbiome and metabolites profiles as well as mucosal immunity in older hens. A total of 256 43-week-old hens were randomly assigned to two treatments, with 0 and 200 mg/kg of YG. Results revealed YG-induced downregulation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytokine gene expression in the ileum without any effect on the intestinal barrier. 16S rRNA analysis claimed that YG altered α- and β-diversity and enriched the relative abundance of class Bacilli, orders Lactobacillales and Enterobacteriales, families Lactobacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae, genera Lactobacillus and Escherichia–Shigella, and species uncultured bacterium-Lactobacillus. Significant downregulation of cutin and suberin, wax biosynthesis, atrazine degradation, vitamin B6 metabolism, phosphotransferase system (PTS), steroid degradation, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, aminobenzoate degradation and quorum sensing and upregulation of ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, steroid biosynthesis, carotenoid biosynthesis, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis, lysine degradation, and ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosyntheses were observed in YG-treated hens, as substantiated by the findings of untargeted metabolomics analysis. Overall, YG manifests prebiotic properties by altering gut microbiome and metabolite profiles and can downregulate the intestinal mucosal immune response of breeder hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Zhen
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Shao
- College of Biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbo Ma
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangshen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Waseem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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15
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Effects of combination of mannan-oligosaccharides and β-glucan on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and immune gene expression in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101483. [PMID: 34700101 PMCID: PMC8554252 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the combination of mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) and β-glucan on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and immune gene expression in broiler chickens. A total of 640, one-day-old male Cobb 500 broilers were randomly allocated into 32 pens with 8 replicates and 20 birds per pen. Thirty-two pens were divided into 4 treatments, including control, 0.04% MOS, 0.002% β-glucan, and a combination of MOS and β-glucan. Growth performance was measured on d14, 28, and 35. The ileum and cecal tonsils were collected from one bird per pen at 21 and 35 d of age for further analyses of immune gene expression. Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were collected for intestinal morphology on d 35. Results indicated that both MOS and β-glucan improved growth performance during starter phase (P < 0.05). In addition, β-glucan further increased body weight gain of birds from d 0 to 28 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the combination of MOS and β-glucan presented higher villi height in the jejunum on d 35 (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences for gene expressions of immune responses on d 21 and 35. In conclusion, the application of prebiotic combination of MOS and β-glucan might perform multiple pathways, improving growth performance in broiler chickens.
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Bilal RM, Hassan FU, Saeed M, Rafeeq M, Zahra N, Fraz A, Saeed S, Khan MA, Mahgoub HAM, Farag MR, Alagawany M. Role of Yeast and Yeast-Derived Products as Feed Additives in Broiler Nutrition. Anim Biotechnol 2021; 34:392-401. [PMID: 34191667 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1942028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is looming problem in broiler production globally and there has been an increasing interest to look for sustainable alternatives to antibiotics. Yeast and its derived products are recognized as potential feed additives because of their beneficial impacts on poultry. Particularly, yeast exhibited positive effects on the humoral immunity by increasing serum immunoglobulin (Ig) A levels. Moreover, yeast and its products showed immune adjuvant-like properties that helped the broilers chicken to develop faster and stronger innate immune response under pathogenic challenges. Use of yeast and its products as prebiotic/probiotic improves the gut architecture mainly by improving the gut development and gut microbiome, reduction in colonization of pathogens through competitive exclusion, binding of toxins and enhancing digestion and absorption of nutrients. These unique properties of yeast and yeast products enhance animal welfare and productivity; warrant them to be used as a promising feed additive. This article, therefore, provides insights into the functional role of yeast and its products in the broiler diets and highlights its importance as a commercially viable alternative of synthetic antibiotic growth promoters in the broiler feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Muhammad Bilal
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Faiz Ul Hassan
- Institute of Animal & Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal sciences Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Naveed Zahra
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Asim Fraz
- Department of Livestock & Poultry Production Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Salman Saeed
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Musarrat Abbass Khan
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Hany A M Mahgoub
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mayada R Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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17
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Pahlavanzadeh M, Sadeghi AA, Mousavi SN, Chamani M. Influence of spleen meal and hydrolyzed yeast on growth performance, blood cells, antibody titres and IL-2 gene expression in broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2021.1941051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Pahlavanzadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Sadeghi
- Department of Animal Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Naser Mousavi
- Department of Animal Science, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran
| | - Mohammad Chamani
- Department of Animal Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Schwartz B, Vetvicka V. Review: β-glucans as Effective Antibiotic Alternatives in Poultry. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123560. [PMID: 34200882 PMCID: PMC8230556 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of microbial challenges in commercial poultry farming causes significant economic losses. Antibiotics have been used to control diseases involving bacterial infection in poultry. As the incidence of antibiotic resistance turns out to be a serious problem, there is increased pressure on producers to reduce antibiotic use. With the reduced availability of antibiotics, poultry producers are looking for feed additives to stimulate the immune system of the chicken to resist microbial infection. Some β-glucans have been shown to improve gut health, to increase the flow of new immunocytes, increase macrophage function, stimulate phagocytosis, affect intestinal morphology, enhance goblet cell number and mucin-2 production, induce the increased expression of intestinal tight-junctions, and function as effective anti-inflammatory immunomodulators in poultry. As a result, β-glucans may provide a new tool for producers trying to reduce or eliminate the use of antibiotics in fowl diets. The specific activity of each β-glucan subtype still needs to be investigated. Upon knowledge, optimal β-glucan mixtures may be implemented in order to obtain optimal growth performance, exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity, and optimized intestinal morphology and histology responses in poultry. This review provides an extensive overview of the current use of β glucans as additives and putative use as antibiotic alternative in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Schwartz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The School of Nutritional Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 761001, Israel
- Correspondence:
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
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19
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Selecká E, Levkut M, Revajová V, Levkutová M, Karaffová V, Ševčíková Z, Herich R, Levkut M. Research Note: Immunocompetent cells in blood and intestine after administration of Lacto-Immuno-Vital in drinking water of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101282. [PMID: 34214747 PMCID: PMC8258679 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the synbiotics´ impact on the host is incomplete. To improve the knowledge, we study the effect of Lacto-Immuno-Vital synbiotic preparation in chickens on local and systemic immune response by evaluation of immunocompetent cells in the peripheral blood and jejunal mucosa. Hematological method was used for determination of white blood cell count, and flow cytometry for measurement the functions of phagocytes and subpopulation of lymphocytes (CD3, CD4, CD8, IgM, and IgA). Cell Qest programme (Germany) was used for analysing of data obtained from flow cytometer and GraphPad Prism version 4.0 for comparison by paired t test between control and experimental groups. The experiment was conducted in a commercial broiler chicken fattening farm, the birds were handled and sacrificed in a humane manner. A flock of 64,400 one-day-old Hybrid ROSS 308 chickens were included in the 42-d experiment. The chickens were randomly divided into 2 equal groups, experimental and control, and each group of chickens was housed in a different hall while maintaining the same conditions. The chickens in the experimental group (Lactovital) received 500 g of Lacto-Immuno-Vital (Hajduvet Kft., Hungary) in 1,000 L of drinking water. Lacto-Immuno-Vital was administered daily from the first day (D1) to D7 of the experiment. From D 7 to D 22 it was given in a pulsed manner (every third day) at a dose of 300 g in 1,000 L of drinking water. Control group received only the standard diet. For immune analyses 6 randomly chosen chickens from experimental and control group were taken from the halls. The sampling days were set at D 8 and D 22 of the experiment. Samples of peripheral blood were collected from vena subclavia. The chickens were euthanized and whole jejunum was taken during necropsy into Hanks ice solution (pH 7.2–7.3). Administration of Lacto-Immuno-Vital in drinking water of nonstressed broilers during fattening period in commercial production increased phagocytic activity and phagocytic index. The number of IgA+ and CD8+ cells in lamina propria of intestine was decreased in chickens fed diet supplemented with Lacto-Immuno-Vital in drinking water. We suggest that increased phagocytic activity and decreased number of immunocompetent cells in mucosa of intestine was caused by improved systemic and local immune system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Selecká
