Mind the "Vaccine Fatigue"

Global spatio-temporal distribution of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine hesitancy between 2020 and 2022: A meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

Vaccine hesitancy is a major barrier to high coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine coverage. To synthesize global research on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, a meta-analysis was conducted to provide scientific evidence for understanding its spatial and temporal variations and influencing factors.

METHODS

We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases for studies published in English between January 2020 and December 2023 and included cross-sectional and cohort studies with study populations that included the general adult population aged ≥18 years and provided quantitative data on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance or hesitancy. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis elements and guidance for abstracting and assessing data quality and validity. Two groups of investigators independently extracted the study characteristics, including the outcome variable (the vaccine hesitancy rate). Our meta-analysis used a random-effects model. The outcome of interest was COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. The included studies were divided into two categories based on their definitions of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Definition 1 combined vaccination behavior and willingness, and Definition 2 was based solely on willingness to vaccinate.

RESULTS

855 studies were included in the final analytical dataset; 121 met Definition 1, and 734 met Definition 2. There were 277,285,178 participants in the included studies. In studies meeting Definition 1, hesitancy rates increased annually: 18.8 % in 2020, 29.1 % in 2021, and 30.8 % in 2022. However, in studies that met Definition 2, the hesitancy rates remained at 35 %. African studies reported the highest hesitancy rates globally (42.0 %), whereas European studies reported the lowest (16.5 %). Furthermore, there was a temporal association between mortality trends and COVID-19 hesitancy because the monthly cumulative death peaks coincided with lower hesitancy peaks.

CONCLUSION

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy increased across the continent during 2020-2022 and might be influenced by misinformation, policy changes, and public fatigue. Demographic factors like age, gender, and education also play a key role in vaccine hesitancy. The link between vaccine hesitancy and pandemic severity highlights the need for timely and effective public health responses.

Vaccination burnout impedes the compliance with multiple-dose administration of vaccines

Timely and complete administration of multiple-dose vaccines is essential to guarantee the efficacy. Our study aimed to investigate how people's vaccination attitudes changed over the course of the multi-dose vaccination schedule and comprehensively reported a phenomenon of vaccination burnout. The participants' vaccination burnout levels were quantified by our designed vaccination burnout scale. This study is a retrospective cross-sectional study. Among 3068 valid participants, 2991 had finished the routine two shots of COVID-19 vaccine, and 2367 had a positive attitude towards the primary doses of vaccination. Notably, 232 participants who previously had a positive attitude towards primary doses of vaccination refused to take additional multiple shots, and another 83 had changed their positive attitudes to negative, despite having taken the third shot. Participants whose attitudes or behaviors had changed had higher scores of vaccination burnout than those who still maintained a positive attitude (Z=-8.491, P < .001). The frequency of actively paying attention to the related disease news, occupation, monthly income, and residence of the participants were key factors associated with the vaccination burnout. Interventions should be implemented to alleviate the exhausted attitudes and improve people's compliance with vaccination schedules against the future pandemic.

'Sick of the jab!': immunization barriers in an immunosuppressed dermatology cohort

A study on immunosuppressed dermatology patients revealed significant vaccine hesitancy and fatigue, particularly regarding COVID-19 boosters. Despite the increased risk of infections, more than half of the patients declined the booster, emphasizing the need for better communication and addressing vaccine concerns in this vulnerable group.

Stakeholder perspective and sentiment in a rapidly growing United States adult vaccination environment

The United States adult vaccine landscape is rapidly expanding, raising critical questions about prioritizing vaccines. Through comprehensive market research involving healthcare providers, pharmacies, integrated delivery networks, policy influencers, and pharmaceutical leaders, this study identifies key barriers to vaccine uptake. Findings reveal significant trends including pharmacy-led vaccination, patient adherence challenges, misinformation influence, and operational constraints. Results underscore the need for coordinated efforts to improve vaccine accessibility, streamline processes, enhance public trust, and develop clearer guidelines. Insights provide actionable strategies for stakeholders to collaborate and ensure optimal uptake in an increasingly complex market.

Vaccination against Respiratory Infections in the Immunosenescent Older Adult Population: Challenges and Opportunities

Respiratory infections are associated with a huge burden of disease every year and disproportionately affect older adults, namely those aged 65 years and older. Older adults are at increased risk of infections compared with their younger counterparts, and once infected, have a higher risk of experiencing severe disease course, complications, and long-term sequelae. Therefore, vaccination is clearly a key strategy to prevent infection and its attendant negative consequences. We review here the burden of common respiratory diseases in older adults, namely influenza, pneumococcal disease, and respiratory syncytial virus. We then review some of the challenges facing immunization of older adults, namely immunosenescence, inflammaging, and low vaccine uptake. Next, potential opportunities for overcoming these challenges are reviewed, including the use of higher antigen doses and/or adjuvants in vaccine formulations for older adults, and the potential of multiomics analyses to improve development, performance, and implementation of vaccines.

Adult influenza vaccination coverage before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada

BACKGROUND

Vaccination prevents seasonal influenza and its complications, particularly among high-risk populations. The COVID-19 pandemic has been reported to impact healthcare behaviors and vaccination patterns. This study aims to assess influenza vaccination coverage and changes in vaccination settings among Canadian adults from the 2018-2019 to the 2023-2024 seasons.

METHOD

We conducted a retrospective analysis of data from multiple cycles of the Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Coverage Survey (SIVCS). Vaccination coverage was examined across different seasons, stratified by population groups. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to compare vaccination likelihoods across seasons, with 2018-2019 serving as the reference. Chi-square tests were applied to determine whether there were significant differences in the place of vaccination since the pre-pandemic season.

RESULTS

When comparing vaccine uptake before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, we observed a temporary coverage decline in 2021-2022 season (OR = 0.882, 95% CI = 0.787-0.988) compared to the pre-pandemic season in 2018-2019. By the 2022-2023 and 2023-2024 seasons, vaccination coverage returned to pre-pandemic levels. Coverage among adults aged 18-64 without chronic medical condition consistently remained lower than in other groups. The places of vaccination shifted markedly, with pharmacies becoming the predominant site, increasing from 35.4% in 2018-2019 to 57.4% in 2023-2024, while doctor's offices saw a decline from 32.7 to 15.2% over the same period.

CONCLUSION

Our findings highlight the transient effect of the pandemic on flu vaccine uptake in Canada. The increasing use of pharmacies for vaccinations underscores the importance of accessible and convenient vaccination sites. Future efforts should focus on maintaining and improving vaccination coverage through diverse and adaptable vaccination settings.

Identifying influential factors using machine learning techniques on the intention to receive a COVID-19 booster dose and vaccine fatigue among partially vaccinated individuals

This study assesses COVID-19 booster intentions and hesitancy in Texas, a state known for its diversity and libertarian values. A survey was conducted with 274 participants residing in Texas between June and July 2022. The analysis examined sociodemographic and health-related factors, trusted information sources, and preventive behaviors. The survey focused on vaccinated participants and their intention to receive the booster dose, which was categorized into three outcomes: yes, no, and not sure. Machine learning techniques were employed to analyze the survey responses of vaccinated participants to identify the most critical factors. Among the participants, 113 expressed their intention to get the booster (41.2%), 107 did not plan to receive the booster (39.1%), and 54 remained undecided (19.7%). Our findings indicate that the perception of vaccine safety significantly influenced the decision to receive the booster dose. Those who reported trust in social media contacts as reliable information sources were more likely to intend to boost. Additionally, among those hospitalized when diagnosed with COVID-19, the largest proportion were unwilling to receive the booster (47.0%) compared to those who intended to receive the booster (33.3%). In contrast, most of those who believed they would be hospitalized if infected with COVID-19 intended to get the booster. Other factors did not demonstrate a significant association. Our findings are highly transferable and can offer valuable insights, particularly for countries where COVID-19 remains prevalent and are pivotal both presently and in the future for developing strategies to improve booster uptake and shape public health initiatives in epidemic and pandemic outbreaks.

