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Tian T, Zhu Y, Shi J, Shang K, Yin Z, Shi H, He Y, Ding J, Zhang F. The development of a human Brucella mucosal vaccine: What should be considered? Life Sci 2024; 355:122986. [PMID: 39151885 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a chronic infectious disease that is zoonotic in nature. Brucella can infect humans through interactions with livestock, primarily via the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and oral cavity. This bacterium has the potential to be utilized as a biological weapon and is classified as a Category B pathogen by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Currently, there is no approved vaccine for humans against Brucella, highlighting an urgent need for the development of a vaccine to mitigate the risks posed by this pathogen. Brucella primarily infects its host by adhering to and penetrating mucosal surfaces. Mucosal immunity plays a vital role in preventing local infections, clearing microorganisms from mucosal surfaces, and inhibiting the spread of pathogens. As mucosal vaccine strategies continue to evolve, the development of a safe and effective mucosal vaccine against Brucella appears promising.This paper reviews the immune mechanism of mucosal vaccines, the infection mechanism of Brucella, successful Brucella mucosal vaccines in animals, and mucosal adjuvants. Additionally, it elucidates targeting and optimization strategies for mucosal vaccines to facilitate the development of human vaccines against Brucella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China
| | - Yuejie Zhu
- Reproductive Fertility Assistance Center, First Afffliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China
| | - Juan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China
| | - Kaiyu Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China
| | - Zhengwei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China
| | - Huidong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China
| | - Yueyue He
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China
| | - Jianbing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China
| | - Fengbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China; Department of Clinical laboratory, The First Affiliated hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China.
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Fathy Mohamed Y, Fernandez RC. Programming Bordetella pertussis lipid A to promote adjuvanticity. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:250. [PMID: 39272136 PMCID: PMC11401268 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of whooping cough or pertussis. Although both acellular (aP) and whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines protect against disease, the wP vaccine, which is highly reactogenic, is better at preventing colonization and transmission. Reactogenicity is mainly attributed to the lipid A moiety of B. pertussis lipooligosaccharide (LOS). Within LOS, lipid A acts as a hydrophobic anchor, engaging with TLR4-MD2 on host immune cells to initiate both MyD88-dependent and TRIF-dependent pathways, thereby influencing adaptive immune responses. Lipid A variants, such as monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) can also act as adjuvants. Adjuvants may overcome the shortcomings of aP vaccines. RESULTS This work used lipid A modifying enzymes from other bacteria to produce an MPLA-like adjuvant strain in B. pertussis. We created B. pertussis strains with distinct lipid A modifications, which were validated using MALDI-TOF. We engineered a hexa-acylated monophosphorylated lipid A that markedly decreased human TLR4 activation and activated the TRIF pathway. The modified lipooligosaccharide (LOS) promoted IRF3 phosphorylation and type I interferon production, similar to MPLA responses. We generated three other variants with increased adjuvanticity properties and reduced endotoxicity. Pyrogenicity studies using the Monocyte Activation Test (MAT) revealed that these four lipid A variants significantly decreased the IL-6, a marker for fever, response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). CONCLUSION These findings pave the way for developing wP vaccines that are possibly less reactogenic and designing adaptable adjuvants for current vaccine formulations, advancing more effective immunization strategies against pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Fathy Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z3, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Rachel C Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z3, Canada.
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Shams N, Jaydari A, Najafi H, Hataminejad M, Khanizadeh S, Pouladi I. An Overview of the Types of Adjuvants Used in the Vaccination Industry And Their Mechanisms of Action. Viral Immunol 2024; 37:324-336. [PMID: 39172659 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2024.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of efficient vaccines against infectious diseases is regarded as one of the most significant advancements in public health and techniques for preventing and protecting against infectious diseases and cancer. Because the purpose of vaccination is to elicit an appropriate, powerful, and long-lasting immune response against the pathogen, compounds such as adjuvants must be used to enhance these responses. Adjuvants have been widely used since their discovery to boost immune responses, prevent diseases, and activate protective immunity. Today, several types of adjuvants with varying properties are available for specific applications. Adjuvants are supramolecular substances or complexes that strengthen and prolong the immune response to antigens. These compounds have long-term immunological effects and are low in toxicity. They also lower the amount of antigen or the number of immunogenic reactions needed to improve vaccine efficacy and are used in specific populations. This article provides an overview of the adjuvants commonly used in the vaccination industry, their respective mechanisms of action, and discusses how they function to stimulate the immune system. Understanding the mechanisms of action of adjuvants is crucial for the development of effective and safe vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemat Shams
- Department of Microbiology and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Amin Jaydari
- Department of Microbiology and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hamideh Najafi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Hataminejad
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Sayyad Khanizadeh
- Hepatitis Research Center, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Iman Pouladi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Alugupalli KR. Characterization of Turbo, a TLR Ligand-based Adjuvant for Glycoconjugate Vaccines. Immunohorizons 2024; 8:527-537. [PMID: 39093309 PMCID: PMC11374753 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2400040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial polysaccharide vaccines, including the typhoid Vi polysaccharide (ViPS) and tetravalent meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate (MCV4) vaccines, do not incorporate adjuvants and are not highly immunogenic, particularly in infants. I found that endotoxin, a TLR4 ligand in ViPS, contributes to the immunogenicity of typhoid vaccines. Because endotoxin is pyrogenic, and its levels are highly variable in vaccines, I developed monophosphoryl lipid A, a nontoxic TLR4 ligand-based adjuvant named Turbo. Admixing Turbo with ViPS and MCV4 vaccines improved their immunogenicity across all ages and eliminated booster requirement. To understand the characteristics of this adjuvanticity, I compared Turbo with alum. Unlike alum, which polarizes the response toward the IgG1 isotype, Turbo promoted Ab class switching to all IgG isotypes with affinity maturation; the magnitude of this IgG response is durable and accompanied by the presence of long-lived plasma cells in the mouse bone marrow. In striking contrast with the pathways employed by alum, Turbo adjuvanticity is independent of NLPR3, pyroptotic cell death effector Gasdermin D, and canonical and noncanonical inflammasome activation mediated by Caspase-1 and Caspase-11, respectively. Turbo adjuvanticity is primarily dependent on the MyD88 axis and is lost in mice deficient in costimulatory molecules CD86 and CD40, indicating that Turbo adjuvanticity includes activation of these pathways. Because Turbo formulations containing either monophosphoryl lipid A or TLR2 ligands, Pam2CysSerLys4, and Pam3CysSerLys4 help generate Ab response of all IgG isotypes, as an adjuvant Turbo can improve the immunogenicity of glycoconjugate vaccines against a wide range of bacterial pathogens whose elimination requires appropriate IgG isotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore R Alugupalli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- TurboVax Inc., Philadelphia, PA
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Merchand-Reyes G, Bull MF, Santhanam R, Valencia-Pena ML, Murugesan RA, Chordia A, Mo XM, Robledo-Avila FH, Ruiz-Rosado JDD, Carson WE, Byrd JC, Woyach JA, Tridandapani S, Butchar JP. NOD2 activation enhances macrophage Fcγ receptor function and may increase the efficacy of antibody therapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1409333. [PMID: 38919608 PMCID: PMC11196781 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1409333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Therapeutic antibodies have become a major strategy to treat oncologic diseases. For chronic lymphocytic leukemia, antibodies against CD20 are used to target and elicit cytotoxic responses against malignant B cells. However, efficacy is often compromised due to a suppressive microenvironment that interferes with cellular immune responses. To overcome this suppression, agonists of pattern recognition receptors have been studied which promote direct cytotoxicity or elicit anti-tumoral immune responses. NOD2 is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor that participates in the detection of peptidoglycan, a key component of bacterial cell walls. This detection then mediates the activation of multiple signaling pathways in myeloid cells. Although several NOD2 agonists are being used worldwide, the potential benefit of these agents in the context of antibody therapy has not been explored. Methods Primary cells from healthy-donor volunteers (PBMCs, monocytes) or CLL patients (monocytes) were treated with versus without the NOD2 agonist L18-MDP, then antibody-mediated responses were assessed. In vivo, the Eµ-TCL1 mouse model of CLL was used to test the effects of L18-MDP treatment alone and in combination with anti-CD20 antibody. Results Treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with L18-MDP led to activation of monocytes from both healthy donors and CLL patients. In addition, there was an upregulation of activating FcγR in monocytes and a subsequent increase in antibody-mediated phagocytosis. This effect required the NF-κB and p38 signaling pathways. Treatment with L18-MDP plus anti-CD20 antibody in the Eµ-TCL model of CLL led to a significant reduction of CLL load, as well as to phenotypic changes in splenic monocytes and macrophages. Conclusions Taken together, these results suggest that NOD2 agonists help overturn the suppression of myeloid cells, and may improve the efficacy of antibody therapy for CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/agonists
- Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/metabolism
- Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/immunology
- Animals
- Humans
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Mice
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine/pharmacology
- Female
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Signal Transduction
- Phagocytosis
- Rituximab/pharmacology
- Rituximab/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Merchand-Reyes
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mikayla F. Bull
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ramasamy Santhanam
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Maria L. Valencia-Pena
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Aadesh Chordia
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Xiaokui-Molly Mo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Frank H. Robledo-Avila
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Juan De Dios Ruiz-Rosado
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - John C. Byrd
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Woyach
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Susheela Tridandapani
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Butchar
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Meng X, Xu Y, Yang J, Meng S, Ding N, Sun T, Zong C. Strategic development of a self-adjuvanting SARS-CoV-2 RBD vaccine: From adjuvant screening to enhanced immunogenicity with a modified TLR7 agonist. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:111909. [PMID: 38554446 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Adjuvants enhance the body's immune response to a vaccine, often leading to better protection against diseases. Monophosphoryl lipid A analogues (MPLA, TLR4 agonists), α-galactosylceramide analogues (NKT cell agonists), and imidazoquinoline compounds (TLR7/8 agonists) are emerging novel adjuvants on market or under clinical trials. Despite significant interest in these adjuvants, a direct comparison of their adjuvant activities remains unexplored. We initially assessed the activities of various adjuvants from three distinct categories using the SARS-CoV-2 RBD trimer antigen. TLR4 and TLR7/8 agonists are discovered to elicit robust IgG2a/2b antibodies, which is crucial for eliciting antibody dependent cytotoxicity. While α-galactosylceramide analogs induced mainly IgG1 antibody. Then, because of the flexibility of the TLR7/8 agonist, we designed and synthesized a tri-component self-adjuvanting SARS-CoV-2 RBD vaccine, featuring a covalent TLR7 agonist and targeting mannoside. Animal studies indicated that this vaccine generated antigen-specific humoral immunity. Yet, its immunogenicity seems compromised, indicating the complexity of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongyan Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ying Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shuai Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tiantian Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chengli Zong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Du F, Yuk SA, Qian Y, Vincent MP, Bobbala S, Abbott TM, Kim H, Li Y, Li H, Yi S, Qiao B, Scott EA. A Biomimetic Multi-Component Subunit Vaccine via Ratiometric Loading of Hierarchical Hydrogels. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4177821. [PMID: 38746232 PMCID: PMC11092859 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4177821/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The development of subunit vaccines that mimic the molecular complexity of attenuated vaccines has been limited by the difficulty of intracellular co-delivery of multiple chemically diverse payloads at controllable concentrations. We report on hierarchical hydrogel depots employing simple poly(propylene sulfone) homopolymers to enable ratiometric loading of a protein antigen and four physicochemically distinct adjuvants in a hierarchical manner. The optimized vaccine consisted of immunostimulants either adsorbed to or encapsulated within nanogels, which were capable of noncovalent anchoring to subcutaneous tissues. These 5-component nanogel vaccines demonstrated enhanced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses compared to formulations with standard single adjuvant and antigen pairing. The use of a single simple homopolymer capable of rapid and stable loading and intracellular delivery of diverse molecular cargoes holds promise for facile development and optimization of scalable subunit vaccines and complex therapeutic formulations for a wide range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Simseok A. Yuk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yuan Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Michael P. Vincent
