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Aghighi F, Salami M. What we need to know about the germ-free animal models. AIMS Microbiol 2024; 10:107-147. [PMID: 38525038 PMCID: PMC10955174 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2024007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota (GM), as a forgotten organ, refers to the microbial community that resides in the gastrointestinal tract and plays a critical role in a variety of physiological activities in different body organs. The GM affects its targets through neurological, metabolic, immune, and endocrine pathways. The GM is a dynamic system for which exogenous and endogenous factors have negative or positive effects on its density and composition. Since the mid-twentieth century, laboratory animals are known as the major tools for preclinical research; however, each model has its own limitations. So far, two main models have been used to explore the effects of the GM under normal and abnormal conditions: the isolated germ-free and antibiotic-treated models. Both methods have strengths and weaknesses. In many fields of host-microbe interactions, research on these animal models are known as appropriate experimental subjects that enable investigators to directly assess the role of the microbiota on all features of physiology. These animal models present biological model systems to either study outcomes of the absence of microbes, or to verify the effects of colonization with specific and known microbial species. This paper reviews these current approaches and gives advantages and disadvantages of both models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud Salami
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I. R. Iran
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2
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Satheesh Babu AK, Petersen C, Paz HA, Iglesias-Carres L, Li Y, Zhong Y, Neilson AP, Wankhade UD, Anandh Babu PV. Gut Microbiota Depletion Using Antibiotics to Investigate Diet-Derived Microbial Metabolites: An Efficient Strategy. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300386. [PMID: 38054624 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Gut microbiota depletion using antibiotics in drinking water is a valuable tool to investigate the role of gut microbes and microbial metabolites in health and disease. However, there are challenges associated with this model. Animals avoid drinking water because of the antibiotic bitterness, which affects their metabolic health. The present study develops an efficient strategy to deplete gut microbes without affecting metabolic parameters. METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL/6J mice (7 weeks old) are fed a control (C) or high-fat (HF) diet. Subgroups of C and HF mice receive an antibiotic cocktail in drinking water (CA and HA). The antibiotic dosage is gradually increased so that the animals adapt to the taste of antibiotics. Metabolic parameters, gut microbiome, and microbial metabolites are assessed after 12 weeks treatment. Culture methods and 16s rRNA amplification confirm the depletion of gut microbes in antibiotic groups (CA and HA). Further, antibiotic treatment does not alter metabolic parameters (body weight, body fat, lean body mass, blood glucose, and glucose/insulin tolerance), whereas it suppresses the production of diet-derived microbial metabolites (trimethylamine and trimethylamine-N-oxide). CONCLUSION This strategy effectively depletes gut microbes and suppresses the production of microbial metabolites in mice without affecting their metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chrissa Petersen
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Henry A Paz
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, 72205, AR, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Lisard Iglesias-Carres
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Ying Zhong
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, 72205, AR, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Andrew P Neilson
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Umesh D Wankhade
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, 72205, AR, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Pon Velayutham Anandh Babu
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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3
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Dremova O, Mimmler M, Paeslack N, Khuu MP, Gao Z, Bosmann M, Garo LP, Schön N, Mechler A, Beneich Y, Rebling V, Mann A, Pontarollo G, Kiouptsi K, Reinhardt C. Sterility testing of germ-free mouse colonies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1275109. [PMID: 38022683 PMCID: PMC10662041 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1275109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In biomedical research, germ-free and gnotobiotic mouse models enable the mechanistic investigation of microbiota-host interactions and their role on (patho)physiology. Throughout any gnotobiotic experiment, standardized and periodic microbiological testing of defined gnotobiotic housing conditions is a key requirement. Here, we review basic principles of germ-free isolator technology, the suitability of various sterilization methods, and the use of sterility testing methods to monitor germ-free mouse colonies. We also discuss their effectiveness and limitations, and share the experience with protocols used in our facility. In addition, possible sources of isolator contamination are discussed and an overview of reported contaminants is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Dremova
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Mimmler
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadja Paeslack
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - My Phung Khuu
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zhenling Gao
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Bosmann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lucien P. Garo
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nathalie Schön
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexa Mechler
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yunes Beneich
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vivian Rebling
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Amrit Mann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Giulia Pontarollo