- Medivet, Školská 457/23, Dobrá Niva, Slovakia
| | - M Levkut
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, Košice, Slovakia
| | - V Revajová
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - M Levkutová
- Department of Epizootiology, Parasitology and Protection of One Health, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, Košice, Slovakia
| | - V Karaffová
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Z Ševčíková
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, Košice, Slovakia
| | - R Herich
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, Košice, Slovakia
| | - M Levkut
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, Košice, Slovakia; Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Science, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovakia
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20
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Jha R, Mishra P. Dietary fiber in poultry nutrition and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, gut health, and on the environment: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:51. [PMID: 33866972 PMCID: PMC8054369 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) was considered an antinutritional factor due to its adverse effects on feed intake and nutrient digestibility. However, with increasing evidence, scientists have found that DF has enormous impacts on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development, digestive physiology, including nutrient digestion, fermentation, and absorption processes of poultry. It may help maintain the small and large intestine's integrity by strengthening mucosal structure and functions and increasing the population and diversity of commensal bacteria in the GIT. Increasing DF content benefits digestive physiology by stimulating GIT development and enzyme production. And the inclusion of fiber at a moderate level in diets also alters poultry growth performance. It improves gut health by modulating beneficial microbiota in the large intestine and enhancing immune functions. However, determining the source, type, form, and level of DF inclusion is of utmost importance to achieve the above-noted benefits. This paper critically reviews the available information on dietary fibers used in poultry and their effects on nutrient utilization, GIT development, gut health, and poultry performance. Understanding these functions will help develop nutrition programs using proper DF at an appropriate inclusion level that will ultimately lead to enhanced DF utilization, overall health, and improved poultry growth performance. Thus, this review will help researchers and industry identify the sources, type, form, and amount of DF to be used in poultry nutrition for healthy, cost-effective, and eco-friendly poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Jha
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Pravin Mishra
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
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21
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Role of Dietary Fiber in Poultry Nutrition. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020461. [PMID: 33572459 PMCID: PMC7916228 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dietary fiber is an inherent compound found in common vegetables that are fed to broiler chickens. Fiber has the ability to scape digestion and absorption in the small intestine, which makes it able to affect the way other nutrients are absorbed and metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract. The functionality attributed to fiber varies based on chemical and physical structure, and most of the time, it is hard to make a clear differentiation among attributes due to the complexity of carbohydrates found in common feedstuffs. Data on the effect of dietary fiber have been gaining importance due to the use of grains for ethanol production and the search for feed alternatives that could help in sustainable and cost-effective broiler production. Therefore, it is paramount to integrate the current knowledge on the nutritional and physiological attributes of dietary fiber in poultry diets to be able to make correct use of fibrous feedstuffs. Abstract Dietary fiber (DF) is an intrinsic component in plant feedstuffs that has been associated with physiological, structural, and functional changes in the gastrointestinal tract. DF is composed of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), oligosaccharides, and lignin that scape digestion and enzymatic hydrolysis. In general terms, fiber can be classified as insoluble or soluble based on their solubility in water. Both fiber types have direct nutritional implications in broiler diets. Inclusion of insoluble DF in broiler diets modulates intestinal morphology, digestive organ development, nutrient absorption, growth performance, and intestinal microbiota. Soluble DF is thought to increase intestinal viscosity and is associated with negative changes in intestinal microflora and reduction in nutrient absorption. Nevertheless, there is a group of soluble fibers, integrated by oligosaccharides, that function as prebiotics positively modulating intestinal microbiota. Due to the changes in chemical structure and subsequent variation in functionality, it is a difficult task to assign clear attributes to DF as a whole. Therefore, the following review paper compiles data from research conducted using DF and tries to unify such information into practical decisions to be considered when using DF as a functional nutrient in poultry nutrition.
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Omara II, Pender CM, White MB, Dalloul RA. The Modulating Effect of Dietary Beta-Glucan Supplementation on Expression of Immune Response Genes of Broilers during a Coccidiosis Challenge. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010159. [PMID: 33445562 PMCID: PMC7827683 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Avian coccidiosis is the leading parasitic disease in the poultry industry and means to control its damages continue to be explored. This study evaluated the feeding effects of a yeast-derived β-glucan on expression of immune response genes in the spleen, thymus, and bursa of commercial broiler chickens during an Eimeria challenge. The study consisted of two dietary treatments (0% or 0.1% β-glucan) each with or without a coccidiosis challenge. There were significant effects from dietary β-glucan, Eimeria challenge, and their interaction for several gene targets in the spleen, thymus, and bursa on days 10 and 14 of age. Based on the current results, supplementation of dietary β-glucan in Eimeria-challenged birds enhanced and modulated the expression of immune response genes during coccidiosis. Abstract This study investigated the effects of a yeast-derived β-glucan (Auxoferm YGT) supplementation on mRNA expression of immune response genes in the spleen, thymus, and bursa of broiler chickens during a mixed Eimeria infection. Day (d)-old chicks (n = 1440) were fed diets containing 0% or 0.1% YGT. On d 8 post-hatch, half the replicate pens (n = 8) were challenged with a mixed inoculum of E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella. On d 10 and d 14 post-hatch, the spleen, thymus, and bursa were collected to evaluate mRNA abundance by quantitative real-time PCR. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX model (2-way interaction) and differences were established by LS-MEANS with significance reported at p ≤ 0.05. In spleen tissues at d 10, expression of interleukin (IL)-10 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were elevated in both 0.1% YGT-fed challenged and non-challenged birds. In thymus tissues at d 14, expression of IL-10, IL-17F, interferon (IFN)-γ, iNOS, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) were elevated in challenged birds fed 0.1% YGT. In bursal tissues at d 10 and d 14, expression of IL-10, IFN-γ, iNOS (d 10 only), and MIF were elevated in 0.1% YGT-fed challenged and non-challenged birds. Dietary β-glucan supplementation to chicken diets modulated their immune response to the Eimeria challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam I. Omara
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (I.I.O.); (C.M.P.); (M.B.W.)
- Animal and Poultry Division, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Chasity M. Pender
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (I.I.O.); (C.M.P.); (M.B.W.)
| | - Mallory B. White
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (I.I.O.); (C.M.P.); (M.B.W.)
| | - Rami A. Dalloul
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (I.I.O.); (C.M.P.); (M.B.W.)