[Vaccine hesitancy in postpandemic times-A guide for physicians]

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic emphasized the importance of vaccinations for the prevention of life-threatening diseases and for avoiding the overburdening of the healthcare system. Despite the clear advantage of vaccinations, increasing vaccine hesitancy has been observed worldwide, especially among young people who are potential future parents. Vaccine hesitancy describes the delayed or lack of willingness to utilize recommended vaccinations and represents a substantial challenge for public health. This article analyzes the causes of vaccine hesitancy in the postpandemic period and discusses factors that could make communication successful. The role of artificial intelligence and structured evidence-based discussion techniques, such as the empathetic refutation interview, are emphasized. The aim is to provide practice-oriented recommendations to be able to provide physicians with tools that can help in the education counselling with insecure patients and can promote the acceptance of vaccinations.

Canadian health care providers' and education workers' hesitance to receive original and bivalent COVID-19 vaccines

BACKGROUND

The demand for COVID-19 vaccines has diminished as the pandemic lingers. Understanding vaccine hesitancy among essential workers is important in reducing the impact of future pandemics by providing effective immunization programs delivered expeditiously.

METHOD

Two surveys exploring COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in 2021 and 2022 were conducted in cohorts of health care providers (HCP) and education workers participating in prospective studies of COVID-19 illnesses and vaccine uptake. Demographic factors and opinions about vaccines (monovalent and bivalent) and public health measures were collected in these self-reported surveys. Modified multivariable Poisson regression was used to determine factors associated with hesitancy.

RESULTS

In 2021, 3 % of 2061 HCP and 6 % of 3417 education workers reported hesitancy (p < 0.001). In December 2022, 21 % of 868 HCP and 24 % of 1457 education workers reported being hesitant to receive a bivalent vaccine (p = 0.09). Hesitance to be vaccinated with the monovalent vaccines was associated with earlier date of survey completion, later receipt of first COVID-19 vaccine dose, no influenza vaccination, and less worry about becoming ill with COVID-19. Factors associated with hesitance to be vaccinated with a bivalent vaccine that were common to both cohorts were receipt of two or fewer previous COVID-19 doses and lower certainty that the vaccines were safe and effective.

CONCLUSION

Education workers were somewhat more likely than HCP to report being hesitant to receive COVID-19 vaccines but reasons for hesitancy were similar. Hesitancy was associated with non-receipt of previous vaccines (i.e., previous behaviour), less concern about being infected with SARS-CoV-2, and concerns about the safety and effectiveness of vaccines for both cohorts. Maintaining inter-pandemic trust in vaccines, ensuring rapid data generation during pandemics regarding vaccine safety and effectiveness, and effective and transparent communication about these data are all needed to support pandemic vaccination programs.

Analyzing Changes in Attitudes and Behaviors towards Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in Spain's Adult Population over Three Seasons

Background/Objectives: The experience of the COVID-19 pandemic has turned the spotlight on the importance of public health measures and disease prevention. Despite this, the acceptance of influenza vaccination has remained low in most countries (and far from the 75% target set by the World Health Organization). The objective of this study has been to investigate how attitudes and behaviors regarding influenza vaccination in the Spanish adult population have changed over the last three years (from 2021 to 2024) in order to analyze trends in influenza vaccination. Methods: To this end, a cross-sectional study was conducted through 2206 telephone interviews, and the results were compared with those obtained in previous campaigns. Results: The findings indicate a significant decline in overall vaccination intent. Healthcare professionals remain the most influential factor in encouraging vaccination, yet there is a notable increase in the lack of vaccine recommendations, contributing to the decision not to vaccinate. This study also reveals low awareness of the influenza vaccine campaign, emphasizing the need for improved public health communication. Conclusions: To counteract these trends, this study recommends intensifying awareness campaigns, strengthening the role of healthcare providers in vaccine advocacy, and tailoring communication strategies. These efforts are crucial to enhancing vaccination coverage and protecting vulnerable populations against influenza.

Flu-Phobia: Influenza Vaccine Hesitancy in a Rural Primary Care Setting

The sentiments expressed by individuals, such as "I do not trust vaccines," "I do not believe in vaccines," and "I do not want a shot," are commonly encountered by physicians during the annual influenza season. This study investigates vaccine hesitancy regarding the influenza vaccine within a rural primary care setting in New York State. Observations of subjective comments from community members prompted an inquiry into whether the contentious discourse surrounding the COVID-19 vaccine has influenced patients' decisions about the influenza vaccination. We hypothesized that over 50% of patients would decline the influenza vaccine during the 2023-2024 season and that many would attribute their refusal to the controversies associated with the COVID-19 vaccine. The findings of the study revealed that while more than 50% of surveyed patients did indeed refuse the influenza vaccine, only a minority linked their decision to the COVID-19 vaccine controversy. This paper examines the attitudes of a rural community toward the influenza vaccine and proposes potential strategies to address future vaccination disparities.

Infectious Disease Updates for Primary Care

This article summarizes the situation with public health threats for primary care patients as of early 2024 and provides updates on strategies for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of common infections where new treatments and vaccines are available. For flu and COVID, an update on treatment is also provided-along with pearls useful for the busy primary care provider. The authors also discuss a new treatment option for drug-resistant vulvovaginal candidiasis and provide a balanced view of the increasingly popular technique of preventing bacterial sexually transmitted infections using doxycycline after condomless sex among men who have sex with men.

Changes in the Pneumococcal Vaccination Uptake and Its Determinants before, during, and after the COVID-19 Pandemic among Community-Living Older Adults in Hong Kong, China: Repeated Random Telephone Surveys

Pneumococcal vaccination (PV) is effective in preventing vaccine-type pneumococcal diseases. This study investigated the changes in PV uptake and its determinants before, during, and after the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic among community-living older adults aged ≥65 years in Hong Kong, China. Three rounds of random telephone surveys were conducted every two years from May 2019 to October 2023. Multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to examine the between-round differences in PV uptake rate and factors associated with PV uptake in each round. This study included 1563 participants. The standardized PV uptake rate in Round 1, 2, and 3 was 17.3%, 28.3%, and 35.5%, respectively. A significant difference in the PV uptake rate was found between Rounds 2 and 1 (p = 0.02), but not between Rounds 3 and 2 (p = 0.98). Perceived barriers, cue to action and self-efficacy, were significant determinants of PV uptake in all rounds. Perceived benefits were significant determinants of PV uptake in the first and second rounds, but not in the third round. Continuous monitoring of PV uptake and its determinants, and evaluating and adjusting the PV program, might contribute to the success of such a vaccination program in the post-pandemic era.

Traveling Before, During, and After the Pandemic: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Travel Behavior and Travel Medicine Practice

OBJECTIVE

The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic severely compromised international travel and the practice of travel medicine. This study aimed to investigate the evolution of traveler behaviors and prophylactic prescriptions across the pandemic and post-pandemic periods.

POPULATION AND METHODS

A retrospective study was conducted on travelers attending the International Vaccination Center in Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal, from August 2019 to May 2023, where data were collected on travelers' demographics, destination, duration, reasons for traveling, and data regarding travel-related vaccines and malaria prophylaxis. Travelers' characteristics were compared between Period A (pre-pandemic), Period B (pandemic), and Period C (post-pandemic).

RESULTS

The study included 1,711 travelers in the analysis. During the pandemic period, there were fewer travelers for tourism (5% decrease) and an increase in travelers for emigration and work (4.8% increase). There was also an increase in trips lasting less than two weeks among tourists, as well as trips lasting more than one month, primarily among travelers for work or emigration. During the pandemic, there was a significant decrease in Asia as a destination, with a shift toward African countries, which partially reverted in the post-pandemic period. Significant decreases in the prescriptions of vaccines were found during the pandemic and continued in the post-pandemic period.

CONCLUSION

There was a change in travelers' characteristics due to the pandemic, with a shift to shorter trips for tourism, an avoidance of Asia, and a preference for sub-Saharan African countries as a main hub of destination. Some vaccine prescription practices remained low and even decreased during or after the pandemic.

When Should I Get My Next COVID-19 Vaccine? Data From the Surveillance of Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines in Systemic Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases (SUCCEED) Study

OBJECTIVE

To determine how serologic responses to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination and infection in immune-mediated inflammatory disease (IMID) are affected by time since last vaccination and other factors.

