A comprehensive review of the application of probiotics and postbiotics in oral health

Comprehensive strategies for overcoming dental biofilms: Microbial dynamics and innovative methods

Dental biofilm develops through a complex process initiated by the attachment of early colonising bacteria to the surface of teeth. These bacteria use specific adhesion molecules to bind to the enamel, after which they proliferate and secrete an extracellular polymeric substance. As a result, the early colonisers eventually form a resilient, multispecies community encased in an extracellular polymeric matrix, reinforcing the biofilm structure. This matrix enables microbes to withstand the mechanical disruption, evade host immune defences and resist many antimicrobials. Diseases associated with dental biofilm are among the most prevalent oral health issues, highlighting the importance of effective biofilm management in maintaining oral health. This review explores the progression of biofilm development and evaluates various strategies, from conventional antibiotics and herbal medicine to advanced strategies like antimicrobial peptides, nanoparticles, probiotics, cold atmospheric plasma, quorum sensing inhibitors and enzymes. In particular, enzymatic agents such as Dispersin B, DNAases, and glucanohydrolases, including mutanase and dextranase, have shown promise in disrupting the biofilm structure, thereby offering potential avenues for managing dental biofilm.

Medicinal Plants Against Dental Caries: Research and Application of Their Antibacterial Properties

Dental caries remains one of the most widespread global health concerns, significantly affecting both oral and overall health. Conventional treatments typically rely on chemical-based products which, although effective, are often associated with undesirable side effects such as tooth staining, altered taste, and the development of antimicrobial resistance. As a response, plant-based natural alternatives have gained attention as promising strategies for the prevention and management of dental caries. This review highlights the antibacterial properties of medicinal plants and their potential applications in dentistry, with a particular focus on their activity against a broad range of bacteria and microorganisms involved in oral diseases. Numerous plant extracts and bioactive compounds-including polyphenols, flavonoids, and essential oils-have demonstrated antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties that contribute to maintaining oral health. Although in vitro and in vivo studies support their therapeutic potential, clinical trials assessing long-term efficacy and safety remain scarce. Future research should prioritize the standardization of extraction methods, dosage, and formulations to facilitate the integration of these natural alternatives into conventional dental care practices.

Innovative strategies targeting oral microbial dysbiosis: unraveling mechanisms and advancing therapies for periodontitis

Periodontitis, a prevalent inflammatory oral disease, is intricately linked to disruptions in the oral microbiome, a state known as microbial dysbiosis. This review explores the pivotal roles of key pathogens, including Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia, in driving periodontitis and examines the underlying molecular mechanisms that disrupt microbial homeostasis. We discuss how interactions among bacterial species affect the oral ecosystem's balance and how microbial metabolites influence the host immune responses, contributing to disease progression. Leveraging these insights, we propose cutting-edge therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring microbial equilibrium. These include personalized pharmacological interventions tailored to individual microbiome profiles and innovative microbiome-targeted strategies such as probiotic formulations and bacteriophage therapy. By precisely modulating microbial communities, these strategies hold promise for enhancing treatment efficacy, preventing disease recurrence, and mitigating issues like antimicrobial resistance. Overall, this review paves the way for novel prevention and management techniques in periodontitis, offering significant improvements in oral health outcomes for patients.

Adjunctive therapies in orthodontics: a scoping systematic review

BACKGROUND

Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) induces physiological and sometimes pathological inflammation in periodontal tissues. This review evaluates the effectiveness of low-level laser therapy (LLLT), vibrational therapy, and probiotics as adjunctive treatments for managing inflammation, pain, and the duration of OTM.

METHODS

Medline via OVID, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were utilized to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between January 1990 and November 2023. Studies were selected based on their evaluation of LLLT, vibrational therapy, and probiotics as adjuncts in fixed orthodontic treatment.

RESULTS

LLLT shows promise in enhancing orthodontic tooth movement by accelerating tooth movement and potentially reducing pain. However, disparate study outcomes indicate a need for standardized application protocols. The efficacy of vibrational therapy as an adjunct in OTM remains inconclusive. Some studies in this regard indicate a significant acceleration in OTM but most did not. Probiotic therapy shows potential to improve oral microbiota balance and inflammation but requires more rigorous studies to determine its efficacy and optimal administration methods.

CONCLUSION

Future research should focus on establishing standardized guidelines and protocols to achieve consistent and reliable outcomes across these adjunctive therapies.

Editorial for Oral Microbes and Human Health

The human oral cavity harbors a complex and dynamic microbial ecosystem, comprising over 700 bacterial species, alongside fungi, viruses, and protozoa [...].

Exploring Innovative Approaches for Managing Spinal Cord Injury: A Comprehensive Review of Promising Probiotics and Postbiotics

Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects millions of people worldwide annually, presenting significant challenges in functional recovery despite therapeutic advancements. Current treatment strategies predominantly focus on stabilizing the spinal cord and facilitating neural repair, yet their effectiveness remains uncertain and controversial. Recent scientific investigations have explored the potential of probiotics and postbiotics to modulate inflammation, influence neurotransmitters, and aid in tissue repair, marking a potential paradigm shift in SCI management. This review critically evaluates these innovative approaches, emphasizing their ability to harness the natural properties of microorganisms within the body to potentially enhance outcomes in SCI treatment. By analyzing the latest research findings, this review provides valuable insights into how probiotics and postbiotics can revolutionize inflammation management and neurological recovery following SCI, underscoring their promising role in future therapeutic strategies aimed at improving the quality of life of SCI patients globally.

Progress in Probiotic Science: Prospects of Functional Probiotic-Based Foods and Beverages

This comprehensive review explores the evolving role of probiotic-based foods and beverages, highlighting their potential as functional and "future foods" that could significantly enhance nutrition, health, and overall well-being. These products are gaining prominence for their benefits in gut health, immune support, and holistic wellness. However, their future success depends on addressing critical safety concerns and navigating administrative complexities. Ensuring that these products "do more good than harm" involves rigorous evaluations of probiotic strains, particularly those sourced from the human gastrointestinal tract. Lactic acid bacteria (LABs) serve as versatile and effective functional starter cultures for the development of probiotic foods and beverages. The review emphasizes the role of LABs as functional starter cultures and the development of precision probiotics in advancing these products. Establishing standardized guidelines and transparent practices is essential, requiring collaboration among regulatory bodies, industry stakeholders, and the scientific community. The review underscores the importance of innovation in developing "friendly bacteria," "super probiotics," precision fermentation, and effective safety assessments. The prospects of functional probiotic-based foods and beverages rely on refining these elements and adapting to emerging scientific advancements. Ultimately, empowering consumers with accurate information, fostering innovation, and maintaining stringent safety standards will shape the future of these products as trusted and beneficial components of a health-conscious society. Probiotic-based foods and beverages, often infused with LABs, a "friendly bacteria," are emerging as "super probiotics" and "future foods" designed to "do more good than harm" for overall health.

An Overview of the Etiopathogenic Mechanisms Involved in the Expression of the Oral Microbiota

Background/Objectives: The diversity of the oral microbiota exerts its effects in maintaining dental and overall health. The unique genetic profile of each individual influences the composition of the oral microbiota, determining susceptibility to certain diseases. The aim is to observe its role by highlighting the pathogenic mechanisms involved in oral dysbiosis and identify genetic determinism's influence in maintaining balance. Methods: This study was designed as a narrative review of the oral microbiota, utilizing some of the principles and guidelines of systematic review to increase methodological rigor. We examined 121 articles such as reviews, meta-analyses, editorials, and observational studies, which met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria for studies were as follows: (1) studies that evaluated the impact of the microbiota in oral or/and systemic diseases; (2) studies that observed pathogenic mechanisms in the oral microbiota; (3) studies that evaluated the interaction of the microbiota with the immune system (4); studies that evaluated genetic implications in the microbiota. Results: Host genes regulate inflammatory and immunological reactions that play a role in microbiological balance. This explains the increased resistance of some to diseases, including gingivitis or periodontitis. Also, the implications of oral dysbiosis are reflected not only locally, but also generally, being associated with various systemic conditions. Conclusions: Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms and genetic determinants involved in oral dysbiosis may help create individualized therapies for preventing and managing oral and systemic disorders. A healthy lifestyle and adequate oral hygiene can facilitate a diverse and balanced microbiome, crucial for overall health.