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence:
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Verwoolde MB, van den Biggelaar RHGA, de Vries Reilingh G, Arts JAJ, van Baal J, Lammers A, Jansen CA. Innate immune training and metabolic reprogramming in primary monocytes of broiler and laying hens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103811. [PMID: 32750399 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we have reported trained innate immunity in laying chicken monocytes. In the present study, we further investigated trained innate immunity of monocytes in layers and broilers. Monocytes of both breeds isolated from blood were trained in vitro with β-glucan, rec-chicken IL-4 or a combination of both, and restimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), after which inflammation and metabolism-related responses were measured. Training of laying and broiler hen monocytes resulted in increased mRNA levels of IL-1β, iNOS and HIF-1α, but enhanced surface expression of CD40 and NO production was only observed in layers. Our in vitro study demonstrates that monocytes from different genetic backgrounds can be trained. However, the observed differences suggest a differential effect on immune functionality associated with innate training. Whether these differences in immune functions between layers and broilers have effect on disease resistance remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel B Verwoolde
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Robin H G A van den Biggelaar
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ger de Vries Reilingh
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joop A J Arts
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jürgen van Baal
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aart Lammers
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Christine A Jansen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Zhen W, Shao Y, Wu Y, Li L, Pham VH, Abbas W, Wan Z, Guo Y, Wang Z. Dietary yeast β-glucan supplementation improves eggshell color and fertile eggs hatchability as well as enhances immune functions in breeder laying hens. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 159:607-621. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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BILAL RM, HASSAN F, SAEED M, AYASAN TUGAY, RASHED N, AKHTAR MU, SEIDAVI ALIREZA. Prospects of yeast based feed additives in poultry nutrition: Potential effects and applications. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v90i4.104177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Yeast and its derivatives are extensively utilized as feed additives in poultry industry owing to their desirable health and growth promoting effects. Exhaustive number of studies had reported positive effects of yeast based additives on growth, meat quality, immunity, antioxidant status, and gastrointestinal functions in poultry birds. Owing to their prebiotic/probiotic properties, they also play significant role in gut development and modulation of gut microbiome by favouring beneficial microbes while reducing colonization of pathogenic microbes by competitive exclusion. They also possess effective potential for binding of dietary toxins in addition to improving digestion and utilization of nutrients. Moreover, yeast based additives have exhibited desirable effects on humoral immunity by increasing serum immunoglobulin (Ig) A levels. These additives have been also used as immune adjuvants to boost innate immune response under any pathogenic challenges in birds. Due to their diverse biological activities, yeast products are potentially capable for immune hemostasis by mediating balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory activities. These unique properties of yeast based products make them promising feed additive to promote health and productivity leading to efficient poultry production. Yeast can be supplemented in poultry diets @ 5.0–10.0 g/kg of feed. Numerous studies had reported significant improvement in body weight gain (3 to 8%) and FCR (1.6 to 12%) in broilers in response to supplementation of yeast based additives. Moreover, yeast supplementation also improved hemoglobin (Hb g/dl) levels up to 2.59 to 6.62%, total protein (>0.69%) while reducing serum cholesterol (mg/dl) up to 3.68 to 13.38%. Despite the potential properties and beneficial effects, use of yeast and its derivatives as feed additives in poultry industry is not matching its inherent potential due to many reasons. This review aims to highlight the importance and potential role of yeast and its products as natural growth promoter to replace in feed antibiotics to address the issues of antibiotic residues and microbial resistance. This article provides insights on functional role of yeast based additives in poultry diets and their importance as commercially viable alternatives of antibiotic growth promoters in poultry feed industry.
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Dietary supplementation with a microencapsulated blend of organic acids and botanicals alters the kinome in the ileum and jejunum of Gallus gallus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236950. [PMID: 32730335 PMCID: PMC7392328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of natural products as feed additives in the poultry industry is increasing; however, most studies focus on performance and growth with little regard for determining mechanism. Our laboratory designed a chicken (Gallus gallus)-specific immunometabolic kinome peptide array. Using this tool to examine the active enzymes responsible for phosphorylation events (kinases) provides important information on host and cellular functions. The objective of this project was to determine if feeding a microencapsulated product comprised of a blend of organic acids and botanicals (AviPlus®P) impacts the intestinal kinome of broiler chickens (Gallus gallus). Day-of-hatch chicks were provided 0 or 500g/MT of the additive and jejunal and ileal segments collected for kinome analysis to determine the mode-of-action of the additive. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis was performed by uploading the statistically significant peptides to the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database. As a whole, GO and KEGG analysis showed similar activities in the ileum and jejunum. However, there were a small number of KEGG pathways that were only activated in either the ileum or jejunum, but not both. Analysis of the adipocytokine and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways showed differences between ileal and jejunal activity that were controlled, in part, by AKT3. Additionally, cytokine/chemokine evaluation showed the ileum had higher IL1β, IL6, IL10, TNFα, IFNγ, CXCL8, and CCL4 mRNA expression levels (P<0.05). As a whole, the data showed the addition of microencapsulated organic acids and botanicals to a broiler diet activated many of the same signaling pathways in the ileum and jejunum; however, distinctions were observed. Taken together, the findings of this study begin to define the mode-of-action that microencapsulated organic acids and botanicals have on two important intestinal segments responsible for nutrient digestion and absorption in chickens.
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Zhang S, Ou J, Luo Z, Kim IH. Effect of dietary β-1,3-glucan supplementation and heat stress on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality, organ weight, ileum microbiota, and immunity in broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4969-4977. [PMID: 32988533 PMCID: PMC7598134 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary β-1,3-glucan supplementation and heat stress (HS) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality, organ weight, ileum microbiota, and immunity in broiler. A total of 1,440 1-day-old Ross 308 male chicks with an average initial BW of 43.06 ± 1.94 g were sorted into 6 (2 × 3) treatments, 14 replications per treatment. This trail included 2 factors: the dosage of β-1,3-glucan (0, 100 g/T, and 200 g/T) and feeding condition (HS and normal). During the whole trial, significant impacts were observed in BW gain, feed intake,feed conversion rate, and the digestibility of DM and energy between normal treatments and HS treatments (P < 0.05). From day 21 to 35, HS-challenged birds fed the diet with 200 g/T β-1,3-glucan had a lower feed conversion rate than those fed the diet with 0 or 100 g/T β-1,3-glucan (P < 0.05). Moreover, the HS-exposed birds that fed the diet with β-1,3-glucan indicated a greater energy digestibility than those fed the nontreatment diet (P < 0.05). Besides, β-1,3-glucan supplementation could elevate meat pH of all birds and decrease cooking loss significantly of HS-exposed birds (P < 0.05). The HS birds fed the β-1,3-glucan diet obtained a reduced amount of Escherichia coli in the ileum than those fed the nontreatment diet (P < 0.05). Besides, β-1,3-glucan supplementation lowered the level of tumor necrosis factor-α in HS-exposed birds significantly (P < 0.05). These results indicated 100 and 200 g/T β-1,3-glucan supplementation, under HS condition or not, can increase growth performance without a negative response on immunity. Under HS condition, the addition of β-1,3-glucan at dosage from 100 to 200 g/T in the diet can increase energy digestibility, decrease cooking loss, reduce E. coli mount in the ileum, and the tumor necrosis factor-α concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, South Korea; Department of Animal Intestinal Health, Kemin Industries (China)Co., Zhuhai 519040, P. R. China
| | - Jiwen Ou
- Department of Animal Intestinal Health, Kemin Industries (China)Co., Zhuhai 519040, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Luo
- Department of Animal Intestinal Health, Kemin Industries (China)Co., Zhuhai 519040, P. R. China
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, South Korea.