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sharan Bobbala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Tirzah M. Abbott
- Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental Center, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Hyeohn Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA
| | - Haoyu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sijia Yi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Baofu Qiao
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch Colleg-e, City University of New York, New York, 10010, USA
| | - Evan A. Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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8
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Heras-Murillo I, Adán-Barrientos I, Galán M, Wculek SK, Sancho D. Dendritic cells as orchestrators of anticancer immunity and immunotherapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2024; 21:257-277. [PMID: 38326563 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-024-00859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous group of antigen-presenting innate immune cells that regulate adaptive immunity, including against cancer. Therefore, understanding the precise activities of DCs in tumours and patients with cancer is important. The classification of DC subsets has historically been based on ontogeny; however, single-cell analyses are now additionally revealing a diversity of functional states of DCs in cancer. DCs can promote the activation of potent antitumour T cells and immune responses via numerous mechanisms, although they can also be hijacked by tumour-mediated factors to contribute to immune tolerance and cancer progression. Consequently, DC activities are often key determinants of the efficacy of immunotherapies, including immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Potentiating the antitumour functions of DCs or using them as tools to orchestrate short-term and long-term anticancer immunity has immense but as-yet underexploited therapeutic potential. In this Review, we outline the nature and emerging complexity of DC states as well as their functions in regulating adaptive immunity across different cancer types. We also describe how DCs are required for the success of current immunotherapies and explore the inherent potential of targeting DCs for cancer therapy. We focus on novel insights on DCs derived from patients with different cancers, single-cell studies of DCs and their relevance to therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Heras-Murillo
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Adán-Barrientos
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Galán
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefanie K Wculek
- Innate Immune Biology Laboratory, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Sancho
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Alugupalli KR. Monophosphoryl Lipid A-based Adjuvant to Promote the Immunogenicity of Multivalent Meningococcal Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccines. Immunohorizons 2024; 8:317-325. [PMID: 38625118 PMCID: PMC11066721 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Activation of the adaptive immune system requires the engagement of costimulatory pathways in addition to B and T cell Ag receptor signaling, and adjuvants play a central role in this process. Many Gram-negative bacterial polysaccharide vaccines, including the tetravalent meningococcal conjugate vaccines (MCV4) and typhoid Vi polysaccharide vaccines, do not incorporate adjuvants. The immunogenicity of typhoid vaccines is due to the presence of associated TLR4 ligands in these vaccines. Because the immunogenicity of MCV4 is poor and requires boosters, I hypothesized that TLR4 ligands are absent in MCV4 and that incorporation of a TLR4 ligand-based adjuvant would improve their immunogenicity. Consistent with this hypothesis, two Food and Drug Administration-approved MCV4 vaccines, MENVEO and MenQuadfi, lack TLR4 ligands. Admixing monophosphoryl lipid A, a TLR4 ligand-based adjuvant formulation named "Turbo" with MCV4 induced significantly improved IgM and IgG responses to all four meningococcal serogroup polysaccharides in adult and aged mice after a single immunization. Furthermore, in infant mice, a single booster was sufficient to promote a robust IgG response and 100% seroconversion when MCV4 was adjuvanted with Turbo. Turbo upregulated the expression of the costimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86 on B cells, and Turbo-driven adjuvanticity is lost in mice deficient in CD40 and CD86. These data suggest that Turbo induces the required costimulatory molecules for its adjuvant activity and that incorporation of Turbo could make bacterial polysaccharide vaccines more immunogenic, minimize booster requirements, and be cost-effective, particularly for those individuals in low- and middle-income and disease-endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore R. Alugupalli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; and TurboVax Inc., Philadelphia, PA
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10
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Jin H, Ji Y, An J, Ha DH, Lee YR, Kim HJ, Lee CG, Jeong W, Kwon IC, Yang EG, Kim KH, Lee C, Chung HS. Engineering Escherichia coli for constitutive production of monophosphoryl lipid A vaccine adjuvant. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1144-1162. [PMID: 38184812 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, expedient vaccine production has been slowed by the shortage of safe and effective raw materials, such as adjuvants, essential components to enhance the efficacy of vaccines. Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) is a potent and safe adjuvant used in human vaccines, including the Shingles vaccine, Shingrix. 3-O-desacyl-4'-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), a representative MPLA adjuvant commercialized by GSK, was prepared via chemical conversion of precursors isolated from Salmonella typhimurium R595. However, the high price of these materials limits their use in premium vaccines. To combat the scarcity and high cost of safe raw materials for vaccines, we need to develop a feasible MPLA production method that is easily scaled up to meet industrial requirements. In this study, we engineered peptidoglycan and outer membrane biosynthetic pathways in Escherichia coli and developed a Escherichia coli strain, KHSC0055, that constitutively produces EcML (E. coli-produced monophosphoryl lipid A) without additives such as antibiotics or overexpression inducers. EcML production was optimized on an industrial scale via high-density fed-batch fermentation, and obtained 2.7 g of EcML (about 135,000 doses of vaccine) from a 30-L-scale fermentation. Using KHSC0055, we simplified the production process and decreased the production costs of MPLA. Then, we applied EcML purified from KHSC0055 as an adjuvant for a COVID-19 vaccine candidate (EuCorVac-19) currently in clinical trial stage III in the Philippines. By probing the efficacy and safety of EcML in humans, we established KHSC0055 as an efficient cell factory for MPLA adjuvant production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Jin
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuhyun Ji
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsu An
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hui Ha
- V Plant 125, Wonmudong-gil, Dongsan-myeon, EuBiologics., Co., Ltd., Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Ram Lee
- V Plant 125, Wonmudong-gil, Dongsan-myeon, EuBiologics., Co., Ltd., Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ji Kim
- V Plant 125, Wonmudong-gil, Dongsan-myeon, EuBiologics., Co., Ltd., Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon Geun Lee
- V Plant 125, Wonmudong-gil, Dongsan-myeon, EuBiologics., Co., Ltd., Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyeon Jeong
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ick Chan Kwon
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Gyeong Yang
- Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hun Kim
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Lee
- V Plant 125, Wonmudong-gil, Dongsan-myeon, EuBiologics., Co., Ltd., Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Suk Chung
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Hemmati S, Saeidikia Z, Seradj H, Mohagheghzadeh A. Immunomodulatory Peptides as Vaccine Adjuvants and Antimicrobial Agents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:201. [PMID: 38399416 PMCID: PMC10892805 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The underdevelopment of adjuvant discovery and diversity, compared to core vaccine technology, is evident. On the other hand, antibiotic resistance is on the list of the top ten threats to global health. Immunomodulatory peptides that target a pathogen and modulate the immune system simultaneously are promising for the development of preventive and therapeutic molecules. Since investigating innate immunity in insects has led to prominent achievements in human immunology, such as toll-like receptor (TLR) discovery, we used the capacity of the immunomodulatory peptides of arthropods with concomitant antimicrobial or antitumor activity. An SVM-based machine learning classifier identified short immunomodulatory sequences encrypted in 643 antimicrobial peptides from 55 foe-to-friend arthropods. The critical features involved in efficacy and safety were calculated. Finally, 76 safe immunomodulators were identified. Then, molecular docking and simulation studies defined the target of the most optimal peptide ligands among all human cell-surface TLRs. SPalf2-453 from a crab is a cell-penetrating immunoadjuvant with antiviral properties. The peptide interacts with the TLR1/2 heterodimer. SBsib-711 from a blackfly is a TLR4/MD2 ligand used as a cancer vaccine immunoadjuvant. In addition, SBsib-711 binds CD47 and PD-L1 on tumor cells, which is applicable in cancer immunotherapy as a checkpoint inhibitor. MRh4-679 from a shrimp is a broad-spectrum or universal immunoadjuvant with a putative Th1/Th2-balanced response. We also implemented a pathway enrichment analysis to define fingerprints or immunological signatures for further in vitro and in vivo immunogenicity and reactogenicity measurements. Conclusively, combinatorial machine learning, molecular docking, and simulation studies, as well as systems biology, open a new opportunity for the discovery and development of multifunctional prophylactic and therapeutic lead peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Hemmati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345-1583, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345-1583, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Zahra Saeidikia
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345-1583, Iran;
| | - Hassan Seradj
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345-1583, Iran;
| | - Abdolali Mohagheghzadeh
- Department of Phytopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345-1583, Iran;
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12
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Francis JE, Skakic I, Majumdar D, Taki AC, Shukla R, Walduck A, Smooker PM. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Delivering a DNA Vaccine Encoding Helicobacter pylori Urease A Subunit: Immune Analyses before and after a Mouse Model of Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1076. [PMID: 38256149 PMCID: PMC10816323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, novel solid lipid particles containing the adjuvant lipid monophosphoryl lipid A (termed 'SLN-A') were synthesised. The SLN-A particles were able to efficiently bind and form complexes with a DNA vaccine encoding the urease alpha subunit of Helicobacter pylori. The resultant nanoparticles were termed lipoplex-A. In a mouse model of H. pylori infection, the lipoplex-A nanoparticles were used to immunise mice, and the resultant immune responses were analysed. It was found that the lipoplex-A vaccine was able to induce high levels of antigen-specific antibodies and an influx of gastric CD4+ T cells in vaccinated mice. In particular, a prime with lipoplex-A and a boost with soluble UreA protein induced significantly high levels of the IgG1 antibody, whereas two doses of lipoplex-A induced high levels of the IgG2c antibody. In this study, lipoplex-A vaccination did not lead to a significant reduction in H. pylori colonisation in a challenge model; however, these results point to the utility of the system for delivering DNA vaccine-encoded antigens to induce immune responses and suggest the ability to tailor those responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine E. Francis
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (J.E.F.); (I.S.); (D.M.); (R.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Ivana Skakic
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (J.E.F.); (I.S.); (D.M.); (R.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Debolina Majumdar
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (J.E.F.); (I.S.); (D.M.); (R.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Aya C. Taki
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Ravi Shukla
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (J.E.F.); (I.S.); (D.M.); (R.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Anna Walduck
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (J.E.F.); (I.S.); (D.M.); (R.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Peter M. Smooker
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (J.E.F.); (I.S.); (D.M.); (R.S.); (A.W.)
