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Witt LT, Greenfield KG, Knoop KA. Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli induce distinct effector γδ T cell responses during neonatal sepsis. iScience 2024; 27:109669. [PMID: 38646164 PMCID: PMC11033170 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Neonates born prematurely are vulnerable to life-threatening conditions such as bacterial sepsis. Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) and Escherichia coli are frequent causative pathogens of neonatal sepsis, however, it remains unclear if these pathogens induce differential immune responses. We find that γδ T cells rapidly respond to single-organism GBS and E. coli bloodstream infections in neonatal mice. Furthermore, GBS and E. coli induce distinct cytokine production from IFN-γ and IL-17 producing γδ T cells, respectively. We also find that IL-17 production during E. coli infection is driven by γδTCR signaling, whereas IFN-γ production during GBS infection occurs independently of γδTCR signaling. The divergent effector responses of γδ T cells during GBS and E. coli infections impart distinctive neuroinflammatory phenotypes on the neonatal brain. Thus, the neonatal adaptive immune system differentially responds to distinct bacterial stimuli, resulting in unique neuroinflammatory phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila T. Witt
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN 55901, USA
- Mayo Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | | | - Kathryn A. Knoop
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN 55901, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
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2
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Govindaraj D, Jensen GB, Rahman Qazi K, Sverremark‐Ekström E, Abrahamsson T, Jenmalm MC. Effects of extremely preterm birth on cytokine and chemokine responses induced by T-cell activation during infancy. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e1510. [PMID: 38737447 PMCID: PMC11087183 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Extremely preterm (EPT; gestational week < 28 + 0, < 1000 g) neonates are vulnerable to infections and necrotising enterocolitis, important contributors to mortality and morbidity. However, knowledge regarding their immune maturation remains limited. We here investigated the longitudinal development of functional T-cell capacity in EPT infants. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated at 14th and 28th day (D) and at gestational week 36 + 0 (Gw36) from EPT infants, participated in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 probiotic supplementation. Blood collected from 25 full-term (FT) infants at D14 was used as control. The secretion of immune mediators was determined through comprehensive Luminex panels after stimulation with human T-cell activator CD3/CD28 beads. Results The levels of many mediators were low in EPT infants at D14, whereas the secretion of several chemokines was higher in EPT than in FT infants. Furthermore, Th2:Th1 cytokine ratios were higher in EPT than in FT infants. Progressively elevated secretion of, for example, IFN-γ, TNF and IL-17A in EPT infants was observed from D14 to D28 and then at Gw36. Elevated levels were observed for many proinflammatory mediators at D28. Probiotic supplementation or perinatal factors (e.g. clinical chorioamnionitis, preeclampsia and delivery mode) did not influence the cytokine and chemokine responses. Conclusions Immune mediators induced by T-cell activation in EPT infants were mainly reduced at D14 and Th2 skewed compared to those in FT infants, but mostly recovered at Gw36, indicating immune maturation. Increased proinflammatory responses at D28 may be related to the heightened risk of severe immune-associated complications seen in EPT infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanapal Govindaraj
- Division of Inflammation and Infection (II), Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV)Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Georg Bach Jensen
- Division of Inflammation and Infection (II), Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV)Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
- Crown Princess Victoria Children's HospitalLinköpingCounty of ÖstergötlandSweden
| | - Khaleda Rahman Qazi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Eva Sverremark‐Ekström
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Thomas Abrahamsson
- Division of Inflammation and Infection (II), Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV)Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
- Crown Princess Victoria Children's HospitalLinköpingCounty of ÖstergötlandSweden
| | - Maria C Jenmalm
- Division of Inflammation and Infection (II), Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV)Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
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Karampatsas K, Hall T, Voysey M, Carreras-Abad C, Cochet M, Ramkhelawon L, Peregrine E, Andrews N, Heath PT, Le Doare K. Antibody kinetics between birth and three months of life in healthy infants with natural exposure to Group B streptococcus: A UK cohort study. Vaccine 2024; 42:3230-3238. [PMID: 38627147 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Capsular polysaccharide (CPS) serotype-specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in cord blood has been proposed as a correlate of protection against invasive Group B Streptococcus (iGBS) disease. Although protective levels are required in infants throughout the window of vulnerability up to 3 months of age, little is known regarding the kinetics of GBS-specific IgG over this period. METHODS We enrolled 33 healthy infants born to mothers colonized with GBS. We collected cord blood and infant blood samples either at one (21-35 days), two (49-63 days), or three months of age (77-91 days). We measured GBS serotype-specific CPS IgG concentrations and calculated the decay rate using a mixed-effects model. We further explored whether the antibody kinetics were affected by common maternal and infant factors and estimated the correlation between IgG concentration at birth and one, two, and three months of age. RESULTS The half-life estimate of IgG concentration for homologous and non-homologous GBS serotypes in paired samples with detectable IgG levels at both time points was 27.4 (95 % CI: 23.5-32.9) days. The decay rate did not vary by maternal age (p = 0.7), ethnicity (p = 0.1), gravida (p = 0.1), gestation (p = 0.7), and infant sex (p = 0.1). Predicted IgG titres above the assay lower limit of quantification on day 30 strongly correlated with titres at birth (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.71 [95 % CI: 0.60-0.80]). CONCLUSION Our results provide a basis for future investigations into the use of antibody kinetics in defining a serocorrelate of protection against late-onset iGBS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Karampatsas
- Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Tom Hall
- Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Merryn Voysey
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Clara Carreras-Abad
- Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Madeleine Cochet
- Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laxmee Ramkhelawon
- Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Peregrine
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kingston Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Andrews
- UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul T Heath
- Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Le Doare
- Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Pathogen Immunology Group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, United Kingdom; Makerere University Johns Hopkins University, Kampala, Uganda
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4
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McLellan J, Croen LA, Iosif AM, Ashwood P, Yoshida C, Berger K, Van de Water J. Differences in mid-gestational and early postnatal neonatal cytokines and chemokines are associated with patterns of maternal autoantibodies in the context of autism. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:50-62. [PMID: 38696596 PMCID: PMC11065110 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Associations between maternal immune dysregulation (including autoimmunity and skewed cytokine/chemokine profiles) and offspring neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism have been reported. In maternal autoantibody-related autism, specific maternally derived autoantibodies can access the fetal compartment to target eight proteins critical for neurodevelopment. We examined the relationship between maternal autoantibodies to the eight maternal autoantibody-related autism proteins and cytokine/chemokine profiles in the second trimester of pregnancy in mothers of children later diagnosed with autism and their neonates' cytokine/chemokine profiles. Using banked maternal serum samples from 15 to 19 weeks of gestation from the Early Markers for Autism Study and corresponding banked newborn bloodspots, we identified three maternal/offspring groups based on maternal autoantibody status: (1) mothers with autoantibodies to one or more of the eight maternal autoantibody-related autismassociated proteins but not a maternal autoantibody-related autism-specific pattern, (2) mothers with a known maternal autoantibody-related autism pattern, and (3) mothers without autoantibodies to any of the eight maternal autoantibody-related autism proteins. Using a multiplex platform, we measured maternal second trimester and neonatal cytokine/chemokine levels. This combined analysis aimed to determine potential associations between maternal autoantibodies and the maternal and neonatal cytokine/chemokine profiles, each of which has been shown to have implications on offspring neurodevelopment independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna McLellan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6505C, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Lisa A Croen
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, United States
| | - Ana-Maria Iosif
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of California Davis, Medical Sciences 1C, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Paul Ashwood
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, 2805 Wet Lab Building, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, 3146 One Shields Avenue, Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Cathleen Yoshida
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, United States
| | - Kimberly Berger
- Sequoia Foundation, 741 Addison Suite B, Berkeley, CA 94710, United States
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6505C, Davis, CA 95616, United States
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, 2805 Wet Lab Building, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
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Wood EK, Reid BM, Sheerar DS, Donzella B, Gunnar MR, Coe CL. Lingering Effects of Early Institutional Rearing and Cytomegalovirus Infection on the Natural Killer Cell Repertoire of Adopted Adolescents. Biomolecules 2024; 14:456. [PMID: 38672472 PMCID: PMC11047877 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Adversity during infancy can affect neurobehavioral development and perturb the maturation of physiological systems. Dysregulated immune and inflammatory responses contribute to many of the later effects on health. Whether normalization can occur following a transition to more nurturing, benevolent conditions is unclear. To assess the potential for recovery, blood samples were obtained from 45 adolescents adopted by supportive families after impoverished infancies in institutional settings (post-institutionalized, PI). Their immune profiles were compared to 39 age-matched controls raised by their biological parents (non-adopted, NA). Leukocytes were immunophenotyped, and this analysis focuses on natural killer (NK) cell populations in circulation. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositivity was evaluated to determine if early infection contributed to the impact of an atypical rearing. Associations with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), two cytokines released by activated NK cells, were examined. Compared to the NA controls, PI adolescents had a lower percent of CD56bright NK cells in circulation, higher TNF-α levels, and were more likely to be infected with CMV. PI adolescents who were latent carriers of CMV expressed NKG2C and CD57 surface markers on more NK cells, including CD56dim lineages. The NK cell repertoire revealed lingering immune effects of early rearing while still maintaining an overall integrity and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K. Wood
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Brie M. Reid
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA;
| | - Dagna S. Sheerar
- Wisconsin Institute of Medical Research, University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Bonny Donzella
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (B.D.); (M.R.G.)