METHODS

Post-COVID-19 vaccination, data, and dried blood spots or sera were collected from adults with rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis and spondylarthritis, and psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. The first sample was collected at enrollment, then at 2 to 4 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months after the latest vaccine dose. Multivariate generalized estimating equation regressions (including medications, demographics, and vaccination history) evaluated serologic response, based on log-transformed anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) IgG titers; we also measured antinucleocapsid (anti-N) IgG.

RESULTS

Positive associations for log-transformed anti-RBD titers were seen with female sex, number of doses, and self-reported COVID-19 infections in 2021 to 2023. Negative associations were seen with prednisone, anti-tumor necrosis factor agents, and rituximab. Over the 2021-2023 period, most (94%) of anti-N positivity was associated with a self-reported infection in the 3 months prior to testing. From March 2021 to February 2022, anti-N positivity was present in 5% to 15% of samples and was highest in the post-Omicron era, with antinucleocapsid positivity trending to 30% to 35% or higher as of March 2023. Anti-N positivity in IMID remained lower than Canada's general population seroprevalence (> 50% in 2022 and > 75% in 2023). Time since last vaccination was negatively associated with log-transformed anti-RBD titers, particularly after 210 days.

CONCLUSION

Ours is the first pan-Canadian IMID assessment of how vaccine history and other factors affect serologic COVID-19 vaccine responses. These findings may help individuals personalize vaccination decisions, including consideration of additional vaccination when > 6 months has elapsed since last COVID-19 vaccination/infection.

Willingness of Canadian community pharmacists to adopt a proactive life-course approach to vaccination services

BACKGROUND

Most Canadian jurisdictions authorize pharmacists to administer vaccines, with differences in vaccine and patient age eligibility. Vaccination rates could be further optimized if pharmacists took a more proactive role in life-course vaccine screening and administration. Health professional vaccine fatigue following the COVID-19 pandemic may negatively impact service delivery.

OBJECTIVES

To assess vaccine fatigue among Canadian pharmacists, understand their willingness to provide proactive life-course vaccination services and identify associated vaccine practice facilitators.

METHODS

One-on-one interviews were conducted with pharmacists recruited through a national community pharmacist Facebook group. Purposive sampling was used to select a diverse sample considering gender, province, and years of practice. Online interviews were conducted using a semi-structured guide with questions about vaccination experiences, perceptions of assuming a more proactive vaccinator role for adults and children, and current level of fatigue related to offering vaccination services. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded independently by 2 researchers; content analysis was used to identify themes.

RESULTS

In spring 2023, interviews were conducted with 24 pharmacists from 5 Canadian provinces. Participants were receptive to a more proactive vaccinator role, feeling that vaccine fatigue had lessened, but strongly advocated for system and practice modifications to facilitate successful implementation. They emphasized the need for patient vaccination history access, the ability to administer all publicly funded vaccines, and fair compensation. Participants requested the development of electronic tools that connected to pharmacy systems that helped them navigate complex vaccine guidelines and clinical decision making, and the required documentation/billing. They also spoke of logistical concerns related to the incorporation of vaccination into their workflow and adequate staffing. Most participants were willing to vaccinate younger children if legislated age limits were lowered, provided they were trained and compensated appropriately.

CONCLUSION

Pharmacists are interested in furthering their vaccination services offerings, including proactive screening and vaccination of young children.

University Students' Vaccination Intention after the Fifth Wave of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Hong Kong: Inspiration from a Health Belief Model

The fifth wave of COVID-19, driven by the Omicron variant, started to surge in Hong Kong in December 2021. Previous studies have shown that younger adults, compared to older adults, are vulnerable to increased risks of side effects after vaccination. However, little is known about the COVID-19 vaccination behavior among younger adults, especially university students, in Hong Kong. Therefore, the present online survey study aimed to investigate the predictors of COVID-19 vaccination intention among university students in Hong Kong using the Health Belief Model (HBM) as a framework. Two other potential predictors, the previous influenza vaccine uptake frequency and the Hong Kong SAR government vaccination lottery program, were also examined. The intention to receive another dose of the COVID-19 vaccine was low (36.4%). Multivariate binomial logistic regression analysis showed that, after controlling for demographic and baseline characteristics, the perceived susceptibility (OR = 2.98, CI = 1.18-7.53) and previous influenza vaccine uptake frequency (OR = 1.54, CI = 1.08-2.19) significantly and positively predicted the COVID-19 vaccination intention. However, the government vaccination lottery program (i.e., wining prizes for being vaccinated) (OR = 0.87, CI = 0.34-2.26) was not a significant motivator of COVID-19 vaccination. Future public health campaigns should focus on the individual susceptibility to COVID-19 and past influenza vaccination history to promote increased vaccination uptake among university students.

The dangers of having only one pandemic exit strategy

BACKGROUND

When it comes to pandemic response, preparation can be the key. Between 2020 and 2024, the fast-paced development of COVID-19-often compounded by pubic policies' failures to reflect the latest reality and the public's divergent reactions to the pandemic and the policies-means that society should prepare for exit strategies that can reflect the reality of the pandemic and the interests of the people. Yet oftentimes societies only have one exit strategy with limited scope. This paper investigates the dangers of having only one pandemic exit strategy for pandemics like COVID-19.

METHODS

Analyses were based on a review of the literature on COVID-19 exit strategies and our own research. The PubMed literature search focused on two concepts-"COVID-19″ and "exit strategy"-and was limited to peer-reviewed papers published between 2020 and 2024 in English.

RESULTS

A total of 31 articles were included in the final review. Analyses showed that existing studies on COVID-19 exit strategies often focused on using the modelling method to gauge one exit strategy. Exit strategies were often discussed in the context of implementing, easing, or lifting specific pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical interventions. Staged and country-wide coordinated exit strategies were also discussed in the literature, both of which were often deemed as comparatively rigorous options compared to single or stand-alone exit strategies. Drawing on the overall development of COVID-19 and our own research, we presented and discussed the importance of having multiple exit strategies that are considerate of all possible pandemic trajectories, diverse interests of the public, and the communication challenges officials might face in introducing or implementing pandemic policies.

CONCLUSION

This paper underscored the importance of having multiple exit strategies for societies to prepare for pandemics. The insights of this study can help inform health policies so that they can more comprehensively and compassionately protect the needs and wants of the "public" in public health, particularly in grave times like COVID-19.

Influence of COVID-19 on trust in routine immunization, health information sources and pandemic preparedness in 23 countries in 2023

It is unclear how great a challenge pandemic and vaccine fatigue present to public health. We assessed perspectives on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and routine immunization as well as trust in pandemic information sources and future pandemic preparedness in a survey of 23,000 adults in 23 countries in October 2023. The participants reported a lower intent to get a COVID-19 booster vaccine in 2023 (71.6%), compared with 2022 (87.9%). A total of 60.8% expressed being more willing to get vaccinated for diseases other than COVID-19 as a result of their experience during the pandemic, while 23.1% reported being less willing. Trust in 11 selected sources of vaccine information each averaged less than 7 on a 10-point scale with one's own doctor or nurse and the World Health Organization, averaging a 6.9 and 6.5, respectively. Our findings emphasize that vaccine hesitancy and trust challenges remain for public health practitioners, underscoring the need for targeted, culturally sensitive health communication strategies.

Improving Influenza Vaccination Coverage in Patients with Cancer: A Position Paper from a Multidisciplinary Expert Group

Patients with cancer can be immunocompromised because of their disease and/or due to anticancer therapy. In this population, severe influenza virus infections are associated with an elevated risk of morbidity and mortality. Influenza vaccination is therefore highly recommended in cancer patients, including those receiving anticancer therapy. However, vaccination coverage remains far below the recommended target for vulnerable subjects. Six specialists in oncology, hematology, immunology, and public health/vaccinology convened with the objective of developing strategies, based on evidence and clinical experience, for improving influenza vaccination coverage in cancer patients. This viewpoint provides an overview of current influenza vaccination recommendations in cancer patients, discusses barriers to vaccination coverage, and presents strategies for overcoming said barriers. New immunization issues raised by the COVID-19 pandemic are also addressed. Future directions include improving public education on influenza vaccination, providing the media with accurate information, improving knowledge among healthcare professionals, improving access to vaccines for cancer patients, co-administration of the influenza and COVID-19 vaccines, increased collaboration between oncologists and other health professionals, increased accessibility of digital vaccination registries to specialists, shared information platforms, and promoting immunization campaigns by healthcare systems with the support of scientific societies.