Antioxidant Properties of Postbiotics: An Overview on the Analysis and Evaluation Methods

Antioxidants found naturally in foods have a significant effect on preventing several human diseases. However, the use of synthetic antioxidants in studies has raised concerns about their potential link to liver disease and cancer. The findings show that postbiotics have the potential to act as a suitable alternative to chemical antioxidants in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. Postbiotics are bioactive compounds generated by probiotic bacteria as they ferment prebiotic fibers in the gut. These compounds can also be produced from a variety of substrates, including non-prebiotic carbohydrates such as starches and sugars, as well as proteins and organic acids, all of which probiotics utilize during the fermentation process. These are known for their antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties that help improve human health. Various methodologies have been suggested to assess the antioxidant characteristics of postbiotics. While there are several techniques to evaluate the antioxidant properties of foods and their bioactive compounds, the absence of a convenient and uncomplicated method is remarkable. However, cell-based assays have become increasingly important as an intermediate method that bridges the gap between chemical experiments and in vivo research due to the limitations of in vitro and in vivo assays. This review highlights the necessity of transitioning towards more biologically relevant cell-based assays to effectively evaluate the antioxidant activity of postbiotics. These experiments are crucial for assessing the biological efficacy of dietary antioxidants. This review focuses on the latest applications of the Caco-2 cell line in the assessment of cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and bioavailability. Understanding the impact of processing processes on the biological properties of postbiotic antioxidants can facilitate the development of new food and pharmaceutical products.

Zr-doped mesoporous silica (Zr-MSS) for improved mechanical stability and biocompatibility of dental composite resins

Mesoporous silica particles are of great interest in the field of dental composites as functional inorganic fillers due to their unique interconnected pores which can form micromechanical interlocking at the filler-resin interfaces. However, the degradation of mesoporous silica is fast in wet environments, leading to the poor mechanical stability of dental composites. Here, we synthesized Zr-doped mesoporous silica spheres (Zr-MSS) to increase the chemical stability of the particles. The particles were formulated with dental resins (Bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 50/50, wt%) to evaluate the performance of dental composites. Dental composites filled with different amount of Zr-MSS (15, 20, 25 and 30 wt%) and their bimodal fillers with nonporous silica spheres (NSS) at a total filler loading of 60 wt% (mass ratios of Zr-MSS: NSS = 10:50) were prepared. Neat resin matrix and samples filled with mesoporous silica spheres (MSS) were used as control. The results showed that the decrease percentage of flexural strength of dental resins with Zr-MSS was the lowest, which was between 3.4 and 6.8%. It was between 20.8 and 35.5% for those with MSS. Further studies revealed that the incorporation of Zr into mesoporous fillers did not affect their light curing ability of dental composites. Not only that, cell proliferation on the dental composites with Zr-MSS was promoted, suggesting improved biocompatibility of the restorations. These indicated that the prepared Zr-MSS would be promising functional fillers for dental composite resins.

Effect of L. plantarum on Caries Prevention and the Oral-Gut Microbiome In Vivo

While Lactiplantibacillus plantarum has shown promise against cariogenic pathogens, its in vivo effects on caries prevention remain unexplored. This study used a rat model to investigate the effect of L. plantarum early-life oral inoculation on oral and gut microbiomes, host immune responses, and serum metabolites. Forty 14-day Sprague-Dawley rat pups were randomly allocated into 5 groups: (1) blank control, (2) L. plantarum colonization alone, (3) Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans co-colonization, (4) L. plantarum precolonization before S. mutans and C. albicans exposure, and (5) 2-wk treatment of L. plantarum after S. mutans and C. albicans exposure. Dynamic colonization of L. plantarum, S. mutans, and C. albicans in saliva and plaque was assessed using a culture-dependent method. Saliva, plaque, and fecal microbiomes were assessed using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Caries scoring was performed using Keyes' scoring system and microcomputed tomography. Serum metabolite and immune markers were assessed through liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry untargeted metabolomics and multiplex immune profiling. We found that 3-d L. plantarum inoculation established stable L. plantarum colonization in the oral cavity of young rats. Inoculation timing of L. plantarum was critical for caries prevention. L. plantarum precolonization significantly reduced caries lesions compared with the S. mutans and C. albicans group, whereas 2 wk of postexposure treatment did not demonstrate a protective effect. L. plantarum precolonization led to distinct microbial shifts in saliva, plaque, and gut microbiomes, with an increased abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Streptococcus azizii, Bifidobacterium animalis, Faecalibaculum rodentium, and Allobaculum stercoricanis, and a decrease in S. mutans. L. plantarum preinoculation also influenced metabolic profiles, with 1 metabolite upregulated and 24 downregulated, although immune marker differences were minimal. In conclusion, L. plantarum oral colonization before host exposure to oral cariogenic pathogens effectively reduced caries and modulated the profile of oral and gut microbiomes and serum metabolic profile.

Streptococcus mutans biofilms in the establishment of dental caries: a review

Dental caries is considered as the most common and multifactorial disease worldwide, caused by a variety of oral microorganisms like Streptococcus spp., Veillonella spp., Actinomyces spp., Bifidobacterium spp., and Lactobacillus fermentum, which colonize food debris in oral cavities. Of them, Streptococcus mutans is the predominant bacterium and can induce progressive tooth destruction, especially during dentition. The superior characteristics of S. mutans, such as the presence of the cell surface protein P1 and exopolysaccharide-synthesizing enzymes, acid tolerance, biofilm-forming ability mediated by brpA gene, and multidrug resistance, render it a highly virulent pathogen in the etiology of dental caries. Given its significant role in dental caries, extensive research has been conducted over the past few decades, focusing on the development of specific antimicrobial treatments, and other innovative therapeutic approaches. To gain deeper insights into the genetic diversity and epidemiological patterns of S. mutans, various genotypic methods have been developed and successfully employed. By combining the insights gained from genetic studies of S. mutans with the suitable control measures against the biofilm, we can develop innovative and effective strategies for preventing and treating dental caries.

Ferroptosis and cuproptosis in periodontitis: recent biological insights and therapeutic advances

Periodontitis is a significant global public health issue associated with the onset and progression of various systemic diseases, thereby requiring additional research and clinical attention. Although ferroptosis and cuproptosis have emerged as significant areas of research in the medical field, their precise roles in the pathogenesis of periodontitis remain unclear. We aim to systematically summarize the current research on ferroptosis and cuproptosis in periodontal disease and investigate the roles of glutathione pathway and autophagy pathway in connecting ferroptosis and cuproptosis during periodontitis. Further, we propose that a homeostatic imbalance of copper and iron, driven by periodontal pathogens, may contribute to elevated periodontal oxidative stress, representing a potential unifying link between ferroptosis and cuproptosis involved in periodontitis. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying ferroptosis and cuproptosis in periodontitis, offering novel theoretical insights into its pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.

Evaluating the Impact of Kefir Consumption on Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease: A Narrative Review

Background/Objectives: Dental caries and periodontal diseases are the most common illnesses in the oral cavity and represent a public health concern globally. In recent decades, diverse studies showed that Kefir, a traditional beverage that can be milk- or water-based, contains a complex microbial community and has health benefits. The goal of this review was to update the current knowledge of kefir consumption and its impact on oral health. Methods: The search of a combination of keywords-kefir; dental caries; probiotics; microbiota; periodontal diseases; biofilm; and oral health-was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases for studies in human subjects. Discussion: The research suggests that kefir consumption may aid in decreasing counts of microorganisms typically associated with oral illness. Conclusions: Kefir has the potential to inhibit certain oral pathogens and reduce biofilm formation by promoting diversity within the oral microbiota, suggesting that kefir could be a promising adjuvant treatment for dental caries and periodontal diseases by improving oral health.

Lactobacillus lysates protect oral epithelial cells from pathogen-associated damage, increase secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhance barrier integrity

Periodontitis is a chronic gum disease characterised by inflammation and the loss of bone. We have explored the potential prophylactic effects of lysates from four Lactobacillus strains against the toxic effects of three periodontal pathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans). TR146 oral epithelial cells were pre-treated with Lactobacillus lysates (L. rhamnosus - GG, L. rhamnosus - SD11, L. reuteri and L. plantarum) and then challenged with pathogenic material (live cells, lysates, or supernatants). Cytokine analysis was performed on supernatants of cells treated with probiotic lysates from 1.5 h to 24 h. Effects of probiotic lysates on re-epithelialisation were determined using keratinocyte scratch assays, monitoring both migration and proliferation. Epithelial barrier function was observed after lysate addition by trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and by quantifying claudin-1 expression. Treatment of host cells with Lactobacillus lysates before pathogen exposure conferred significant protection against viability loss. Although extended pre-treatment did not generally increase protection, against live Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, significant increases in viability were seen after 24 h of pre-treatment for GG, SD11 and L. plantarum. Pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IP-10, IL-6, and IL-8 increased significantly with extended probiotic treatment, while IL-1β and IL-1α secretion significantly increased but remained constant over time. Secretion of the growth-promoting cytokine TGF-β increased after 3 h of treatment, however no increases in the regulatory cytokine IL-10 were recorded. Only exposure to SD11 significantly enhanced re-epithelialisation, TEER and claudin-1 expression while GG increased TEER but decreased claudin-1 expression. L. plantarum significantly inhibited re-epithelialisation but did not impact TEER or claudin-1 expression. All lysates significantly improved TEER in the presence of pathogenic material, demonstrating a protective effect on barrier function.