| | - Megan R. Gunnar
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (B.D.); (M.R.G.)
| | - Christopher L. Coe
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 54706, USA;
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Witt LT, Greenfield KG, Knoop KA. Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli Induce Distinct Effector γδ T Cell Responses During Neonatal Sepsis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.02.560561. [PMID: 37873122 PMCID: PMC10592965 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Neonates born prematurely are highly vulnerable to life-threatening conditions such as bacterial sepsis. Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as group B Streptococcus (GBS) and Escherichia coli are frequent causative pathogens of neonatal sepsis, however, it remains unclear if distinct sepsis pathogens induce differential adaptive immune responses. In the present study, we find that γδ T cells in neonatal mice rapidly respond to single-organism GBS and E. coli bloodstream infections and that these pathogens induce distinct activation and cytokine production from IFN-γ and IL-17 producing γδ T cells, respectively. We also report differential reliance on γδTCR signaling to elicit effector cytokine responses during neonatal sepsis, with IL-17 production during E. coli infection being driven by γδTCR signaling, and IFN-γ production during GBS infection occurring independently of γδTCR signaling. Furthermore, we report that the divergent effector responses of γδ T cells during GBS and E. coli infections impart distinctive neuroinflammatory phenotypes on the neonatal brain. The present study reveals that the neonatal adaptive immune system differentially responds to distinct bacterial stimuli, resulting in unique neuroinflammatory phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila T Witt
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, USA 55901
- Mayo Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic
| | | | - Kathryn A Knoop
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, USA 55901
- Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic
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7
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Alhamdan F, Koutsogiannaki S, Yuki K. The landscape of immune dysregulation in pediatric sepsis at a single-cell resolution. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.17.576030. [PMID: 38293080 PMCID: PMC10827142 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.17.576030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Recognizing immune dysregulation as a hallmark of sepsis pathophysiology, leukocytes have attracted major attention of investigation. While adult and pediatric sepsis are clinically distinct, their immunological delineation remains limited. Breakthrough of single cell technologies facilitated the characterization of immune signatures. We tackled to delineate immunological profiles of pediatric sepsis at a single-cell level by analyzing blood samples from six septic children, at both acute and recovery phases, and four healthy children. 16 single-cell transcriptomic datasets (96,156 cells) were analyzed and compared to adult sepsis dataset. We showed a unique shift in neutrophil subpopulations and functions between acute and recovery phases, along with examining the regulatory role of resistin. Neutrophil signatures were comparable between adult and pediatric sepsis. Innate-like CD4 T cells were predominantly and uniquely observed in acute phase of pediatric sepsis. Our study provides a thorough and comprehensive understanding of immune dysregulation in pediatric sepsis.
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8
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Henriques P, Rosa A, Caldeira-Araújo H, Soares P, Vigário AM. Flying under the radar - impact and factors influencing asymptomatic DENV infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1284651. [PMID: 38076464 PMCID: PMC10704250 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1284651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical outcome of DENV and other Flaviviruses infections represents a spectrum of severity that ranges from mild manifestations to severe disease, which can ultimately lead to death. Nonetheless, most of these infections result in an asymptomatic outcome that may play an important role in the persistent circulation of these viruses. Also, although little is known about the mechanisms that lead to these asymptomatic infections, they are likely the result of a complex interplay between viral and host factors. Specific characteristics of the infecting viral strain, such as its replicating efficiency, coupled with host factors, like gene expression of key molecules involved in the immune response or in the protection against disease, are among crucial factors to study. This review revisits recent data on factors that may contribute to the asymptomatic outcome of the world's widespread DENV, highlighting the importance of silent infections in the transmission of this pathogen and the immune status of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Henriques
- Projecto Medicina, Faculdade de Ciências da Vida, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Rosa
- Projecto Medicina, Faculdade de Ciências da Vida, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Helena Caldeira-Araújo
- Projecto Medicina, Faculdade de Ciências da Vida, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Pedro Soares
- Department of Biology, CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Braga, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Vigário
- Projecto Medicina, Faculdade de Ciências da Vida, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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9
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Thomson Z, He Z, Swanson E, Henderson K, Phalen C, Zaim SR, Pebworth MP, Okada LY, Heubeck AT, Roll CR, Hernandez V, Weiss M, Genge PC, Reading J, Giles JR, Manne S, Dougherty J, Jasen CJ, Greenplate AR, Becker LA, Graybuck LT, Vasaikar SV, Szeto GL, Savage AK, Speake C, Buckner JH, Li XJ, Bumol TF, Wherry EJ, Torgerson TR, Vella LA, Henrickson SE, Skene PJ, Gustafson CE. Trimodal single-cell profiling reveals a novel pediatric CD8αα + T cell subset and broad age-related molecular reprogramming across the T cell compartment. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1947-1959. [PMID: 37845489 PMCID: PMC10602854 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Age-associated changes in the T cell compartment are well described. However, limitations of current single-modal or bimodal single-cell assays, including flow cytometry, RNA-seq (RNA sequencing) and CITE-seq (cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing), have restricted our ability to deconvolve more complex cellular and molecular changes. Here, we profile >300,000 single T cells from healthy children (aged 11-13 years) and older adults (aged 55-65 years) by using the trimodal assay TEA-seq (single-cell analysis of mRNA transcripts, surface protein epitopes and chromatin accessibility), which revealed that molecular programming of T cell subsets shifts toward a more activated basal state with age. Naive CD4+ T cells, considered relatively resistant to aging, exhibited pronounced transcriptional and epigenetic reprogramming. Moreover, we discovered a novel CD8αα+ T cell subset lost with age that is epigenetically poised for rapid effector responses and has distinct inhibitory, costimulatory and tissue-homing properties. Together, these data reveal new insights into age-associated changes in the T cell compartment that may contribute to differential immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ziyuan He
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elliott Swanson
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Cole Phalen
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Charles R Roll
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology (MICaB) Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Morgan Weiss
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Josephine R Giles
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sasikanth Manne
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeanette Dougherty
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C J Jasen
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Allison R Greenplate
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Suhas V Vasaikar
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seagen, Bothell, WA, USA
| | - Gregory L Szeto
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seagen, Bothell, WA, USA
| | | | - Cate Speake
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiao-Jun Li
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - E John Wherry
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Laura A Vella
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah E Henrickson
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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10
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Donald K, Finlay BB. Early-life interactions between the microbiota and immune system: impact on immune system development and atopic disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:735-748. [PMID: 37138015 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00874-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal and early postnatal life represent key periods of immune system development. In addition to genetics and host biology, environment has a large and irreversible role in the immune maturation and health of an infant. One key player in this process is the gut microbiota, a diverse community of microorganisms that colonizes the human intestine. The diet, environment and medical interventions experienced by an infant determine the establishment and progression of the intestinal microbiota, which interacts with and trains the developing immune system. Several chronic immune-mediated diseases have been linked to an altered gut microbiota during early infancy. The recent rise in allergic disease incidence has been explained by the 'hygiene hypothesis', which states that societal changes in developed countries have led to reduced early-life microbial exposures, negatively impacting immunity. Although human cohort studies across the globe have established a correlation between early-life microbiota composition and atopy, mechanistic links and specific host-microorganism interactions are still being uncovered. Here, we detail the progression of immune system and microbiota maturation in early life, highlight the mechanistic links between microbes and the immune system, and summarize the role of early-life host-microorganism interactions in allergic disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Donald
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - B Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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11
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Barten LJC, Zuurveld M, Faber J, Garssen J, Klok T. Oral immunotherapy as a curative treatment for food-allergic preschool children: Current evidence and potential underlying mechanisms. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2023; 34:e14043. [PMID: 38010006 DOI: 10.1111/pai.14043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide rising prevalence of food allergy is a major public health concern. Standard care consists of allergen avoidance and rescue medication upon accidental exposure. Oral immunotherapy (OIT) is increasingly being studied as a treatment option. Although desensitization (an increased reaction threshold) is often achieved during OIT, sustained unresponsiveness (SU; clinical nonreactivity after finishing OIT) is not achieved in most patients. A few studies have investigated the effectiveness of OIT in children younger than 4 years of age (early = e-OIT) and have shown a much more favorable outcome in terms of SU development. Together with food allergy prevention studies, which have demonstrated high efficacy of early oral allergen exposure, the outcomes of e-OIT studies indicate an early-life window of opportunity to achieve SU, allowing unrestricted dietary intake. However, the underlying mechanism of the high effectiveness of e-OIT is not understood yet. Both cohort and OIT studies indicate early-life immune plasticity. An immature food-allergic response in the first years of life seems to be a major driver of this immune plasticity, along with a higher tolerogenic immunological state. Allergy maturation can likely be disrupted effectively by early intervention, preventing the development of persistent food allergy. Upcoming studies will provide important additional data on the safety, feasibility, and effectiveness of e-OIT. Combined with immune mechanistic studies, this should inform the implementation of e-OIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke J C Barten