Identifying trusted local sources and predicting behavior change pathways according to COVID-19 vaccination status: Results of a 2022 statewide survey of Alaskan adults

BACKGROUND

Low rates of COVID-19 vaccination remain a substantial public health challenge. Despite early successes, vaccinations of Alaskans trail the US average, drawing attention to the need for better-designed and targeted vaccine confidence interventions. Our objective was to assess levels of community trust and theory-driven predictors of vaccination status to inform the design of future programs.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional, telephone-based survey of 940 Alaskan adults between May and June 2022. Data were collected on vaccination status (including initial vaccination and receipt of booster shots), trust in local community members, demographic characteristics, and thematic questions designed using the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation - Behavior (COM-B) model to examine possible predictors (barriers/facilitators) of vaccination status.

FINDINGS

Among those who are not fully vaccinated and boosted, we observe significantly lower trust placed in many immediate community members, especially health workers (e.g., doctors, nurses, specialty care physicians, health administrators). Firefighters and emergency medical technicians enjoy the most community trust, followed by medical professionals. Among those who received only a primary vaccine series, we find that perceptions of whether close friends are vaccinated, a sense of professional responsibility, and age were the strongest predictors vaccination status. Among the unvaccinated, we find significant predictive power from the same variables, as well as perceptions of whether family members are vaccinated, perceived risks from non-vaccination and whether vaccination is a healthy choice.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings will help inform the design and targeting of future vaccine promotion interventions to adult populations in Alaska. Interventions that leverage reflective motivation and social opportunity domains of the COM-B framework may be most effective. Local community members including firefighters and emergency medical technicians, as well as medical professionals may be perceived as the most trustworthy and influential messengers among those who are not fully vaccinated and boosted.

Changes in Attitudes and Barriers to Seasonal Influenza Vaccination from 2007 to 2023

This study investigated how factors and barriers to flu vaccination among college students has changed over the past 16 years. Data were collected from 440 students using a survey and compared to previous data from the same university. Respondents were also asked about their experiences with Covid-19 and its effect on their intent to vaccinate. We found that vaccination rates had increased from 12.4 to 30.5%. Among the unvaccinated, expense, fear of getting influenza from vaccination, fear of side effects, and lack of information have decreased by 28%, 20%, 17%, and 15% respectively. Time, convenience, and perceived risk are still significant barriers to vaccination. Students are getting more encouragement to vaccinate from their health care providers and parents, but it is becoming less effective. The Covid-19 pandemic has changed vaccine attitudes and vaccine fatigue has been a large contributor. Additionally, political affiliation has become a predictor of flu vaccine uptake with conservatives being less likely to vaccinate. There has also been a shift in motivation from concern for personal safety to concern for public safety.

The major epidemiologic, microbiologic, immunologic, and clinical aspects of Lyme disease that form the basis for a newly developed vaccine that may become available soon for human use

Working together, two major pharmaceutical companies have developed a Lyme disease vaccine consisting of recombinant-derived outer surface protein A (OspA) of the etiologic agent Borrelia burgdorferi. Multiple clinical trials have shown the vaccine to have good safety and efficacy results, and it is hoped that it would become available for human use at least by the year 2025 after receiving approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. There are still challenges left to ensure that the vaccine has, at most, minimal side effects. Also, because the previously developed Lyme disease vaccine was discontinued in 2002 after four years of distribution, due in part, for frivolous reasons having little or no scientific basis, that even led to legal entanglements involving the vaccine manufacturer and some of the medical personnel overseeing the clinical trials, there will be concerns that this newly developed one could be subject again to some of the same unnecessary scrutiny rendering its implementation suboptimal. Initially this review will focus on the key epidemiological, microbiologic, immunologic and clinical aspects of Lyme disease that provide the foundation for developing this type of vaccine that could have a serious impact on the prevalence of this and even certain other tick-transmitted infections.

Parental intention, attitudes, beliefs, trust and deliberation towards childhood vaccination in the Netherlands in 2022: Indications of change compared to 2013

BACKGROUND

Vaccine uptake within the Dutch National Immunisation Programme (NIP) has slightly declined since the COVID-19 pandemic. We studied psychosocial factors of vaccine uptake, namely parental intention, attitudes, beliefs, trust and deliberation (i.e., self-evidence), before (2013) and two years into the pandemic (2022).

METHODS

In 2022 and 2013, parents with a young child (aged < 3.5 years) participated in online surveys on vaccination (n = 1000 and 800, (estimated) response = 12.2 % and 37.2 %, respectively). Psychosocial factors were measured on 7-point Likert scales. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to study differences between parents in 2022 and 2013 in 'negative' scores (≤2) of psychosocial factors.

RESULTS

In both 2022 and 2013, most parents with a young child expressed positive intention (2022 = 83.1 %, 2013 = 87.0 %), attitudes (3 items: 2022 = 66.7 %-70.9 %, 2013 = 62.1 %-69.8 %) and trust (2022 = 51.8 %, 2013 = 52.0 %) towards the NIP and considered vaccinating their child as self-evident (2022 = 57.2 %, 2013 = 67.3 %). Compared to parents in 2013, parents in 2022 had significantly higher odds of reporting negative attitudes towards vaccination (3 items combined: OR = 2.84, 95 % CI = 1.09, 7.37), believing that vaccinations offer insufficient protection (OR = 4.89, 95 % CI = 3.19, 7.51), that the NIP is not beneficial for the protection of their child's health (OR = 2.23, 95 % CI = 1.15, 4.35), that vaccinating their child does not necessarily protect the health of other children (OR = 2.24, 95 % CI = 1.16, 4.33) or adults (OR = 2.22, 95 % CI = 1.32, 3.75) and that vaccinations could cause severe side effects (OR = 2.20, 95 % CI = 1.35, 3.58), preferring natural infection over vaccination (OR = 3.18, 95 % CI = 2.24, 4.51) and reporting low trust towards the NIP (OR = 1.73, 95 % CI = 1.08, 2.79).

CONCLUSIONS

Although most parents had positive intention, attitudes and trust towards vaccination and perceived vaccinating their child as self-evident, proportions of parents with negative scores were slightly larger in 2022 compared to 2013. Monitoring these determinants of vaccine uptake and developing appropriate interventions could contribute to sustaining high vaccine uptake.

Coverage with Influenza, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and Updated COVID-19 Vaccines Among Nursing Home Residents - National Healthcare Safety Network, United States, December 2023

Nursing home residents are at risk for becoming infected with and experiencing severe complications from respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Fall 2023 is the first season during which vaccines are simultaneously available to protect older adults in the United States against all three of these respiratory viruses. Nursing homes are required to report COVID-19 vaccination coverage and can voluntarily report influenza and RSV vaccination coverage among residents to CDC's National Healthcare Safety Network. The purpose of this study was to assess COVID-19, influenza, and RSV vaccination coverage among nursing home residents during the current 2023-24 respiratory virus season. As of December 10, 2023, 33.1% of nursing home residents were up to date with vaccination against COVID-19. Among residents at 20.2% and 19.4% of facilities that elected to report, coverage with influenza and RSV vaccines was 72.0% and 9.8%, respectively. Vaccination varied by U.S. Department of Health and Human Services region, social vulnerability index level, and facility size. There is an urgent need to protect nursing home residents against severe outcomes of respiratory illnesses by continuing efforts to increase vaccination against COVID-19 and influenza and discussing vaccination against RSV with eligible residents during the ongoing 2023-24 respiratory virus season.

Evidence of high compliance and fatigue in mask adherence in two mandates in Barcelona, Spain: a naturalistic observational study

OBJECTIVE

We investigated a possible pandemic fatigue effect, comparing adherence to compulsory mask use outdoors in Barcelona during the fourth and sixth waves of the pandemic.

STUDY DESIGN

We used naturalistic observation to determine the degree of pedestrians' compliance.