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Abo Ghanima MM, Abd El-Aziz AH, Noreldin AE, Atta MS, Mousa SA, El-Far AH. β-glucan administration improves growth performance and gut health in New Zealand White and APRI rabbits with different breed responses. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234076. [PMID: 32520965 PMCID: PMC7286524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of oral administration of β-glucan 1,3 (pharmaceutical grade 10%) on growth performance and carcass traits in two breeds of weanling rabbits adapted to survive in Egypt, New Zealand White (NZW) and Animal Production Research Institute (APRI) rabbits, with special attention to relative mRNA expression of interleukins and antioxidant enzyme genes, biochemical, and histological alterations. Oral administration of β-glucan with doses 0.25 and 0.5 ml per one-liter of drinking water significantly accelerated body weight gain (BWG) in both rabbits’ breeds, reduced total feed consumption (FC), and reduced feed conversion ratio (FCR), especially the 0.5 ml per one-liter dose in both rabbit breeds. There are remarkable differences in all the growth performance traits due to breed effect. The interaction effect between β-glucan and breed significantly improved BWG, FC, and FCR. There were non-significant differences in all carcass traits studied due to oral administration of β-glucan with both doses, except in dressing percentages. The highest of the dressing percentages were observed at doses 0.25 ml per one-liter (51%) and 0.5 ml per one-liter (52%) compared with control (50%). Our findings show significant variations in the final BW, total daily gain, feed consumption, and total feed conversion ratio between NZW and APRI rabbits. Absence of significant differences in the hot carcass weight and dressing percentage between the genetic groups had been reported in this study. Supplementing NZW and APRI rabbits with β-glucan increased blood total protein and globulin. The duodenal villi dimensions, splenic lymphoid diameter, muscular fiber diameter, and muscular glycogen areas were significantly increased by β-glucan administration. Expression of intestinal interleukin-18 (IL-18) in NZW rabbits treated with 0.25 and 0.5 doses of β-glucan was significantly upregulated and enhanced the immune response. β-glucan upregulated the expression of intestinal occludin mRNA particularly at dose 0.5 β-glucan as well as upregulated intestinal superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), which modulates anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In conclusion, oral administration of β-glucan at a dose of 0.25 or 0.5 ml per one-liter drinking water provided beneficial effects in the growth performance and health status of rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Abo Ghanima
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ayman H. Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E. Noreldin
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mustafa S. Atta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Shaker A. Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, United States of America
| | - Ali H. El-Far
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
- * E-mail:
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Immunomodulation of Avian Dendritic Cells under the Induction of Prebiotics. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040698. [PMID: 32316442 PMCID: PMC7222706 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dendritic cells recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns in chicken intestines and are part of the initial immune response. The immunoregulatory properties of prebiotics acting in several ways in poultry have been known for many years. According to their function, dendritic cells should play an indispensable role in the proven effects of prebiotics on the intestinal immune system, such as through activation of T and B cells and cytokine production. Currently, there are no studies concerning direct interactions in poultry between non-digestible feed components and dendritic cells. Whereas most in vitro experiments with chicken dendritic cells have studied their interactions with pathogens, in vitro studies are now needed to determine the impacts of prebiotics on the gastrointestinal dendritic cells themselves. The present lack of information in this area limits the development of effective feed additives for poultry production. The main purpose of this review is to explore ideas regarding potential mechanisms by which dendritic cells might harmonize the immune response after prebiotic supplementation and thereby provide a basis for future studies. Abstract Although the immunomodulatory properties of prebiotics were demonstrated many years ago in poultry, not all mechanisms of action are yet clear. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the main antigen-presenting cells orchestrating the immune response in the chicken gastrointestinal tract, and they are the first line of defense in the immune response. Despite the crucial role of DCs in prebiotic immunomodulatory properties, information is lacking about interaction between prebiotics and DCs in an avian model. Mannan-oligosaccharides, β-glucans, fructooligosaccharides, and chitosan-oligosaccharides are the main groups of prebiotics having immunomodulatory properties. Because pathogen-associated molecular patterns on these prebiotics are recognized by many receptors of DCs, prebiotics can mimic activation of DCs by pathogens. Short-chain fatty acids are products of prebiotic fermentation by microbiota, and their anti-inflammatory properties have also been demonstrated in DCs. This review summarizes current knowledge about avian DCs in the gastrointestinal tract, and for the first-time, their role in the immunomodulatory properties of prebiotics within an avian model.
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Craig AD, Khattak F, Hastie P, Bedford MR, Olukosi OA. The similarity of the effect of carbohydrase or prebiotic supplementation in broilers aged 21 days, fed mixed cereal diets and challenged with coccidiosis infection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229281. [PMID: 32092087 PMCID: PMC7039455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect on growth performance and nutrient utilisation when supplementing diets deficient in energy and protein with carbohydrase enzymes or xylo-oligosaccharide in broilers challenged with coccidia. 960 Ross 308 broilers were used in this 21-day study. The treatments were arranged into a 2×4 factorial with 2 challenge states (challenged and non-challenged) and 4 different additive types (control, xylanase alone, xylanase and β-glucanase mixture and xylo-oligosaccharide). On day 14, the challenged group received 12× the recommended dose of coccidiosis vaccine while the non-challenged group received a sham treatment of water only. The birds and feed were weighed on days 0, 14 and 21. On day 21, two birds per pen were euthanized, the caeca were removed and the contents collected for short chain fatty acid analysis. Six more birds per pen were euthanized and ileal digesta were collected and pooled per pen for nutrient digestibility analysis. Feed intake was greater (P < 0.05) on days 14 and 21 when xylo-oligosaccharide was included in the diet compared to the xylanase and β-glucanase mixture in birds challenged with coccidiosis. Including xylo-oligosaccharide in the diet improved (P < 0.05) the digestibility of nitrogen and supplementing diets with the xylanase and β-glucanase mixture improved (P < 0.05) the digestibility of several amino acids. The concentration of arabinose and xylose was (P < 0.001) greater when broiler diets were supplemented with carbohydrase enzymes or xylo-oligosaccharide compared to the control. Although there was an increase in short chain fatty acid production due to the addition of carbohydrase enzymes or xylo-oligosaccharide, there was no additive effect on the %G+C profile of caecal bacteria however there was a negative effect of coccidiosis. In conclusion, the similarity in the response to carbohydrase enzymes or xylo-oligosaccharide supplementation illustrates that the hydrolysis products from carbohydrase activity may have prebiotic like effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison D. Craig
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, SRUC, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- McCall Building, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Farina Khattak
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, SRUC, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hastie
- McCall Building, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mike R. Bedford
- A B Vista, Woodstock Centre, Marlborough Business Park, Marlborough, United Kingdom
| | - Oluyinka A. Olukosi
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, SRUC, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
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Csernus B, Biró S, Babinszky L, Komlósi I, Jávor A, Stündl L, Remenyik J, Bai P, Oláh J, Pesti-Asbóth G, Czeglédi L. Effect of Carotenoids, Oligosaccharides and Anthocyanins on Growth Performance, Immunological Parameters and Intestinal Morphology in Broiler Chickens Challenged with Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharide. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E347. [PMID: 32098265 PMCID: PMC7070938 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of carotenoid, oligosaccharide and anthocyanin supplementation in broiler diets under Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Ross 308 chickens were fed 5 diets: basal diet (control diet), diet supplemented with β-glucan in 0.05% (positive control) and diets with 0.5% carotenoid-, oligosaccharide- or anthocyanin contents. On the 26th days of age, chickens were challenged intraperitoneally 2 mg LPS per kg of body weight. 12 h after injection, birds were euthanized, then spleen and ileum samples were collected. LPS induced increased relative mRNA expression of splenic (p = 0.0445) and ileal (p = 0.0435) interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which was lower in the spleen in carotenoid (p = 0.0114), oligosaccharide (p = 0.0497) and anthocyanin (p = 0.0303)-treated chickens compared to LPS-injected control birds. Dietary supplementation of carotenoids also decreased relative gene expression of splenic interleukin-6 (IL-6) (p = 0.0325). In the ileum, β-glucan supplementation showed lower relative mRNA expression of toll-like receptor 5 (TLR-5) (p = 0.0387) compared to anthocyanin treatment. Gene expression of both splenic and ileal interferon-α (IFN-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and toll-like receptor 5 (TLR-5) were not influenced by dietary supplements. In conclusion, carotenoids, oligosaccharides and anthocyanins could partially mitigate the immune stress caused by LPS challenge. All of the compounds impacted longer villus height (p < 0.0001), villus height:crypt depth ratios were higher after β-glucan (p < 0.0001) and anthocyanin (p = 0.0063) supplementations and thickened mucosa was observed in β-glucan (p < 0.0001), oligosaccharide (p < 0.0001) and anthocyanin (p = 0.048) treatments. All of these findings could represent a more effective absorption of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Csernus
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Doctoral School of Animal Science, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Biró
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Microbiomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - László Babinszky
- Department of Feed and Food Biotechnology, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - István Komlósi
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - András Jávor
- Department of Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - László Stündl
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.S.); (J.R.); (G.P.-A.)
| | - Judit Remenyik
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.S.); (J.R.); (G.P.-A.)