The Home Use of Probiotics and Paraprobiotics for the Maintenance of Tongue Eubiosis: A Case Report

Aim: Halitosis is the unpleasant odor emitted from the oral cavity during exhalation and phonation. Using oral care products containing specific probiotics and paraprobiotics, combined with lifestyle changes, this study is aimed at resolving the patient's altered breath odor. Case Report: A 49-year-old male patient suffered from retronasal discharge, bacterial plaque on the back of his tongue, and bad breath. He underwent a professional oral hygiene session, received instructions in proper home oral hygiene techniques, and was advised on appropriate lifestyle changes. The use of oral care products based on probiotics and paraprobiotics was recommended. Sixty days later, the patient was reevaluated and was satisfied with the results, as his tongue had improved significantly, and he no longer experienced any bad sensations in his mouth. Conclusion: Systematic removal of bacterial biofilm and the use of probiotics and paraprobiotics can be useful in the prevention and treatment of halitosis.

Effect of the Darolac® (Oralis SB®) Probiotic Formulation on Oral Health: A Narrative Review

Gingivitis and periodontitis are prevalent periodontal conditions associated with dysbiosis of the oral cavity, which leads to inflammation and bleeding of gums, loss of tooth attachment, and degradation of the underlying bone structure. The standard adjunctive treatment for periodontal conditions, chlorhexidine mouthwash, is effective but is associated with several side effects. Probiotics have been explored as an alternative solution that promotes oral health by restoring homeostasis in the oral cavity. This review presents a summary of clinical trials using the Darolac® (Oralis SB®) probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus acidophilus Rosell®-52, Lactobacillus rhamnosus Rosell®-11, Bifidobacterium longum Rosell®-175 and Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-1079) as a mouthwash to support the maintenance of oral health or the restoration of its balance. In reviewed studies, Darolac® is compared to a placebo or other common solutions for periodontal conditions, including chlorhexidine mouthwash. Studies show that Darolac® is as effective or even superior to other available solutions, which supports its use as an effective adjuvant to oral health. The effects of Darolac® on the reduction in oral pathogens and markers of oral dysbiosis are reviewed, and the association between periodontitis, inflammation, and systemic diseases, as well as their implications and the use of probiotics in the periodontal field, are discussed.

Efficacy of toothpaste containing OPTIMEALTH® OR in inhibiting dental plaque and gingivitis: A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

This randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluated the effects of 2% OPTIMEALTH® OR toothpaste in regulating dental plaque microbiota and alleviating gingivitis.

METHODS

Subjects were randomly assigned to the placebo group and test group. They were instructed to brush their teeth with placebo toothpaste (placebo group) or OPTIMEALTH® OR toothpaste (test group) for a continuous 4 weeks. Clinical indices of plaque index, gingival index, and bleeding on probe (%) were examined, and images of dental plaque staining were captured at baseline and after 2 and 4 weeks. The plaque microbiome was analyzed by 16s rDNA amplicon sequencing at baseline and after 4 weeks.

RESULTS

Thirty-two participants with similar characteristics were recruited. After using OPTIMEALTH® OR toothpaste for 4 weeks, a decrease of 27.05% (P < .01), 8.29% (P > .05), and 47.44% (P < .05) in plaque index, gingival index, and bleeding on probe (%) scores was observed compared to the baseline, respectively. The extent of decline in these indices is greater than that in the placebo group. A decrease in dental plaque could be observed after 2 and 4 weeks in the test group. The 16s rDNA sequencing results showed that the observed species index and Chao index, but not the Shannon index and beta diversity, were reduced significantly after using OPTIMEALTH® OR toothpaste for 4 weeks. In addition, compared with the placebo group, using OPTIMEALTH® OR toothpaste reduced the abundance of bacterial species such as Veillonella parvula and Prevotella denticola.

CONCLUSION

Brushing teeth with 2% OPTIMEALTH® OR-fortified toothpaste could effectively reduce dental plaque and regulate plaque microbiota.

Unveiling the dual nature of Lactobacillus: from cariogenic threat to probiotic protector-a critical review with bibliometric analysis

Introduction

Dental caries is a prevalent oral disease with a multifactorial etiology. Lactobacillus has been implicated in caries progression on account of its acidogenic properties; On the other hand, they constitute one of the potential probiotic strategies for preventing dental caries. This complex relationship renders the relationship between Lactobacillus and dental caries remains ambiguous.

Methods

The Web of Science core collections (WoSCC) were searched to acquire articles relevant to Lactobacillus and dental caries. After retrieval and manual screening, publications were analyzed by VOSviewer.

Results

Sweden, the US, and China, which have been the center of international cooperation, have produced the most publications in the research area. Caries Research is the main counterpart journal in the field. "Dental caries", "Streptococcus mutans", "Lactobacilli", "Probiotics", and "Children" have been commonly used as keywords.

Discussion

Based on bibliometric analysis, this study reviews the relationship between lactobacilli and dental caries, emphasizing their dual roles. The detection rate of lactobacilli is closely associated with the incidence and severity of dental caries. However, under specific environmental conditions, these bacteria also exhibit potential probiotic properties that may aid in the prevention of dental caries. Additionally, Lactobacillus is strongly associated with early childhood caries, a specific type of caries.

Levilactobacillus brevis CD2 as a multifaceted probiotic to preserve oral health: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in healthy adults

BACKGROUND

A growing number of in vitro and in vivo studies suggest the application of probiotics as a natural approach to maintaining oral health. This double-blind, randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Levilactobacillus brevis CD2 (CNCM I-5566), a multifunctional probiotic frequently used in oral medicine, in preserving or improving several recognized oral health indicators.

METHODS

Thirty consenting healthy adults were randomized to receive four lozenges per day of L. brevis CD2 probiotic (n = 15) or placebo (n = 15) over four weeks. Clinical parameters (full-mouth bleeding on probing (BoP) and plaque index (PI) scores) were recorded. Unstimulated saliva was collected to measure salivation rate, pH, and buffer capacity. Salivary biomarkers were analyzed, including glucose, D-lactate, and secretory immunoglobulins A (sIgA). Clinical and salivary parameters were assessed at baseline, after four weeks of intervention, and two weeks post-intervention. Wilcoxon rank-sum test and robust regression analysis were used for statistical comparisons. The possible mediating effect of PI on BoP changes was assessed.

RESULTS

After four weeks, the probiotic group showed significant improvements in BoP and PI compared to baseline and placebo. The probiotic group had a higher salivation rate than baseline and placebo after four weeks of treatment and washout. While changes in salivary pH were not significant, buffering capacity increased in the probiotic group after four weeks of treatment and washout. Salivary glucose and D-lactate levels were lower in the probiotic group post-treatment and after washout. sIgA values increased and remained stable after washout in the probiotic group. No adverse effects were reported.

CONCLUSIONS

The treatment with L. brevis CD2 significantly improved clinical and salivary parameters, supporting its efficacy as a probiotic for oral health.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT06457724; Registered 7 June 2024 - Retrospectively registered; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06457724?viewType=Table&page=452&rank=4512#study-overview .

Effect of Synbiotic and Postbiotic Supplements on Dental Caries and Periodontal Diseases-A Comprehensive Review

Caries and periodontitis affect a significant part of the global population. Regular oral hygiene, sugar restriction, and fluoride exposure are the main avenues for the maintenance of oral health, but the adjunctive use of prebiotics and probiotic bacteria has gained attention over the past decades. The microbial and clinical effects of these biological interventions have been thoroughly covered in systematic reviews. However, the combination of prebiotics and probiotics (synbiotics) may boost the clinical benefits, and postbiotics, being inanimate microorganisms, can, when added to oral hygiene products, offer a sustainable option. The aim of this narrative review was to summarize clinical trials on the adjunctive use of synbiotics and postbiotics in the prevention and management of dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. We searched two databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) for relevant literature, and we identified 17 relevant papers, five on dental caries and 12 with periodontal endpoints. We found emerging evidence of low certainty that lozenges/tablets containing synbiotics or postbiotics could reduce caries incidence in preschool and schoolchildren in comparison with standard preventive care. The effect on adult patients with plaque-induced gingivitis was less consistent. For adults with periodontitis, the adjunctive use of synbiotic and postbiotic products seemed to enhance the outcome of conventional scaling and root planning. In conclusion, both dental caries and periodontitis are non-communicable diseases, closely associated with an unbalanced oral biofilm, and the application of microbial modulators, including synbiotics and postbiotics, display promising beneficial effects and warrant further research.