- Pediatric Allergy Treatment Center, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, The Netherlands
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marit Zuurveld
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce Faber
- Pediatric Allergy Treatment Center, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ted Klok
- Pediatric Allergy Treatment Center, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, The Netherlands
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Brady T, Cayatte C, Roe TL, Speer SD, Ji H, Machiesky L, Zhang T, Wilkins D, Tuffy KM, Kelly EJ. Fc-mediated functions of nirsevimab complement direct respiratory syncytial virus neutralization but are not required for optimal prophylactic protection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1283120. [PMID: 37901217 PMCID: PMC10600457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1283120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nirsevimab is an extended half-life (M252Y/S254T/T256E [YTE]-modified) monoclonal antibody to the pre-fusion conformation of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Fusion protein, with established efficacy in preventing RSV-associated lower respiratory tract infection in infants for the duration of a typical RSV season. Previous studies suggest that nirsevimab confers protection via direct virus neutralization. Here we use preclinical models to explore whether fragment crystallizable (Fc)-mediated effector functions contribute to nirsevimab-mediated protection. Methods Nirsevimab, MEDI8897* (i.e., nirsevimab without the YTE modification), and MEDI8897*-TM (i.e., MEDI8897* without Fc effector functions) binding to Fc γ receptors (FcγRs) was evaluated using surface plasmon resonance. Antibody-dependent neutrophil phagocytosis (ADNP), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), antibody-dependent complement deposition (ADCD), and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) were assessed through in vitro and ex vivo serological analyses. A cotton rat challenge study was performed with MEDI8897* and MEDI8897*-TM to explore whether Fc effector functions contribute to protection from RSV. Results Nirsevimab and MEDI8897* exhibited binding to a range of FcγRs, with expected reductions in FcγR binding affinities observed for MEDI8897*-TM. Nirsevimab exhibited in vitro ADNP, ADCP, ADCD, and ADCC activity above background levels, and similar ADNP, ADCP, and ADCD activity to palivizumab. Nirsevimab administration increased ex vivo ADNP, ADCP, and ADCD activity in participant serum from the MELODY study (NCT03979313). However, ADCC levels remained similar between nirsevimab and placebo. MEDI8897* and MEDI8897*-TM exhibited similar dose-dependent reduction in lung and nasal turbinate RSV titers in the cotton rat model. Conclusion Nirsevimab possesses Fc effector activity comparable with the current standard of care, palivizumab. However, despite possessing the capacity for Fc effector activity, data from RSV challenge experiments illustrate that nirsevimab-mediated protection is primarily dependent on direct virus neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Brady
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Corinne Cayatte
- Early Oncology ICA, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Tiffany L. Roe
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Scott D. Speer
- Virology and Vaccine Discovery, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Hong Ji
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - LeeAnn Machiesky
- Process and Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Tianhui Zhang
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Deidre Wilkins
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Kevin M. Tuffy
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth J. Kelly
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
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13
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Torres-Borrego J, Sánchez-Solís M. Dissecting Airborne Allergens. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5856. [PMID: 37762797 PMCID: PMC10532401 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12185856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous and very complex group of diseases, and includes different clinical phenotypes depending on symptoms, progression, exacerbation patterns, or responses to treatment, among other characteristics. The allergic phenotype is the most frequent, especially in pediatric asthma. It is characterized by sensitization (the production of specific IgEs) to allergens and frequent comorbidity with rhinitis as well as atopic dermatitis. Given the complexity of allergic asthma, knowledge of it must be approached from different points of view: clinical, histological, physiological, epidemiological, biochemical, and immunological, among others. Since partial approaches do not allow for the understanding of this complexity, it is necessary to have multidimensional knowledge that helps in performing the optimal management of each case, avoiding a "blind men and elephant parable" approach. Allergens are antigens that trigger the production of specific IgE antibodies in susceptible individuals, who present symptoms that will depend on the type and intensity of the allergenic load as well as the tissue where the interaction occurs. Airborne allergens cause their effects in the respiratory tract and eyes, and can be indoor or outdoor, perennial, or seasonal. Although allergens such as mites, pollens, or animal dander are generally considered single particles, it is important to note that they contain different molecules which could trigger distinct specific IgE molecules in different patients. General practitioners, pediatricians, and other physicians typically diagnose and treat asthma based on clinical and pulmonary function data in their daily practice. This nonsystematic and nonexhaustive revision aims to update other topics, especially those focused on airborne allergens, helping the diagnostic and therapeutic processes of allergic asthma and rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Torres-Borrego
- Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit, Reina Sofia Children’s University Hospital, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal sn, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Solís
- Pediatric Respiratory and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Children’s Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), University of Murcia, Avda Teniente Flomesta, 5, 30003 Murcia, Spain;
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14
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Stoddard CI, Sung K, Yaffe ZA, Weight H, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Galloway J, Gantt S, Adhiambo J, Begnel ER, Ojee E, Slyker J, Wamalwa D, Kinuthia J, Finzi A, Matsen FA, Lehman DA, Overbaugh J. Elevated binding and functional antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in infants versus mothers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4864. [PMID: 37567924 PMCID: PMC10421871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40554-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant antibody responses to viral infection can differ from those in adults. However, data on the specificity and function of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies in infants, and direct comparisons between infants and adults are limited. Here, we characterize antibody binding and functionality against Wuhan-Hu-1 (B lineage) strain SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent plasma from 36 postpartum women and 14 of their infants infected with SARS-CoV-2 from a vaccine-naïve prospective cohort in Nairobi, Kenya. We find significantly higher antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 Spike, receptor binding domain and N-terminal domain, and Spike-expressing cell-surface staining levels in infants versus mothers. Plasma antibodies from mothers and infants bind to similar regions of the Spike S2 subunit, including the fusion peptide (FP) and stem helix-heptad repeat 2. However, infants display higher antibody levels and more consistent antibody escape pathways in the FP region compared to mothers. Finally, infants have significantly higher levels of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), though, surprisingly, Spike pseudovirus neutralization titers between infants and mothers are similar. These results suggest infants develop distinct SARS-CoV-2 binding and functional antibody activities and reveal age-related differences in humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection that could be relevant to protection and COVID-19 disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Sung
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zak A Yaffe
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Haidyn Weight
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jared Galloway
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Soren Gantt
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Judith Adhiambo
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emily R Begnel
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ednah Ojee
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jennifer Slyker
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dalton Wamalwa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Kinuthia
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Frederick A Matsen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Dara A Lehman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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15
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Lyski ZL, Porter C, Uhrlaub JL, Ellingson KD, Jeddy Z, Gwynn L, Rivers P, Sprissler R, Hegmann KT, Coughlin M, Fowlkes A, Hollister J, LeClair L, Mak J, Beitel SC, Fuller S, Grant L, Newes-Adeyi G, Yoo YM, Olsho L, Burgess JL, Caban-Martinez A, Yoon S, Britton A, Gaglani M, Lutrick K. Humoral Immune Response to Messenger RNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination Among Children Aged 5-11 Years in a Multisite Prospective Cohort Study, September 2021-September 2022. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad431. [PMID: 37663086 PMCID: PMC10468733 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The PROTECT study is a longitudinal cohort study initiated in July 2021 with weekly testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 4 states: Arizona, Florida, exas, and Utah. This study aims to examine vaccine-elicited antibody response against postvaccination SARS-CoV-2 infections. Methods Children aged 5-11 years had serum collected 14-59 days after their second dose of monovalent Pfizer-BioNTech coronavirus disease 2019 messenger RNA vaccine. Vaccine-elicited antibodies were measured using the area under the curve (AUC) and end-point titer using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (receptor-binding domain [RBD] and S2) and surrogate neutralization assays against ancestral (WA1) and Omicron (BA.2). Results 79 vaccinated participants (33 [41.7%] female; median age, 8.8 years [standard deviation, 1.9 years]), 48 (60.8%) were from Tucson, Arizona; 64 (81.0%) were non-Hispanic white; 63 (80.8%) attended school in person; 68 (86.1%) did not have any chronic conditions; and 47 (59.5%) were infected after vaccination. Uninfected children had higher AUCs against WA1 (P = .009) and Omicron (P = .02). The geometric mean and surrogate neutralization titer above the limit of detection was 346.0 for WA1 and 39.7 for Omicron, an 8.7-fold decrease (P < .001). After adjustment of covariates in the WA1-specific model, we observed a 47% reduction in the odds of postvaccination infection for every standard deviation increase in RBD AUC (aOR, 0.53 [95% confidence interval, .29-.97) and a 69% reduction in the odds of infection for every 3-fold increase in RBD end titer (0.31 [.06-1.57]). Conclusions Children with higher antibody levels experienced a lower incidence of postvaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe L Lyski
- Immunobiology, College of Medicine–Tucson, University of Arizona, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Cynthia Porter