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klytaimnistra Kiouptsi
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
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4
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Liu J, Xie F, Yi ZG, Ma T, Tie WT, Li YH, Bai J, Zhang LS. Gut microbiota deficiency ameliorates multiple myeloma and myeloma-related bone disease by Th17 cells in mice models. J Cancer 2023; 14:3191-3202. [PMID: 37928417 PMCID: PMC10622987 DOI: 10.7150/jca.88799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Multiple myeloma, the second most common hematological tumor, is currently incurable. Multiple myeloma-related bone disease is a characteristic clinical symptom that seriously affects the survival and prognosis of patients. In recent years, gut microbiota has been shown to play an important role in the occurrence and development of multiple myeloma. However, whether and how it affects the development of myelomatous bone disease is unclear. Methods: To investigate the mechanism and influence of the microbiota on multiple myeloma and myeloma bone disease, a myeloma-gut microbiota deletion mice model was established. 16S rRNA sequencing was used to analysis of bacterial flora changes. Histochemical staining and bone micro-CT were used to assess the severity of bone disease. Bone marrow tumor load and spleen Th17 cells were detected by flow cytometry. Results: Histochemical staining revealed a reduced tumor burden after eliminating gut microbial communities in mice by administering a mixture of antibiotics. According to the 16S rRNA sequencing of intestinal contents, antibiotic treatment resulted in a significant change in the microbiota of the mice. Bone micro-CT demonstrated that antibiotic treatment could reduce bone lesions caused by myeloma while increasing mineral density, bone volume fraction, trabecular bone thickness, and trabecular number. Meanwhile, histochemical staining of the bone found that the enhanced bone resorption was weakened by the change of flora. These results were consistent with the concentration of IL17 in serum and the frequency of Th17 cells in spleen. Conclusions: Herein, the effects of the gut microbiome on myeloma bone disease are investigated for the first time, providing new insight into its pathogenesis and suggesting that gut microbiota may serve as a therapeutic target in multiple myeloma-associated bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lian-sheng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
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5
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Kiouptsi K, Pontarollo G, Reinhardt C. Gut Microbiota and the Microvasculature. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023; 13:a041179. [PMID: 37460157 PMCID: PMC10411863 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as an actuating variable shaping vascular development and endothelial cell function in the intestinal mucosa but also affecting the microvasculature of remote organs. In the small intestine, colonization with gut microbiota and subsequent activation of innate immune pathways promotes the development of intricate capillary networks and lacteals, influencing the integrity of the gut-vascular barrier as well as nutrient uptake. Since the liver yields most of its blood supply via the portal circulation, the hepatic microcirculation steadily encounters microbiota-derived patterns and active signaling metabolites that induce changes in the organization of the liver sinusoidal endothelium, influencing immune zonation of sinusoids and impacting on metabolic processes. In addition, microbiota-derived signals may affect the vasculature of distant organ systems such as the brain and the eye microvasculature. In recent years, this gut-resident microbial ecosystem was revealed to contribute to the development of several vascular disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klytaimnistra Kiouptsi
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), Partner Site Rhine Main, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine Main, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Giulia Pontarollo
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), Partner Site Rhine Main, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), Partner Site Rhine Main, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine Main, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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6
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Applications of human organoids in the personalized treatment for digestive diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:336. [PMID: 36167824 PMCID: PMC9513303 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01194-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestive system diseases arise primarily through the interplay of genetic and environmental influences; there is an urgent need in elucidating the pathogenic mechanisms of these diseases and deploy personalized treatments. Traditional and long-established model systems rarely reproduce either tissue complexity or human physiology faithfully; these shortcomings underscore the need for better models. Organoids represent a promising research model, helping us gain a more profound understanding of the digestive organs; this model can also be used to provide patients with precise and individualized treatment and to build rapid in vitro test models for drug screening or gene/cell therapy, linking basic research with clinical treatment. Over the past few decades, the use of organoids has led to an advanced understanding of the composition of each digestive organ and has facilitated disease modeling, chemotherapy dose prediction, CRISPR-Cas9 genetic intervention, high-throughput drug screening, and identification of SARS-CoV-2 targets, pathogenic infection. However, the existing organoids of the digestive system mainly include the epithelial system. In order to reveal the pathogenic mechanism of digestive diseases, it is necessary to establish a completer and more physiological organoid model. Combining organoids and advanced techniques to test individualized treatments of different formulations is a promising approach that requires further exploration. This review highlights the advancements in the field of organoid technology from the perspectives of disease modeling and personalized therapy.