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13
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Chippaux JP. Gaston Ramon's Big Four. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:33. [PMID: 38251249 PMCID: PMC10819242 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
When immunology was still in its infancy, Gaston Ramon made several major contributions to humoral immunology [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Chippaux
- MERIT, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
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14
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Sun B, Li M, Yao Z, Yu G, Ma Y. Advances in Vaccine Adjuvants: Nanomaterials and Small Molecules. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024; 284:113-132. [PMID: 37059911 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants have been extensively and essentially formulated in subunits and certain inactivated vaccines for enhancing and prolonging protective immunity against infections and diseases. According to the types of infectious diseases and the required immunity, adjuvants with various acting mechanisms have been designed and applied in human vaccines. In this chapter, we introduce the advances in vaccine adjuvants based on nanomaterials and small molecules. By reviewing the immune mechanisms induced by adjuvants with different characteristics, we aim to establish structure-activity relationships between the physicochemical properties of adjuvants and their immunostimulating capability for the development of adjuvants for more effective preventative and therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering and Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering and Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Zhiying Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering and Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Ge Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering and Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yubin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering and Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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15
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Temchura V, Wagner JT, Damm D. Immunogenicity of Recombinant Lipid-Based Nanoparticle Vaccines: Danger Signal vs. Helping Hand. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:24. [PMID: 38258035 PMCID: PMC10818441 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a predominant problem in human health. While the incidence of many pathogenic infections is controlled by vaccines, some pathogens still pose a challenging task for vaccine researchers. In order to face these challenges, the field of vaccine development has changed tremendously over the last few years. For non-replicating recombinant antigens, novel vaccine delivery systems that attempt to increase the immunogenicity by mimicking structural properties of pathogens are already approved for clinical applications. Lipid-based nanoparticles (LbNPs) of different natures are vesicles made of lipid layers with aqueous cavities, which may carry antigens and other biomolecules either displayed on the surface or encapsulated in the cavity. However, the efficacy profile of recombinant LbNP vaccines is not as high as that of live-attenuated ones. This review gives a compendious picture of two approaches that affect the immunogenicity of recombinant LbNP vaccines: (i) the incorporation of immunostimulatory agents and (ii) the utilization of pre-existing or promiscuous cellular immunity, which might be beneficial for the development of tailored prophylactic and therapeutic LbNP vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Temchura
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | | | - Dominik Damm
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
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16
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Varma VP, Kadivella M, Kavela S, Faisal SM. Leptospira Lipid A Is a Potent Adjuvant That Induces Sterilizing Immunity against Leptospirosis. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1824. [PMID: 38140228 PMCID: PMC10748165 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a globally significant zoonotic disease. The current inactivated vaccine offers protection against specific serovars but does not provide complete immunity. Various surface antigens, such as Leptospira immunoglobulin-like proteins (LigA and LigB), have been identified as potential subunit vaccine candidates. However, these antigens require potent adjuvants for effectiveness. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), including lipid A, are a well-known immunostimulant, and clinical adjuvants often contain monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA). Being less endotoxic, we investigated the adjuvant properties of lipid A isolated from L. interrogans serovar Pomona (PLA) in activating innate immunity and enhancing antigen-specific adaptive immune responses. PLA activated macrophages to a similar degree as MPLA, albeit at a higher dose, suggesting that it is less potent in stimulation than MPLA. Mice immunized with a variable portion of LigA (LAV) combined with alum and PLA (LAV-alum-PLA) exhibited significantly higher levels of LAV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses compared to alum alone but similar to those induced by alum-MPLA. The adjuvant activity of PLA resembles that of MPLA and is primarily achieved through the increased recruitment, activation, and uptake of antigens by innate immune cells. Furthermore, like MPLA, PLA formulation establishes a long-lasting memory response. Notably, PLA demonstrated superior potency than MPLA formulation and provided sterilizing immunity against the leptospirosis in a hamster model. Overall, our study sheds light on the adjuvant properties of Leptospira lipid A and offers promising avenues for developing LPS-based vaccines against this devastating zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Varma
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad 500032, India; (V.P.V.); (M.K.); (S.K.)
- Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Mohammad Kadivella
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad 500032, India; (V.P.V.); (M.K.); (S.K.)
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Sridhar Kavela
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad 500032, India; (V.P.V.); (M.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Syed M. Faisal
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad 500032, India; (V.P.V.); (M.K.); (S.K.)
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121001, India
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17
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Swart M, Kuipers H, Milder F, Jongeneelen M, Ritschel T, Tolboom J, Muchene L, van der Lubbe J, Izquierdo Gil A, Veldman D, Huizingh J, Verspuij J, Schmit-Tillemans S, Blokland S, de Man M, Roozendaal R, Fox CB, Schuitemaker H, Capelle M, Langedijk JPM, Zahn R, Brandenburg B. Enhancing breadth and durability of humoral immune responses in non-human primates with an adjuvanted group 1 influenza hemagglutinin stem antigen. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:176. [PMID: 37952003 PMCID: PMC10640631 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza vaccines must be updated annually and suboptimally protect against strains mismatched to the selected vaccine strains. We previously developed a subunit vaccine antigen consisting of a stabilized trimeric influenza A group 1 hemagglutinin (H1) stem protein that elicits broadly neutralizing antibodies. Here, we further optimized the stability and manufacturability of the H1 stem antigen (H1 stem v2, also known as INFLUENZA G1 mHA) and characterized its formulation and potency with different adjuvants in vitro and in animal models. The recombinant H1 stem antigen (50 µg) was administered to influenza-naïve non-human primates either with aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)3] + NaCl, AS01B, or SLA-LSQ formulations at week 0, 8 and 34. These SLA-LSQ formulations comprised of varying ratios of the synthetic TLR4 agonist 'second generation synthetic lipid adjuvant' (SLA) with liposomal QS-21 (LSQ). A vaccine formulation with aluminum hydroxide or SLA-LSQ (starting at a 10:25 µg ratio) induced HA-specific antibodies and breadth of neutralization against a panel of influenza A group 1 pseudoviruses, comparable with vaccine formulated with AS01B, four weeks after the second immunization. A formulation with SLA-LSQ in a 5:2 μg ratio contained larger fused or aggregated liposomes and induced significantly lower humoral responses. Broadly HA stem-binding antibodies were detectable for the entire period after the second vaccine dose up to week 34, after which they were boosted by a third vaccine dose. These findings inform about potential adjuvant formulations in clinical trials with an H1 stem-based vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Swart
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Fin Milder
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tina Ritschel
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sven Blokland
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roland Zahn
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
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18
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Dotiwala F, Upadhyay AK. Next Generation Mucosal Vaccine Strategy for Respiratory Pathogens. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1585. [PMID: 37896988 PMCID: PMC10611113 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducing humoral and cytotoxic mucosal immunity at the sites of pathogen entry has the potential to prevent the infection from getting established. This is different from systemic vaccination, which protects against the development of systemic symptoms. The field of mucosal vaccination has seen fewer technological advances compared to nucleic acid and subunit vaccine advances for injectable vaccine platforms. The advent of the next-generation adenoviral vectors has given a boost to mucosal vaccine research. Basic research into the mechanisms regulating innate and adaptive mucosal immunity and the discovery of effective and safe mucosal vaccine adjuvants will continue to improve mucosal vaccine design. The results from clinical trials of inhaled COVID-19 vaccines demonstrate their ability to induce the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells and the production of secreted IgA and IgG antibodies locally, unlike intramuscular vaccinations. However, these mucosal vaccines induce systemic immune responses at par with systemic vaccinations. This review summarizes the function of the respiratory mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and the advantages that the adenoviral vectors provide as inhaled vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farokh Dotiwala
- Ocugen Inc., 11 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
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19
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Díaz-Dinamarca DA, Salazar ML, Escobar DF, Castillo BN, Valdebenito B, Díaz P, Manubens A, Salazar F, Troncoso MF, Lavandero S, Díaz J, Becker MI, Vásquez AE. Surface immunogenic protein from Streptococcus agalactiae and Fissurella latimarginata hemocyanin are TLR4 ligands and activate MyD88- and TRIF dependent signaling pathways. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1186188. [PMID: 37790926 PMCID: PMC10544979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1186188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of vaccine adjuvants is of interest for the management of chronic diseases, cancer, and future pandemics. Therefore, the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the effects of vaccine adjuvants has been investigated. TLR4 ligand-based adjuvants are the most frequently used adjuvants for human vaccines. Among TLR family members, TLR4 has unique dual signaling capabilities due to the recruitment of two adapter proteins, myeloid differentiation marker 88 (MyD88) and interferon-β adapter inducer containing the toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain (TRIF). MyD88-mediated signaling triggers a proinflammatory innate immune response, while TRIF-mediated signaling leads to an adaptive immune response. Most studies have used lipopolysaccharide-based ligands as TLR4 ligand-based adjuvants; however, although protein-based ligands have been proven advantageous as adjuvants, their mechanisms of action, including their ability to undergo structural modifications to achieve optimal immunogenicity, have been explored less thoroughly. In this work, we characterized the effects of two protein-based adjuvants (PBAs) on TLR4 signaling via the recruitment of MyD88 and TRIF. As models of TLR4-PBAs, we used hemocyanin from Fissurella latimarginata (FLH) and a recombinant surface immunogenic protein (rSIP) from Streptococcus agalactiae. We determined that rSIP and FLH are partial TLR4 agonists, and depending on the protein agonist used, TLR4 has a unique bias toward the TRIF or MyD88 pathway. Furthermore, when characterizing gene products with MyD88 and TRIF pathway-dependent expression, differences in TLR4-associated signaling were observed. rSIP and FLH require MyD88 and TRIF to activate nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF). However, rSIP and FLH have a specific pattern of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) secretion associated with MyD88 and TRIF recruitment. Functionally, rSIP and FLH promote antigen cross-presentation in a manner dependent on TLR4, MyD88 and TRIF signaling. However, FLH activates a specific TRIF-dependent signaling pathway associated with cytokine expression and a pathway dependent on MyD88 and TRIF recruitment for antigen cross-presentation. Finally, this work supports the use of these TLR4-PBAs as clinically useful vaccine adjuvants that selectively activate TRIF- and MyD88-dependent signaling to drive safe innate immune responses and vigorous Th1 adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Díaz-Dinamarca
- Sección de Biotecnología, Subdepartamento, Innovación, Desarrollo, Transferencia Tecnológica (I+D+T) y Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias (ETESA), Instituto de Salud Pública, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michelle L. Salazar
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel F. Escobar
- Sección de Biotecnología, Subdepartamento, Innovación, Desarrollo, Transferencia Tecnológica (I+D+T) y Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias (ETESA), Instituto de Salud Pública, Santiago, Chile
| | - Byron N. Castillo
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago, Chile
| | - Bastián Valdebenito
- Sección de Biotecnología, Subdepartamento, Innovación, Desarrollo, Transferencia Tecnológica (I+D+T) y Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias (ETESA), Instituto de Salud Pública, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Díaz