Oral health status of Egyptian children with lysosomal storage diseases: An evaluation of dental indices, salivary cytokines level, and bacterial bioburden

BACKGROUND

Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), a group of inborn errors of metabolism, include various subtypes, for example, mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) and Gaucher disease (GD). Besides the physical/mental disabilities, they suffer from several oral deteriorations.

AIM

To evaluate the oral health status of Egyptian children with LSD.

DESIGN

Thirty LSD children and thirty non-LSD children were enrolled for this study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Dental indices were used to assess caries prevalence and periodontal status. Saliva samples were collected from all enrolled children to estimate interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and protein levels as well as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli colony counts.

RESULTS

Children with MPS and GD showed non-significant differences in decayed, missing, or filled teeth (DMFT) scores (p = .115). Scores of dmft showed a significant increase in MPS, but not in GD children (p = .020, p = .127). Children with LSD showed significantly increased Modified Gingival Index (MGI), Plaque Index (PI), Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-s) scores (p < .001) and salivary IL-6 and TNF-α (p = .007, p = .001, p < .0001, p = .002, respectively) and salivary total proteins (p = .001) levels. Unexpectedly, non-significant differences were observed in salivary Streptococcus mutans or Lactobacilli counts in children with MPS and GD (p = .058, p = .420, p = .502, p = .053, respectively).

CONCLUSION

To our knowledge, this is the first article that evaluates Egyptian children with LSD. We demonstrated high caries prevalence in primary teeth, not permanent teeth, in children with MPS and poor gingival/hygiene status in children with MPS and GD, which triggered a state of inflammation. The daily supplement intake prevented oral bacterial growth. The most probable cause of oral alterations is decreased salivary flow rate, as deduced from a significantly increased salivary protein.

The Impact of Polymerized Whey Protein on the Microstructure, Probiotic Survivability, and Sensory Properties of Hemp Extract-Infused Goat Milk Yogurt

Goat milk yogurt infused with hemp extract (HE) is a novel dairy product; however, the unpleasant flavors from hemp terpenes and goat milk may impact its acceptance and popularity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of polymerized whey protein (PWP) on mitigating the hempy flavor of HE-infused goat milk yogurt and its impact on the physicochemical properties, microstructure, and probiotic survivability. Goat milk yogurt samples were infused with either nothing (plain flavor), HE, HE plus whey protein isolate, or HE plus PWP. Compared with plain goat milk yogurt, the addition of PWP in HE goat milk yogurt greatly improved the viscosity. The sensory evaluation results (N = 19) indicated that PWP significantly improved the consistency and decreased the hempy flavor of HE goat milk yogurt, although there was no difference in consumer acceptance. The microstructure analysis revealed that adding PWP formed a compact gel network compared to the irregular open protein matrixes in other groups. In conclusion, PWP not only improved the consistency of goat milk yogurt but was also useful in mitigating the hempy flavors of HE-infused goat milk.

Study the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 14917 for caries prevention and anti-obesity

Introduction

A complicated scenario where "multiple disease threats coexist and multiple health influencing factors are intertwined" is demonstrated by the fact that dental caries, obesity myopia and scoliosis have emerged as global public health issues. The problem of diseases co-existing in living things can be resolved by using probiotics. Lactobacillus plantarum, has gained attention recently due to its probiotic properties, useful traits, and potential medical applications.

Objective

Examining the anti-obesity and anti-caries effects of L. plantarum ATCC 14917 on dental caries and obese rat models caused by a high-fat and high-sugar diet is the aim of this study.

Method

In vitro, we assessed the L. plantarum strain's probiotic properties, such as its antibacterial activity and ability to build biofilms, to determine its ability to inhibit Streptococcus mutans. Prior to the in vivo experiment, the subsist test for L. plantarum ATCC 14917 was carried out by mimicking its capacity to lower blood sugar and blood lipid levels as well as its tolerance to gastrointestinal disorders. In order to assess the health promotion effect of L. plantarum in vivo. Three-week-old rats were fed a high-sugar, high-fat diet for 8 weeks. They were split into three groups: the control group (Control), the caries and obesity group (CA _OB) and the caries and obesity treated with L. plantarum ATCC14917 group (LP). L. plantarum ATCC 14917 was applied during the experiment, and the associated indices were then thoroughly assessed. These included the use of Mirco-CT to calculate the enamel volume, the staining of liver and fat cell sections, serological analysis, and 16S rRNA sequencing of feces.

Results

It was proved that the L. plantarum could inhibit the proliferation of S. mutans and remove dental plaque biofilm in time, which showed the remarkable effects of anti-caries in vitro. The demineralization rate of enamel decreased by 44.10% due to the inhibition of acid production by pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, In intestinal and stomach juice simulations, L. plantarum has a high survival rate. The characteristics of bacterial activity in a wide range of pH could degrade triglycerides and glucose in vitro smoothly. The LP group demonstrated it by reducing animal weight, serum biochemical indices, and HE-stained adipocytes as compared to the CA_OB group. 16S rRNA sequencing data showed that a high-fat and high-sugar diet induced the imbalance of intestinal flora, which showed an increase in microbial abundance, including unclassified_o__Clostridia_UCG-014, unclassified_f__Oscillospiraceae, Turicibacter, unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1. After the intervention of L. plantarum, the number of Lactobacillus, Limosilactobacillus, unclassified_f__Muribaculaceae, Blautia, Faecalibaculum increased significantly.

Conclusion

Therefore, L. plantarum ATCC 14917 performed the potential of reducing tooth decay and controlling weight gain by a single strain. Support the management of dental caries and obesity, and establish a foundation for future functional food research and development.

Annual review of selected scientific literature: A report of the Committee on Scientific Investigation of the American Academy of Restorative Dentistry

The Scientific Investigation Committee of the American Academy of Restorative Dentistry offers this review of select 2023 dental literature to briefly touch on several topics of interest to modern restorative dentistry. Each committee member brings discipline-specific expertize in their subject areas that include (in order of appearance here): prosthodontics; periodontics, alveolar bone, and peri-implant tissues; dental materials and therapeutics; occlusion and temporomandibular disorders; sleep-related breathing disorders; oral medicine, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and oral radiology; and dental caries and cariology. The authors have focused their efforts on presenting information likely to influence the daily dental treatment decisions of the reader with an emphasis on current innovations, new materials and processes, emerging technology, and future trends in dentistry. With the overwhelming volume of literature published daily in dentistry and related disciplines, this review cannot be comprehensive. Instead, its purpose is to inform and update interested readers and provide valuable resource material for those willing to subsequently pursue greater detail on their own. Our intent remains to assist colleagues in navigating the tremendous volume of newly minted information produced annually. Finally, we hope readers find this work helpful in providing evidence-based care to patients seeking healthier and happier lives.

The Oral-Gut-Brain Axis: The Influence of Microbes as a Link of Periodontitis With Ischemic Stroke

Periodontitis, a non-communicable chronic inflammation disease resulting from dysbiosis of the oral microbiota, has been demonstrated to have a positive association with the risk of ischemic stroke (IS). The major periodontal pathogens contribute to the progression of stroke-related risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Transcriptional changes in periodontitis pathogens have been detected in oral samples from stroke patients, suggesting a new conceptual framework involving microorganisms. The bidirectional regulation between the gut and the central nervous system (CNS) is mediated by interactions between intestinal microflora and brain cells. The connection between the oral cavity and gut through microbiota indicates that the oral microbial community may play a role in mediating complex communication between the oral cavity and the CNS; however, underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully understood. In this review, we present an overview of key concepts and potential mechanisms of interaction between the oral-gut-brain axis based on previous research, focusing on how the oral microbiome (especially the periodontal pathogens) impacts IS and its risk factors, as well as the mediating role of immune system homeostasis, and providing potential preventive and therapeutic approaches.