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7
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Litichevskiy L, Thaiss CA. Microbiome complexity shapes metabolism. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001793. [PMID: 36129892 PMCID: PMC9491537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How does the metabolism of mice with a minimal microbial community compare to that of germ-free and conventionally colonized mice? This Primer explores a study in PLOS Biology which uses a novel isolator-housed metabolic cage system to find out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Litichevskiy
- Microbiology Department, Institute for Immunology, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Christoph A. Thaiss
- Microbiology Department, Institute for Immunology, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Kleber KT, Iranpur KR, Perry LM, Cruz SM, Razmara AM, Culp WTN, Kent MS, Eisen JA, Rebhun RB, Canter RJ. Using the canine microbiome to bridge translation of cancer immunotherapy from pre-clinical murine models to human clinical trials. Front Immunol 2022; 13:983344. [PMID: 36032113 PMCID: PMC9412231 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.983344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome has clearly been established as a cutting-edge field in tumor immunology and immunotherapy. Growing evidence supports the role of the microbiome in immune surveillance, self-tolerance, and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti PD-L1 and CTLA-4 blockade (1-6). Moreover, recent studies including those using fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) have demonstrated that response to checkpoint immunotherapies may be conferred or eliminated through gut microbiome modulation (7, 8). Consequently, studies evaluating microbiota-host immune and metabolic interactions remain an area of high impact research. While observations in murine models have highlighted the importance of the microbiome in response to therapy, we lack sufficient understanding of the exact mechanisms underlying these interactions. Furthermore, mouse and human gut microbiome composition may be too dissimilar for discovery of all relevant gut microbial biomarkers. Multiple cancers in dogs, including lymphoma, high grade gliomas, melanomas and osteosarcoma (OSA) closely resemble their human analogues, particularly in regard to metastasis, disease recurrence and response to treatment. Importantly, dogs with these spontaneous cancers also have intact immune systems, suggesting that microbiome analyses in these subjects may provide high yield information, especially in the setting of novel immunotherapy regimens which are currently expanding rapidly in canine comparative oncology (9, 10). Additionally, as onco-microbiotic therapies are developed to modify gut microbiomes for maximal responsiveness, large animal models with intact immune systems will be useful for trialing interventions and monitoring adverse events. Together, pre-clinical mechanistic studies and large animal trials can help fully unlock the potential of the microbiome as a diagnostic and therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara T. Kleber
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Khurshid R. Iranpur
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Lauren M. Perry
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Sylvia M. Cruz
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Aryana M. Razmara
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - William T. N. Culp
- Center for Companion Animal Health Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Michael S. Kent
- Center for Companion Animal Health Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Eisen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Robert B. Rebhun
- Center for Companion Animal Health Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Robert J. Canter
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
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9
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Dendrobium officinale Endophytes May Colonize the Intestinal Tract and Regulate Gut Microbiota in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2607506. [PMID: 35990847 PMCID: PMC9388241 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2607506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale is a traditional Chinese medicine for treating gastrointestinal diseases by nourishing “Yin” and thickening the stomach lining. To study whether D. officinale endophytes can colonize the intestinal tract and regulate gut microbiota in mice, we used autoclave steam sterilizing and 60Co-γ radiation to eliminate D. officinale endophytes from its juice. Then, high-throughput ITS1-ITS2 rDNA and 16S rRNA gene amplicons were sequenced to analyze the microbial community of D. officinale endophytes and fecal samples of mice after administration of fresh D. officinale juice. Sterilization of D. officinale juice by autoclaving for 40 min (ASDO40) could more effectively eliminate the D. officinale endophytes and decrease their interference on the gut microbiota. D. officinale juice could increase beneficial gut microbiota and metabolites including short-chain fatty acids. D. officinale endophytes Pseudomonas mosselii, Trichocladium asperum, Titata maxilliformis, Clonostachys epichloe, and Rhodotorula babjevae could colonize the intestinal tract of mice and modulate gut microbiota after oral administration of the juice for 28 days. Thus, the regulatory effect of D. officinale juice on gut microbiota was observed, which provides a basis for inferring that D. officinale endophytes might colonize the intestinal tract and participate in regulating gut microbiota to treat diseases. Thus, this study further provides a new approach for the treatment of diseases by colonizing plant endophytes in the intestinal tract and regulating gut microbiota.
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10
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Zheng Z, Tang J, Hu Y, Zhang W. Role of gut microbiota-derived signals in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:961703. [PMID: 35935766 PMCID: PMC9354785 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.961703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract harbors trillions of commensal microbes, called the gut microbiota, which plays a significant role in the regulation of GI physiology, particularly GI motility. The GI tract expresses an array of receptors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), G-protein coupled receptors, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and ligand-gated ion channels, that sense different gut microbiota-derived bioactive substances. Specifically, microbial cell wall components and metabolites, including lipopeptides, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), bile acids (BAs), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and tryptophan metabolites, mediate the effect of gut microbiota on GI motility through their close interactions with the enteroendocrine system, enteric nervous system, intestinal smooth muscle, and immune system. In turn, GI motility affects the colonization within the gut microbiota. However, the mechanisms by which gut microbiota interacts with GI motility remain to be elucidated. Deciphering the underlying mechanisms is greatly important for the prevention or treatment of GI dysmotility, which is a complication associated with many GI diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and constipation. In this perspective, we overview the current knowledge on the role of gut microbiota and its metabolites in the regulation of GI motility, highlighting the potential mechanisms, in an attempt to provide valuable clues for the development of gut microbiota-dependent therapy to improve GI motility.
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11
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Impact of the Age of Cecal Material Transfer Donors on Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology in 5xFAD Mice. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122548. [PMID: 34946148 PMCID: PMC8708188 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting around 30 million patients worldwide. The predominant sporadic variant remains enigmatic as the underlying cause has still not been identified. Since efficient therapeutic treatments are still lacking, the microbiome and its manipulation have been considered as a new, innovative approach. 5xFAD Alzheimer’s disease model mice were subjected to one-time fecal material transfer after antibiotics-treatment using two types of inoculation: material derived from the caecum of age-matched (young) wild type mice or from middle aged, 1 year old (old) wild type mice. Mice were profiled after transfer for physiological parameters, microbiome, behavioral tasks, and amyloid deposition. A single time transfer of cecal material from the older donor group established an aged phenotype in the recipient animals as indicated by elevated cultivatable fecal Enterobacteriaceae and Lactobacillaceae representative bacteria, a decreased Firmicutes amount as assessed by qPCR, and by increased levels of serum LPS binding protein. While behavioral deficits were not accelerated, single brain regions (prefrontal cortex and dentate gyrus) showed higher plaque load after transfer of material from older animals. We could demonstrate that the age of the donor of cecal material might affect early pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease. This could be relevant when considering new microbiome-based therapies for this devastating disorder.