- Sección de Biotecnología, Subdepartamento, Innovación, Desarrollo, Transferencia Tecnológica (I+D+T) y Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias (ETESA), Instituto de Salud Pública, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Fabián Salazar
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago, Chile
- Investigación y Desarrollo, BIOSONDA S.A., Santiago, Chile
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mayarling F. Troncoso
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Janepsy Díaz
- Departamento Agencia Nacional de Dispositivos Médicos, Innovación y Desarrollo, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Inés Becker
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago, Chile
- Investigación y Desarrollo, BIOSONDA S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Abel E. Vásquez
- Sección de Biotecnología, Subdepartamento, Innovación, Desarrollo, Transferencia Tecnológica (I+D+T) y Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias (ETESA), Instituto de Salud Pública, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad del Alba, Santiago, Chile
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20
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Jan S, Fratzke AP, Felgner J, Hernandez-Davies JE, Liang L, Nakajima R, Jasinskas A, Supnet M, Jain A, Felgner PL, Davies DH, Gregory AE. Multivalent vaccines demonstrate immunogenicity and protect against Coxiella burnetii aerosol challenge. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1192821. [PMID: 37533862 PMCID: PMC10390735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are among the most cost-effective public health measures for controlling infectious diseases. Coxiella burnetii is the etiological agent of Q fever, a disease with a wide clinical spectrum that ranges from mild symptoms, such as fever and fatigue, to more severe disease, such as pneumonia and endocarditis. The formalin-inactivated whole-cell vaccine Q-VAX® contains hundreds of antigens and confers lifelong protection in humans, but prior sensitization from infection or vaccination can result in deleterious reactogenic responses to vaccination. Consequently, there is great interest in developing non-reactogenic alternatives based on adjuvanted recombinant proteins. In this study, we aimed to develop a multivalent vaccine that conferred protection with reduced reactogenicity. We hypothesized that a multivalent vaccine consisting of multiple antigens would be more immunogenic and protective than a monovalent vaccine owing to the large number of potential protective antigens in the C. burnetii proteome. To address this, we identified immunogenic T and B cell antigens, and selected proteins were purified to evaluate with a combination adjuvant (IVAX-1), with or without C. burnetii lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in immunogenicity studies in vivo in mice and in a Hartley guinea pig intratracheal aerosol challenge model using C. burnetii strain NMI RSA 493. The data showed that multivalent vaccines are more immunogenic than monovalent vaccines and more closely emulate the protection achieved by Q-VAX. Although six antigens were the most immunogenic, we also discovered that multiplexing beyond four antigens introduces detectable reactogenicity, indicating that there is an upper limit to the number of antigens that can be safely included in a multivalent Q-fever vaccine. C. burnetii LPS also demonstrates efficacy as a vaccine antigen in conferring protection in an otherwise monovalent vaccine formulation, suggesting that its addition in multivalent vaccines, as demonstrated by a quadrivalent formulation, would improve protective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Jan
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Alycia P. Fratzke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology, Charles River Laboratories, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Jiin Felgner
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jenny E. Hernandez-Davies
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Li Liang
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Algimantas Jasinskas
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Medalyn Supnet
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Aarti Jain
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Philip L. Felgner
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - D. Huw Davies
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Anthony E. Gregory
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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21
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Hu G, Varisco DJ, Das S, Middaugh CR, Gardner F, Ernst RK, Picking WL, Picking WD. Physicochemical characterization of biological and synthetic forms of two lipid A-based TLR4 agonists. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18119. [PMID: 37483830 PMCID: PMC10362264 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are recognized as potential immune-enhancing adjuvants and are included in several licensed vaccines. Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL®, GlaxoSmithKline) is one such TLR4 agonist that has been approved for use in human vaccines, such as Cervarix and Shingrix. Due to the heterogeneous nature of biologically derived MPL and the need for safer and more potent adjuvants, our groups have developed the novel TLR4 agonist candidates, BECC438 and BECC470 using the Bacterial Enzymatic Combinatorial Chemistry (BECC) platform. BECC438 and BECC470 have been included in studies to test their adjuvant potential and found to be effective in vaccines against both viral and bacterial disease agents. Here, we report detailed biophysical characterization of BECC438 and BECC470 purified from a biological source (BECC438b and BECC470b, respectively) and synthesized chemically (BECC438s and BECC470s, respectively). Both BECC438s and BECC470s have identical acyl chain configurations, BECC438s is bis-phosphorylated and BECC470s is mono-phosphorylated with the removal of the 4' phosphate moiety. We determined the phase transition temperatures for the acyl chains of BECC438b and BECC470b and found them to be different from those exhibited by their synthetic counterparts. Furthermore, the phosphate groups of BECC438b and BECC470b are more highly hydrated than are those of BECC438s and BECC470s. In addition to exploring the BECC molecules' biophysical features in aqueous solution, we explored potential formulation of BECC438 and BECC470 with the aluminum-based adjuvant Alhydrogel and as part of an oil-in-water emulsion (Medimmune Emulsion or ME). All of the lipid A analogues could be fully absorbed to Alhydrogel or incorporated onto ME. Surprisingly, the BECC470s molecule, unlike the others, displayed a nearly baseline signal when monitored using a Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) endotoxin detection system. Despite this, it was shown to behave as an agonist for human and mouse TLR4 when tested using multiple cell-based systems. This work paves the way for further formulation optimization of two chemically defined TLR4 agonists that are showing great promise as vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - David J. Varisco
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Sayan Das
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - C. Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Francesca Gardner
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Wendy L. Picking
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - William D. Picking
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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22
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Bauer DL, Bachnak L, Limbert VM, Horowitz RM, Baudier RL, D'Souza SJ, Immethun VE, Kurtz JR, Grant SB, McLachlan JB. The Adjuvant Combination of dmLT and Monophosphoryl Lipid A Activates the Canonical, Nonpyroptotic NLRP3 Inflammasome in Dendritic Cells and Significantly Interacts to Expand Antigen-Specific CD4 T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1519-1530. [PMID: 37023458 PMCID: PMC10159919 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants are often essential additions to vaccines that enhance the activation of innate immune cells, leading to more potent and protective T and B cell responses. Only a few vaccine adjuvants are currently used in approved vaccine formulations in the United States. Combinations of one or more adjuvants have the potential to increase the efficacy of existing and next-generation vaccines. In this study, we investigated how the nontoxic double mutant Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin R192G/L211A (dmLT), when combined with the TLR4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL-A), impacted innate and adaptive immune responses to vaccination in mice. We found that the combination of dmLT and MPL-A induced an expansion of Ag-specific, multifaceted Th1/2/17 CD4 T cells higher than that explained by adding responses to either adjuvant alone. Furthermore, we observed more robust activation of primary mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in the combination adjuvant-treated group via engagement of the canonical NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome complex. This was marked by a multiplicative increase in the secretion of active IL-1β that was independent of classical gasdermin D-mediated pyroptosis. Moreover, the combination adjuvant increased the production of the secondary messengers cAMP and PGE2 in dendritic cells. These results demonstrate how certain adjuvant combinations could be used to potentiate better vaccine responses to combat a variety of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Bauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Louay Bachnak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Vanessa M Limbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Rebecca M Horowitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Robin L Baudier
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Shaina J D'Souza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Victoria E Immethun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Jonathan R Kurtz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Samuel B Grant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - James B McLachlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
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23
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Kalpana K, Yap S, Tsuji M, Kawamura A. Molecular Mechanism behind the Safe Immunostimulatory Effect of Withania somnifera. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050828. [PMID: 37238698 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (family Solanaceae) is a medicinal plant known for, among many pharmacological properties, an immune boosting effect. Our recent study revealed that its key immunostimulatory factor is lipopolysaccharide of plant-associated bacteria. This is peculiar, because, although LPS can elicit protective immunity, it is an extremely potent pro-inflammatory toxin (endotoxin). However, W. somnifera is not associated with such toxicity. In fact, despite the presence of LPS, it does not trigger massive inflammatory responses in macrophages. To gain insights into the safe immunostimulatory effect of W. somnifera, we conducted a mechanistic study on its major phytochemical constituent, withaferin A, which is known for anti-inflammatory activity. Endotoxin-triggered immunological responses in the presence and absence of withaferin A were characterized by both in vitro macrophage-based assay and in vivo cytokine profiling in mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate that withaferin A selectively attenuates the pro-inflammatory signaling triggered by endotoxin without impairing other immunological pathways. This finding provides a new conceptual framework to understand the safe immune-boosting effect of W. somnifera and possibly other medicinal plants. Furthermore, the finding opens a new opportunity to facilitate the development of safe immunotherapeutic agents, such as vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Kalpana
- Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shen Yap
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Akira Kawamura
- Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Chemistry Ph.D. Program, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
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24
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Vasquez-Martínez N, Guillen D, Moreno-Mendieta SA, Sanchez S, Rodríguez-Sanoja R. The Role of Mucoadhesion and Mucopenetration in the Immune Response Induced by Polymer-Based Mucosal Adjuvants. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:1615. [PMID: 37050229 PMCID: PMC10097111 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucus is a viscoelastic gel that acts as a protective barrier for epithelial surfaces. The mucosal vehicles and adjuvants need to pass through the mucus layer to make drugs and vaccine delivery by mucosal routes possible. The mucoadhesion of polymer particle adjuvants significantly increases the contact time between vaccine formulations and the mucosa; then, the particles can penetrate the mucus layer and epithelium to reach mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. This review presents the key findings that have aided in understanding mucoadhesion and mucopenetration while exploring the influence of physicochemical characteristics on mucus-polymer interactions. We describe polymer-based particles designed with mucoadhesive or mucopenetrating properties and discuss the impact of mucoadhesive polymers on local and systemic immune responses after mucosal immunization. In future research, more attention paid to the design and development of mucosal adjuvants could lead to more effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Vasquez-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U., Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (N.V.-M.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencia Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de Posgrado, C.U., Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Daniel Guillen
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U., Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (N.V.-M.)
| | - Silvia Andrea Moreno-Mendieta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U., Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (N.V.-M.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencia Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de Posgrado, C.U., Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Benito Juárez, Mexico City 03940, Mexico
| | - Sergio Sanchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U., Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (N.V.-M.)
| | - Romina Rodríguez-Sanoja
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U., Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (N.V.-M.)