Inflammation and immune response in the development of periodontal disease: a narrative review

We present this critical review with the aim of highlighting the current status of periodontal diseases, focusing on the relevance of host modulating agents and immune pathways, in addition to new complementary therapeutic approaches for the treatment of these pathologies. Periodontal diseases are prevalent pathologies worldwide and the main cause of edentulism in the adult population. Their pathogenesis seems to be based on a dysbiosis of the oral microbiota that interacts with the host's immune defenses and is responsible for the inflammatory/immune response, which would be modified by a number of conditions such as individual susceptibility, environmental and sociodemographic factors, certain systemic pathologies and the individual's genetic condition, among others. Numerous studies have reported on the complex web of inflammatory mediators in periodontal disease and their role in tissue destruction as well as in homeostatic imbalance. Precisely, the role of epigenetics as a modifier of the host genetic condition has captured research attention in recent years. Therefore, this mini-review first discusses an updated etiological hypothesis of periodontal disease and the roles of certain cytokines in the immune response. In addition, the latest therapeutic trends with new developments and future perspectives are summarized.

Biopolymer-based oral films integrated with probiotic active compounds for improved health applications

Orally dissolving films (ODFs) have emerged as a versatile platform that combines convenience, efficacy, and patient compliance. In this study, the cell-free supernatant of the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius M18 was incorporated into various biopolymer-based ODF formulations, evaluated for demolding, fragility, and flexibility. The combination of carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, and glycerol successfully formed stable films. The films were characterized by weight, thickness, pH, and disintegration times. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze ODF content and release profiles in simulated saliva. Unique absorption peaks in the cell-free product-incorporated ODF samples confirmed the integration of bacterial proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids into the ODF matrix. The biological activity of the ODF carrying M18 bioactive products was assessed by its inhibitory effect on the growth of Streptococcus mutans, a pathogen linked to dental plaque and cavities. Additionally, the anti-proliferative effect on cancer epithelial cells was demonstrated. This study show that probiotic products can be integrated into bio-based thin films without losing activity, making this delivery platform promising for local and potentially systemic effects.

Adhesion Properties and Pathogen Inhibition of Vaginal-Derived Lactobacilli

In the present study, twenty-seven (27) lactobacilli strains, isolated from the vagina of healthy Italian women of reproductive age, were screened for probiotic properties. The strains were evaluated for antagonistic activity against pathogens, adhesion abilities, and potential to displace and/or inhibit the adhesion of previously adhered pathogens as a primary strain selection criterion. Overall, all the tested lactobacilli inhibited at least three pathogens, and the majority of them exhibited antimicrobial activity against Enterobacter cloacae DSM 30054, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 3227, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 1117. The complete neutralization of antimicrobial activity after cell-free supernatant (CFS) neutralization suggested a pivotal role for lactic acid or other organic acids secreted by the lactobacilli. The strains showed variability in their adhesion levels, but all tested strains adhered to both human colonic epithelial cells (HT-29) and vaginal cells (VK2/E6E7) with adhesion percentages exceeding 1%. The ability to displace or inhibit pathogens was dependent on the pathogen and the lactobacilli strain; the pathogen displacement levels ranged from 9 to 82%, while pathogen exclusion levels varied from 1 to 99%. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the protective effect of vaginal lactobacilli against pathogens and confirms the suitability of the vaginal microbiota as a source of potential probiotic strains. The selected lactobacilli hold promise for the formulation of supplements to enhance genitourinary tract health.

Evaluation of a new mouthwash formulated with Chlorhexidine and Cymenol after a scaling and root planing treatment in grade I and II periodontal patients

Background

Periodontal disease is a multifactorial pathology whose treatment protocol is becoming increasingly standardized, relying, among others, on adjuvant therapies. This study aims to determine the efficacy of a new chlorhexidine compound compared with the gold standard 0.12% chlorhexidine during periodontal maintenance of a patient with periodontitis grade I or II after scaling and root planing treatment.

Material and Methods

A parallel, randomized, double-blind clinical trial with two arms: (A) treatment with 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash; (B) treatment with new chlorhexidine mouthwash containing O-Cymen-5-Ol. The patient was examined: (D0) initial examination, (D7) clinical examination one week after treatment, (D14) clinical examination two weeks after treatment and (D28) clinical examination three weeks after treatment. They are collecting the following data: Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding index (BoP), pocket depth (PS), and attachment loss (CAL).

Results

After a follow-up of 43 patients, no statistically significant differences were found between the groups at any of the times or for any of the parameters evaluated, meeting the predefined criteria of non-inferiority.

Conclusions

The new chlorhexidine mouthwash proved to be non-inferior to 0.12% chlorhexidine in terms of efficacy during short-term periodontal maintenance after scaling and root planing.

Oral Microbiome and Subsequent Risk of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer

Importance

The oral microbiota may be involved in development of head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC), yet current evidence is largely limited to bacterial 16S amplicon sequencing or small retrospective case-control studies.

Objective

To test whether oral bacterial and fungal microbiomes are associated with subsequent risk of HNSCC development.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Prospective nested case-control study among participants providing oral samples in 3 epidemiological cohorts, the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort, the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, and the Southern Community Cohort Study. Two hundred thirty-six patients who prospectively developed HNSCC were identified during a mean (SD) of 5.1 (3.6) years of follow-up. Control participants who remained HNSCC free were selected by 2:1 frequency matching on cohort, age, sex, race and ethnicity, and time since oral sample collection. Data analysis was conducted in 2023.

Exposures

Characterization of the oral bacterial microbiome using whole-genome shotgun sequencing and the oral fungal microbiome using internal transcribed spacer sequencing. Association of bacterial and fungal taxa with HNSCC was assessed by analysis of compositions of microbiomes with bias correction. Association with red and orange oral pathogen complexes was tested by logistic regression. A microbial risk score for HNSCC risk was calculated from risk-associated microbiota.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was HNSCC incidence.

Results

The study included 236 HNSCC case participants with a mean (SD) age of 60.9 (9.5) years and 24.6% women during a mean of 5.1 (3.6) years of follow-up, and 485 matched control participants. Overall microbiome diversity at baseline was not related to subsequent HNSCC risk; however 13 oral bacterial species were found to be differentially associated with development of HNSCC. The species included the newly identified Prevotella salivae, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Leptotrichia species, as well as several species belonging to beta and gamma Proteobacteria. The red/orange periodontal pathogen complex was moderately associated with HNSCC risk (odds ratio, 1.06 per 1 SD; 95% CI, 1.00-1.12). A 1-SD increase in microbial risk score (created based on 22 bacteria) was associated with a 50% increase in HNSCC risk (multivariate odds ratio, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.21-1.85). No fungal taxa associated with HNSCC risk were identified.

Conclusions and Relevance

This case-control study yielded compelling evidence that oral bacteria are a risk factor for HNSCC development. The identified bacteria and bacterial complexes hold promise, along with other risk factors, to identify high-risk individuals for personalized prevention of HNSCC.

The strategic role of biotics in dental caries prevention: A scoping review

Dental caries is a global oral health issue that is prevalent and preventable. Biotics (probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotics, and postbiotics) are recommended as low-cost methods for preventing dental caries. This scoping review aimed to critically review the scientific evidence concerning the role of biotics in caries prevention and maintaining oral health benefits. A systematic search was conducted in several databases from 2012 onward, using specific keywords. The search resulted in 69 articles. While there is limited research on the mechanism of biotics in preventing caries, numerous studies have investigated the impacts of probiotics on decreasing caries risk factors. Probiotics can reduce cariogenic bacteria, reduce acidogenic bacteria, increase pH, and produce antimicrobial compounds. Probiotics can be used as a therapeutic approach to manage caries by restoring eubiosis at the host-microbial interface, which may not be accomplished with traditional therapies. Its positive effect on reducing dental caries is influenced by the choice of potent probiotic strains, appropriate dosage, treatment period, vehicle, and microbial interaction with the host. Specific oral bacteria have also been shown to utilize prebiotics such as urea and arginine, increasing pH levels. This highlights the potential of combining prebiotic and probiotic bacteria for caries prevention. In addition, this review is focused on bacterial-derived compounds, namely postbiotics, due to their valuable effects in preventing caries. Biotics have demonstrated potential in preventing dental caries and maintaining oral health. Further research is needed to optimize their use and explore the potential of postbiotics for caries prevention.