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12
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Valentino TR, Vechetti IJ, Mobley CB, Dungan CM, Golden L, Goh J, McCarthy JJ. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome impairs mouse skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise. J Physiol 2021; 599:4845-4863. [PMID: 34569067 DOI: 10.1113/jp281788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is emerging evidence of a gut microbiome-skeletal muscle axis. The purpose of this study was to determine if an intact gut microbiome was necessary for skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise. Forty-two 4-month-old female C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to untreated (U) or antibiotic-treated (T) non-running controls (CU or CT, respectively) or progressive weighted wheel running (PoWeR, P) untreated (PU) or antibiotic-treated (PT) groups. Antibiotic treatment resulted in disruption of the gut microbiome as indicated by a significant depletion of gut microbiome bacterial species in both CT and PT groups. The training stimulus was the same between PU and PT groups as assessed by weekly (12.35 ± 2.06 vs. 11.09 ± 1.76 km/week, respectively) and total (778.9 ± 130.5 vs. 703.8 ± 112.9 km, respectively) running activity. In response to PoWeR, PT showed less hypertrophy of soleus type 1 and 2a fibres and plantaris type 2b/x fibres compared to PU. The higher satellite cell and myonuclei abundance of PU plantaris muscle after PoWeR was not observed in PT. The fibre-type shift of PU plantaris muscle to a more oxidative type 2a fibre composition following PoWeR was blunted in PT. There was no difference in serum cytokine levels among all groups suggesting disruption of the gut microbiome did not induce systemic inflammation. The results of this study provide the first evidence that an intact gut microbiome is necessary for skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise. KEY POINTS: Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome caused by continuous antibiotic treatment did not affect running activity. Continuous treatment with antibiotics did not result in systemic inflammation as indicated by serum cytokine levels. Gut microbiome dysbiosis was associated with blunted fibre type-specific hypertrophy in the soleus and plantaris muscles in response to progressive weighted wheel running (PoWeR). Gut microbiome dysbiosis was associated with impaired PoWeR-induced fibre-type shift in the plantaris muscle. Gut microbiome dysbiosis was associated with a loss of PoWeR-induced myonuclei accretion in the plantaris muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R Valentino
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Muscle Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ivan J Vechetti
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Cory M Dungan
- Center for Muscle Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lesley Golden
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jensen Goh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Muscle Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Muscle Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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13
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Hong L, Lee SM, Kim WS, Choi YJ, Oh SH, Li YL, Choi SH, Chung DH, Jung E, Kang SK, Cho CS. Synbiotics Containing Nanoprebiotics: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy to Restore Gut Dysbiosis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:715241. [PMID: 34475865 PMCID: PMC8406803 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.715241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new formulation, nanoprebiotics [e.g., phthalyl pullulan nanoparticles (PPNs)], was demonstrated to enhance the antimicrobial activity of probiotics [e.g., Lactobacillus plantarum (LP)] in vitro through intracellular stimulation better than that by backbone prebiotics, which are commonly used. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether this combination would exert distinct effects as synbiotics in vivo. Synbiotics combinations of LP, pullulan, and PPNs were used as experimental treatments in a dysbiosis-induced murine model, and their restorative effect was assessed using pathogen Escherichia coli K99 challenge. Our results showed that the E. coli infection was suppressed markedly in the experimental group fed with synbiotics containing PPNs. In addition, the decrease in serum endotoxin level after synbiotics treatment suggested the reinforcement of the gut barrier. Comparison of treatment groups, including a normal control group, showed that synbiotics containing PPNs increased microbial diversity, which is a representative parameter of healthy status. Furthermore, distinct from probiotics treatment alone, synbiotics showed additive effects of enrichment of several well-known beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and other butyrate-producing bacteria including Faecalibacterium. Collectively, our results indicate that synbiotics containing PPNs are effective at restoring gut dysbiosis, suppressing pathogenic infection, and increasing microbial diversity, suggesting that synbiotics with nanoprebiotics have the potential to be a novel strategy for ameliorating gut dysbiosis and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Mok Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Insilico Co., Ltd., Ansan-Si, South Korea
| | - Whee-Soo Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seo-Ho Oh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yu-Ling Li
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - Sang-Kee Kang
- Institutes of Green-Bio Science & Technology, Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, South Korea
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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14