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25
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Zhang J, Sun Y, Sun C, Shang D. The antimicrobial peptide LK2(6)A(L) exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by binding to the myeloid differentiation 2 domain and protects against LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice. Bioorg Chem 2023; 132:106376. [PMID: 36706531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening disease that is generally attributable to an uncontrolled inflammatory response in the lung, but there is a lack of effective treatments. At present, regulating the inflammatory response has become an important strategy for treating ALI. In the present study, LK2(6)A(L), a peptide derived from the natural antimicrobial peptide temporin-1CEa, inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and NO in RAW264.7 cells. Herein, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of LK2(6)A(L) was investigated. The RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) results showed that LK2(6)A(L) significantly inhibited the TLR4-mediated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. The results of co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), pull-down experiment, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) suggested that MD2 was the direct target of LK2(6)A(L). Chemical inhibition of MD2 and its knockdown abolished the anti-inflammatory effect of LK2(6)A(L). Molecular dynamic simulation indicated that LK2(6)A(L) could bind to the active domain of the MD2 hydrophobic pocket via six hydrogen bonds. The truncated peptides were designed based on analysis of the molecular docking of LK2(6)A(L) to MD2. The truncated peptide IS-7 showed strong affinity to MD2 and a remarkable inhibitory effect on pro-inflammatory factors that was comparable to the effect of LK2(6)A(L). Finally, LK2(6)A(L) and IS-7 relieved inflammatory symptoms and lung tissue destruction in the ALI mouse model. Overall, our study suggested that LK2(6)A(L) showed promising anti-inflammatory activity by targeting MD2, and the amino acid domain 7-13 was an important area that binds with MD2 and also an anti-inflammatory active region. LK2(6)A(L) and IS-7 may be potential new treatments for ALI and other acute inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Chengpeng Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Dejing Shang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China.
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26
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Gupta R, Arora K, Roy SS, Joseph A, Rastogi R, Arora NM, Kundu PK. Platforms, advances, and technical challenges in virus-like particles-based vaccines. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1123805. [PMID: 36845125 PMCID: PMC9947793 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1123805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infectious diseases threaten human health and global stability. Several vaccine platforms, such as DNA, mRNA, recombinant viral vectors, and virus-like particle-based vaccines have been developed to counter these viral infectious diseases. Virus-like particles (VLP) are considered real, present, licensed and successful vaccines against prevalent and emergent diseases due to their non-infectious nature, structural similarity with viruses, and high immunogenicity. However, only a few VLP-based vaccines have been commercialized, and the others are either in the clinical or preclinical phases. Notably, despite success in the preclinical phase, many vaccines are still struggling with small-scale fundamental research owing to technical difficulties. Successful production of VLP-based vaccines on a commercial scale requires a suitable platform and culture mode for large-scale production, optimization of transduction-related parameters, upstream and downstream processing, and monitoring of product quality at each step. In this review article, we focus on the advantages and disadvantages of various VLP-producing platforms, recent advances and technical challenges in VLP production, and the current status of VLP-based vaccine candidates at commercial, preclinical, and clinical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Prabuddha K. Kundu
- Department of Research and Development, Premas Biotech Pvt Ltd., Sector IV, Industrial Model Township (IMT), Manesar, Gurgaon, India
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27
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Singleton KL, Joffe A, Leitner WW. Review: Current trends, challenges, and success stories in adjuvant research. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1105655. [PMID: 36742311 PMCID: PMC9892189 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1105655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvant research is being fueled and driven by progress in the field of innate immunity that has significantly advanced in the past two decades with the discovery of countless innate immune receptors and innate immune pathways. Receptors for pathogen-associated molecules (PAMPs) or host-derived, danger-associated molecules (DAMPs), as well as molecules in the signaling pathways used by such receptors, are a rich source of potential targets for agonists that enable the tuning of innate immune responses in an unprecedented manner. Targeted modulation of immune responses is achieved not only through the choice of immunostimulator - or select combinations of adjuvants - but also through formulation and systematic modifications of the chemical structure of immunostimulatory molecules. The use of medium and high-throughput screening methods for finding immunostimulators has further accelerated the identification of promising novel adjuvants. However, despite the progress that has been made in finding new adjuvants through systematic screening campaigns, the process is far from perfect. A major bottleneck that significantly slows the process of turning confirmed or putative innate immune receptor agonists into vaccine adjuvants continues to be the lack of defined in vitro correlates of in vivo adjuvanticity. This brief review discusses recent developments, exciting trends, and notable successes in the adjuvant research field, albeit acknowledging challenges and areas for improvement.
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28
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Alving CR, Rao M, Matyas GR. Similarities and differences of chemical compositions and physical and functional properties of adjuvant system 01 and army liposome formulation with QS21. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1102524. [PMID: 36761767 PMCID: PMC9905621 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1102524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A vaccine adjuvant known as Adjuvant System 01 (AS01) consists of liposomes containing a mixture of natural congeners of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL®) obtained from bacterial lipopolysaccharide, and a tree saponin known as QS21. Two vaccines containing AS01 as the adjuvant have been licensed, including a malaria vaccine (Mosquirix®) approved by World Health. Organization and European Medicines Agency for use in sub-Saharan Africa, and a shingles vaccine (Shingrix®) approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The success of the AS01 vaccine adjuvant has led to the development of another liposomal vaccine adjuvant, referred to as Army Liposome Formulation with QS21 (ALFQ). Like AS01, ALFQ consists of liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A (as a synthetic molecule known as 3D-PHAD®) and QS21 as adjuvant constituents, and the polar headgroups of the liposomes of AS01 and ALFQ are similar. We compare here AS01 with ALFQ with respect to their similar and different liposomal chemical structures and physical characteristics with a goal of projecting some of the likely mechanisms of safety, side effects, and mechanisms of adjuvanticity. We hypothesize that some of the side effects exhibited in humans after injection of liposome-based vaccines might be caused by free fatty acid and lysophospholipid released by enzymatic attack of liposomal phospholipid by phospholipase A2 at the injection site or systemically after injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl R Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Mangala Rao
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Gary R Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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29
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Zhu W, Luo W, Han J, Zhang Q, Ji L, Samorodov AV, Pavlov VN, Zhuang Z, Yang D, Yin L, Huang L, Liang G, Huh JY, Wang Y. Schisandrin B protects against LPS-induced inflammatory lung injury by targeting MyD88. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 108:154489. [PMID: 36270224 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lung injury (ALI) is a challenging clinical syndrome that manifests as an acute inflammatory response. Schisandrin B (Sch B), a bioactive lignan from Schisandra genus plants, has been shown to suppress inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have remained elusive. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE This study performed an in-depth investigation of the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Sch B in macrophages and in an animal model of ALI. METHODS qPCR array was used to probe the differential effects and potential target of Sch B. ALI was induced by intratracheal administration of LPS in experimental mice with or without Sch B treatment. RESULTS Our studies show that Sch B differentially modulates inflammatory factor induction by LPS in macrophages by directly binding myeloid differentiation response factor-88 (MyD88), an essential adaptor protein in the toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) pathway. Sch B spares non-MyD88-pathways downstream of TLR4. Such inhibition suppressed key signaling mediators such as TAK1, MAPKs, and NF-κB, and pro-inflammatory factor induction. Pull down assay using biotinylated-Sch B validate the direct interaction between Sch B and MyD88 in macrophages. Treatment of mice with Sch B prior to LPS challenge reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in lungs, induction of MyD88-pathway signaling proteins, and prevented inflammatory cytokine induction. CONCLUSION In summary, our studies have identified MyD88 as a direct target of Sch B for its anti-inflammatory activity, and suggest that Sch B may have therapeutic value for acute lung injury and other MyD88-dependent inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medial University (Xiangshan First People's Hospital Medical and Health Group), Xiangshan, Zhejiang 315799, China
| | - Wu Luo
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jibo Han
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Qiuyan Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lijun Ji
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Valentin N Pavlov
- Department of Pharmacology, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa 450005, Russia
| | - Zaishou Zhuang
- The Affiliated Cangnan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Cangnan, Zhejiang 325800, China
| | - Daona Yang
- The Affiliated Cangnan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Cangnan, Zhejiang 325800, China
| | - Lina Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China
| | - Lijiang Huang
- Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medial University (Xiangshan First People's Hospital Medical and Health Group), Xiangshan, Zhejiang 315799, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; The Affiliated Cangnan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Cangnan, Zhejiang 325800, China
| | - Joo Young Huh
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yi Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medial University (Xiangshan First People's Hospital Medical and Health Group), Xiangshan, Zhejiang 315799, China.