Probiotics in the non-surgical treatment of periodontitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

This systematic review and network meta-analysis aimed to assess the impact of combining professional mechanical plaque removal (PMPR) with probiotics compared to PMPR + placebo on probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Randomized controlled trials published until November 2023 were searched across electronic databases, peer-reviewed journals, and grey literature. Two authors independently selected, extracted data, and assessed bias risk. Primary outcomes were mean changes in PPD and CAL. Secondary outcomes included mean changes in bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index, and colony-forming units. Network meta-analysis with the frequentist weighted least squares approach evaluated the data quantitatively, and CINeMA framework evaluated the quality of evidence. In 33 articles involving 1290 patients, results were stratified by follow-up period (short and long-time studies) and sensitivity analyses conducted based on probiotic therapy duration (1 month reference). Network meta-analysis revealed significant mean differences in PPD for nine probiotic interventions, CAL for eighteen interventions, and BOP for eight interventions, with Lactobacillus demonstrating the most substantial effects. Combining PMPR with probiotics as adjuvants to subgingival instrumentation may be more effective in improving PPD and CAL. Lactobacillus emerged as the most comprehensive and effective among the studied probiotic.

Reutilization of Fruit Waste as Potential Prebiotic for Probiotic or Food-grade Microorganisms in Food Applications: A Review

Food waste has been a global issue with 2.5 billion tons generated globally in 2021. Approximately 46% of the food waste is contributed by fruit and vegetable waste. Due to improper waste handling, these fruit by-products have a negative impact on the environment through soil and water pollution, the greenhouse effect, global warming, and eutrophication. However, research has shown the potential to reuse fruit waste in various applications for sustainability owing to their high source of valuable components and potential health benefits. In recent years, researchers have also explored the potential of reutilizing fruit waste as a prebiotic. Hence, literatures from the past 10 years has been critically analyzed and presented in this review. This review focused on the potential of fruit waste as a prebiotic for probiotic and gastrointestinal microorganisms and its food applications. The nutritional composition and bioactive compounds of the fruit wastes had been introduced to reflect their potential as prebiotics. Moreover, the increase in bioactive compounds and bioactivities in probiotics with the presence of fruit wastes has been reviewed. The impact of fruit by-products on the growth of the probiotic and its survivability in food matrices as compared to established prebiotic and the absence of prebiotics have also been extensively discussed in this review. This review also highlighted some of the factors that might contribute to the negative effect of fruit waste on probiotics. The safety concerns and future prospects of reutilizing fruit wastes for food applications have been emphasized. The review article is beneficial for researchers exploring fruit wastes as prebiotics and industrialists who are interested in incorporating fruit wastes as an added-value ingredient for food applications.

Balancing the Oral-Gut-Brain Axis with Diet

Background: The oral microbiota is the second largest microbial community in humans. It contributes considerably to microbial diversity and health effects, much like the gut microbiota. Despite physical and chemical barriers separating the oral cavity from the gastrointestinal tract, bidirectional microbial transmission occurs between the two regions, influencing overall host health. Method: This review explores the intricate interplay of the oral-gut-brain axis, highlighting the pivotal role of the oral microbiota in systemic health and ageing, and how it can be influenced by diet. Results: Recent research suggests a relationship between oral diseases, such as periodontitis, and gastrointestinal problems, highlighting the broader significance of the oral-gut axis in systemic diseases, as well as the oral-gut-brain axis in neurological disorders and mental health. Diet influences microbial diversity in the oral cavity and the gut. While certain diets/dietary components improve both gut and oral health, others, such as fermentable carbohydrates, can promote oral pathogens while boosting gut health. Conclusions: Understanding these dynamics is key for promoting a healthy oral-gut-brain axis through dietary interventions that support microbial diversity and mitigate age-related health risks.

Role of CD86 on granulocyte in mediating the effect of Genus Roseburia on periodontitis

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to explore the causal link between the gut microbiota and periodontitis, and to delineate and quantify the intermediary role of immune cells, so as to provide new insights into the pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of periodontitis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We employed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to analyze the genetic predictors of gut microbiota composition (covering 412 gut microbiota taxa and functions) and periodontitis (involving 4,784 cases and 272,252 controls) derived from genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets. A subsequent two-step MR analysis was conducted to evaluate the extent to which immune cell traits (encompassing 731 immune cell characteristics) mediate the influence of gut microbiota on periodontitis risk.

RESULTS

Our analysis implicated nine gut microbiota taxa as causal factors in periodontitis susceptibility (p < 0.05). Notably, the Genus Roseburia was identified as exerting a protective effect against periodontitis, partially mediated through the upregulation of CD86 expression on granulocytes, with an 8.15% mediation effect observed.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings establish a causal relationship between the gut microbiota and periodontitis, highlighting the protective role of Roseburia against this condition. A notable proportion of this protective effect is mediated via the upregulation of CD86 on granulocytes.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

It can provide new ideas for the pathogenesis, prevention and treatment for periodontitis through exploring the causal link between the gut microbiota and periodontitis, and describing and quantifying the intermediary role of immune cells.

Exploring the Interplay: Oral–Gut Microbiome Connection and the Impact of Diet and Nutrition

The intricate interplay between the oral and intestinal microbiota holds increasing fascination within the context of health and nutrition. Serving as the gateway to the gastrointestinal tract, the oral microbiota hosts a diverse array of microbial species that significantly influence well-being or contribute to various diseases. Dysbiosis in the oral microbiota has been linked to conditions such as dental caries, periodontal diseases, and systemic disorders, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, and colorectal cancer. This review aims to comprehend the nuanced relationship between oral and intestinal microbiotas, exploring the pivotal role of diet in developing strategies for wellness promotion and disease prevention. Drawing insights from a myriad of studies encompassing both animals and humans, we examine the implications of microbial dysbiosis and its impact on health. A bibliographic search of 78 scientific articles was conducted across PubMed Central, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and the Saudi digital library from January 2000 to August 2023. Following a rigorous screening process, the full texts of selected articles were critically reviewed to extract relevant information. Articles not meeting the inclusion criteria—specifically focused on oral–intestinal microbiota interaction and diet and nutrition—were meticulously excluded. Diet emerges as a key player in influencing both oral and intestinal microbiotas. Various dietary components, such as fiber, prebiotics, probiotics, and bioactive compounds, have demonstrated significant effects on the diversity and function of microorganisms in these ecosystems. Conversely, diets high in processed foods, added sugars, and saturated fats correlate with dysbiosis and an elevated risk of oral and gastrointestinal diseases. Understanding the intricacies of this interaction is paramount for the development of innovative approaches fostering a balanced oral–gut microbiota axis and improving overall human health. The implications extend to preventive and therapeutic interventions, emphasizing the practical importance of unraveling these complexities for public health and clinical practice. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate relationship between gut and oral microbiota, shedding light on their roles in various diseases, particularly focusing on oral diseases. Key findings are summarized, and implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed. In conclusion, the review underscores the urgent need for special attention to key microbiota in developing targeted interventions for promoting oral and gut health.

Evaluation of probiotics' efficiency on cariogenic bacteria: randomized controlled clinical study

BACKGROUND

Probiotics are live beneficial bacteria to human health and their efficiency on oral health is still being investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species with and without the use of probiotics for six-months after the treatment of all dental caries under general anesthesia.

METHODS

Fifty-eight pediatric patients without any systemic diseases, whose dental treatments were completed under general anesthesia (GA), were included in the study. The patients were recruited in two-groups; Group A: Patients started using probiotics after GA and Group B: Patients did not use probiotics after GA. Saliva samples were taken from all patients on the day before GA (T0), at one-month (T1), three-month (T2) and six-month (T3) follow-up after GA. The counts of cariogenic bacteria were determined by the analysis of saliva samples using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Statistical significance level was accepted as p < 0.05.

RESULTS

There was statistically significant difference between Group A and B for T0, T1, T2 and T3 regarding S. mutans (p = 0.001, p = 0.04, p = 0.04, p = 0.03; p < 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference between groups regarding Lactobacillus species (p ≥ 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Probiotic use and treatment of all caries significantly reduced the level of S. mutans but not Lactobacillus species. Furthermore, S. mutans decreased after cessation of probiotics, but it was not statistically significant.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Study was registered as "Effects of Probiotics on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species" with the registration number of NCT05859646 (16/05/2023) at https://www.

CLINICALTRIALS

gov Protocol Registration and Results System.