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jennifer L Uhrlaub
- Immunobiology, College of Medicine–Tucson, University of Arizona, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Katherine D Ellingson
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Zuha Jeddy
- Abt Associates, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Lisa Gwynn
- Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Patrick Rivers
- Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine–Tucson, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ryan Sprissler
- University of Arizona Genetics Core—Center for Applied Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kurt T Hegmann
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Melissa Coughlin
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashley Fowlkes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James Hollister
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Josephine Mak
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shawn C Beitel
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Lauren Grant
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Young M Yoo
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jefferey L Burgess
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Sarang Yoon
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Amadea Britton
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Manjusha Gaglani
- Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Karen Lutrick
- Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine–Tucson, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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16
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Xue T, Kong X, Ma L. Trends in the Epidemiology of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Patients without HIV Infection. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:812. [PMID: 37623583 PMCID: PMC10455156 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing morbidity and mortality of life-threatening Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in immunocompromised people poses a global concern, prompting the World Health Organization to list it as one of the 19 priority invasive fungal diseases, calling for increased research and public health action. In response to this initiative, we provide this review on the epidemiology of PCP in non-HIV patients with various immunodeficient conditions, including the use of immunosuppressive agents, cancer therapies, solid organ and stem cell transplantation, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, inherited or primary immunodeficiencies, and COVID-19. Special attention is given to the molecular epidemiology of PCP outbreaks in solid organ transplant recipients; the risk of PCP associated with the increasing use of immunodepleting monoclonal antibodies and a wide range of genetic defects causing primary immunodeficiency; the trend of concurrent infection of PCP in COVID-19; the prevalence of colonization; and the rising evidence supporting de novo infection rather than reactivation of latent infection in the pathogenesis of PCP. Additionally, we provide a concise discussion of the varying effects of different immunodeficient conditions on distinct components of the immune system. The objective of this review is to increase awareness and knowledge of PCP in non-HIV patients, thereby improving the early identification and treatment of patients susceptible to PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xue
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Key Laboratory of Prophylaxis and Treatment and Basic Research of Respiratory Diseases of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Respiratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Xiaomei Kong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Key Laboratory of Prophylaxis and Treatment and Basic Research of Respiratory Diseases of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Respiratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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17
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Purcell RA, Theisen RM, Arnold KB, Chung AW, Selva KJ. Polyfunctional antibodies: a path towards precision vaccines for vulnerable populations. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183727. [PMID: 37600816 PMCID: PMC10433199 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine efficacy determined within the controlled environment of a clinical trial is usually substantially greater than real-world vaccine effectiveness. Typically, this results from reduced protection of immunologically vulnerable populations, such as children, elderly individuals and people with chronic comorbidities. Consequently, these high-risk groups are frequently recommended tailored immunisation schedules to boost responses. In addition, diverse groups of healthy adults may also be variably protected by the same vaccine regimen. Current population-based vaccination strategies that consider basic clinical parameters offer a glimpse into what may be achievable if more nuanced aspects of the immune response are considered in vaccine design. To date, vaccine development has been largely empirical. However, next-generation approaches require more rational strategies. We foresee a generation of precision vaccines that consider the mechanistic basis of vaccine response variations associated with both immunogenetic and baseline health differences. Recent efforts have highlighted the importance of balanced and diverse extra-neutralising antibody functions for vaccine-induced protection. However, in immunologically vulnerable populations, significant modulation of polyfunctional antibody responses that mediate both neutralisation and effector functions has been observed. Here, we review the current understanding of key genetic and inflammatory modulators of antibody polyfunctionality that affect vaccination outcomes and consider how this knowledge may be harnessed to tailor vaccine design for improved public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A. Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert M. Theisen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kelly B. Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Amy W. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin J. Selva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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18
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Lee B, Nanishi E, Levy O, Dowling DJ. Precision Vaccinology Approaches for the Development of Adjuvanted Vaccines Targeted to Distinct Vulnerable Populations. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1766. [PMID: 37376214 PMCID: PMC10305121 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection persists as one of the leading global causes of morbidity and mortality, with particular burden at the extremes of age and in populations who are immunocompromised or suffer chronic co-morbid diseases. By focusing discovery and innovation efforts to better understand the phenotypic and mechanistic differences in the immune systems of diverse vulnerable populations, emerging research in precision vaccine discovery and development has explored how to optimize immunizations across the lifespan. Here, we focus on two key elements of precision vaccinology, as applied to epidemic/pandemic response and preparedness, including (a) selecting robust combinations of adjuvants and antigens, and (b) coupling these platforms with appropriate formulation systems. In this context, several considerations exist, including the intended goals of immunization (e.g., achieving immunogenicity versus lessening transmission), reducing the likelihood of adverse reactogenicity, and optimizing the route of administration. Each of these considerations is accompanied by several key challenges. On-going innovation in precision vaccinology will expand and target the arsenal of vaccine components for protection of vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branden Lee
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.L.); (E.N.); (O.L.)
| | - Etsuro Nanishi
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.L.); (E.N.); (O.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.L.); (E.N.); (O.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David J. Dowling
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.L.); (E.N.); (O.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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19
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Haslund MM, Sørensen JK, Graff Stensballe L. Genetics and measles, mumps and rubella vaccine response in childhood and adolescence-A systematic review. Scand J Immunol 2023; 97:e13266. [PMID: 38157324 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) are contagious infectious diseases that can be prevented by immunization. However, MMR infections can occur in previously immunized individuals. The vaccine response is, among other factors, influenced by the combined effects of many genes. This systematic review investigates the genetic influence on measles, mumps and rubella antibody responses after childhood vaccination. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), systematic literature searches were conducted in the medical databases PubMed, EMBASE and PsycINFO. Search strings were adjusted for each database. Citations were included if they measured and compared the immune response with immunogenetics after vaccination with a vaccine containing one or more of the following components: measles, mumps and/or rubella, MMR. The measure of vaccine response studied was antibodies after vaccination. Forty-eight articles were included in the final analysis. The results suggest that genetic determinants, including host genes, and single nucleotide polymorphisms in immune-related genes influence the MMR antibody responses after vaccination. Specifically, replicated associations were found between HLA, CD46, RARB, IRF9, EIF2AK2, cytokine genes and MMR vaccine-induced humoral immune responses. This knowledge can be useful in understanding and predicting immune responses and may have implications for future vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Mykløy Haslund
- The Child and Adolescent Clinic, The Juliane Marie Center, The Danish National University Hospital "Rigshospitalet", 9-Blegdamsvej, DK-2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Jesper Kiehn Sørensen
- The Child and Adolescent Clinic, The Juliane Marie Center, The Danish National University Hospital "Rigshospitalet", 9-Blegdamsvej, DK-2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Lone Graff Stensballe
- The Child and Adolescent Clinic, The Juliane Marie Center, The Danish National University Hospital "Rigshospitalet", 9-Blegdamsvej, DK-2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark
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20
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Gorovits B, Azadeh M, Buchlis G, Fiscella M, Harrison T, Havert M, Janetzki S, Jawa V, Long B, Mahnke YD, McDermott A, Milton M, Nelson R, Vettermann C, Wu B. Evaluation of Cellular Immune Response to Adeno-Associated Virus-Based Gene Therapy. AAPS J 2023; 25:47. [PMID: 37101079 PMCID: PMC10132926 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of approved or investigational late phase viral vector gene therapies (GTx) has been rapidly growing. The adeno-associated virus vector (AAV) technology continues to be the most used GTx platform of choice. The presence of pre-existing anti-AAV immunity has been firmly established and is broadly viewed as a potential deterrent for successful AAV transduction with a possibility of negative impact on clinical efficacy and a connection to adverse events. Recommendations for the evaluation of humoral, including neutralizing and total antibody based, anti-AAV immune response have been presented elsewhere. This manuscript aims to cover considerations related to the assessment of anti-AAV cellular immune response, including review of correlations between humoral and cellular responses, potential value of cellular immunogenicity assessment, and commonly used analytical methodologies and parameters critical for monitoring assay performance. This manuscript was authored by a group of scientists involved in GTx development who represent several pharma and contract research organizations. It is our intent to provide recommendations and guidance to the industry sponsors, academic laboratories, and regulatory agencies working on AAV-based GTx viral vector modalities with the goal of achieving a more consistent approach to anti-AAV cellular immune response assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitra Azadeh
- Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc, Novato, California, USA
| | - George Buchlis
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Mike Havert
- Gene Therapy Partners, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Vibha Jawa
- Bristol Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Brian Long
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc, Novato, California, USA
| | | | - Andrew McDermott
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mark Milton
- Lake Boon Pharmaceutical Consulting LLC, Hudson, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Bonnie Wu
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Raritan, New Jersey, USA
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21
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Zepeda O, Espinoza DO, Martinez E, Cross KA, Becker-Dreps S, de Silva AM, Bowman NM, Premkumar L, Stringer EM, Bucardo F, Collins MH. Antibody Immunity to Zika Virus among Young Children in a Flavivirus-Endemic Area in Nicaragua. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030796. [PMID: 36992504 PMCID: PMC10052059 DOI: 10.3390/v15030796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To understand the dynamics of Zika virus (ZIKV)-specific antibody immunity in children born to mothers in a flavivirus-endemic region during and after the emergence of ZIKV in the Americas. Methods: We performed serologic testing for ZIKV cross-reactive and type-specific IgG in two longitudinal cohorts, which enrolled pregnant women and their children (PW1 and PW2) after the beginning of the ZIKV epidemic in Nicaragua. Quarterly samples from children over their first two years of life and maternal blood samples at birth and at the end of the two-year follow-up period were studied. Results: Most mothers in this dengue-endemic area were flavivirus-immune at enrollment. ZIKV-specific IgG (anti-ZIKV EDIII IgG) was detected in 82 of 102 (80.4%) mothers in cohort PW1 and 89 of 134 (66.4%) mothers in cohort PW2, consistent with extensive transmission observed in Nicaragua during 2016. ZIKV-reactive IgG decayed to undetectable levels by 6-9 months in infants, whereas these antibodies were maintained in mothers at the year two time point. Interestingly, a greater contribution to ZIKV immunity by IgG3 was observed in babies born soon after ZIKV transmission. Finally, 43 of 343 (13%) children exhibited persistent or increasing ZIKV-reactive IgG at ≥9 months, with 10 of 30 (33%) tested demonstrating serologic evidence of incident dengue infection. Conclusions: These data inform our understanding of protective and pathogenic immunity to potential flavivirus infections in early life in areas where multiple flaviviruses co-circulate, particularly considering the immune interactions between ZIKV and dengue and the future possibility of ZIKV vaccination in women of childbearing potential. This study also shows the benefits of cord blood sampling for serologic surveillance of infectious diseases in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Zepeda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Science, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua
| | - Daniel O Espinoza
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Evelin Martinez
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Science, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua
| | - Kaitlyn A Cross
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Family Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Aravinda M de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Natalie M Bowman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Stringer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Filemón Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Science, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua
| | - Matthew H Collins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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22
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Vidal MS, Menon R. In utero priming of fetal immune activation: Myths and mechanisms. J Reprod Immunol 2023; 157:103922. [PMID: 36913842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2023.103922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of fetal immune system development in utero remain incompletely elucidated. Protective immunity, the arm of reproductive immunology concerned with the progressive education of the fetal immune system as pregnancy advances, allows for programming of the immune system and immune maturation in utero and provides a responsive system to respond to rapid microbial and other antigenic exposure ex utero. Challenges in studying fetal tissues, immune system development, and the contributions of various endogenous and exogenous factors to this process are difficult to study as a progressive sampling of fetal biological samples is impractical during pregnancy, and animal models are limited. This review provides a summary of mechanisms of protective immunity and how it has been shaped, from transplacental transfer of immunoglobulins, cytokines, metabolites, as well as antigenic microchimeric cells to perhaps more controversial notions of materno-fetal transfer of bacteria that subsequently organize into microbiomes within the fetal tissues. This review will also provide a quick overview of future direction in the area of research on fetal immune system development and discusses methods to visualize fetal immune populations and determine fetal immune functions, as well as a quick look into appropriate models for studying fetal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel S Vidal
- Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Philippines
| | - Ramkumar Menon
- Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX, USA.
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23
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Liu J, Liu Y, Kirschen G, Liu A, Lei J, Burd I. Sex-specific differences in T-cell immune dysregulation and aberrant response to inflammatory stimuli in offspring exposed to maternal chronic inflammation. Am J Reprod Immunol 2023; 89:e13665. [PMID: 36504421 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEMS Maternal chronic inflammation (MI) can adversely affect offspring's immune development resulting in dysregulation of splenic T cells. Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) contributes to mediating inflammation in the placenta to induce fetal toxicity and cause long-term postnatal sequelae. In this study, we investigated how MI affects the T-cell immune development from the fetal to the neonatal period and how offspring responded to postnatal IL-1β challenge when exposed to an adverse intrauterine environment. We also extend these studies to examine the sex-specific differences. METHODS OF STUDY Time-pregnant CD1 dams were administrated with four consecutive injections of mouse recombinant Interleukin-1β (rIL-1β) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) from embryonic day (E)14 to E17. Pups were treated with rIL-1β or PBS at postnatal day (PND)11 (pre-weaning) or PND24 (post-weaning). Pups' splenic immune cells were isolated and then characterized using flow cytometry. RESULTS At PND12, no differences were observed either in Ctrl or MI offspring. At PND25, we observed elevated amount of CD8+ T cells, descending CD4+ /CD8+ and Treg/Teff ratio in MI offspring. Pre-weaning rIL-1β administration did not affect T-cell subpopulation in Ctrl pups while post-weaning rIL-1β administration increased T cells and CD8+ T cells and decreased CD4+ /CD8+ and Treg/Teff ratio in Ctrl offspring. Furthermore, pre-weaning rIL-1β administration decreased the frequency of T cells and Treg/Teff ratio in MI pups while post-weaning rIL-1β administration increased Tregs and Treg/Teff in MI pups. Regarding sex-specific changes, we observed that at PND12, MI females exhibited higher CD4+ /CD8+ and Treg/Teff ratio than Ctrl females. At PND25, we observed elevated amount of CD8+ T cells, descending CD4+ /CD8+ and Treg/Teff ratio in MI Females, while MI males did not show any changes in T-cell population. Pre-weaning rIL-1β administration decreased T-cell frequency in both MI males and females and decreased Treg/Teff ratio only in MI females. Post-weaning rIL-1β administration increased Tregs and Treg/Teff ratio, and decreased CD4+ /CD8+ ratio in MI females. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal-inflammation-exposed offspring exhibited dysfunctional T-cell immunity and regulatory immune responses to postnatal challenges, showing both sex-specific and age-dependent differences. It could be speculated from our results that experiencing environmental challenges or adverse stimuli during the vulnerable intrauterine period, such as maternal chronic inflammation, stress, preterm birth, and chronic infections, might induce fetal immune reprogramming and potentially cause long-term adverse immune consequences, such as a predisposition to allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases, asthma and pediatric mortality of unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory Kirschen
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anguo Liu
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jun Lei
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Irina Burd
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
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24
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Stoddard CI, Sung K, Yaffe ZA, Weight H, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Galloway J, Gantt S, Adhiambo J, Begnel ER, Ojee E, Slyker J, Wamalwa D, Kinuthia J, Finzi A, Matsen FA, Lehman DA, Overbaugh J. Elevated binding and functional antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in infants versus mothers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.06.527330. [PMID: 36798400 PMCID: PMC9934573 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.06.527330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Infant antibody responses to viral infection can differ from those in adults. However, data on the specificity and function of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies in infants, and direct comparisons between infants and adults are limited. We characterized antibody binding and functionality in convalescent plasma from postpartum women and their infants infected with SARS-CoV-2 from a vaccine-naïve prospective cohort in Nairobi, Kenya. Antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 Spike, receptor binding domain and N-terminal domain, and Spike-expressing cell-surface staining levels were significantly higher in infants than in mothers. Plasma antibodies from mothers and infants bound to similar regions of the Spike S2 subunit, including the fusion peptide (FP) and stem helix-heptad repeat 2. However, infants displayed higher antibody levels and more consistent antibody escape pathways in the FP region compared to mothers. Finally, infants had significantly higher levels of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), though, surprisingly, neutralization titers between infants and mothers were similar. These results suggest infants develop distinct SARS-CoV-2 binding and functional antibody repertoires and reveal age-related differences in humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection that could be relevant to protection and COVID-19 disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Sung
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
| | - Zak A Yaffe
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington
| | - Haidyn Weight
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal
| | - Jared Galloway
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
| | - Soren Gantt
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal
| | - Judith Adhiambo
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi
| | | | - Ednah Ojee
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi
| | | | - Dalton Wamalwa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi
| | - John Kinuthia
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington
- Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal
| | - Frederick A Matsen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Dara A Lehman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
- Lead contact
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25