METHODS

We assessed mask use outdoors in a sample of pedestrians in Barcelona between 28 December 2021 and 9 February 2022 (during the sixth wave in Spain), and compared it with the fourth wave (which was between 5 April 2021 and 29 April 2021). Masks were compulsory in both periods.

RESULTS

The population studied amounted to 45,116 people (21,246 in the fourth wave and 23,870 in the sixth wave). In the sixth wave, only 67.3% wore a mask correctly, 18.6% did so incorrectly and 14.1% did not wear a mask, while the figures for the fourth wave were 78.2%, 16.3% and 5.5%, respectively (P = 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that adherence was high in the population studied, but with an evident fatigue effect when the two waves were compared, as the proportion of individuals wearing a mask correctly declined compared to the fourth wave. These results suggest that policymakers need guidance on adopting clear and enforceable guidelines during future mask mandates, assessing advantages and drawbacks in terms of the population's behavior to prevent the fatigue effect.

Development of AAV-delivered broadly neutralizing anti-human ACE2 antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants

The ongoing evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), resulting in the emergence of new variants that are resistant to existing vaccines and therapeutic antibodies, has raised the need for novel strategies to combat the persistent global COVID-19 epidemic. In this study, a monoclonal anti-human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) antibody, ch2H2, was isolated and humanized to block the viral receptor-binding domain (RBD) binding to hACE2, the major entry receptor of SARS-CoV-2. This antibody targets the RBD-binding site on the N terminus of hACE2 and has a high binding affinity to outcompete the RBD. In vitro, ch2H2 antibody showed potent inhibitory activity against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the most antigenically drifted and immune-evading variant Omicron. In vivo, adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated delivery enabled a sustained expression of monoclonal antibody (mAb) ch2H2, generating a high concentration of antibodies in mice. A single administration of AAV-delivered mAb ch2H2 significantly reduced viral RNA load and infectious virions and mitigated pulmonary pathological changes in mice challenged with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 subvariant. Collectively, the results suggest that AAV-delivered hACE2-blocking antibody provides a promising approach for developing broad-spectrum antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 and potentially other hACE2-dependent pathogens that may emerge in the future.

STAR SIGN study: Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine efficacy against the SARS-CoV-2 variants BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND

Vaccine-elicited immune responses are impaired in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treated with anti-TNF biologics.

AIMS

To assess vaccination efficacy against the novel omicron sublineages BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 in immunosuppressed patients with IBD.

METHODS

This prospective multicentre case-control study included 98 biologic-treated patients with IBD and 48 healthy controls. Anti-spike IgG concentrations and surrogate neutralisation against SARS-CoV-2 wild-type, BA.1, BA.5, BQ.1.1, and XBB.1.5 were measured at two different time points (2-16 weeks and 22-40 weeks) following third dose vaccination. Surrogate neutralisation was based on antibody-mediated blockage of ACE2-spike protein-protein interaction. Primary outcome was surrogate neutralisation against tested SARS-CoV-2 sublineages. Secondary outcomes were proportions of participants with insufficient surrogate neutralisation, impact of breakthrough infection, and correlation of surrogate neutralisation with anti-spike IgG concentration.

RESULTS

Surrogate neutralisation against all tested sublineages was reduced in patients with IBD who were treated with anti-TNF biologics compared to patients treated with non-anti-TNF biologics and healthy controls (each p ≤ 0.001) at visit 1. Anti-TNF therapy (odds ratio 0.29 [95% CI 0.19-0.46]) and time since vaccination (0.85 [0.72-1.00]) were associated with low, and mRNA-1273 vaccination (1.86 [1.12-3.08]) with high wild-type surrogate neutralisation in a β-regression model. Accordingly, higher proportions of patients treated with anti-TNF biologics had insufficient surrogate neutralisation against omicron sublineages at visit 1 compared to patients treated with non-anti-TNF biologics and healthy controls (each p ≤ 0.015). Surrogate neutralisation against all tested sublineages decreased over time but was increased by breakthrough infection. Anti-spike IgG concentrations correlated with surrogate neutralisation.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with IBD who are treated with anti-TNF biologics show impaired neutralisation against novel omicron sublineages BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 and may benefit from prioritisation for future variant-adapted vaccines.

Association Between Pandemic Fatigue and Disease Knowledge, Attitudes, Concerns, and Vaccination Intention at Two Key Moments of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Objective: This study aimed to describe the change in knowledge, attitudes, concerns, perceptions, preventive practices, and vaccination intention at two key time points of the COVID-19 pandemic and to assess whether these changes varied by level of pandemic fatigue. Methods: Data included in this study came from the third and the ninth round of the COSMO-Spain cross-sectional study. A general linear model was used to investigate the interaction terms between rounds and levels of pandemic fatigue. Results: Changes between rounds were observed in knowledge, attitudes, concerns, perceptions, behaviours, and vaccination intention. Significant interactions between rounds indicated that those with low levels of pandemic fatigue had a greater increase in knowledge, lower decrease in concerns, greater decrease in agreement with the decisions made, and lower increase in vaccination intention compared with those with high pandemic fatigue. Conclusion: As a pandemic evolves, it becomes necessary to consider the level of pandemic fatigue of the population and how this affects knowledge, concerns, and agreement with the measures adopted, as they influence the population's adherence to public health recommendations aimed at controlling infections and protecting the most vulnerable.

Effectiveness of a vaccine recovery plan after the COVID-19 pandemic in the Siracusa Local Health Authority, Italy. Results of one year follow-up

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic has strongly impacted on the immunization services around the world, threatening the gains made in the control of vaccine-preventable diseases.

Methods

A vaccination recovery plan of missed vaccinations has been put in place in the LHA of Siracusa after the pandemic. We compared 2021 and 2020 vaccination coverage by age group and vaccine type after one year of follow-up of the recovery plan. The Chi-square test was executed on proportions for the years 2021 vs 2020. Results were considered statistically significant at a two-tailed p-value ≤ 0.05.

Results

36-month coverage rates were 92.5% for polio and 93.7% for measles-containing-vaccine, representing -0.3% and -1.8% decreases, respectively, as compared to 2020. By 8 years of age (booster doses), immunisation coverage was 80.7% for polio and 80.1% for measles, representing a -5.7% and -3.7%, respectively, compared to 2020. 36-month coverage was 56.6% for Men B (-5.0% as compared to 2020), 73.2% for Men ACW135Y/C (+1.1% as compared to 2020) and 86.9% for PNC vaccine (-1.7%, as compared to 2020). Regarding HPV vaccination, in 2021, vaccine coverage was 44.2% (-4.4% compared to 2020). Compared to the previous report, the VC difference among the cohorts narrowed for all almost vaccinations, except for the anti-men B and the anti-HPV vaccination, for which we recorded an increase in VC difference, and for men ACW135Y/C, for which a significant increase has been recorded.

Conclusions

Despite the efforts to organize and realize an extensive and well-designed vaccination recovery, our data show that even after the 1-year follow-up, globally deficits in coverage for these routine vaccinations persist, although there has been a substantial and significant recovery of missed vaccinations, especially among younger children and for primary cycles.

Herpes zoster and human papillomavirus vaccination opportunities identified using electronic prompts at the time of scheduling influenza or COVID-19 vaccines

Background

Due to workload and competing priorities, vaccination-related interactions in community pharmacies tend to be more reactive than proactive. The aim of this study is to determine the proportion of users of a web-based scheduling system for influenza and COVID-19 vaccines who may be eligible for herpes zoster or human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and interested in discussing these vaccines with a pharmacist.

Methods

Individuals scheduling an influenza or COVID-19 vaccine at a pharmacy using the MedEssist platform between October 2021 and March 2022 were asked about their vaccination status against HPV (if aged 9-45) or herpes zoster (if aged ≥50). Those who were unvaccinated or unsure were asked to indicate their willingness to discuss this with a pharmacist. Logistic regression was performed to identify patient characteristics associated with responses to these screening questions.

Results

Among 36,659 bookings by those aged 9 to 45 and 55,728 by those aged ≥50 that included responses to screening questions, 70.1% and 55.5% were potentially unvaccinated against HPV and herpes zoster, respectively, with approximately 1 in 5 also indicating willingness to have a discussion with the pharmacist. Those scheduling appointments for COVID-19 vaccines were significantly less likely to be vaccinated against HPV or herpes zoster and less willing to discuss this with a pharmacist than those seeking influenza vaccination.