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Movahedan A, Barba H, Spedale M, Deng N, Arvans D, Nadeem U, Leone V, Chang EB, Theriault B, Skondra D. Gnotobiotic Operations and Assembly for Development of Germ-Free Animal Model of Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:14. [PMID: 34388237 PMCID: PMC8363772 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.9.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Compelling new evidence reveals a close link between the gut microbiome and the pathogenesis of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Germ-free (GF) animal models are the current gold standard for studying host the microbe interactions in vivo; yet, no GF animal models of nAMD are available today. This protocol describes gnotobiotic operations and assembly for a laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model in GF mice to study the gut microbiome in neovascular AMD. Methods We developed a step-wise approach to performing retinal laser photocoagulation in GF C57BL/6J mice that were bred and maintained at the gnotobiotic facility. Following a strict sterility protocol, we administered laser photocoagulation via an Argon 532-nm laser attached to a customized slit-lamp delivery system. Sterility was confirmed by weekly fecal cultures and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Results The experiment was repeated twice at different time points using seven mice (14 eyes). Stool cultures and RT-PCR remained negative for 14 days post-procedure in all mice. Lectin immunostaining performed on choroidal flatmounts confirmed the presence of CNV lesions 2 weeks after laser treatment. Conclusions We established a GF mouse model of nAMD with detailed guidelines to deliver retinal laser in GF mice maintaining sterility after the laser procedure. Translational Relevance To our knowledge, this is the first protocol that describes a GF murine model of laser-induced CNV. In addition to nAMD, this animal model can be used to investigate host-microbial interactions in other eye diseases with laser-induced mouse models such as glaucoma and retinal vein occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asadolah Movahedan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hugo Barba
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Melanie Spedale
- Animal Resources Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nini Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Donna Arvans
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Urooba Nadeem
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vanessa Leone
- Section of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,The Microbiome Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eugene B Chang
- Section of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,The Microbiome Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Betty Theriault
- Animal Resources Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dimitra Skondra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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15
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Hansen AK, Hansen CHF. The microbiome and rodent models of immune mediated diseases. Mamm Genome 2021; 32:251-262. [PMID: 33792799 PMCID: PMC8012743 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09866-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last six decades production of laboratory rodents have been refined with the aim of eliminating all pathogens, which could influence research results. This has, however, also created rodents with little diversity in their microbiota. Until 10 years ago the impact of the microbiota on the outcome of rodent studies was ignored, but today it is clear that the phenotype of rodent models differs essentially in relation to the environment of origin, i.e. different breeders or different rooms. In this review, we outline the mechanisms behind gut bacterial impact on rodent models of immune mediated diseases, and how differences in environment of origin leads to phenotypic model differences within research areas such as infectious diseases and vaccine development, the metabolic syndrome, gut immunity and inflammation, autoimmunity and allergy. Finally, we sum up some tools to handle this impact to increase reproducibility and translatability of rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Kornerup Hansen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Camilla Hartmann Friis Hansen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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16
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Bayer F, Ascher S, Kiouptsi K, Kittner JM, Stauber RH, Reinhardt C. Colonization with Altered Schaedler Flora Impacts Leukocyte Adhesion in Mesenteric Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1601. [PMID: 34442681 PMCID: PMC8401286 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota impacts mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion injury, aggravating the interaction of leukocytes with endothelial cells in mesenteric venules. The role of defined gut microbiomes in this life-threatening pathology is unknown. To investigate how a defined model microbiome affects the adhesion of leukocytes in mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion, we took advantage of gnotobiotic isolator technology and transferred altered Schaedler flora (ASF) from C3H/HeNTac to germ-free C57BL/6J mice. We were able to detect all eight bacterial taxa of ASF in fecal samples of colonized C57BL/6J mice by PCR. Applying qRT-PCR for quantification of species-specific 16S rDNA sequences of ASF bacteria, we found a major shift in the abundance of ASF 500, which was greater in C57BL/6J mice relative to the C3H/HeNTac founder breeding pair. Using high-speed epifluorescence intravital microscopy to visualize the venules of the small bowel mesentery, we found that gnotobiotic ASF-colonized mice showed reduced leukocyte adherence, both pre- and post-ischemia. Relative to germ-free mice, the counts of adhering leukocytes were increased pre-ischemia but did not significantly increase in ASF-colonized mice in the post-ischemic state. Collectively, our results suggest a protective role of the minimal microbial consortium ASF in mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Bayer
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (F.B.); (S.A.); (K.K.)
| | - Stefanie Ascher
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (F.B.); (S.A.); (K.K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klytaimnistra Kiouptsi
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (F.B.); (S.A.); (K.K.)