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Joshi I, Carney WP, Rock EP. Utility of monocyte HLA-DR and rationale for therapeutic GM-CSF in sepsis immunoparalysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130214. [PMID: 36825018 PMCID: PMC9942705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, a heterogeneous clinical syndrome, features a systemic inflammatory response to tissue injury or infection, followed by a state of reduced immune responsiveness. Measurable alterations occur in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Immunoparalysis, an immunosuppressed state, associates with worsened outcomes, including multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, secondary infections, and increased mortality. Multiple immune markers to identify sepsis immunoparalysis have been proposed, and some might offer clinical utility. Sepsis immunoparalysis is characterized by reduced lymphocyte numbers and downregulation of class II human leukocyte antigens (HLA) on innate immune monocytes. Class II HLA proteins present peptide antigens for recognition by and activation of antigen-specific T lymphocytes. One monocyte class II protein, mHLA-DR, can be measured by flow cytometry. Downregulated mHLA-DR indicates reduced monocyte responsiveness, as measured by ex-vivo cytokine production in response to endotoxin stimulation. Our literature survey reveals low mHLA-DR expression on peripheral blood monocytes correlates with increased risks for infection and death. For mHLA-DR, 15,000 antibodies/cell appears clinically acceptable as the lower limit of immunocompetence. Values less than 15,000 antibodies/cell are correlated with sepsis severity; and values at or less than 8000 antibodies/cell are identified as severe immunoparalysis. Several experimental immunotherapies have been evaluated for reversal of sepsis immunoparalysis. In particular, sargramostim, a recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhu GM-CSF), has demonstrated clinical benefit by reducing hospitalization duration and lowering secondary infection risk. Lowered infection risk correlates with increased mHLA-DR expression on peripheral blood monocytes in these patients. Although mHLA-DR has shown promising utility for identifying sepsis immunoparalysis, absence of a standardized, analytically validated method has thus far prevented widespread adoption. A clinically useful approach for patient inclusion and identification of clinically correlated output parameters could address the persistent high unmet medical need for effective targeted therapies in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Joshi
- Development and Regulatory Department, Partner Therapeutics, Inc., Lexington, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Ila Joshi,
| | - Walter P. Carney
- Walt Carney Biomarkers Consulting, LLC., North Andover, MA, United States
| | - Edwin P. Rock
- Development and Regulatory Department, Partner Therapeutics, Inc., Lexington, MA, United States
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26
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Avolio LN, Smith TJS, Navas‐Acien A, Kruczynski K, Pisanic N, Randad PR, Detrick B, Fry RC, van Geen A, Goessler W, Karron RA, Klein SL, Ogburn EL, Wills‐Karp M, Alland K, Ayesha K, Dyer B, Islam MT, Oguntade HA, Rahman MH, Ali H, Haque R, Shaikh S, Schulze KJ, Muraduzzaman AKM, Alamgir ASM, Flora MS, West KP, Labrique AB, Heaney CD. The Pregnancy, Arsenic, and Immune Response (PAIR) Study in rural northern Bangladesh. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2023; 37:165-178. [PMID: 36756808 PMCID: PMC10096093 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arsenic exposure and micronutrient deficiencies may alter immune reactivity to influenza vaccination in pregnant women, transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies to the foetus, and maternal and infant acute morbidity. OBJECTIVES The Pregnancy, Arsenic, and Immune Response (PAIR) Study was designed to assess whether arsenic exposure and micronutrient deficiencies alter maternal and newborn immunity and acute morbidity following maternal seasonal influenza vaccination during pregnancy. POPULATION The PAIR Study recruited pregnant women across a large rural study area in Gaibandha District, northern Bangladesh, 2018-2019. DESIGN Prospective, longitudinal pregnancy and birth cohort. METHODS We conducted home visits to enrol pregnant women in the late first or early second trimester (11-17 weeks of gestational age). Women received a quadrivalent seasonal inactivated influenza vaccine at enrolment. Follow-up included up to 13 visits between enrolment and 3 months postpartum. Arsenic was measured in drinking water and maternal urine. Micronutrient deficiencies were assessed using plasma biomarkers. Vaccine-specific antibody titres were measured in maternal and infant serum. Weekly telephone surveillance ascertained acute morbidity symptoms in women and infants. PRELIMINARY RESULTS We enrolled 784 pregnant women between October 2018 and March 2019. Of 784 women who enrolled, 736 (93.9%) delivered live births and 551 (70.3%) completed follow-up visits to 3 months postpartum. Arsenic was detected (≥0.02 μg/L) in 99.7% of water specimens collected from participants at enrolment. The medians (interquartile ranges) of water and urinary arsenic at enrolment were 5.1 (0.5, 25.1) μg/L and 33.1 (19.6, 56.5) μg/L, respectively. Water and urinary arsenic were strongly correlated (Spearman's ⍴ = 0.72) among women with water arsenic ≥ median but weakly correlated (⍴ = 0.17) among women with water arsenic < median. CONCLUSIONS The PAIR Study is well positioned to examine the effects of low-moderate arsenic exposure and micronutrient deficiencies on immune outcomes in women and infants. REGISTRATION NCT03930017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay N. Avolio
- Department of Environmental Health and EngineeringJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Tyler J. S. Smith
- Department of Environmental Health and EngineeringJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Ana Navas‐Acien
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesColumbia University Mailman School of Public HealthNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Kate Kruczynski
- Department of Environmental Health and EngineeringJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and EngineeringJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Pranay R. Randad
- Department of Environmental Health and EngineeringJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Barbara Detrick
- Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Rebecca C. Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public HealthChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Walter Goessler
- Institute of Chemistry – Analytical ChemistryUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Ruth A. Karron
- Department of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Elizabeth L. Ogburn
- Department of BiostatisticsJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Marsha Wills‐Karp
- Department of Environmental Health and EngineeringJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kelsey Alland
- Department of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kaniz Ayesha
- JiVitA Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition Research ProjectGaibandhaBangladesh
| | - Brian Dyer
- Department of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Md. Tanvir Islam
- JiVitA Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition Research ProjectGaibandhaBangladesh
| | - Habibat A. Oguntade
- Department of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Division of Epidemiology and Community HealthUniversity of Minnesota School of Public HealthMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Md. Hafizur Rahman
- JiVitA Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition Research ProjectGaibandhaBangladesh
| | - Hasmot Ali
- JiVitA Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition Research ProjectGaibandhaBangladesh
| | - Rezwanul Haque
- JiVitA Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition Research ProjectGaibandhaBangladesh
| | - Saijuddin Shaikh
- JiVitA Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition Research ProjectGaibandhaBangladesh
| | - Kerry J. Schulze
- Department of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - A. S. M. Alamgir
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control, and ResearchDhakaBangladesh
| | - Meerjady S. Flora
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control, and ResearchDhakaBangladesh
| | - Keith P. West
- Department of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Alain B. Labrique
- Department of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Christopher D. Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and EngineeringJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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27
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Maheshwari A. Innate Immune Memory in Macrophages. NEWBORN (CLARKSVILLE, MD.) 2023; 2:60-79. [PMID: 37206580 PMCID: PMC10193650 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-11002-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages have been recognized as the primary mediators of innate immunity starting from embryonic/fetal development. Macrophage-mediated defenses may not be as antigen-specific as adaptive immunity, but increasing information suggests that these responses do strengthen with repeated immunological triggers. The concept of innate memory in macrophages has been described as "trained immunity" or "innate immune memory (IIM)." As currently understood, this cellular memory is rooted in epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming. The recognition of IIM may be particularly important in the fetus and the young neonate who are yet to develop protective levels of adaptive immunity, and could even be of preventive/therapeutic importance in many disorders. There may also be a possibility of therapeutic enhancement with targeted vaccination. This article presents a review of the properties, mechanisms, and possible clinical significance of macrophage-mediated IIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Maheshwari
- Founding Chairman, Global Newborn Society, Clarksville, Maryland, United States of America
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28
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Cortegano I, Rodríguez M, Hernángómez S, Arrabal A, Garcia-Vao C, Rodríguez J, Fernández S, Díaz J, de la Rosa B, Solís B, Arribas C, Garrido F, Zaballos A, Roa S, López V, Gaspar ML, de Andrés B. Age-dependent nasal immune responses in non-hospitalized bronchiolitis children. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1011607. [PMID: 36561744 PMCID: PMC9763932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchiolitis in children is associated with significant rates of morbidity and mortality. Many studies have been performed using samples from hospitalized bronchiolitis patients, but little is known about the immunological responses from infants suffering from mild/moderate bronchiolitis that do not require hospitalization. We have studied a collection of nasal lavage fluid (NLF) samples from outpatient bronchiolitis children as a novel strategy to unravel local humoral and cellular responses, which are not fully characterized. The children were age-stratified in three groups, two of them (GI under 2-months, GII between 2-4 months) presenting a first episode of bronchiolitis, and GIII (between 4 months and 2 years) with recurrent respiratory infections. Here we show that elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1β, IL6, TNFα, IL18, IL23), regulatory cytokines (IL10, IL17A) and IFNγ were found in the three bronchiolitis cohorts. However, little or no change was observed for IL33 and MCP1, at difference to previous results from bronchiolitis hospitalized patients. Furthermore, our results show a tendency to IL1β, IL6, IL18 and TNFα increased levels in children with mild pattern of symptom severity and in those in which non RSV respiratory virus were detected compared to RSV+ samples. By contrast, no such differences were found based on gender distribution. Bronchiolitis NLFs contained more IgM, IgG1, IgG3 IgG4 and IgA than NLF from their age-matched healthy controls. NLF from bronchiolitis children predominantly contained neutrophils, and also low frequency of monocytes and few CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. NLF from infants older than 4-months contained more intermediate monocytes and B cell subsets, including naïve and memory cells. BCR repertoire analysis of NLF samples showed a biased VH1 usage in IgM repertoires, with low levels of somatic hypermutation. Strikingly, algorithmic studies of the mutation profiles, denoted antigenic selection on IgA-NLF repertoires. Our results support the use of NLF samples to analyze immune responses and may have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cortegano