Lactobacillus salivarius ameliorates Mycoplasma gallisepticum-induced inflammation via the JAK/STAT signaling pathway involving respiratory microbiota and metabolites

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) can cause chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in chickens, which has a significant negative economic impact on the global poultry sector. Respiratory flora is the guardian of respiratory health, and its disorder is closely related to respiratory immunity and respiratory diseases. As a common probiotic in the chicken respiratory tract, Lactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius) has potential antioxidant, growth performance enhancing, and anti-immunosuppressive properties. However, the specific mechanism through which L. salivarius protects against MG infection has not yet been thoroughly examined. This study intends to investigate whether L. salivarius could reduce MG-induced tracheal inflammation by modulating the respiratory microbiota and metabolites. The results indicated that L. salivarius reduced MG colonization significantly and alleviated the anomalous morphological changes by using the MG-infection model. L. salivarius also reduced the level of Th1 cell cytokines, increased the level of Th2 cell cytokines, and ameliorated immune imbalance during MG infection. In addition, L. salivarius improved the mucosal barrier, heightened immune function, and suppressed the Janus kinase/Signal transducer, and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway. Notably, MG infection changed the composition of the respiratory microbiota and metabolites, and L. salivarius therapy partially reversed the aberrant respiratory microbiota and metabolite composition. Our results highlighted that these findings demonstrated that L. salivarius played a role in MG-mediated inflammatory damage and demonstrated that L. salivarius, by altering the respiratory microbiota and metabolites, could successfully prevent MG-induced inflammatory injury in chicken trachea.

Assessment of Multifunctional Activity of a Postbiotic Preparation Derived from Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Postbiotic-P6

Postbiotics possess various functional activities, closely linked to their source bacterial strains and preparation methods. Therefore, the functional activities of postbiotics need to be evaluated through in vitro and in vivo methods. This study aims to prepare a postbiotic and explore its antihemolytic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. Specifically, a postbiotic preparation named PostbioP-6 was prepared by intercepting 1-5 kDa of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Postbiotic-P6 fermentation broth. The results demonstrate that PostbioP-6 exhibited notable biological activities across multiple assays. It showed significant antihemolytic activity, with a 4.9-48.1% inhibition rate at 10-50% concentrations. Anti-inflammatory effects were observed both in vitro, where 8-40% PostbioP-6 was comparable to 259.1-645.4 μg/mL diclofenac sodium, and in vivo, where 3.5 and 4.0 μL/mL PostbioP-6 significantly reduced neutrophil counts in inflamed zebrafish (p < 0.05). Antioxidant properties were evident through increased reducing power (OD700 increased from 0.279 to 2.322 at 1.25-12.5% concentrations), DPPH radical scavenging activity (38.9-92.4% scavenging rate at 2.5-50% concentrations), and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (4.66-10.38% scavenging rate at 0.5-4% concentrations). Additionally, PostbioP-6 demonstrated antimicrobial activity against two Gram-positive bacteria, eight Gram-negative bacteria, and one fungus. Furthermore, PostbioP-6 significantly inhibited the increase in peroxide value and malondialdehyde content in cookies, highlighting its potential application in food preservation. In conclusion, we prepared a novel postbiotic, termed PostbioP-6, which proved to have prominent anti-hemolytic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. The multifunctional properties of PostbioP-6 position it as a potentially effective functional food supplement or preservative. In the future, further research is necessary to elucidate the precise mechanisms of action, identify the active components, and validate its biological activities in animal models or clinical trials.

Non-pharmacologic interventions for management of radiation-induced dry mouth: A systematic review

OBJECTIVES

Radiation-induced dry mouth negatively impacts patients' oral health and quality of life. Currently, evidence-based recommendation for non-pharmacologic interventions is still lacking. This study aimed to systematically review clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of non-pharmacologic interventions in cancer patients with radiation-induced dry mouth.

METHODS

Randomized controlled trials from 2000 were searched from 4 databases, including MEDLINE, Cochrane, Embase via OVID, and SCOPUS, up to December 16th, 2022 (PROSPERO registration CRD42022378405). The risk of bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool.

RESULTS

Twenty-one studies were included: 11 on artificial saliva, 4 on electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), 2 on acupuncture, and one study each on low-level laser therapy, stem cells, chewing gum, and probiotics. Overall bias was low, medium, and high in 33%, 48%, and 19% of the studies, respectively. Certain artificial saliva products and TENS were shown to improve dry mouth symptoms and salivary flow rate (SFR). One study showed that stem cell transplantation significantly increased SFR.

CONCLUSIONS

The evidence suggested that certain artificial saliva products and TENS are promising management. However, the evidence was still limited due to heterogeneity of interventions and outcome measurements. Thus, future studies using standard measurements and long-term follow-up are warranted.

Therapeutic Strategies and Genetic Implications for Periodontal Disease Management: A Systematic Review

The objective of this review is to identify the microbiological alterations caused by various therapy modalities by critically analyzing the current findings. We limited our search to English-language papers published between 1 January 2004 and 7 May 2024 in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science that were relevant to our topic. In the search approach, the Boolean keywords "microbio*" AND "periodontitis" were used. A total of 5152 papers were obtained from the databases Web of Science (2205), PubMed (1793), and Scopus (1154). This resulted in 3266 articles after eliminating duplicates (1886), and 1411 entries were eliminated after their titles and abstracts were examined. The qualitative analysis of the 22 final articles is included in this study. Research on periodontal disease shows that periodontitis alters the oral microbiome and increases antibiotic resistance. Treatments like scaling and root planing (SRP), especially when combined with minocycline, improve clinical outcomes by reducing harmful bacteria. Comprehensive mechanical debridement with antibiotics, probiotics, EMD with bone grafts, and other adjunctive therapies enhances periodontal health. Personalized treatment strategies and advanced microbial analyses are crucial for effective periodontal management and antibiotic resistance control.

Probiotics for oral health: a critical evaluation of bacterial strains

Oral health is critical for total body health and well-being; however, little improvement in oral health status has occurred in the U.S. over the past 20 years. Tooth decay and gum disease remain highly prevalent, with more than 90% and 50% of adults suffering from these conditions, respectively. To combat this lack of improvement, alternative approaches to dental care are now being suggested. One such alternative therapy is probiotics for oral care. In the oral cavity, probiotic strains have been shown to reduce levels of oral pathogens, inhibit the formation of dental caries, and reduce the levels of bacteria that cause halitosis. However, as the oral care probiotic market expands, many products contain bacterial species and strains with no documented health benefits leading to confusion and mistrust among consumers and clinicians. This confusion is enhanced by the regulatory status of probiotic products which puts the onus of safety and efficacy on the manufacturer rather than a central regulatory body. The overarching goal of this review is to provide consumers and clinicians with documented evidence supporting (or refuting) the health benefits of oral care probiotics marketed for sale in the United States. This includes defining what constitutes an oral care probiotic product and a strain level analysis of candidate probiotics from the genera Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Bacillus. Additionally, prebiotics and postbiotics will be discussed. Finally, a set of considerations for consumers and clinicians is provided to empower probiotic product decision making. Together, this review will improve understanding of oral care probiotics marketed in the US for dental professionals and consumers.

Probiotics-containing beverages and dental caries: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The aim was to evaluate the effect of probiotics-containing beverages on dental caries development by a systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO CRD42021258010). PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were assessed (up to October 2023) for randomized placebo-controlled trials that evaluated the consumption of probiotics-containing beverages having dental caries as endpoint. Risk of bias assessment (Cochrane Handbook) was performed for all studies. Risk ratio (RR), standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI), were calculated for caries prevalence and caries increment, respectively. Meta-analysis was performed. Qualitative analysis of more than 2000 individuals aged from 1 to 84 years (9 studies) showed inconsistent effects of these probiotics-containing beverages. Synthesis of more than 1000 children and adolescents did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference in the proportion of individuals with cavitated lesions (RR 0.60 [95 % CI 0.34 to 1.08]; n = 2), but a significantly smaller increment of both cavitated and non-cavitated carious lesions (SMD -0.23 [95 % CI -0.39 to -0.08]; n = 4) was related to the consumption of probiotics-containing beverages. Certainty of evidence for caries prevalence and caries increment were moderate and low, respectively. Current evidence is not substantial to strengthen the impact of these beverages on caries development.

Investigating the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. on cariogenic and periodontitis pathogens

Background

The use of probiotics is emerging as an innovative approach to managing oral health issues and mediating the immune system. The current study assessed the in vitro impacts of non-orally isolated probiotics on periodontitis and tooth decay pathogens.

Methods

Briefly, the persistence of probiotics in exposure to oral cavity enzymes, hydrogen peroxide, and saliva samples was examined. It was also investigated the biofilm formation and aggregation ability of probiotics, the adherence of probiotics in human gingival fibroblast cell (HGFC) lines and molar teeth samples, and the potential of probiotics to co-aggregate with oral pathogens. Additionally, the current study evaluated the effects of live probiotics on virulence gene expression, biofilm production of main oral pathogens, and changes in inflammation markers.