Discussion

Automated prompts while booking influenza or COVID-19 vaccinations have the potential to identify vaccine-willing individuals who may benefit from further discussion on their vaccination needs.

Conclusion

Community pharmacies can leverage available technology to support the efficient and effective identification of individuals eligible for vaccination.

Attitudes towards COVID Vaccine and Vaccine Hesitancy in Dermatology: A Narrative Review

Vaccine hesitancy has been a contentious issue even before the pandemic. The COVID-19 crisis has further amplified vaccine hesitancy, with worries about adverse effects, cultural and religious beliefs, and misinformation on social media. In dermatology, patients with pre-existing skin conditions may have specific concerns about the impact of the vaccine on their skin health. Factors such as cutaneous reactions, potential flares of underlying conditions, and fears of psoriasis worsening post-vaccination contribute to vaccine hesitancy. Healthcare professionals, including dermatologists, play a crucial role in addressing vaccine hesitancy by providing accurate information, addressing concerns, and understanding the psychological impact on patients. The concept of vaccine fatigue is also explored, noting the challenges in sustaining vaccine acceptance over time, especially with regards to booster vaccinations. Overcoming vaccine hesitancy requires trust-building, effective communication strategies, and collaboration between healthcare workers and non-healthcare individuals to combat misinformation. By recognizing and addressing psychological factors, dermatologists can increase vaccine acceptance and improve public health efforts.

From high hopes to disenchantment: A qualitative analysis of editorial cartoons on COVID-19 vaccines in Canadian newspapers

In Canada, the first COVID-19 vaccine was approved for use in December 2020, marking the beginning of a large vaccination campaign. The campaign was not only unprecedented in terms of reach, but also with regards to the amount of information about vaccines that circulated in traditional and social media. This study's aim was to describe COVID-19 vaccine related discourses in Canada through an analysis of editorial cartoons. We collected 2172 cartoons about COVID-19 published between January 2020 and August 2022 in Canadian newspapers. These cartoons were downloaded and a first thematic analysis was conducted using the WHO-EPIWIN taxonomy (cause, illness, treatment, interventions, and information). From this, 389 cartoons related to COVID-19 vaccines were identified under the treatment category. These were subjected to a second thematic analysis to assess main themes (e.g., vaccine development, campaign progress, etc.), characters featured (e.g., politicians, public figures, public) and position with respect to vaccine (favorable, unfavorable, neutral). Six main themes emerged: Research and development of vaccines; Management of the vaccination campaign; Perceptions of and experiences with vaccination services; Measures and incentives to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake; Criticism of the unvaccinated; and Effectiveness of vaccination. Our analysis revealed a shift in attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination from high hopes to disenchantment, which may reflect some vaccine fatigue. In the future, public health authorities could face some challenges in maintaining confidence and high COVID-19 vaccine uptake.

BNT162b2 vaccine protection against omicron and effect of previous infection variant and vaccination sequence among children and adolescents in Singapore: a population-based cohort study

BACKGROUND

Information on variant-specific vaccine protection and the effect of previous infection variant is scarce in children. We aimed to ascertain the level of protection conferred by BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination against omicron variant infection (BA.4 or BA.5, and XBB) in a previously infected national paediatric cohort. We also explored the association between sequence of previous infection (variant) and vaccination on protection.

METHODS

We did a retrospective, population-based cohort study using the national databases of all confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, vaccines administered, and demographic records maintained by the Ministry of Health, Singapore. The study cohort consisted of children aged 5-11 years and adolescents aged 12-17 years who had a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection from Jan 1, 2020, to Dec 15, 2022. People who were infected during the pre-delta period or were immunocompromised (received three vaccination doses [children 5-11 years old] and four vaccinations doses [adolescents 12-17 years old]) were excluded. Those who had multiple episodes of infection before the study start date, were not vaccinated before infection but completed three doses, received bivalent mRNA vaccine, or received non-mRNA vaccine doses were also excluded. All SARS-CoV-2 infections confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction or rapid antigen testing were grouped into delta, BA.1, BA.2, BA.4 or BA.5, or XBB variants using a combination of whole-genome sequencing, S-gene target failure results, and imputation. For BA.4 or BA.5, the study outcome period was June 1-Sept 30, 2022, and for XBB variants the outcome period was Oct 18-Dec 15, 2022. Incidence rate ratios between vaccinated and unvaccinated were derived using adjusted Poisson regressions and vaccine effectiveness was estimated as (1-risk ratio) × 100%.

FINDINGS

135 197 people aged 5-17 years (79 332 children and 55 865 adolescents) were included in the cohort for the vaccine effectiveness analysis against omicron BA.4 or BA.5, and 164 704 people aged 5-17 years (97 235 children and 67 469 adolescents) were included for the analysis against omicron XBB. Approximately 47% of participants were female and 53% were male. Among those previously infected, vaccine effectiveness against BA.4 or BA.5 infection in fully vaccinated children (two doses) was 74·0% (95% CI 67·7-79·1) and in adolescents (three doses) was 85·7% (80·2-89·6). Against XBB, protection conferred with full vaccination was lower at 62·8% (95% CI 42·3-76·0) in children and 47·9% (20·2-66·1) in adolescents. In children, receipt of two-dose vaccination before first SARS-CoV-2 infection provided them with the highest protection against subsequent BA.4 or BA.5 infection at 85·3% (95% CI 80·2-89·1); however, this was not shown to be the case for adolescents. First infection variant had an effect on vaccine effectiveness against omicron BA.4 or BA.5 reinfection in the following descending order: BA.2 conferred the highest protection (92·3% [95% CI 88·9-94·7] in children and 96·4% [93·5-98·0] in adolescents) followed by BA.1 (81·9% [75·9-86·4] in children and 95·0% [91·6-97·0] in adolescents), and delta which conferred the lowest protection (51·9% [5·3-75·6] in children and 77·5% [63·9-86·0] in adolescents).

INTERPRETATION

In previously infected children and adolescents, BNT162b2 vaccination provided additional protection against omicron BA.4 or BA.5 and XBB variants compared with those who remained unvaccinated. Hybrid immunity against XBB was lower than against BA.4 or BA.5, especially in adolescents. Early vaccination of previously uninfected children before their first SARS-CoV-2 exposure could potentially strengthen population immunity resilience against future variants.

FUNDING

None.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of COVID-19 Inactivated Vaccines in Reducing the Economic Burden of Ischaemic Stroke after SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Due to significant economic burden and disability from ischaemic stroke and the relationship between ischaemic stroke and SARS-CoV-2 infection, we aimed to explore the cost-effectiveness of the two-dose inactivated COVID-19 vaccination program in reducing the economic burden of ischaemic stroke after SARS-CoV-2 infection. We constructed a decision-analytic Markov model to compare the two-dose inactivated COVID-19 vaccination strategy to the no vaccination strategy using cohort simulation. We calculated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and used number of the ischaemic stroke cases after SARS-CoV-2 infection and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) to assess effects. Both one-way deterministic sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were performed to assess the robustness of the results. We found that the two-dose inactivated vaccination strategy reduced ischaemic stroke cases after SARS-CoV-2 infection by 80.89% (127/157) with a USD 1.09 million as vaccination program cost, saved USD 3675.69 million as direct health care costs and gained 26.56 million QALYs compared with no vaccination strategy among 100,000 COVID-19 patients (ICER < 0 per QALY gained). ICERs remained robust in sensitivity analysis. The proportion of older patients and the proportion of two-dose inactivated vaccination among older people were the critical factors that affected ICER. This study suggests the importance of COVID-19 vaccination is not only in preventing the spread of infectious diseases, but also in considering its long-term value in reducing the economic burden of non-communicable diseases such as ischaemic stroke after SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine fatigue

There is growing concern that Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine fatigue will be a major obstacle in maintaining immunity in the general population. In this study, we assessed vaccine acceptance in future scenarios in two conjoint experiments, investigating determinants such as new vaccines, communication, costs/incentives and legal rules. The experiments were embedded in an online survey (n = 6,357 participants) conducted in two European countries (Austria and Italy). Our results suggest that vaccination campaigns should be tailored to subgroups based on their vaccination status. Among the unvaccinated, campaign messages conveying community spirit had a positive effect (0.343, confidence interval (CI) 0.019-0.666), whereas offering positive incentives, such as a cash reward (0.722, CI 0.429-1.014) or voucher (0.670, CI 0.373-0.967), was pivotal to the decision-making of those vaccinated once or twice. Among the triple vaccinated, vaccination readiness increased when adapted vaccines were offered (0.279, CI 0.182-0.377), but costs (-0.795, CI -0.935 to -0.654) and medical dissensus (-0.161, CI -0.293 to -0.030) reduced their likelihood to get vaccinated. We conclude that failing to mobilize the triple vaccinated is likely to result in booster vaccination rates falling short of expectations. For long-term success, measures fostering institutional trust should be considered. These results provide guidance to those responsible for future COVID-19 vaccination campaigns.