| | - Jens M. Kittner
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
- Diakonie Klinikum Neunkirchen, Brunnenstraße 20, 66538 Neunkirchen, Germany
| | - Roland H. Stauber
- Department of Nanobiomedicine/ENT, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (F.B.); (S.A.); (K.K.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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17
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Goulding DR, Myers PH, Dickerson AB, Comins MM, Wiltshire RA, Blankenship-Paris TL. Comparative Efficacy of Two Types of Antibiotic Mixtures in Gut Flora Depletion in Female C57BL/6 Mice. Comp Med 2021; 71:203-209. [PMID: 34088363 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-21-000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, interest in the role of the microbiome in health and disease has increased. The use of germ-free animals and depletion of the microbial flora using antimicrobials are 2 methods commonly used to study the microbiome in laboratory mice. Germ-free mice are born, raised, and studied in isolators in the absence of any known microbes; however, the equipment, supplies, and training required for the use of these mice can be costly and time-consuming. The use of antibiotics to decrease the microbial flora does not require special equipment, can be used for any mouse strain, and is relatively inexpensive; however, mice treated in this manner still retain microbes and they do not live in a germ-free environment. One commonly used antibiotic cocktail regimen uses ampicillin, neomycin, metronidazole, and vancomycin in the drinking water for 2 to 4 wk. We found that the palatability of this mixture is low, resulting in weight loss and leading to removal of mice from the study. The addition of sucralose to the medicated water and making wet food (mash) with the medicated water improved intake; however, the low palatability still resulted in a high number of mice requiring removal. The current study evaluated a new combination of antibiotics designed to reduce the gut microbiota while maintaining body weights. C57BL/6NCrl mice were placed on one of the following drinking water regimens: ampicillin/neomycin/metronidazole/vancomycin water (n = 16), enrofloxacin/ampicillin water ( n = 12), or standard reverse osmosis deionized water (RODI) ( n = 11). During an 8 day regimen, mice were weighed and water consumption was measured. Feces were collected before and after 8 d of treatment. Quantitative real-time PCR (real-time qPCR) for 16S bacterial ribosome was performed on each sample, and values were compared among groups. The combination of enrofloxacin and ampicillin improved water intake, together with a greater reduction in gut flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Goulding
- Veterinary Medicine Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Page H Myers
- Veterinary Medicine Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Angela B Dickerson
- Veterinary Medicine Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Molly M Comins
- Veterinary Medicine Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Rebecca A Wiltshire
- Veterinary Medicine Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Terry L Blankenship-Paris
- Veterinary Medicine Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;,
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18
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Gut dysbiosis modulates the immune response to factor VIII in murine hemophilia A. Blood Adv 2021; 4:2644-2655. [PMID: 32556285 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019001144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of neutralizing FVIII antibodies is the most serious complication of hemophilia A treatment. The currently known patient- and treatment-related risk factors for inhibitor development do not accurately predict this adverse event in all patients. The composition of the gut microbiota has been shown to influence immune-mediated diseases at distant anatomical sites (eg, lungs, brain, and joints). We demonstrate that a disrupted gut microbiota can be created in a mouse model of hemophilia A using a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Under controlled conditions, this sustained dysbiosis was associated with an increase in splenic B cells and the development of higher titer, FVIII-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies after FVIII challenge. Splenic and mesenteric lymph node cytokines, T cells, and dendritic cells were unaffected before administration of FVIII. However, the immune transcriptome of both aforementioned secondary lymphoid organs was significantly modified. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are immunomodulatory microbial metabolites, were depleted in cecal contents of the dysbiotic mice. Furthermore, supplementation of the drinking water with butyrate, the most immunologically active SCFA, successfully achieved attenuation of the FVIII immune response. Collectively, data from this exploratory study suggest that the composition of the gut microbiota alters the FVIII immune response via the action of specific microbial metabolites on the immune cell transcriptome and that oral supplementation with butyrate effectively reduces the FVIII immune response.
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19
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Impact of Gut Microbiome Manipulation in 5xFAD Mice on Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040815. [PMID: 33924322 PMCID: PMC8069338 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut brain axis seems to modulate various psychiatric and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Growing evidence has led to the assumption that the gut microbiome might contribute to or even present the nucleus of origin for these diseases. In this regard, modifiers of the microbial composition might provide attractive new therapeutics. Aim of our study was to elucidate the effect of a rigorously changed gut microbiome on pathological hallmarks of AD. 5xFAD model mice were treated by antibiotics or probiotics (L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus) for 14 weeks. Pathogenesis was measured by nest building capability and plaque deposition. The gut microbiome was affected as expected: antibiotics significantly reduced viable commensals, while probiotics transiently increased Lactobacillaceae. Nesting score, however, was only improved in antibiotics-treated mice. These animals additionally displayed reduced plaque load in the hippocampus. While various physiological parameters were not affected, blood sugar was reduced and serum glucagon level significantly elevated in the antibiotics-treated animals together with a reduction in the receptor for advanced glycation end products RAGE-the inward transporter of Aβ peptides of the brain. Assumedly, the beneficial effect of the antibiotics was based on their anti-diabetic potential.