Results

The probiotics remained alive when exposed to enzymes in the oral cavity, hydrogen peroxide, and saliva at baseline, 1, 3, and 5 h after incubation at 37°C (p-value <0.05). Probiotics demonstrated to produce biofilm and aggregation, as well as adherence to HGFCs and maxillary molars (p-value >0.05). They showed significant co-aggregation with oral pathogens, which were recorded as 65.57% for B. bifidum 1001 with S. mutans, 50.06% for B. bifidum 1005 with P. gingivalis, 35.6% for L. plantarum 156 with F. nucleatum, and 18.7% for B. longum 1044 with A. actinomycetemcomitans after 8 h of incubation. A balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, along with inhibition of biofilm formation and changes in virulence gene transcripts, were observed. However, most of these changes were not statistically significant (p-value >0.05).

Conclusion

This study demonstrated the direct link between adhesiveness, aggregation, and biofilm formation with probiotic antibacterial activity. In addition to the careful selection of suitable probiotic strains, the concentration and origin of probiotic isolates should be considered.

Efficacy of the Probiotic L. brevis in Counteracting the Demineralizing Process of the Tooth Enamel Surface: Results from an In Vitro Study

BACKGROUND

Enamel plays an essential role in protecting the underlying layers of the human tooth; therefore, preserving it is vital. This experimental study aimed to evaluate the potential ability of L. brevis to counteract the action of a demineralizing agent on dental enamel morphology and mineral composition in vitro.

METHODS

The sample consisted of 12 healthy human posterior teeth. The coronal portion of each tooth was subdivided into two equal parts longitudinally. The specimens were randomly divided into four groups: artificial saliva, L. brevis suspension, demineralizing agent (DA), and DA plus L. brevis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to evaluate the surface micromorphology and the mineral content, respectively. The statistical analysis was conducted using a one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post hoc test.

RESULTS

SEM analysis did not highlight significant changes in the enamel microstructure of L. brevis-treated specimens compared to the control. DA-induced damage to the enamel structure was drastically reduced when the specimens were contextually exposed to the probiotic. The treatment with DA substantially reduced the weight % of crucial enamel minerals, i.e., Ca and P. Notably, the probiotic was able to reverse the demineralization process, bringing Ca and P weight % back to basal levels, including the Ca/P ratio.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings indicate that L. brevis is able to efficiently protect the dental enamel surface from the damage caused by DA and increase the enamel resistance to demineralization. Overall, L. brevis confirms its efficacy in preventing or counteracting the action of carious lesions through a novel mechanism that protects the tooth surface under a chemical challenge that mimics the caries process.

Comparative characterization of supragingival plaque microbiomes in malocclusion adult female patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with removable aligners or fixed appliances: a descriptive cross-sectional study

Objectives

This study aimed to explore the effects of removable aligners and fixed appliances on the supragingival bacterial communities in adult female patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.

Methods

Supragingival plaque samples from 48 female individuals underwent microbiome analysis (16S rRNA gene sequencing) using PacBio Sequel sequencing. The study included 13 adults without orthodontic treatment needs as the control group (Group C), and 35 patients with comparable initial orthodontic conditions who received treatment at a university clinic in Beijing, China. The treatment involved either traditional fixed brackets (Group B, n = 17) or Invisalign® aligners (Group AT, n = 18). Bioinformatics methods were used for data analysis.

Results

From the 48 plaque samples, a total of 334,961 valid reads were obtained, averaging 6,978 sequences per sample. The 16S rDNA sequences were classified into 25,727 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). Significant variances in alpha and beta diversity among the groups were noted. Group B microbiome exhibited an increased presence of Gram-negative bacteria. At the phylum level, Actinobacteriota was significantly more prevalent in Group C samples, while Bacteroidota was enriched in Group B samples. Family-level relative abundance analysis showed a notable increase in Saccharibacteria (formerly TM7) and Prevotellaceae in Group B. Genus-level analysis revealed a significant rise in Lautropia in Group AT. Fixed orthodontic appliances were linked to oral microbiome changes, notably an enhanced relative abundance of anaerobes, including periodontal pathogens.

Conclusion

The observation points to the impact of orthodontic appliance on the oral microbial community, highlighting the difference between traditional braces (Group B) and clear aligners (Group AT)in terms of the predominance of anaerobic and gram negative bacteria. This emphasizes the importance of considering the microbiological effects when choosing orthodontic appliance and underscores the need for tailored oral hygiene practices for individuals undergoing these treatments. This research might provide insights that could assist in the development of innovative cleaning techniques and antibacterial materials.

Oral delivery of probiotics using single-cell encapsulation

Adequate intake of live probiotics is beneficial to human health and wellbeing because they can help treat or prevent a variety of health conditions. However, the viability of probiotics is reduced by the harsh environments they experience during passage through the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Consequently, the oral delivery of viable probiotics is a significant challenge. Probiotic encapsulation provides a potential solution to this problem. However, the production methods used to create conventional encapsulation technologies often damage probiotics. Moreover, the delivery systems produced often do not have the required physicochemical attributes or robustness for food applications. Single-cell encapsulation is based on forming a protective coating around a single probiotic cell. These coatings may be biofilms or biopolymer layers designed to protect the probiotic from the harsh gastrointestinal environment, enhance their colonization, and introduce additional beneficial functions. This article reviews the factors affecting the oral delivery of probiotics, analyses the shortcomings of existing encapsulation technologies, and highlights the potential advantages of single-cell encapsulation. It also reviews the various approaches available for single-cell encapsulation of probiotics, including their implementation and the characteristics of the delivery systems they produce. In addition, the mechanisms by which single-cell encapsulation can improve the oral bioavailability and health benefits of probiotics are described. Moreover, the benefits, limitations, and safety issues of probiotic single-cell encapsulation technology for applications in food and beverages are analyzed. Finally, future directions and potential challenges to the widespread adoption of single-cell encapsulation of probiotics are highlighted.

Preventive and Therapeutic Potential of Streptococcus cristatus CA119 in Experimental Periodontitis in Rats

Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition of the oral cavity caused by a mixed infection of various bacteria, which not only severely affects the alveolar bone and connective tissues but also displays potential correlations with distal intestinal inflammation. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the therapeutic effects of Streptococcus cristatus CA119 on experimental periodontitis in rats and its impact on intestinal morphology. The results demonstrate that CA119 is capable of colonizing the oral cavity and exerting antagonistic effects on Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, thus leading to a significant reduction in the oral pathogen load. Following CA119 intervention, there was a significant alleviation of weight loss in rats induced by periodontitis (P < 0.001). CA119 also regulated the expression of IL-6 (P < 0.05), IL-1β (P < 0.001), IL-18 (P < 0.001), COX-2 (P < 0.001), iNOS (P < 0.001), and MCP-1 (P < 0.01) in the gingival tissue. Additionally, CA119 reduced oxidative stress levels in rats and enhanced their antioxidant capacity. Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and histological analysis revealed that CA119 significantly reduced alveolar bone loss and reversed the downregulation of OPG/RANKL (P < 0.001). Furthermore, CA119 exhibited a significant protective effect against intestinal inflammation induced by periodontal disease and improved the colonic morphology in rats. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the role of CA119 as a potential oral probiotic in the prevention and treatment of experimental periodontitis, underscoring the potential of probiotics as a complementary approach to traditional periodontal care.

Evaluating the Role of Postbiotics in the Modulation of Human Oral Microbiota: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

There is a lack of clinical data to support the effectiveness and safety of postbiotics in the modulation of human oral microbiota and oral health care. Here, volunteers were recruited and randomly assigned to two cohorts: a placebo group (n = 15) and a postbiotic group (n = 16). The placebo group used toothpaste that did not contain postbiotics, while the postbiotic group used toothpaste with postbiotics (3 × 1010 CFU inactivated Lactobacillus salivarius LS97, L. paracasei LC86, and L. acidophilus LA85). Saliva samples were collected at different time points and the immunoglobulin A (IgA) and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels were determined, while the salivary microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The results showed that salivary IgA levels and acetic and propionic acid levels were notably higher in the postbiotic group (P < 0.05), accompanied by an increase in the level of alpha diversity of the salivary microbiota, and these indexes remained high 1 month after discontinuing the use of toothpaste with or without postbiotics. A notable decrease in the relative abundance of the unclassified_Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella, Escherichia, etc. in the postbiotic group was accompanied by a notable increase in Ruminofilibacter and Lactobacillus. However, both groups did not cause significant changes in the overall structure of the host salivary microbiota. In conclusion, postbiotics dramatically and consistently improved oral immunity levels and SCFA content in the host. In addition, postbiotics were able to increase the level of microbial alpha diversity and down-regulate the abundance of some harmful microbes without significantly altering the structure of the host salivary microbiota. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) ( www.chictr.org.cn ) under the registration number ChiCTR2300074088.