Assessing COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Hesitancy Using the Modified 5C Scale in Zhejiang Province, China: A Cross-Sectional Study

Following the rollout of a booster campaign to promote immunity against COVID-19 in China, this study aimed to assess booster hesitancy among adults who were fully vaccinated with primary doses across Zhejiang Province. Firstly, the modified 5C scale developed by a German research team was assessed for reliability and validity via a pre-survey in Zhejiang Province. Then, a 30-item questionnaire was established to conduct online and offline surveys during 10 November to 15 December 2021. Demographic characteristics and information on previous vaccination experience, vaccine type of primary doses, attitudes towards booster doses and awareness of SARS-CoV-2 infection were collected. Chi-square tests, pairwise comparison and multivariate logistic regression were performed in data analysis. In total, 4039 valid questionnaires were analyzed, with booster hesitancy of 14.81%. Dissatisfaction with previous vaccination experience of primary doses (ORs = 1.771~8.025), less confidence in COVID-19 vaccines (OR = 3.511, 95%CI: 2.874~4.310), younger age compared to the elderly aged 51-60 years old (2.382, 1.274~4.545), lower education level (ORs = 1.707~2.100), weaker awareness of social responsibility of prevention and control of COVID-19 (1.587, 1.353~1.859), inconvenience of booster vaccination (1.539, 1.302~1.821), complacency regarding vaccine efficacy as well as self-health status (1.224, 1.056~1.415) and excessive trade-offs before vaccination (1.184, 1.005~1.398) were positively associated with booster hesitancy. Therefore, intelligent means should be strengthened to optimize vaccination services. More influential experts and other significant figures should be supported to promote timely evidence-based information via various media platforms to reduce public hesitancy and increase booster uptake.

Examining an Altruism-Eliciting Video Intervention to Increase COVID-19 Vaccine Intentions in Younger Adults: A Qualitative Assessment Using the Realistic Evaluation Framework

COVID-19 vaccine-induced immunity wanes over time, and with the emergence of new variants, additional "booster" doses have been recommended in Canada. However, booster vaccination uptake has remained low, particularly amongst younger adults aged 18-39. A previous study by our research team found that an altruism-eliciting video increased COVID-19 vaccination intentions. Using qualitative methods, the present study aims to: (1) identify the factors that influence vaccine decision-making in Canadian younger adults; (2) understand younger adults' perceptions of an altruism-eliciting video designed to increase COVID-19 vaccine intentions; and (3) explore how the video can be improved and adapted to the current pandemic context. We conducted three focus groups online with participants who: (1) received at least one booster vaccine, (2) received the primary series without any boosters, or (3) were unvaccinated. We used deductive and inductive approaches to analyze data. Deductively, informed by the realist evaluation framework, we synthesized data around three main themes: context, mechanism, and intervention-specific suggestions. Within each main theme, we deductively created subthemes based on the health belief model (HBM). For quotes that could not be captured by these subthemes, additional themes were created inductively. We found multiple factors that could be important considerations in future messaging to increase vaccine acceptance, such as feeling empowered, fostering confidence in government and institutions, providing diverse (such as both altruism and individualism) messaging, and including concrete data (such as the prevalence of vulnerable individuals). These findings suggest targeted messaging tailored to these themes would be helpful to increase COVID-19 booster vaccination amongst younger adults.

Hesitancy to Receive the Second COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Dose among Older Adults in Hong Kong: A Random Telephone Survey

A second COVID-19 vaccine booster dose is effective and safe for older adults. This study investigated hesitancy to take up a second COVID-19 vaccine booster dose and its determinants among older adults in Hong Kong. Participants were Chinese-speaking community-dwelling adults aged 65 years or above. Telephone numbers were randomly selected from up-to-date telephone directories. A total of 370 participants completed the telephone survey. Logistic regression models were fitted for data analysis. Among the participants, half (52.4%) were hesitant to receive the second COVID-19 vaccine booster dose. After adjustment for significant background characteristics, perceived benefits (AOR: 0.50, 95%CI: 0.42, 0.60), cues to action (AOR: 0.39, 95%CI: 0.30, 0.52), and perceived self-efficacy (AOR: 0.37, 95%CI: 0.21, 0.66) of receiving the second booster dose were associated with lower vaccine hesitancy. Perceived barriers (AOR: 1.23, 95%CI: 1.12, 1.34) and vaccine fatigue (tired of receiving repeated COVID-19 vaccination) (AOR: 1.90, 95%CI: 1.52, 2.38) were associated with higher vaccine hesitancy. Level of hesitancy to receive the second booster dose was high among older adults in Hong Kong. Health authorities should address vaccine fatigue and modify perceptions related to the second booster dose.

Comparable humoral and cellular immunity against Omicron variant BA.4/5 of once-boosted BA.1/2 convalescents and twice-boosted COVID-19-naïve individuals

The fourth vaccination dose confers additional protective immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in individuals with no prior coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). However, its immunological benefit against currently circulating BA.4/5 is unclear in individuals who have received a booster shot and been infected with Omicron variant BA.1/2. We analyzed immune responses in whom had been boosted once and did not have COVID-19 (n = 16), boosted once and had COVID-19 when BA.1/2 was dominant in Korea (Hybrid-6M group, n = 27), and boosted twice and did not have COVID-19 (Vx4 group, n = 15). Antibody binding activities against RBD_{o BA.1} and RBD_{o BA.4/5} , antigen-specific memory CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell responses against BA.4/5, and B-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 wild-type did not differ statistically between the Hybrid-6M and Vx4 groups. The humoral and cellular immune responses of the Hybrid-6M group against BA.4/5 were comparable to those of the Vx4 group. Individuals who had been boosted and had an Omicron infection in early 2022 may not have high priority for an additional vaccination.

Systemic and T cell-associated responses to SARS-CoV-2 immunisation in gut inflammation (STAR SIGN study): effects of biologics on vaccination efficacy of the third dose of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2

BACKGROUND

Immunosuppressed patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experience increased risk of vaccine-preventable diseases such as COVID-19.

AIMS

To assess humoral and cellular immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination in immunosuppressed IBD patients and healthy controls.

METHODS

In this prospective, multicentre, case-control study, 139 IBD patients treated with biologics and 110 healthy controls were recruited. Serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG concentrations were measured 2-16 weeks after receiving a third mRNA vaccine dose. The primary outcome was to determine if humoral immune responses towards booster vaccines differ in IBD patients under anti-TNF versus non-anti-TNF therapy and healthy controls. Secondary outcomes were antibody decline, impact of previous infection and SARS-CoV-2-targeted T cell responses.

RESULTS

Anti-TNF-treated IBD patients showed reduced anti-spike IgG concentrations (geometric mean 2357.4 BAU/ml [geometric SD 3.3]) when compared to non-anti-TNF-treated patients (5935.7 BAU/ml [3.9]; p < 0.0001) and healthy controls (5481.7 BAU/ml [2.4]; p < 0.0001), respectively. In multivariable modelling, prior infection (geometric mean ratio 2.00 [95% CI 1.34-2.90]) and vaccination with mRNA-1273 (1.53 [1.01-2.27]) increased antibody concentrations, while anti-TNF treatment (0.39 [0.28-0.54]) and prolonged time between vaccination and antibody measurement (0.72 [0.58-0.90]) decreased anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies. Antibody decline was comparable in IBD patients independent of anti-TNF treatment and antibody concentrations could not predict breakthrough infections. Cellular and humoral immune responses were uncoupled, and more anti-TNF-treated patients than healthy controls developed inadequate T cell responses (15/73 [20.5%] vs 2/100 [2.0%]; p = 0.00031).