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - János Oláh
- Farm and Regional Research Institute of Debrecen, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Georgina Pesti-Asbóth
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.S.); (J.R.); (G.P.-A.)
| | - Levente Czeglédi
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
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Harris SJ, Bray DP, Adamek M, Hulse DR, Steinhagen D, Hoole D. Effect of β-1/3,1/6-glucan upon immune responses and bacteria in the gut of healthy common carp (Cyprinus carpio). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 96:444-455. [PMID: 31782796 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
β-glucans are frequently included in the diet of healthy common carp Cyprinus carpio as a pre-emptive measure for combatting disease. In order to study the effect this has on the relationship between the gut bacteria and host immune response, carp were maintained on either a β-glucan free diet or feed containing 0.1% MacroGard®, a β-1/3, 1/6-glucan, for up to 7 weeks and analysis of innate immune gene expression and molecular analysis of the gut bacteria was performed. The data reveals feeding of MacroGard® to healthy carp does not induce bactericidal innate immune gene expression in the gut but does appear to alter bacterial species richness that did not have a negative effect on overall health. Analysis of innate immune gene expression within the upper midgut revealed that there were significant changes over time in the expression of Interleukin (il)-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos), mucin (muc2) and C-reactive protein (crp2). Diet did not affect the number of copies of the bacterial 16s rDNA gene in the gut, used as a as a measure of total bacteria population size. However, PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis revealed a shift in bacterial species richness with MacroGard feeding. Bactericidal immune gene expression of crp2, muc2 and il-1β was weakly correlated with gut bacteria population size indicating a potentially limited role of these genes in interacting with the gut bacteria in healthy carp in order to maintain gut homeostatic conditions. These findings highlight the importance of considering both host immunity and the microbiome together in order to fully elucidate the effeect of immunomodulants, such as β-glucans, upon gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Harris
- School of Life Sciences, Huxley Building, Keele University, Newcastle, UK
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Daniel P Bray
- Agriculture, Health and Environment Department, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, UK
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - David R Hulse
- School of Life Sciences, Huxley Building, Keele University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - David Hoole
- School of Life Sciences, Huxley Building, Keele University, Newcastle, UK
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Moraes PO, Cardinal KM, Gouvêa FL, Schroeder B, Ceron MS, Lunedo R, Frazzon APG, Frazzon J, Ribeiro AML. Comparison between a commercial blend of functional oils and monensin on the performance and microbiota of coccidiosis-challenged broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5456-5464. [PMID: 31247639 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a cashew nut shell oil and commercial castor oil blend (CNSL-Castor oil) on the performance and microbiota of broiler chickens with and without coccidiosis challenge. A total of 864 one-day-old male chicks (Cobb) were randomly distributed to receive 6 treatments (8 pens/treatment; 18 chicks/pen) in a 3 × 2 factorial, with 3 additives (control [non-additives], 100 ppm sodium monensin, or 0.15% CNSL-Castor oil blend), and 2 levels of coccidiosis challenge at 14 D of age (unchallenged or inoculated by gavage with 1 mL of solution containing oocysts sporulated with Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, and Eimeria maxima). No differences in productive performance were observed among treatments in the pre-challenge period and in unchallenged birds (P > 0.05). Seven-days post-challenge, birds receiving monensin performed better than birds in the positive control group (non-additive and challenge) or in the CNSL-Castor oil group (P > 0.05). However, 14 D post-challenge, birds supplemented with CNSL-Castor oil presented higher weight gain and better feed conversion (P > 0.05), without any change in feed intake (P > 0.05). During the accumulated period (1 to 42 D of age), the live weight, weight gain, and feed intake did not differ between the CNSL-Castor oil and monensin groups, both of which presented higher values than the positive control. Lactobacillus spp. and Clostridium perfringens numbers were increased in the challenged birds (P < 0.05). CNSL-Castor oil supplementation reduced Clostridium cluster XIV, C. perfringens, and S. aureus, compared with the monensin and control groups (P > 0.05). In addition, the CNSL-Castor oil group presented the highest number of Lactobacillus spp. copies, followed by the monensin and positive control groups (P > 0.05). Thus, monensin and CNSL-Castor oil effectively minimized the impact of coccidiosis at different times. While monensin acts as an antimicrobial, CNSL-Castor oil modulates the intestinal microbiota with antimicrobial action against gram-positive bacteria, mainly C. perfringens and S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Moraes
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, RS 88034-000, Brazil
| | - K M Cardinal
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - F L Gouvêa
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - B Schroeder
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - M S Ceron
- Universidade José do Rosário Vellano (Unifenas), Alfenas, MG 37132440, Brazil
| | - R Lunedo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Pres. Prudente, SP 19014-020, Brazil
| | - A P G Frazzon
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - J Frazzon
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - A M L Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
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Calik A, Omara II, White MB, Li W, Dalloul RA. Effects of Dietary Direct Fed Microbial Supplementation on Performance, Intestinal Morphology and Immune Response of Broiler Chickens Challenged With Coccidiosis. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:463. [PMID: 31921920 PMCID: PMC6920127 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry coccidiosis is a costly intestinal disease that leads to considerable tissue damage, inefficient nutrient absorption, increased mortality, and predisposition to secondary infections. This study evaluated the effects of a direct feed microbial (DFM) dietary additive on performance, intestinal morphology, and immune response of broilers during a mixed coccidiosis challenge. In total, 840 Cobb500 male broilers were randomly allocated to 3 treatments (7 replicates, 40 birds/pen) including negative control (NC) fed basal diet; positive control (PC) fed basal diet with coccidiosis challenge; and DFM supplemented diet, with coccidiosis challenge. At 15 days of age, all birds except for the NC treatment were orally gavaged with live oocysts of a commercial vaccine. On d 21 (6 days post challenge), 4 birds/pen were randomly selected and euthanized for scoring of coccidia-caused lesions in the duodenum, jejunum, and ceca. Body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded on d 7, 14, 28, and 42. Jejunal and ileal tissue samples were taken for histomorphological assessment from 2 birds/pen on d 21. Ileal samples were also taken for mRNA expression analysis on d 14 and d 21. The DFM birds had significantly greater BWG than PC birds during d 0–21 (P < 0.05). No differences were observed among the treatment groups in terms of FI and FCR. Dietary DFM supplementation significantly reduced lesion scores in the duodenum and jejunum when compared with PC group (P < 0.05). The coccidia challenge significantly reduced (P < 0.05) ileal villus height when compared to the non-challenged group on d 21. Conversely, dietary DFM supplementation alleviated the negative effects of coccidiosis by increasing ileal villus area on d 21 (P < 0.05). The challenged birds had significantly greater expression of IFN-γ and IL-1β in the ileum on d 21. Based on these findings, dietary DFM supplementation may help restore broiler performance during the starter and early grower periods during coccidiosis, likely by maintaining gut integrity via improving intestinal morphology and also by reducing disease severity as manifested by lower lesion scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Calik
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Department of Animal Nutrition & Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Islam I Omara
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mallory B White
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Wenting Li