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30
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Zhou S, Luo Y, Lovell JF. Vaccine approaches for antigen capture by liposomes. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:1022-1040. [PMID: 37878481 PMCID: PMC10872528 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2274479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liposomes have been used as carriers for vaccine adjuvants and antigens due to their inherent biocompatibility and versatility as delivery vehicles. Two vial admixture of protein antigens with liposome-formulated immunostimulatory adjuvants has become a broadly used clinical vaccine preparation approach. Compared to freely soluble antigens, liposome-associated forms can enhance antigen delivery to antigen-presenting cells and co-deliver antigens with adjuvants, leading to improved vaccine efficacy. AREAS COVERED Several antigen-capture strategies for liposomal vaccines have been developed for proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids. Specific antigen delivery methodologies are discussed, including electrostatic adsorption, encapsulation inside the liposome aqueous core, and covalent and non-covalent antigen capture. EXPERT OPINION Several commercial vaccines include active lipid components, highlighting an increasingly prominent role of liposomes and lipid nanoparticles in vaccine development. Utilizing liposomes to associate antigens offers potential advantages, including antigen and adjuvant dose-sparing, co-delivery of antigen and adjuvant to immune cells, and enhanced immunogenicity. Antigen capture by liposomes has demonstrated feasibility in clinical testing. New antigen-capture techniques have been developed and appear to be of interest for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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31
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Heine H, Zamyatina A. Therapeutic Targeting of TLR4 for Inflammation, Infection, and Cancer: A Perspective for Disaccharide Lipid A Mimetics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 16:23. [PMID: 36678520 PMCID: PMC9864529 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway plays a central role in the prompt defense against infectious challenge and provides immediate response to Gram-negative bacterial infection. The TLR4/MD-2 complex can sense and respond to various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) being the most potent and the most frequently occurring activator of the TLR4-mediated inflammation. TLR4 is believed to be both a friend and foe since improperly regulated TLR4 signaling can result in the overactivation of immune responses leading to sepsis, acute lung injury, or pathologic chronic inflammation involved in cancer and autoimmune disease. TLR4 is also considered a legitimate target for vaccine adjuvant development since its activation can boost the adaptive immune responses. The dual action of the TLR4 complex justifies the efforts in the development of both TLR4 antagonists as antisepsis drug candidates or remedies for chronic inflammatory diseases and TLR4 agonists as vaccine adjuvants or immunotherapeutics. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the biochemical evidences for possible pharmacologic applications of TLR4 ligands as therapeutics and report our systematic studies on the design, synthesis, and immunobiological evaluation of carbohydrate-based TLR4 antagonists with nanomolar affinity for MD-2 as well as disaccharide-based TLR4 agonists with picomolar affinity for the TLR4/MD-2 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Heine
- Research Group Innate Immunity, Research Center Borstel—Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Alla Zamyatina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Lin Y, Sun B, Jin Z, Zhao K. Enhanced Immune Responses to Mucosa by Functionalized Chitosan-Based Composite Nanoparticles as a Vaccine Adjuvant for Intranasal Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:52691-52701. [PMID: 36382954 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nasal administration for vaccine delivery is a novel non-invasive vaccine administration approach that can induce local or systemic immune responses and overcome the disadvantages caused by traditional injectable administration. However, mucosal vaccine and adjuvant delivery systems with sustained-release ability and enhanced immune effects at mucosal sites have still been highly demanded. In this work, N-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan/N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles (N-2-HACC/CMCS NPs) with excellent mucosal absorption, high drug loading capacity, and enhanced immune responses were prepared by the ionic cross-linking method. To evaluate the potential capacity of the N-2-HACC/CMCS NPs as a vaccine adjuvant and the molecular mechanism for the induction of enhanced mucosal and systemic immune responses, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was employed as a general model antigen and loaded into the N-2-HACC/CMCS NPs to prepare a BSA-loaded N-2-HACC/CMCS adjuvant vaccine (N-2-HACC/CMCS/BSA NPs). It was well demonstrated that the N-2-HACC/CMCS/BSA NPs with great biostability and mucosal absorption could effectively promote the proliferation of lymphocytes and the secretion of related pro-inflammatory factors, resulting in the stimulation of specific mucosal and systemic immune responses. This study revealed that the chitosan-based nano-delivery system can act as the mucosal vaccine adjuvant and possesses great promise in viral infectious diseases and immunization therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Lin
- Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, Taizhou318000, China
| | - Beini Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangdong, Guangzhou510631, China
| | - Zheng Jin
- Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, Taizhou318000, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, Taizhou318000, China
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Jagodinsky JC, Bates AM, Clark PA, Sriramaneni RN, Havighurst TC, Chakravarty I, Nystuen EJ, Kim K, Sondel PM, Jin WJ, Morris ZS. Local TLR4 stimulation augments in situ vaccination induced via local radiation and anti-CTLA-4 checkpoint blockade through induction of CD8 T-cell independent Th1 polarization. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e005103. [PMID: 36192087 PMCID: PMC9535200 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation therapy (RT) has been demonstrated to generate an in situ vaccination (ISV) effect in murine models and in patients with cancer; however, this has not routinely translated into enhanced clinical response to immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI). We investigated whether the commonly used vaccine adjuvant, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) could augment the ISV regimen consisting of combination RT and ICI. MATERIALS/METHODS We used syngeneic murine models of melanoma (B78) and prostate cancer (Myc-CaP). Tumor-bearing mice received either RT (12 Gy, day 1), RT+anti-CTLA-4 (C4, day 3, 6, 9), MPL (20 µg IT injection days 5, 7, 9), RT+C4+MPL, or PBS control. To evaluate the effect of MPL on the irradiated tumor microenvironment, primary tumor with tumor draining lymph nodes were harvested for immune cell infiltration analysis and cytokine profiling, and serum was collected for analysis of antitumor antibody populations. RESULTS Combination RT+C4+MPL significantly reduced tumor growth, increased survival and complete response rate compared with RT+C4 in both B78 and Myc-CaP models. MPL favorably reprogrammed the irradiated tumor-immune microenvironment toward M1 macrophage and Th1 TBET+CD4+ T cell polarization. Furthermore, MPL significantly increased intratumoral expression of several Th1-associated and M1-associated proinflammatory cytokines. In co-culture models, MPL-stimulated macrophages directly activated CD8 T cells and polarized CD4 cells toward Th1 phenotype. MPL treatment significantly increased production of Th1-associated, IgG2c antitumor antibodies, which were required for and predictive of antitumor response to RT+C4+MPL, and enabled macrophage-mediated antibody-dependent direct tumor cell killing by MPL-stimulated macrophages. Macrophage-mediated tumor cell killing was dependent on FcγR expression. In metastatic models, RT and MPL generated a systemic antitumor immune response that augmented response to ICIs. This was dependent on macrophages and CD4+ but not CD8+T cells. CONCLUSIONS We report the potential for MPL to augment the ISV effect of combination RT+C4 through FcγR, macrophage, and TBET+CD4+ Th1 cell dependent mechanisms. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing generation of a CD8+ T cell-independent, Th1 polarized, systemic antitumor immune response with subsequent generation of immunologic memory. These findings support the potential for vaccine adjuvants to enhance the efficacy of in situ tumor vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Jagodinsky
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amber M Bates
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul A Clark
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Raghava N Sriramaneni
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Thomas C Havighurst
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ishan Chakravarty
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Erin J Nystuen
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - KyungMann Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul M Sondel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Won Jong Jin
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Zachary S Morris
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Díaz-Dinamarca DA, Salazar ML, Castillo BN, Manubens A, Vasquez AE, Salazar F, Becker MI. Protein-Based Adjuvants for Vaccines as Immunomodulators of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Opportunities. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1671. [PMID: 36015297 PMCID: PMC9414397 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
New-generation vaccines, formulated with subunits or nucleic acids, are less immunogenic than classical vaccines formulated with live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens. This difference has led to an intensified search for additional potent vaccine adjuvants that meet safety and efficacy criteria and confer long-term protection. This review provides an overview of protein-based adjuvants (PBAs) obtained from different organisms, including bacteria, mollusks, plants, and humans. Notably, despite structural differences, all PBAs show significant immunostimulatory properties, eliciting B-cell- and T-cell-mediated immune responses to administered antigens, providing advantages over many currently adopted adjuvant approaches. Furthermore, PBAs are natural biocompatible and biodegradable substances that induce minimal reactogenicity and toxicity and interact with innate immune receptors, enhancing their endocytosis and modulating subsequent adaptive immune responses. We propose that PBAs can contribute to the development of vaccines against complex pathogens, including intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, those with complex life cycles such as Plasmodium falciparum, those that induce host immune dysfunction such as HIV, those that target immunocompromised individuals such as fungi, those with a latent disease phase such as Herpes, those that are antigenically variable such as SARS-CoV-2 and those that undergo continuous evolution, to reduce the likelihood of outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Díaz-Dinamarca
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750000, Chile
- Sección de Biotecnología, Departamento Agencia Nacional de Dispositivos Médicos, Innovación y Desarrollo, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Michelle L. Salazar
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Byron N. Castillo
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Augusto Manubens
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750000, Chile
- Biosonda Corporation, Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Abel E. Vasquez
- Sección de Biotecnología, Departamento Agencia Nacional de Dispositivos Médicos, Innovación y Desarrollo, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago 7750000, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Fabián Salazar
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750000, Chile
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - María Inés Becker
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750000, Chile
- Biosonda Corporation, Santiago 7750000, Chile
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35
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Xu S, Carpenter MC, Spreng RL, Neidich SD, Sarkar S, Tenney D, Goodman D, Sawant S, Jha S, Dunn B, Juliana McElrath M, Bekker V, Mudrak SV, Flinko R, Lewis GK, Ferrari G, Tomaras GD, Shen X, Ackerman ME. Impact of adjuvants on the biophysical and functional characteristics of HIV vaccine-elicited antibodies in humans. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:90. [PMID: 35927399 PMCID: PMC9352797 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants can alter the magnitude, characteristics, and persistence of the humoral response to protein vaccination. HIV vaccination might benefit from tailored adjuvant choice as raising a durable and protective response to vaccination has been exceptionally challenging. Analysis of trials of partially effective HIV vaccines have identified features of the immune response that correlate with decreased risk, including high titers of V1V2-binding IgG and IgG3 responses with low titers of V1V2-binding IgA responses and enhanced Fc effector functions, notably antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). However, there has been limited opportunity to compare the effect of different adjuvants on these activities in humans. Here, samples from the AVEG015 study, a phase 1 trial in which participants (n = 112) were immunized with gp120SF-2 and one of six different adjuvants or combinations thereof were assessed for antibody titer, biophysical features, and diverse effector functions. Three adjuvants, MF59 + MTP-PE, SAF/2, and SAF/2 + MDP, increased the peak magnitude and durability of antigen-specific IgG3, IgA, FcγR-binding responses and ADCP activity, as compared to alum. While multiple adjuvants increased the titer of IgG, IgG3, and IgA responses, none consistently altered the balance of IgG to IgA or IgG3 to IgA. Linear regression analysis identified biophysical features including gp120-specific IgG and FcγR-binding responses that could predict functional activity, and network analysis identified coordinated aspects of the humoral response. These analyses reveal the ability of adjuvants to drive the character and function of the humoral response despite limitations of small sample size and immune variability in this human clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Xu
- Quantitative Biomedical Science Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Rachel L Spreng
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Scott D Neidich
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sharanya Sarkar
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - DeAnna Tenney
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Derrick Goodman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shalini Jha
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brooke Dunn
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Valerie Bekker
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sarah V Mudrak
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robin Flinko
- Division of Vaccine Research, The Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George K Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, The Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Quantitative Biomedical Science Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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Fan J, Jin S, Gilmartin L, Toth I, Hussein WM, Stephenson RJ. Advances in Infectious Disease Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1120. [PMID: 35891284 PMCID: PMC9316175 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most significant medical interventions in the fight against infectious diseases. Since their discovery by Edward Jenner in 1796, vaccines have reduced the worldwide transmission to eradication levels of infectious diseases, including smallpox, diphtheria, hepatitis, malaria, and influenza. However, the complexity of developing safe and effective vaccines remains a barrier for combating many more infectious diseases. Immune stimulants (or adjuvants) are an indispensable factor in vaccine development, especially for inactivated and subunit-based vaccines due to their decreased immunogenicity compared to whole pathogen vaccines. Adjuvants are widely diverse in structure; however, their overall function in vaccine constructs is the same: to enhance and/or prolong an immunological response. The potential for adverse effects as a result of adjuvant use, though, must be acknowledged and carefully managed. Understanding the specific mechanisms of adjuvant efficacy and safety is a key prerequisite for adjuvant use in vaccination. Therefore, rigorous pre-clinical and clinical research into adjuvant development is essential. Overall, the incorporation of adjuvants allows for greater opportunities in advancing vaccine development and the importance of immune stimulants drives the emergence of novel and more effective adjuvants. This article highlights recent advances in vaccine adjuvant development and provides detailed data from pre-clinical and clinical studies specific to infectious diseases. Future perspectives into vaccine adjuvant development are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Fan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.F.); (S.J.); (L.G.); (I.T.); (W.M.H.)