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20
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Lebeuf M, Turgeon N, Faubert C, Robillard J, Paradis É, Duchaine C. Managing the bacterial contamination risk in an axenic mice animal facility. Can J Microbiol 2021; 67:657-666. [PMID: 33844954 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A gap exists between good laboratory practices with axenic animals and the procedures applied. This work examined the efficacy of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (MB-10) and potassium peroxymonosulfate (Virkon™) disinfectants, as well as the appropriate soaking time for materials used with the ISOcage Biosafety Station™. We also compared the microbial load in cage systems hosting mice over 2 weeks in axenic rooms (ARs) and in typical specific-pathogen-free (SPF) non-axenic rooms (NARs) to identify resistant microorganisms, targeted for longer soaking disinfection, and evaluated the necessary procedures for reducing the microbial load in AR. Staphylococcus was the most frequently isolated genus (in both ARs and NARs). An average of three spore-forming microorganisms per cage were counted from AR. The disinfection time to reach 1 log reduction for Bacillus atrophaeus spores varied from 138 s (100 ppm MB-10) to 290 (Virkon™) to <20 s for S. epidermidis (100 ppm MB-10). AR management protocols lead to a microbial load that is 1000 times lower than that found in NARs. Data comparing the microbial load in SPF and axenic facilities can be used to improve the effectiveness of their microbial control procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lebeuf
- Département de biochimie, microbiologie et bioinformatique, Université Laval, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Turgeon
- Research center, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cynthia Faubert
- Research animal facility, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Justin Robillard
- Research animal facility, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Éric Paradis
- Research center, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Duchaine
- Département de biochimie, microbiologie et bioinformatique, Université Laval, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada; Tier-1, Canada Research Chair on Bioaerosols, Institutuniversitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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21
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Chang D, Sharma L, Dela Cruz CS. Harnessing Murine Microbiome Models to Study Human Lung Microbiome. Chest 2021; 157:776-778. [PMID: 32252931 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- De Chang
- Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
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22
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Souffriau J, Timmermans S, Vanderhaeghen T, Wallaeys C, Van Looveren K, Aelbrecht L, Dewaele S, Vandewalle J, Goossens E, Verbanck S, Boyen F, Eggermont M, De Commer L, De Rycke R, De Bruyne M, Tito R, Ballegeer M, Vandevyver S, Velho T, Moita LF, Hochepied T, De Bosscher K, Raes J, Van Immerseel F, Beyaert R, Libert C. Zinc inhibits lethal inflammatory shock by preventing microbe-induced interferon signature in intestinal epithelium. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11917. [PMID: 32914580 PMCID: PMC7539219 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine TNF drives inflammatory diseases, e.g., Crohn's disease. In a mouse model of TNF-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), severe impact on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is observed. Zinc confers complete protection in this model. We found that zinc no longer protects in animals which lack glucocorticoids (GCs), or express mutant versions of their receptor GR in IECs, nor in mice which lack gut microbiota. RNA-seq studies in IECs showed that zinc caused reduction in expression of constitutive (STAT1-induced) interferon-stimulated response (ISRE) genes and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) genes. Since some of these genes are involved in TNF-induced cell death in intestinal crypt Paneth cells, and since zinc has direct effects on the composition of the gut microbiota (such as several Staphylococcus species) and on TNF-induced Paneth cell death, we postulate a new zinc-related anti-inflammatory mechanism. Zinc modulates the gut microbiota, causing less induction of ISRE/IRF genes in crypt cells, less TNF-induced necroptosis in Paneth cells, and less fatal evasion of gut bacteria into the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Souffriau
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Timmermans
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tineke Vanderhaeghen
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Wallaeys
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kelly Van Looveren
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lindsy Aelbrecht
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylviane Dewaele
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Vandewalle
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evy Goossens
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Serge Verbanck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Melanie Eggermont
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lindsey De Commer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology and Expertise Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Inflammation Research and BioImaging Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michiel De Bruyne
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology and Expertise Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Inflammation Research and BioImaging Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Raul Tito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marlies Ballegeer
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Vandevyver
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tiago Velho
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Tino Hochepied
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Raes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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23
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Kappel BA, De Angelis L, Heiser M, Ballanti M, Stoehr R, Goettsch C, Mavilio M, Artati A, Paoluzi OA, Adamski J, Mingrone G, Staels B, Burcelin R, Monteleone G, Menghini R, Marx N, Federici M. Cross-omics analysis revealed gut microbiome-related metabolic pathways underlying atherosclerosis development after antibiotics treatment. Mol Metab 2020; 36:100976. [PMID: 32251665 PMCID: PMC7183232 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.100976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The metabolic influence of gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases. Antibiotics affect intestinal bacterial diversity, and long-term usage has been identified as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis-driven events. The aim of this study was to explore the interaction between gut dysbiosis by antibiotics and metabolic pathways with the impact on atherosclerosis development. Methods We combined oral antibiotics with different diets in an Apolipoprotein E-knockout mouse model linking gut microbiota to atherosclerotic lesion development via an integrative cross-omics approach including serum metabolomics and cecal 16S rRNA targeted metagenomic sequencing. We further investigated patients with