- Animal Nutrition, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Rami A Dalloul
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Osho SO, Xiao WW, Adeola O. Response of broiler chickens to dietary soybean bioactive peptide and coccidia challenge. Poult Sci 2019; 98:5669-5678. [PMID: 31247645 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, jejunal morphology, plasma cytokine, and gene expression responses of broiler chickens (Cobb 500) to graded concentrations of dietary soybean bioactive peptide (SBP) and coccidia challenge (CC) were investigated in 2 experiments. In experiment 1, 384 male broiler chicks were used to investigate the effect of graded dietary concentrations of SBP on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal morphology in a randomized complete block design with 8 replicate cages and 6 diets. Corn-soybean meal-based diet was supplemented with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 g of SBP/kg of diet. There were linear effects (P < 0.05) of graded concentrations of SBP on BW, BW gain, gain:feed, ileal villus height, and jejunal crypt depth at day 22 post hatching. There were linear effects (P < 0.01) of graded SBP concentrations on Ileal DM and energy digestibility. Experiment 2 was conducted to investigate the immune-protective properties of SBP on broiler chickens during a coccidia challenge. A total of 256 male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 8 replicate cages in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 2 SBP levels (0 or 4 g/kg of diet) and with or without CC. On day 14 post hatching, birds in the challenged group received 20×, which is twice the recommended coccidia vaccine dose of 25 doses/kg BW, whereas the non-challenged group received physiological saline. Dietary SBP ameliorated the CC-induced effect (P = 0.01) on gain: feed. Coccidia challenge reduced (P < 0.05) jejunal villi height, whereas dietary SBP supplementation increased (P < 0.05) jejunal villi height. Dietary SBP attenuated the CC-induced effects (P < 0.05) on the expression of plasma IL-1β, transforming growth factor-β, claudin-1, and occludin genes. In conclusion, dietary SBP improved growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and jejunal morphology. In addition, dietary SBP reduced the impact of coccidia challenge, and may be beneficial in the feed of broiler chickens for alleviation of health-related effects of coccidia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Osho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - W W Xiao
- Chengdu Mytech Biotech Co. Ltd., Industrial Park, Chengdu, Sichuan 610300, China
| | - O Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Kovitvadhi A, Chundang P, Tirawattanawanich C, Prathumpai W, Methacanon P, Chokpipatpol K. Effects of dietary supplementation with different levels and molecular weights of fungal β-glucan on performances, health and meat quality in broilers. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 32:1548-1557. [PMID: 31010987 PMCID: PMC6718905 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with different levels and molecular weights of fungal β-glucan on productive performances, health, carcass traits and meat quality in broilers. Methods Two hundred and ten of one-day-old chicks with equal sex were assigned to seven experimental groups in 2×4 factorial arrangement. These groups were supplemented with (0, 10, 30 and 60 ppm) of molecular weight 1-3, 1-6 β-glucan (low or high). High molecular weight β-glucan (H: 943 kDa) was obtained from Ophiocordyceps dipterigena BCC 2073, whereas H with -Irradiation treatment was performed to achieve low molecular weight β-glucan (L: 8 kDa). Results There was no statistical significance in productive performances, apparent digestibility and interaction between fixed factors along 42 days of experiment (P>0.05). A higher caecal amylase activity was present in the group that received L, while there was a dramatic decrease in H and the control groups, respectively (P<0.05). The increase of supplemental dose increased caecal amylase activity (P<0.05). Immunomodulatory effects from L was revealed by the marked increase of phagocytic activity, relative weight of thymus and bursa of fabricius (P<0.05). Similarly, the additive dose at 30 ppm provided the same results, whereas the only significant difference with supplementation at 60 ppm was an increase in phagocytic activity (P<0.05). Interestingly, villi height of broilers fed L was higher than other groups (P<0.05). The treatments did not influence haematology, blood chemistry, antibody production level against vaccination, carcass traits and meat quality (P>0.05). Conclusion The supplementation of L at 30 ppm was suggested to achieve benefits of immune modulation without adverse effects on other parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attawit Kovitvadhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Pipatpong Chundang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chanin Tirawattanawanich
- Innovation Cluster 2, Thailand Science Park, Ministry of Science and Technology, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wai Prathumpai
- Microbial Biotechnology and Biochemicals Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pawadee Methacanon
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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38
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A review of β-glucans as a growth promoter and antibiotic alternative against enteric pathogens in poultry. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933917000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Adebowale TO, Yao K, Oso AO. Major cereal carbohydrates in relation to intestinal health of monogastric animals: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:331-339. [PMID: 31890909 PMCID: PMC6920401 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Type, quality, and origin of cereals in diets of poultry and pigs could influence gut microbes and affect their diversity and function, thereby impacting the intestinal function of the monogastric animal. In this review, we focus on the major carbohydrates in cereals that interact directly with gut microbes and lead to the production of key metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and discuss how cereal fiber impact intestinal health of poultry and pigs. An overview of how the cereals and cereals-derived carbohydrates such as beta-glucans, resistant starch, cellulose, and arabinoxylans could promote intestinal health and reduce the use of in-feed antibiotics in animal production are presented. The metabolic pathway utilized by microbes and the mechanism of action underlying the produced SCFA on intestinal health of monogastric animals is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope O. Adebowale
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10008, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, 410125, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Kang Yao
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10008, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, 410125, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Abimbola O. Oso
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, PMB 2240, Nigeria
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Host⁻Microbe Interactions and Gut Health in Poultry-Focus on Innate Responses. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7050139. [PMID: 31100860 PMCID: PMC6560434 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7050139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial poultry are continually exposed to, frequently pathogenic, microorganisms, usually via mucosal surfaces such as the intestinal mucosa. Thus, understanding host–microbe interactions is vital. Many of these microorganisms may have no or limited contact with the host, while most of those interacting more meaningfully with the host will be dealt with by the innate immune response. Fundamentally, poultry have evolved to have immune responses that are generally appropriate and adequate for their acquired microbiomes, although this is challenged by commercial production practices. Innate immune cells and their functions, encompassing inflammatory responses, create the context for neutralising the stimulus and initiating resolution. Dysregulated inflammatory responses can be detrimental but, being a highly conserved biological process, inflammation is critical for host defence. Heterogeneity and functional plasticity of innate immune cells is underappreciated and offers the potential for (gut) health interventions, perhaps including exogenous opportunities to influence immune cell metabolism and thus function. New approaches could focus on identifying and enhancing decisive but less harmful immune processes, improving the efficiency of innate immune cells (e.g., targeted, efficient microbial killing) and promoting phenotypes that drive resolution of inflammation. Breeding strategies and suitable exogenous interventions offer potential solutions to enhance poultry gut health, performance and welfare.