- Immunobiology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Rodríguez
- Immunobiology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Arrabal
- Immunobiology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Javier Rodríguez
- Pediatrics Department, Atención Primaria Galapagar, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Fernández
- Pediatrics Department, Atención Primaria Galapagar, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juncal Díaz
- Pediatrics Department, Atención Primaria Galapagar, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Solís
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Arribas
- Pediatrics Department, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Garrido
- Pediatrics Department, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Zaballos
- Genomics Central Core, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Roa
- Biochemistry and Genetics Department, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Victoria López
- Chronic Disease Programme Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria-Luisa Gaspar
- Immunobiology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Belén de Andrés, ; Maria-Luisa Gaspar,
| | - Belén de Andrés
- Immunobiology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Belén de Andrés, ; Maria-Luisa Gaspar,
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29
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Mullaney JA, Roy NC, Halliday C, Young W, Altermann E, Kruger MC, Dilger RN, McNabb WC. Effects of early postnatal life nutritional interventions on immune-microbiome interactions in the gastrointestinal tract and implications for brain development and function. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:960492. [PMID: 36504799 PMCID: PMC9726769 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.960492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota has co-evolved with the host in an intricate relationship for mutual benefit, however, inappropriate development of this relationship can have detrimental effects. The developing GI microbiota plays a vital role during the first 1,000 days of postnatal life, during which occurs parallel development and maturation of the GI tract, immune system, and brain. Several factors such as mode of delivery, gestational age at birth, exposure to antibiotics, host genetics, and nutrition affect the establishment and resultant composition of the GI microbiota, and therefore play a role in shaping host development. Nutrition during the first 1,000 days is considered to have the most potential in shaping microbiota structure and function, influencing its interactions with the immune system in the GI tract and consequent impact on brain development. The importance of the microbiota-GI-brain (MGB) axis is also increasingly recognized for its importance in these developmental changes. This narrative review focuses on the importance of the GI microbiota and the impact of nutrition on MGB axis during the immune system and brain developmental period in early postnatal life of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A. Mullaney
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand,AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C. Roy
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand,Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christine Halliday
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand,AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand,School of Food and Advanced Technology, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wayne Young
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand,AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eric Altermann
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand,School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Marlena C. Kruger
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ryan N. Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Warren C. McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand,*Correspondence: Warren C. McNabb,
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Immunomodulatory Effects of Combined Ethanol Extracts of Curcuma mangga and Picria fel-terrae on Cellular- and Humoral-Mediated Immunity in Wistar Rats and Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1791165. [PMID: 36193138 PMCID: PMC9526672 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1791165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the extracts of Curcuma mangga Valeton & Zijp rhizomes and Picria fel-terrae Lour. leaves could modulate cellular- and humoral-mediated immunity in macrophages and animal models. In the present study, the immunomodulatory effects of combined ethanol extracts of C. mangga rhizomes and P. fel-terrae leaves were investigated on cellular- and humoral-mediated immunity in Wistar rats and mice. The phytochemical constituents of the ethanol extracts of C. mangga and P. fel-terrae, and combined extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Mice were orally administered with combined extracts of C. mangga and P. fel-terrae (1 : 1) at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg·bw for 7 days, and the carbon clearance method was used to investigate their phagocytosis activity. Wistar rats were treated orally with the combined extracts 72 h prior to sensitization with Staphylococcus aureus and continued for 14 days. The effect of extracts on delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response was determined by the paw edema method, while the effects on antibody (IgG and IgM) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Picfeltarraenin VI and ferruginol were the major components in the extracts of P. fel-terrae and C. mangga, respectively. The combined extracts at 1 : 1 ratio demonstrated a dose-dependent stimulation of both cellular- and humoral-mediated immunity in both animal models. The combined extracts displayed the strongest stimulation on DTH response and phagocytosis activity at 100 mg/kg·bw, which were comparable with those of the positive control, levamisole. IgG and IgM production and IL-2 release were also stimulated after treatment with extracts. The combined extracts of C. mangga and P. fel-terrae possess strong stimulatory activities on cellular- and humoral-mediated immunity and may be developed as a potential nutraceutical for the modulation of immune responses.
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The Impact of Short-Chain Fatty Acids on Neonatal Regulatory T Cells. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183670. [PMID: 36145046 PMCID: PMC9503436 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the first weeks of life, the neonatal gastrointestinal tract is rapidly colonised by a diverse range of microbial species that come to form the ‘gut microbiota’. Microbial colonisation of the neonatal gut is a well-established regulator of several physiological processes that contribute to immunological protection in postnatal life, including the development of the intestinal mucosa and adaptive immunity. However, the specific microbiota-derived signals that mediate these processes have not yet been fully characterised. Accumulating evidence suggests short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), end-products of intestinal bacterial metabolism, as one of the key mediators of immune development in early life. Critical to neonatal health is the development of regulatory T (Treg) cells that promote and maintain immunological tolerance against self and innocuous antigens. Several studies have shown that SCFAs can induce the differentiation and expansion of Tregs but also mediate pathological effects in abnormal amounts. However, the exact mechanisms through which SCFAs regulate Treg development and pathologies in early life remain poorly defined. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge surrounding SCFAs and their potential impact on the neonatal immune system with a particular focus on Tregs, and the possible mechanisms through which SCFAs achieve their immune modulatory effect.
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González S, Olszevicki S, Gaiano A, Baino ANV, Regairaz L, Salazar M, Pesci S, Marín L, Martínez VVG, Varela T, Ceriani L, Garcia E, Kreplak N, Navarro A, Estenssoro E, Marsico F. Effectiveness of BBIBP-CorV, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines against hospitalisations among children and adolescents during the Omicron outbreak in Argentina: A retrospective cohort study. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2022; 13:100316. [PMID: 35872665 PMCID: PMC9288143 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Although paediatric clinical presentations of COVID-19 are usually less severe than in adults, serious illness and death have occurred. Many countries started the vaccination rollout of children in 2021; still, information about effectiveness in the real-world setting is scarce. The aim of our study was to evaluate vaccine effectiveness (VE) against COVID-19-associated-hospitalisations in the 3–17-year population during the Omicron outbreak. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study including individuals aged 3–17 registered in the online vaccination system of the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 were administered to 12–17-year subjects; and BBIBP-CorV to 3–11-year subjects. Vaccinated group had received a two-dose scheme by 12/1/2021. Unvaccinated group did not receive any COVID-19 vaccine between 12/14/2021 and 3/9/2022, which was the entire monitoring period. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against COVID-19-associated hospitalisations was calculated as (1-OR)x100. Findings By 12/1/2021, 1,536,435 individuals aged 3–17 who had received zero or two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were included in this study. Of the latter, 1,440,389 were vaccinated and 96,046 not vaccinated. VE were 78.0%[68.7–84.2], 76.4%[62.9–84.5] and 80.0%[64.3–88.0] for the entire cohort, 3–11-year (BBIBP-CorV) subgroup and 12–17 (mRNA vaccines) subgroup, respectively. VE for the entire population was 82.7% during the period of Delta and Omicron overlapping circulation and decreased to 67.7% when Omicron was the only variant present. Interpretation This report provides evidence of high vaccine protection against associated hospitalisations in the paediatric population during the Omicron outbreak but suggests a decrease of protection when Omicron became predominant. Application of a booster dose in children aged 3–11-year warrants further consideration. Funding None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad González
- Ministry of Health of the Province of Buenos Aires, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Olszevicki
- Ministry of Health of the Province of Buenos Aires, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Gaiano
- Ministry of Health of the Province of Buenos Aires, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Nina Varela Baino
- Ministry of Health of the Province of Buenos Aires, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Regairaz
- Immunology Unit, Children's Hospital Sor Maria Ludovica, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Salazar
- Faculty of Medical Sciences - National University of La Plata, Argentina
| | - Santiago Pesci
- Ministry of Health of the Province of Buenos Aires, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lupe Marín
- Ministry of Health of the Province of Buenos Aires, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Teresa Varela
- Ministry of Health of the Province of Buenos Aires, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leticia Ceriani
- Ministry of Health of the Province of Buenos Aires, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Enio Garcia
- Ministry of Health of the Province of Buenos Aires, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Kreplak
- Ministry of Health of the Province of Buenos Aires, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alexia Navarro
- Ministry of Health of the Province of Buenos Aires, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elisa Estenssoro
- Ministry of Health of the Province of Buenos Aires, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Franco Marsico
- Calculus Institute, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Corresponding author.