carotid atherosclerosis compared to control subjects with comparable cardiovascular risk. Results Here, we show that increased atherosclerosis by antibiotics was connected to a loss of intestinal diversity and alterations of microbial metabolic functional capacity with a major impact on the host serum metabolome. Pathways that were modulated by antibiotics and connected to atherosclerosis included diminished tryptophan and disturbed lipid metabolism. These pathways were related to the reduction of certain members of Bacteroidetes and Clostridia by antibiotics in the gut. Patients with atherosclerosis presented a similar metabolic signature as those induced by antibiotics in our mouse model. Conclusion Taken together, this work provides insights into the complex interaction between intestinal microbiota and host metabolism. Our data highlight that detrimental effects of antibiotics on the gut flora are connected to a pro-atherogenic metabolic phenotype beyond classical risk factors. Antibiotics exacerbate atherosclerosis independently of diet. Gut microbiota and metabolic alpha diversity are reduced by antibiotics. Pathways connected to atherogenesis are tryptophan and lipid metabolism. Metabolic changes are linked to reduced Clostridia and Bacteroidetes in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Arpad Kappel
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lorenzo De Angelis
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Heiser
- Metabolomic discoveries GmbH, Potsdam, Germany; Metabolon Inc., Morrisville, NC, USA
| | - Marta Ballanti
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Center for Atherosclerosis, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert Stoehr
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Claudia Goettsch
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maria Mavilio
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Artati
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Jerzy Adamski
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Geltrude Mingrone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Staels
- Université Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Remy Burcelin
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Giovanni Monteleone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Gastroenterology Unit, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Menghini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Massimo Federici
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Center for Atherosclerosis, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Galla S, Chakraborty S, Cheng X, Yeo JY, Mell B, Chiu N, Wenceslau CF, Vijay-Kumar M, Joe B. Exposure to Amoxicillin in Early Life Is Associated With Changes in Gut Microbiota and Reduction in Blood Pressure: Findings From a Study on Rat Dams and Offspring. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e014373. [PMID: 31928175 PMCID: PMC7033837 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Pediatric hypertension is recognized as an emerging global health concern. Although new guidelines are developed for facilitating clinical management, the reasons for the prevalence of hypertension in children remain unknown. Genetics and environmental factors do not fully account for the growing incidence of pediatric hypertension. Because stable bacterial flora in early life are linked with health outcomes later in life, we hypothesized that reshaping of gut microbiota in early life affects blood pressure (BP) of pediatric subjects. Methods and Results To test this hypothesis, we administered amoxicillin, the most commonly prescribed pediatric antibiotic, to alter gut microbiota of young, genetically hypertensive rats (study 1) and dams during gestation and lactation (study 2) and recorded their BP. Reshaping of microbiota with reductions in Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes ratio were observed. Amoxicillin treated rats had lower BP compared with untreated rats. In young rats treated with amoxicillin, the lowering effect on BP persisted even after antibiotics were discontinued. Similarly, offspring from dams treated with amoxicillin showed lower systolic BP compared with control rats. Remarkably, in all cases, a decrease in BP was associated with lowering of Veillonellaceae, which are succinate‐producing bacteria. Elevated plasma succinate is reported in hypertension. Accordingly, serum succinate was measured and found lower in animals treated with amoxicillin. Conclusions Our results demonstrate a direct correlation between succinate‐producing gut microbiota and early development of hypertension and indicate that reshaping gut microbiota, especially by depleting succinate‐producing microbiota early in life, may have long‐term benefits for hypertension‐prone individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Galla
- Program in Physiological Genomics, Microbiome Consortium and Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences Toledo OH
| | - Saroj Chakraborty
- Program in Physiological Genomics, Microbiome Consortium and Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences Toledo OH
| | - Xi Cheng
- Program in Physiological Genomics, Microbiome Consortium and Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences Toledo OH
| | - Ji-Youn Yeo
- Program in Physiological Genomics, Microbiome Consortium and Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences Toledo OH
| | - Blair Mell
- Program in Physiological Genomics, Microbiome Consortium and Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences Toledo OH
| | - Nathaline Chiu
- Program in Physiological Genomics, Microbiome Consortium and Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences Toledo OH
| | - Camilla F Wenceslau
- Program in Physiological Genomics, Microbiome Consortium and Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences Toledo OH
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Program in Physiological Genomics, Microbiome Consortium and Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences Toledo OH
| | - Bina Joe
- Program in Physiological Genomics, Microbiome Consortium and Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences Toledo OH
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25
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The Gut Microbiota in Cardiovascular Disease and Arterial Thrombosis. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120691. [PMID: 31847071 PMCID: PMC6956001 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota has emerged as a contributing factor in the development of atherosclerosis and arterial thrombosis. Metabolites from the gut microbiota, such as trimethylamine N-oxide and short chain fatty acids, were identified as messengers that induce cell type-specific signaling mechanisms and immune reactions in the host vasculature, impacting the development of cardiovascular diseases. In addition, microbial-associated molecular patterns drive atherogenesis and the microbiota was recently demonstrated to promote arterial thrombosis through Toll-like receptor signaling. Furthermore, by the use of germ-free mouse models, the presence of a gut microbiota was shown to influence the synthesis of endothelial adhesion molecules. Hence, the gut microbiota is increasingly being recognized as an influencing factor of arterial thrombosis and attempts of dietary pre- or probiotic modulation of the commensal microbiota, to reduce cardiovascular risk, are becoming increasingly significant.
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