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Abstract
Infection with Eimeria sp. results in the activation of multiple facets of the host immune system; the use of phytogenics can modulate the inflammatory response and improve the performance of the challenged animal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a commercial blend of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) and castor oil on the immune response of broilers challenged with coccidiosis. A total of 864 one-day-old male chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly distributed into six treatment groups (8 pens/treatment and 18 chicks/pen) in a three-by-two factorial design with three additives: control (non-additive), 100 ppm of monensin or 0.15% CNSL-castor oil. Challenge status was determined twice at 14 days of age. Unchallenged birds were inoculated by gavage with oocysts sporulated with Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima. Although the positive control (non-additive and challenged) and CNSL-castor oil treatment groups exhibited similar variation in weight gain (ΔBWG) compared to unchallenged birds fed without additives, the variation observed in birds fed diets containing CNSL-castor oil was associated with a higher maintenance requirement and not feed efficiency. In the second week after infection, ΔBWG of the CNSL-castor oil treatment group did not significantly change compared to the other treatment groups. At days 7 and 14 post-challenge, there was a higher excretion of oocysts in the control group, whereas the CNSL-castor oil and monensin groups did not differ. The CNSL-castor oil group exhibited increased gene expression of interferon (IFN), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), while the control group exhibited increased expression of cyclooxygenase (COX) and IL-1. The heterophils/lymphocyte ratio was low for the monensin treatment group. The unchallenged birds that received monensin treatment presented higher gene expression of IFN, COX and IL-1 compared to the other treatments, while the CNSL-castor oil group exhibited reduced gene expression, except for TNF. The commercial blend of cashew nut liquid and castor oil modulated the inflammatory response against Eimeria spp. In the absence of the parasite, there was no stimulation of genes involved in the inflammatory response, demonstrating that the blend is an effective tool in specifically modulating the immune system of birds afflicted with coccidiosis.
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Zhong XQ, Liu MY, Xu C, Liu WB, Abasubong KP, Li XF. Dietary supplementation of Streptococcus faecalis benefits the feed utilization, antioxidant capability, innate immunity, and disease resistance of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:643-656. [PMID: 30539413 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of Streptococcus faecalis on the growth performance, intestinal histology, antioxidant capability, innate immunity, and disease resistance of blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala. Fish were fed five experimental diets containing 0 (SF0, control), 1 × 105 (SF1), 1 × 106 (SF2), 1 × 107 (SF3), and 1 × 108 cfu/g (SF4) of Streptococcus faecalis, respectively, for 10 weeks. After the feeding trial, fish were challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila with the cumulative mortality recorded during a period of 96 h. The results showed that WG and FI of fish both showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) among all the treatments. However, the FCR was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by Streptococcus faecalis levels with the lowest value observed in the SF2 group, whereas the opposite was true for intestinal microvillus length (P < 0.05). Dietary supplementation of 1 × 106 cfu/g Streptococcus faecalis significantly (P < 0.05) increased the hepatic activities of SOD, CAT, and GPx; plasma activities of LZM, MPO, ACP, and AKP; and the levels of C3, C4, and IgM of fish, compared with the control group. Similar results were also observed in the tissue expressions of Leap-I, Leap-II, muc2, and muc5b (P < 0.05), whereas the opposite was true for liver MDA contents and plasma NO levels (P < 0.05). At 96 h after challenge, the cumulative mortality of the control was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the SF2 group, but it showed no statistical difference (P > 0.05) with that of the other treatments. These results indicated that dietary supplementation of 1 × 106 cfu/g Streptococcus faecalis could not only improve the feed utilization of blunt snout bream but also enhance its antioxidant capability, innate immunity, and disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ming-Yang Liu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wen-Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kenneth-Prudence Abasubong
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiang-Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Kang Q, Vahl CI, Fan H, Geurden T, Ameiss KA, Taylor LP. Statistical analyses of chicken intestinal lesion scores in battery cage studies of anti-coccidial drugs. Vet Parasitol 2018; 272:83-94. [PMID: 30579754 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Establishing the efficacy of an anti-coccidial drug in poultry begins with conducting multiple battery cage studies, where the target animals are challenged with single and mixed Eimeria species inoculum under controlled laboratory conditions. One of the primary outcomes in a battery cage study is the intestinal lesion score defined on a discrete ordinal scale of 0 to 4. So far, the statistical analysis of lesion scores has routinely employed the linear mixed model (LMM). This present work proposes to apply the generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with the cumulative logit link to statistically analyze coccidial lesion scores collected from battery cage studies. Upon applying this new approach on 9 datasets generated by challenging battery-cage-housed broilers with various mixtures of Eimeria species, it is observed that the GLMM fitted adequately to the data, produced variance component estimates that agreed with the experimental setup, and, at the 0.05 significance level, generated statistical results in complete concordance with the LMM approach. Advantages of the proposed GLMM over the LMM are discussed from several standpoints. Parallel to the regulatory requirement of a ≥1-unit reduction in the mean lesion score for clinical relevant efficacy under the LMM, the clinical relevancy criterion under the GLMM could be set as a ≥10-fold increase in the odds of having low lesion scores. That is, the effect of an anti-coccidial drug product would be deemed clinically relevant in battery-cage studies when the odds of having low lesion scores with the medication is 10 times or more than the odds without the medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Kang
- The Statistical Intelligence Group LLC, Manhattan, KS, 66503, United States.
| | - Christopher I Vahl
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, United States.
| | - Huihao Fan
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, United States.
| | - Thomas Geurden
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Mercuriusstraat 20, 1930 Zaventem, Belgium.
| | - Keith A Ameiss
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, United States.
| | - Lucas P Taylor
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, United States.
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Bortoluzzi C, Barbosa JGM, Pereira R, Fagundes NS, Rafael JM, Menten JFM. Autolyzed Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Supplementation Improves Performance While Modulating the Intestinal Immune-System and Microbiology of Broiler Chickens. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Teng PY, Kim WK. Review: Roles of Prebiotics in Intestinal Ecosystem of Broilers. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:245. [PMID: 30425993 PMCID: PMC6218609 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, prebiotics have been considered as potential alternatives to antibiotics. Mechanisms by which prebiotics modulate the ecosystem of the gut include alternation of the intestinal microbiota, improvement of the epithelium, and stimulation of the immune system. It is suggested that the administration of prebiotics not only influences these aspects but also regulates the interaction between the host and the intestinal microbiota comprehensively. In this review, we will discuss how each prebiotic ameliorates the ecosystem by direct or indirect mechanisms. Emphasis will be placed on the effects of prebiotics, including mannan oligosaccharides, β-glucans, and fructans, on the interaction between the intestinal microbiota, gut integrity, and the immunity of broilers. We will highlight how the prebiotics modulate microbial community and regulate production of cytokines and antibodies, improving gut development and the overall broiler health. Understanding the cross talk between prebiotics and the intestinal ecosystem may provide us with novel insights and strategies for preventing pathogen invasion and improving health and productivity of broilers. However, further studies need to be conducted to identify the appropriate dosages and better resources of prebiotics for refinement of administration, as well as to elucidate the unknown mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yun Teng