| | - Shengbin Jin
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.F.); (S.J.); (L.G.); (I.T.); (W.M.H.)
| | - Lachlan Gilmartin
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.F.); (S.J.); (L.G.); (I.T.); (W.M.H.)
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.F.); (S.J.); (L.G.); (I.T.); (W.M.H.)
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Waleed M. Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.F.); (S.J.); (L.G.); (I.T.); (W.M.H.)
| | - Rachel J. Stephenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.F.); (S.J.); (L.G.); (I.T.); (W.M.H.)
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Gao J, Su Y, Wang Z. Engineering bacterial membrane nanovesicles for improved therapies in infectious diseases and cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114340. [PMID: 35569561 PMCID: PMC9899072 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Research on bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) is an emerging topic, and the goal is to address whether BMVs can bring translational tools to improve current therapies. In this review, we provided the updated studies on BMVs including their production, their types, and therapeutic regimens for treating infectious diseases and cancers. We described several platforms of BMVs, such as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), inner membrane vesicles (IMVs) and double membrane vesicles (DMVs), and those structures were produced from Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria. We also discussed how to engineer and formulate new and novel BMVs using chemical, physical, and genetic methods. For therapies, we analyzed current methods for loading drugs in BMVs and discussed their limitations. Finally, we reviewed several therapeutic platforms of BMVs that have been exploited in improving the treatments of infectious diseases and cancers. Although BMVs offer the promising biomedical applications, it is needed to develop rigorous approaches and methods to generate reproducible and scalable drug delivery systems for translation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhenjia Wang
- Corresponding author at: 205 East Spokane Falls BLVD, Spokane, WA 99202, United States of America. (Z. Wang)
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Mao L, Liu C, Liu JY, Jin ZL, Jin Z, Xue RY, Feng R, Li GC, Deng Y, Cheng H, Zou QM, Li HB. Novel Synthetic Lipopeptides as Potential Mucosal Adjuvants Enhanced SARS-CoV-2 rRBD-Induced Immune Response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:833418. [PMID: 35356002 PMCID: PMC8959576 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.833418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As TLR2 agonists, several lipopeptides had been proved to be candidate vaccine adjuvants. In our previous study, lipopeptides mimicking N-terminal structures of the bacterial lipoproteins were also able to promote antigen-specific immune response. However, the structure-activity relationship of lipopeptides as TLR2 agonists is still unclear. Here, 23 synthetic lipopeptides with the same lipid moiety but different peptide sequences were synthesized, and their TLR2 activities in vitro and mucosal adjuvant effects to OVA were evaluated. LP1-14, LP1-30, LP1-34 and LP2-2 exhibited significantly lower cytotoxicity and stronger TLR2 activity compared with Pam2CSK4, the latter being one of the most potent TLR2 agonists. LP1-34 and LP2-2 assisted OVA to induce more profound specific IgG in sera or sIgA in BALF than Pam2CSK4. Furthermore, the possibility of LP1-34, LP2-2 and Pam2CSK4 as the mucosal adjuvant for the SARS-CoV-2 recombinant RBD (rRBD) was investigated. Intranasally immunized with rRBD plus either the novel lipopeptide or Pam2CSK4 significantly increased the levels of specific serum and respiratory mucosal IgG and IgA, while rRBD alone failed to induce specific immune response due to its low immunogenicity. The novel lipopeptides, especially LP2-2, significantly increased levels of rRBD-induced SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody in sera, BALF and nasal wash. Finally, Support vector machine (SVM) results suggested that charged residues in lipopeptides might be beneficial to the agonist activity, while lipophilic residues might adversely affect the agonistic activity. Figuring out the relationship between peptide sequence in the lipopeptide and its TLR2 activity may lay the foundation for the rational design of novel lipopeptide adjuvant for COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Mao
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chang Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing-Yi Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zi-Li Jin
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhe Jin
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruo-Yi Xue
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rang Feng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guo-Cheng Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Deng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quan-Ming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai-Bo Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Aibani N, Patel P, Buchanan R, Strom S, Wasan KM, Hancock REW, Gerdts V, Wasan EK. Assessing the In Vivo Effectiveness of Cationic Lipid Nanoparticles with a Triple Adjuvant for Intranasal Vaccination against the Respiratory Pathogen Bordetella pertussis. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1814-1824. [PMID: 35302764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Continuous outbreaks of pertussis around the world suggest inadequate immune protection in infants and weakened immune responses induced over time by the acellular pertussis vaccine. Vaccine adjuvants provide a means to improve vaccine immunogenicity and support long-term adaptive immunity against pertussis. An acellular pertussis vaccine was prepared with pertactin, pertussis toxin, and fimbriae 2/3 antigens combined with a triple-adjuvant system consisting of innate defense regulator peptide IDR 1002, a Toll-like receptor-3 agonist poly(I:C), and a polyphosphazene in a fixed combination. The vaccine was delivered intranasally in a cationic lipid nanoparticle formulation fabricated by simple admixture and two schema for addition of antigens (LT-A, antigens associated outside of L-TriAdj, and LAT, antigens associated inside of L-TriAdj) to optimize particle size and cationic surface charge. In the former, antigens were associated with the lipidic formulation of the triple adjuvant by electrostatic attraction. In the latter, the antigens resided in the interior of the lipid nanoparticle. Two dose levels of antigens were used with adjuvant comprised of the triple adjuvant with or without the lipid nanoparticle carrier. Formulation of vaccines with the triple adjuvant stimulated systemic and mucosal immune responses. The lipid nanoparticle vaccines favored a Th1 type of response with higher IgG2a and IgA serum antibody titers particularly for pertussis toxin and pertactin formulated at the 5 μg dose level in the admixed formulation. Additionally, the lipid nanoparticle vaccines resulted in high nasal SIgA antibodies and an early (4 weeks post vaccination) response after a single vaccination dose. The LT-A nanoparticles trended toward higher titers of serum antibodies compared to LAT. The cationic lipid-based vaccine nanoparticles formulated with a triple adjuvant showed encouraging results as a potential formulation for intranasally administered pertussis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorjahan Aibani
- University of Saskatchewan, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Parth Patel
- University of Saskatchewan, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Rachelle Buchanan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Stacy Strom
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Kishor M Wasan
- Department of Urological Sciences, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, Gordon & Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases & Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Ellen K Wasan
- University of Saskatchewan, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
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Pons V, Rivest S. Targeting Systemic Innate Immune Cells as a Therapeutic Avenue for Alzheimer Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1-17. [PMID: 34987086 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the first progressive neurodegenerative disease worldwide, and the disease is characterized by an accumulation of amyloid in the brain and neurovasculature that triggers cognitive decline and neuroinflammation. The innate immune system has a preponderant role in AD. The last decade, scientists focused their efforts on therapies aiming to modulate innate immunity. The latter is of great interest, since they participate to the inflammation and phagocytose the amyloid in the brain and blood vessels. We and others have developed pharmacological approaches to stimulate these cells using various ligands. These include toll-like receptor 4, macrophage colony stimulating factor, and more recently nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing 2 receptors. This review will discuss the great potential to take advantage of the innate immune system to fight naturally against amyloid β accumulation and prevent its detrimental consequence on brain functions and its vascular system. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The focus on amyloid β removal from the perivascular space rather than targeting CNS plaque formation and clearance represents a new direction with a great potential. Small molecules able to act at the level of peripheral immunity would constitute a novel approach for tackling aberrant central nervous system biology, one of which we believe would have the potential of generating a lot of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pons
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
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Peptide-Based Vaccines for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Recent Endeavors and Future Perspectives. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111278. [PMID: 34835209 PMCID: PMC8622585 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of peptide-based vaccines for treating human neurodegenerative diseases has been the eventual aim of many research endeavors, although no active immunotherapies have been approved for clinical use till now. A typical example of such endeavors is the effort to develop vaccines for Alzheimer’s disease based on the beta-amyloid peptide, which continues to be intensively investigated despite previous setbacks. In this paper, recent developments in peptide-based vaccines which target beta-amyloid as well as tau protein and α-synuclein are presented. Particular focus has been directed toward peptide epitopes and formulation systems selected/developed and employed to enhance vaccine efficacy and safety. Results from both, human clinical trials and animal preclinical studies conducted mainly in transgenic mice have been included. Future perspectives on the topic are also briefly discussed.