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Stoddard CI, Sung K, Ojee E, Adhiambo J, Begnel ER, Slyker J, Gantt S, Matsen FA, Kinuthia J, Wamalwa D, Overbaugh J, Lehman DA. Distinct Antibody Responses to Endemic Coronaviruses Pre- and Post-SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Kenyan Infants and Mothers. Viruses 2022; 14:1517. [PMID: 35891497 PMCID: PMC9323260 DOI: 10.3390/v14071517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing antibodies that bind endemic human coronaviruses (eHCoVs) can cross-react with SARS-CoV-2, which is the betacoronavirus that causes COVID-19, but whether these responses influence SARS-CoV-2 infection is still under investigation and is particularly understudied in infants. In this study, we measured eHCoV and SARS-CoV-1 IgG antibody titers before and after SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in a cohort of Kenyan women and their infants. Pre-existing eHCoV antibody binding titers were not consistently associated with SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in infants or mothers; however, we observed a very modest association between pre-existing HCoV-229E antibody levels and a lack of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in the infants. After seroconversion to SARS-CoV-2, antibody binding titers to the endemic betacoronaviruses HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1, and the highly pathogenic betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-1, but not the endemic alphacoronaviruses HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63, increased in the mothers. However, eHCoV antibody levels did not increase following SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in the infants, suggesting the increase seen in the mothers was not simply due to cross-reactivity to naively generated SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. In contrast, the levels of antibodies that could bind SARS-CoV-1 increased after SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in both the mothers and infants, both of whom were unlikely to have had a prior SARS-CoV-1 infection, supporting prior findings that SARS-CoV-2 responses cross-react with SARS-CoV-1. In summary, we found evidence of increased eHCoV antibody levels following SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in the mothers but not the infants, suggesting eHCoV responses can be boosted by SARS-CoV-2 infection when a prior memory response has been established, and that pre-existing cross-reactive antibodies are not strongly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection risk in mothers or infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin I. Stoddard
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Kevin Sung
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (K.S.); (F.A.M.IV)
| | - Ednah Ojee
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (E.O.); (J.A.); (D.W.)
| | - Judith Adhiambo
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (E.O.); (J.A.); (D.W.)
| | - Emily R. Begnel
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (E.R.B.); (J.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Jennifer Slyker
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (E.R.B.); (J.S.); (J.K.)
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Soren Gantt
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Frederick A. Matsen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (K.S.); (F.A.M.IV)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - John Kinuthia
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (E.R.B.); (J.S.); (J.K.)
- Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi 00202, Kenya
| | - Dalton Wamalwa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (E.O.); (J.A.); (D.W.)
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (K.S.); (F.A.M.IV)
| | - Dara A. Lehman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (E.R.B.); (J.S.); (J.K.)
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34
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Stoddard CI, Sung K, Ojee E, Adhiambo J, Begnel ER, Slyker J, Gantt S, Matsen FA, Kinuthia J, Wamalwa D, Overbaugh J, Lehman DA. Distinct antibody responses to endemic coronaviruses pre- and post-SARS-CoV-2 infection in Kenyan infants and mothers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.06.02.493651. [PMID: 35677071 PMCID: PMC9176650 DOI: 10.1101/2022.06.02.493651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pre-existing antibodies that bind endemic human coronaviruses (eHCoVs) can cross-react with SARS-CoV-2, the betacoronavirus that causes COVID-19, but whether these responses influence SARS-CoV-2 infection is still under investigation and is particularly understudied in infants. In this study, we measured eHCoV and SARS-CoV-1 IgG antibody titers before and after SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in a cohort of Kenyan women and their infants. Pre-existing eHCoV antibody binding titers were not consistently associated with SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in infants or mothers, though we observed a very modest association between pre-existing HCoV-229E antibody levels and lack of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in infants. After seroconversion to SARS-CoV-2, antibody binding titers to endemic betacoronaviruses HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1, and the highly pathogenic betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-1, but not endemic alphacoronaviruses HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63, increased in mothers. However, eHCoV antibody levels did not increase following SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in infants, suggesting the increase seen in mothers was not simply due to cross-reactivity to naively generated SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. In contrast, the levels of antibodies that could bind SARS-CoV-1 increased after SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in both mothers and infants, both of whom are unlikely to have had a prior SARS-CoV-1 infection, supporting prior findings that SARS-CoV-2 responses cross-react with SARS-CoV-1. In summary, we find evidence for increased eHCoV antibody levels following SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in mothers but not infants, suggesting eHCoV responses can be boosted by SARS-CoV-2 infection when a prior memory response has been established, and that pre-existing cross-reactive antibodies are not strongly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection risk in mothers or infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin I Stoddard
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Kevin Sung
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Ednah Ojee
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Judith Adhiambo
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emily R Begnel
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jennifer Slyker
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Soren Gantt
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine
| | - Frederick A Matsen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - John Kinuthia
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dalton Wamalwa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Dara A Lehman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Tarantal AF, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ, Noctor SC. Translational Utility of the Nonhuman Primate Model. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:491-497. [PMID: 35283343 PMCID: PMC9576492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are essential for the study of human disease and to explore the safety of new diagnostics and therapies proposed for human use. They share similar genetic, physiologic, immunologic, reproductive, and developmental features with humans and thus have proven crucial for the study of embryonic/fetal development, organ system ontogeny, and the role of the maternal-placental-fetal interface in health and disease. The fetus may be exposed to a variety of inflammatory stimuli including infectious microbes as well as maternal inflammation, which can result from infections, obesity, or environmental exposures. Growing evidence supports that inflammation is a mediator of fetal programming and that the maternal immune system is tightly integrated with fetal-placental immune responses that may set a postnatal path for future health or disease. This review addresses some of the unique features of the nonhuman primate model system, specifically the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), and importance of the species for studies focused on organ system ontogeny and the impact of viral teratogens in relation to development and congenital disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice F Tarantal
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California; Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California; California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California.
| | - Dennis J Hartigan-O'Connor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California; California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Stephen C Noctor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California; Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, California
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36
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Warner JO, Warner JA. The Foetal Origins of Allergy and Potential Nutritional Interventions to Prevent Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081590. [PMID: 35458152 PMCID: PMC9026316 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The first nine months from conception to birth involves greater changes than at any other time in life, affecting organogenesis, endocrine, metabolic and immune programming. It has led to the concept that the “first 1000 days” from conception to the second birthday are critical in establishing long term health or susceptibility to disease. Immune ontogeny is predominantly complete within that time and is influenced by the maternal genome, health, diet and environment pre-conception and during pregnancy and lactation. Components of the immunological protection of the pregnancy is the generation of Th-2 and T-regulatory cytokines with the consequence that neonatal adaptive responses are also biased towards Th-2 (allergy promoting) and T-regulatory (tolerance promoting) responses. Normally after birth Th-1 activity increases while Th-2 down-regulates and the evolving normal human microbiome likely plays a key role. This in turn will have been affected by maternal health, diet, exposure to antibiotics, mode of delivery, and breast or cow milk formula feeding. Complex gene/environment interactions affect outcomes. Many individual nutrients affect immune mechanisms and variations in levels have been associated with susceptibility to allergic disease. However, intervention trials employing single nutrient supplementation to prevent allergic disease have not achieved the expected outcomes suggested by observational studies. Investigation of overall dietary practices including fresh fruit and vegetables, fish, olive oil, lower meat intake and home cooked foods as seen in the Mediterranean and other healthy diets have been associated with reduced prevalence of allergic disease. This suggests that the “soup” of overall nutrition is more important than individual nutrients and requires further investigation both during pregnancy and after the infant has been weaned. Amongst all the potential factors affecting allergy outcomes, modification of maternal and infant nutrition and the microbiome are easier to employ than changing other aspects of the environment but require large controlled trials before recommending changes to current practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O. Warner
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
- Paediatric Allergy, Red Cross Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jill Amanda Warner
- Paediatric Allergy, Red Cross Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa;
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37
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Abstract
Nonhuman primates are critically important animal models in which to study complex human diseases, understand biological functions, and address the safety of new diagnostics and therapies proposed for human use. They have genetic, physiologic, immunologic, and developmental similarities when compared to humans and therefore provide important preclinical models of human health and disease. This review highlights select research areas that demonstrate the importance of nonhuman primates in translational research. These include pregnancy and developmental disorders, infectious diseases, gene therapy, somatic cell genome editing, and applications of in vivo imaging. The power of the immune system and our increasing understanding of the role it plays in acute and chronic illnesses are being leveraged to produce new treatments for a range of medical conditions. Given the importance of the human immune system in health and disease, detailed study of the immune system of nonhuman primates is essential to advance preclinical translational research. The need for nonhuman primates continues to remain a high priority, which has been acutely evident during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) global pandemic. Nonhuman primates will continue to address key questions and provide predictive models to identify the safety and efficiency of new diagnostics and therapies for human use across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice F Tarantal
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Stephen C Noctor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
| | - Dennis J Hartigan-O'Connor
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
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