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Ott CP, Omara II, Persia ME, Dalloul RA. The impact of β-glucans on performance and response of broiler chickens during a coccidiosis challenge. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2713-2721. [PMID: 29897525 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a costly parasitic disease to the poultry industry with multiple prevention methods being explored to control its impact. This study evaluated the feeding effects of β-glucans on performance and responses of chickens during a coccidiosis challenge. Cobb 500 male broilers (n = 1280) were assigned to 1 of 8 treatment groups (8 replicate pens; 20 birds/pen) in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement, including non-infected and Eimeria-infected birds fed for 28 d a control diet, control + BG (150 g/MT Algamune 50), control + BGZn (100 g/MT Algamune 50 Zn), and control + 0.01% Salinomycin (Sal). On d15, birds in the challenge groups received a mixed Eimeria inoculum. Birds and feed were weighed weekly on a per pen basis to evaluate body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratios (FCR). Lesion scores were assessed 6 d post infection (d21) on 3 birds per pen. Performance data were subjected to ANOVA and differences were established using the LS-MEANS statement with significance reported at P ≤ 0.05. There were minor differences in lesion scores among the dietary treatments in the infected groups with reduced duodenal and cecal scores in the Sal group compared to the BGZn and BG groups, respectively. The coccidiosis challenge main effect resulted in a significant reduction in 0-28 d BW and FI. Dietary treatment resulted in non-significant effect on BWG, but Sal addition resulted in increased FI. A significant diet X challenge interaction resulted in higher FCR in the Eimeria-challenged birds supplemented with Sal and BGZn in comparison to the other challenged groups, likely due to reduced mortality in the challenged Sal and BGZn groups. Body composition analysis at d28 revealed that the Eimeria challenge reduced both fat and lean tissue contents, where the β-glucans and Sal birds had lower fat percent than control birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Ott
- Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - I I Omara
- Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.,Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - M E Persia
- Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - R A Dalloul
- Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Levine R, Horst G, Tonda R, Lumpkins B, Mathis G. Evaluation of the effects of feeding dried algae containing beta-1,3-glucan on broilers challenged with Eimeria. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3494-3500. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Torki M, Schokker D, Duijster-Lensing M, Van Krimpen MM. Effect of nutritional interventions with quercetin, oat hulls, β-glucans, lysozyme and fish oil on performance and health status related parameters of broilers chickens. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:579-590. [PMID: 29969287 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1496402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
1. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of technical feed ingredients between 14 and 28 d of age on performance and health status of broilers (d 14-35) fed diets with a high inclusion rate of rapeseed meal as a nutritional challenge. It was hypothesized that the feed ingredients would improve health status related parameters. 2. A total of 1008 one-day-old male Ross 308 chicks were distributed over 36 floor pens and allocated to one of six iso-caloric (AMEN 13 MJ/kg) growing diets (d 15-28): a control and five test diets supplemented with quercetin (400 mg/kg), oat hulls (50 g/kg), β-glucan (100 mg/kg), lysozyme (40 mg/kg) or fish oil ω-3 fatty acids (40 g/kg), with six replicate pens per treatment. 3. Dietary inclusion of oat hulls and lysozyme resulted in a reduction in broiler performance during the first week after providing the experimental diets. 4. No effect of interventions on the microbiota diversity in the jejunum and ileum was observed. Ileal microbiota composition of birds fed oat hulls differed from the other groups, as shown by a higher abundance of the genus Enterococcus, mainly at the expense of the genus Lactobacillus. 5. In the jejunum, villus height and crypt depth of lysozyme-fed birds at d 28 were decreased compared to the control group. Higher total surface area of villi occupied by goblet cells and total villi surface area in jejunum (d 21 and 28) were observed in chickens fed oat hulls compared to other groups. 6. Genes related to the growth-factor-activity pathway were more highly expressed in birds fed β-glucan compared to the control group, while the genes related to anion-transmembrane-transporter-activity pathway in the quercetin- and oat hull-fed birds were less expressed. The genes differently expressed between dietary interventions did not seem to be directly involved in immune related processes. 7. It was concluded that the tested nutritional interventions in the current experiment only marginally effected health status related parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Torki
- a Department of Animal Nutrition , Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research , The Netherlands.,b Animal Science Department , Razi University , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - D Schokker
- a Department of Animal Nutrition , Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research , The Netherlands
| | | | - M M Van Krimpen
- a Department of Animal Nutrition , Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research , The Netherlands
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Ferreira LG, Endrighi M, Lisenko KG, de Oliveira MRD, Damasceno MR, Claudino JA, Gutierres PG, Peconick AP, Saad FMDOB, Zangeronimo MG. Oat beta-glucan as a dietary supplement for dogs. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201133. [PMID: 30063762 PMCID: PMC6067736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of oat beta-glucan supplementation on metabolic, physiological, immunological and nutritional variables in adult dogs. Fourteen dogs were fed a control diet or a diet supplemented with 1% beta-glucan during 71 days. Serum concentrations of glucose, total cholesterol and lipoprotein fractions, as well as plasma concentrations of peptide YY and ghrelin, were determined. In addition, coefficient of total tract apparent macronutrient digestibility (CTTAD), food intake and fecal output, score, and pH were evaluated. For evaluation of immunological variables, serum concentrations of interleukin-4 and interferon gamma were determined on days 0, 57 and 71, which corresponded to blood collection prior to beta-glucan supplementation, and at 7 and 14 days post first and second dose of vaccination (Pneumodog®, Merial, Campinas, Brazil), respectively. Animals fed the supplemented diet showed (P<0.05) lower serum concentrations of total cholesterol and low and very low density lipoproteins, lower coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, mineral matter and ether extract, higher fecal output and lower fecal consistency, as well as a tendency (P = 0.07) of decreasing the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility of crude protein. Moreover, the supplemented diet resulted in lower number of red blood cells, hematocrit percentage and hemoglobin concentration 21 days post-vaccination as well as lower serum concentration of interleukin-4 seven days post-vaccination (P<0.05). It is concluded that oat beta-glucan extract can be used as a dietary supplement for dogs at a dose of 10 g/kg of food, being effective in reducing blood concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL-c and VLDL-c as well as CTTAD of nutrients, demonstrating a potential to be used in the feeding of obese animals. In addition, by reducing the predominance of a Th2 response, oat beta-glucan can positively modulate the vaccine response of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Geraldi Ferreira
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariangela Endrighi
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Paula Peconick
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Palamidi I, Mountzouris KC. Diet supplementation with an organic acids-based formulation affects gut microbiota and expression of gut barrier genes in broilers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4:367-377. [PMID: 30564756 PMCID: PMC6284220 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to study the effect of diet supplementation with an organic acids-based formulation (OABF) on luminal- and mucosa-associated bacteria, concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA), microbial glycolytic enzyme activity and expression of mucin 2 (MUC2), immunoglobulin A (IgA) and tight junction protein, i.e., zonula occludens-1 (ZO1), zonula occludens-2 (ZO2), claudin-1 (CLDN1), claudin-5 (CLDN5) and occludin (OCLN), genes at the ileal and cecal level. A 2 × 2 factorial design was used having OABF inclusion and avilamycin as main factors. Subsequently, 544 day-old male Cobb broilers were allocated in the following 4 treatments, each with 8 replicates: no additions (CON), 1 g OABF/kg diet (OA), 2.5 mg avilamycin/kg diet (AV) and combination of OA and AV (OAAV). The trial lasted for 42 days. In the ileum, OAAV resulted in lower mucosa-associated total bacteria levels (PO × A = 0.028) compared with AV. In addition, ileal digesta levels of Clostridium perfringens subgroup were decreased by avilamycin (PA = 0.045). Inclusion of OABF stimulated the activity of microbial glycolytic enzymes, whereas avilamycin resulted in lower acetate (PA = 0.021) and higher butyrate (PA = 0.010) molar ratios. Expression of ZO1 and CLDN5 was down-regulated by both OABF (PO = 0.016 and PO = 0.003, respectively) and avilamycin (PA = 0.016 and PA = 0.001, respectively). In addition, CLDN1 was down-regulated in AV compared with CON (PO × A = 0.012). Furthermore, OABF down-regulated MUC2 (PO = 0.027), whereas avilamycin down-regulated nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 (NFKB1) (PA = 0.024), toll-like receptor 2 family member B (TLR2B) (PA = 0.011) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) (PA = 0.014) expression. In the ceca, OABF inclusion increased digesta levels of Clostridium coccoides (PO = 0.018) and Clostridium leptum (PO = 0.040) subgroups, while it up-regulated MUC2 expression (PO = 0.014). Avilamycin (PA = 0.044) and interaction (PO × A < 0.001) effects for IgA expression were noted, with CON having higher IgA expression compared with AV. In conclusion, new findings regarding OABF inclusion effects on an array of relevant biomarkers for broiler gut ecology have been reported and discussed in parallel with avilamycin effects used as a positive control. This new knowledge is expected to provide a response baseline for follow up trials under various stress and challenge conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irida Palamidi
- Department of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos C Mountzouris
- Department of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece
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