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Roßmann L, Bagola K, Stephen T, Gerards AL, Walber B, Ullrich A, Schülke S, Kamp C, Spreitzer I, Hasan M, David-Watine B, Shorte SL, Bastian M, van Zandbergen G. Distinct single-component adjuvants steer human DC-mediated T-cell polarization via Toll-like receptor signaling toward a potent antiviral immune response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2103651118. [PMID: 34561306 PMCID: PMC8488681 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103651118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of efficient and safe vaccine development. Vaccine adjuvants are essential to boost and tailor the immune response to the corresponding pathogen. To allow for an educated selection, we assessed the effect of different adjuvants on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and their ability to polarize innate and adaptive immune responses. In contrast to commonly used adjuvants, such as aluminum hydroxide, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists induced robust phenotypic and functional DC maturation. In a DC-lymphocyte coculture system, we investigated the ensuing immune reactions. While monophosphoryl lipid A synthetic, a TLR4 ligand, induced checkpoint inhibitors indicative for immune exhaustion, the TLR7/8 agonist Resiquimod (R848) induced prominent type-1 interferon and interleukin 6 responses and robust CTL, B-cell, and NK-cell proliferation, which is particularly suited for antiviral immune responses. The recently licensed COVID-19 vaccines, BNT162b and mRNA-1273, are both based on single-stranded RNA. Indeed, we could confirm that the cytokine profile induced by lipid-complexed RNA was almost identical to the pattern induced by R848. Although this awaits further investigation, our results suggest that their efficacy involves the highly efficient antiviral response pattern stimulated by the RNAs' TLR7/8 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Roßmann
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Katrin Bagola
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Tharshana Stephen
- Cytometry and Biomarkers UTechS, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Anna-Lisa Gerards
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Bianca Walber
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Anja Ullrich
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Schülke
- Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Christel Kamp
- Division of Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Ingo Spreitzer
- Division of Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Milena Hasan
- Cytometry and Biomarkers UTechS, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Max Bastian
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ger van Zandbergen
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany;
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Collins SM, Brown AC. Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles as Antibiotic Delivery Vehicles. Front Immunol 2021; 12:733064. [PMID: 34616401 PMCID: PMC8488215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.733064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanometer-scale, spherical vehicles released by Gram-negative bacteria into their surroundings throughout growth. These OMVs have been demonstrated to play key roles in pathogenesis by delivering certain biomolecules to host cells, including toxins and other virulence factors. In addition, this biomolecular delivery function enables OMVs to facilitate intra-bacterial communication processes, such as quorum sensing and horizontal gene transfer. The unique ability of OMVs to deliver large biomolecules across the complex Gram-negative cell envelope has inspired the use of OMVs as antibiotic delivery vehicles to overcome transport limitations. In this review, we describe the advantages, applications, and biotechnological challenges of using OMVs as antibiotic delivery vehicles, studying both natural and engineered antibiotic applications of OMVs. We argue that OMVs hold great promise as antibiotic delivery vehicles, an urgently needed application to combat the growing threat of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela C. Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
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Monophosphoryl Lipid A and Poly I:C Combination Adjuvant Promoted Ovalbumin-Specific Cell Mediated Immunity in Mice Model. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090908. [PMID: 34571785 PMCID: PMC8471534 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Many research groups have investigated and developed new adjuvant candidates to promote vaccine efficacy, but only few of them were licensed. A combination of toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists can be a promising vaccine adjuvant candidate by stimulating innate immune cells and inducing antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI). In this study, a monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and Poly I:C combination, in low doses with ovalbumin (OVA) protein, elicited strong OVA-specific antibody production and more effective memory T cell responses compared with OVA only, OVA+MPL, OVA+Poly I:C groups at the site of immunization, as well as innate immune cell recruitment and activation. This study suggests MPL+Poly I:C as a potential CMI-inducing vaccine adjuvant candidate. Abstract Induction of antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI), as well as humoral immunity, is critical for successful vaccination against various type of pathogens. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have been developed as adjuvants to promote vaccine efficacy and induce appropriate immune responses. Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL); a TLR4 agonist, and Poly I:C; a TLR3 agonist, are known as a strong immuno-stimulator which induce Th1 response. Many studies proved and compared the efficacy of each adjuvant, but no study has investigated the combination of them. Using ovalbumin protein antigen, MPL+Poly I:C combination induced more effective antigen-specific CMI response than single adjuvants. Production of inflammatory cytokines, recruitment of innate immune cells and antigen-specific CD4/CD8 memory T cell at the immunized site had been significantly enhanced by MPL+Poly I:C combination. Moreover, MPL+Poly I:C combination enhanced ovalbumin-specific serum IgG, IgG1, and IgG2c production and proliferative function of CD4 and CD8 T cells after in vitro ovalbumin peptide stimulation. Taken together, these data suggest that the combination of MPL and Poly I:C has a potency as a CMI-inducing vaccine adjuvant with synergistically increased effects.
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Guerrero Manriquez GG, Tuero I. Adjuvants: friends in vaccine formulations against infectious diseases. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:3539-3550. [PMID: 34288795 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1934354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases represent a major cause of deaths worldwide. No vaccine or effective treatment exists nowadays, especially against intracellular pathogens. The increase in multiple drug and superbug antibiotic resistance strains, excessive medication, or misuse of drugs has prompted the search for other safe and effective alternatives. Consistent with this, adjuvants (Latin word "adjuvare": "help or aid") co-administered (Exo) in vaccines have emerged as a promising alternative to initiate and boost an innate, downstream signal that led to adaptative immune response. Nowadays, a promising model of strong immunogens and adjuvants at mucosal sites are the microbial bacterial toxins. Other adjuvants that are also used and might successfully replace aluminum salts in combination with nanotechnology are CpG-ODN, poly IC, type I IFNs, mRNA platforms. Therefore, in the present review, we focused to revisit the old to the new adjuvants compounds, the properties that make them friends in vaccine formulations against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I Tuero
- Faculty of Science and Phylosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Tay BQ, Wright Q, Ladwa R, Perry C, Leggatt G, Simpson F, Wells JW, Panizza BJ, Frazer IH, Cruz JLG. Evolution of Cancer Vaccines-Challenges, Achievements, and Future Directions. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050535. [PMID: 34065557 PMCID: PMC8160852 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of cancer vaccines has been intensively pursued over the past 50 years with modest success. However, recent advancements in the fields of genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, and immunology have renewed interest in these immunotherapies and allowed the development of promising cancer vaccine candidates. Numerous clinical trials testing the response evoked by tumour antigens, differing in origin and nature, have shed light on the desirable target characteristics capable of inducing strong tumour-specific non-toxic responses with increased potential to bring clinical benefit to patients. Novel delivery methods, ranging from a patient’s autologous dendritic cells to liposome nanoparticles, have exponentially increased the abundance and exposure of the antigenic payloads. Furthermore, growing knowledge of the mechanisms by which tumours evade the immune response has led to new approaches to reverse these roadblocks and to re-invigorate previously suppressed anti-tumour surveillance. The use of new drugs in combination with antigen-based therapies is highly targeted and may represent the future of cancer vaccines. In this review, we address the main antigens and delivery methods used to develop cancer vaccines, their clinical outcomes, and the new directions that the vaccine immunotherapy field is taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ban Qi Tay
- Faculty of Medicine, Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (B.Q.T.); (Q.W.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (J.W.W.); (I.H.F.)
| | - Quentin Wright
- Faculty of Medicine, Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (B.Q.T.); (Q.W.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (J.W.W.); (I.H.F.)
| | - Rahul Ladwa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (C.P.); (B.J.P.)
| | - Christopher Perry
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (C.P.); (B.J.P.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Graham Leggatt
- Faculty of Medicine, Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (B.Q.T.); (Q.W.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (J.W.W.); (I.H.F.)
| | - Fiona Simpson
- Faculty of Medicine, Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (B.Q.T.); (Q.W.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (J.W.W.); (I.H.F.)
| | - James W. Wells
- Faculty of Medicine, Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (B.Q.T.); (Q.W.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (J.W.W.); (I.H.F.)
| | - Benedict J. Panizza
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (C.P.); (B.J.P.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Ian H. Frazer
- Faculty of Medicine, Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (B.Q.T.); (Q.W.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (J.W.W.); (I.H.F.)
| | - Jazmina L. G. Cruz
- Faculty of Medicine, Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (B.Q.T.); (Q.W.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (J.W.W.); (I.H.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-0478912737
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Heine H, Adanitsch F, Peternelj TT, Haegman M, Kasper C, Ittig S, Beyaert R, Jerala R, Zamyatina A. Tailored Modulation of Cellular Pro-inflammatory Responses With Disaccharide Lipid A Mimetics. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631797. [PMID: 33815382 PMCID: PMC8012497 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory signaling mediated by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation-2 (MD-2) complex plays a crucial role in the instantaneous protection against infectious challenge and largely contributes to recovery from Gram-negative infection. Activation of TLR4 also boosts the adaptive immunity which is implemented in the development of vaccine adjuvants by application of minimally toxic TLR4 activating ligands. The modulation of pro-inflammatory responses via the TLR4 signaling pathway was found beneficial for management of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders including asthma, allergy, arthritis, Alzheimer disease pathology, sepsis, and cancer. The TLR4/MD-2 complex can recognize the terminal motif of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)—a glycophospholipid lipid A. Although immense progress in understanding the molecular basis of LPS-induced TLR4-mediated signaling has been achieved, gradual, and predictable TLR4 activation by structurally defined ligands has not yet been attained. We report on controllable modulation of cellular pro-inflammatory responses by application of novel synthetic glycolipids—disaccharide-based lipid A mimetics (DLAMs) having picomolar affinity for TLR4/MD-2. Using crystal structure inspired design we have developed endotoxin mimetics where the inherently flexible β(1 → 6)-linked diglucosamine backbone of lipid A is replaced by a conformationally restricted α,α-(1↔1)-linked disaccharide scaffold. The tertiary structure of the disaccharide skeleton of DLAMs mirrors the 3-dimensional shape of TLR4/MD-2 bound E. coli lipid A. Due to exceptional conformational rigidity of the sugar scaffold, the specific 3D organization of DLAM must be preserved upon interaction with proteins. These structural factors along with specific acylation and phosphorylation pattern can ensure picomolar affinity for TLR4 and permit efficient dimerization of TLR4/MD-2/DLAM complexes. Since the binding pose of lipid A in the binding pocket of MD-2 (±180°) is crucial for the expression of biological activity, the chemical structure of DLAMs was designed to permit a predefined binding orientation in the binding groove of MD-2, which ensured tailored and species-independent (human and mice) TLR4 activation. Manipulating phosphorylation and acylation pattern at the sugar moiety facing the secondary dimerization interface allowed for adjustable modulation of the TLR4-mediated signaling. Tailored modulation of cellular pro-inflammatory responses by distinct modifications of the molecular structure of DLAMs was attained in primary human and mouse immune cells, lung epithelial cells and TLR4 transfected HEK293 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Heine
- Research Group Innate Immunity, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Florian Adanitsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tina Tinkara Peternelj
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mira Haegman
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Simon Ittig
- Biozentrum University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roman Jerala
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alla Zamyatina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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