CONCLUSIONS

Anti-TNF-treated IBD patients have impaired humoral and cellular immunogenicity following SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination. Fourth dose administration may be beneficial for these patients.

Hesitancy to Receive the Booster Doses of COVID-19 Vaccine Among Cancer Patients in China: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Survey — Four PLADs, China, 2022

What is already known about this topic?

Cancer patients are more vulnerable and have higher mortality rates from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) than the general population; however, coverage for booster doses of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine was low among cancer patients in China.

What is added by this report?

Overall, 32.0% and 56.4% of cancer patients from four Provincial Level Administrative Divisions (PLADs) expressed hesitancy toward the first and second booster doses, respectively. Factors negatively associated with hesitancy to receive booster doses included positive attitudes, perceived support, and higher exposure to COVID-19 vaccination information. Conversely, postvaccination fatigue was positively associated with vaccine hesitancy.

What are the implications for public health practice?

Improved COVID-19 vaccination coverage is needed to promote health for cancer patients.

COVID-19-Related Burnout and Intention of Fully Vaccinated Individuals to Get a Booster Dose: The Mediating Role of Resilience

Because an annual COVID-19 booster vaccine appears to be required to control the pandemic, identifying the factors that influence individuals' decision to receive a booster dose is critical. Thus, our goal was to quantify the influence of COVID-19-related burnout on vaccination intention and to investigate the role of resilience in mediating the link between burnout and intention. We conducted a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample during October 2022. We used the COVID-19 burnout scale and the Brief Resilience Scale. The study sample included 1256 people who had received their primary COVID-19 vaccination. Among the participants, 34.1% reported being very likely to be vaccinated with a booster dose. COVID-19-related burnout was found to be inversely connected with vaccination intention. Moreover, our results suggested that resilience not only had a positive direct effect on vaccination intention but also mediated the relationship between burnout and vaccination intention. Although our study had limitations, such as a convenience sample and information bias, we demonstrate the critical role of resilience in reducing the impact of COVID-19-related burnout on the vaccination intention. Policymakers should develop and implement initiatives to address the issues of COVID-19-related burnout and enhance booster adoption by strengthening psychosocial resources such as resilience.

COVID-19 Risk Compensation? Examining Vaccination Uptake among Recovered and Classification of Breakthrough Cases

The study has two primary aims: the first is to examine the uptake of COVID-19 vaccination patterns among those previously infected, and the second is an evaluation of the period elapsed between the patient’s latest dose of the vaccine and the infection itself by demographic group. A retrospective study was conducted from 1 March 2020, to 31 May 2022, in Israel. The study found that among Israelis, vaccination uptake following infection is relatively low. When examining gender, one sees that the immunization rate among recovering females is higher than among men. Similarly, differences in uptake exist between age groups. When examining the interval between vaccine dose and infection according to age groups, the most significant breakthrough infection rate is among the ages of 20−59 (1−6 days—0.3%; 7−13 days—0.48%; two to three weeks—0.3%, p < 0.001). This study reveals potential reservoir groups of virus spread. Among previously infected, low vaccination uptake levels are observed (first dose—30−40%, second dose—16−27%, third dose—9% and fourth dose—2%, p < 0.001), despite findings that indicate surging reinfection rates. Among vaccinated, two critical groups (0−19; 20−59) exhibit highest levels of breakthrough cases varying per vaccine doses, with statistically significant findings (p < 0.001). These population groups may be subject to a false sense of security as a result of perceived acquired long-term immunity prompting low perceived risk of the virus and non-vigilance with protective behavior. The findings point to the possibility that individuals engage in more risky health behavior, per the Peltzman effect.

Social Support Mediates the Relationship between COVID-19-Related Burnout and Booster Vaccination Willingness among Fully Vaccinated Nurses

COVID-19 booster doses for high-risk groups such as nurses are necessary to reduce the impacts of the pandemic and promote public health. We examined the relationship between COVID-19-related burnout and booster vaccination willingness among nurses, and we assessed whether social support can buffer this relationship. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 963 fully vaccinated nurses working in healthcare settings in Greece. We used the multidimensional scale of perceived social support to measure social support and the COVID-19 burnout scale to measure COVID-19-related burnout. We measured vaccination willingness with a scale from 0 (extremely unlikely to take a booster dose) to 10 (extremely likely). Among nurses, 37.1% reported being very likely to be vaccinated, 34.4% reported being uncertain about their likelihood of vaccination, and 28.6% reported being very unlikely to be vaccinated with a booster dose. We found that COVID-19-related burnout reduced vaccination willingness, while social support functioned as a partial mediator of this relationship. In conclusion, nurses who experienced burnout were less likely to accept a booster dose. Furthermore, increasing nurses' social support reduced the negative effects of burnout, resulting in improved booster vaccination willingness. Immunization awareness programs should be implemented in order to address nurses' concerns and support booster doses.

Technology-based interventions for health challenges older women face amid COVID-19: a systematic review protocol

BACKGROUND

Pandemics, such as COVID-19, are dangerous and socially disruptive. Though no one is immune to COVID-19, older persons often bear the brunt of its consequences. This is particularly true for older women, as they often face more pronounced health challenges relative to other segments in society, including complex care needs, insufficient care provisions, mental illness, neglect, and increased domestic abuse. To further compound the situation, because protective measures like lockdowns can result in unintended consequences, many health services older women depend on can become disrupted or discontinued amid pandemics. While technology-based interventions have the potential to provide near-time, location-free, and virtually accessible care, there is a dearth of systematic insights into this mode of care in the literature. To bridge the research gaps, this investigation aims to examine the characteristics and effectiveness of technology-based interventions that could address health challenges older women face amid COVID-19.

METHODS

A systematic review of randomized trials reporting on technology-based interventions for older women (≥65 years) during COVID-19 will be conducted. The databases of Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Scopus will be searched. Retrieved citations will be screened independently by at least two reviewers against the eligibility criteria. Included studies will be assessed using the Cochrane ROB-2 tool. Data will be extracted independently by the reviewers. Where possible, meta-analyses will be performed on relevant study outcomes and analysed via odds ratios on the dichotomized outcomes. Where applicable, heterogeneity will be measured using the Cochrane Q test, and publication bias will be assessed via funnel plots and Egger's regression test.

DISCUSSION

Technology has the potential to transform healthcare for the better. To help society better safeguard vulnerable populations' health and quality of life, this investigation sets out to gauge the state-of-the-art development of technology-based interventions tailored to the health challenges older women face amid COVID-19. In light of the growing prevalence of population ageing and the inevitability of infectious disease outbreaks, greater research efforts are needed to ensure the timely inception and effective implementation of technology-based health solutions for vulnerable populations like older women, amid public health crises like COVID-19 and beyond.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

PROSPERO CRD42020194003.

Willingness to Pay (WTP) for COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Dose and Its Determinants in Indonesia

Willingness to pay (WTP) for booster doses of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines is an under studied research topic. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the WTP for the booster doses of COVID-19 vaccines and its predictors in Indonesia using an online survey distributed all over the provinces of this low-middle-income country. The WTP was evaluated using a basic dichotomous contingent valuation approach, and its associated determinants were evaluated using a linear regression model. Out of 2935 responders, 66.2% (1942/2935) were willing to pay for a booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. The majority of respondents (63.5%) were willing to pay within a price range of 100,000-500,000 Indonesian rupiah (IDR), i.e., USD 6.71-33.57. Being older than 40 years, having a higher educational level, having a higher income, knowing and understanding that booster doses were important, and having a vaccine status that is certified halal (permissible in Islamic law), were all associated with a higher WTP for the booster dose of COVID-19 vaccines. The study findings imply that the WTP for a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia is lower compared to acceptance of vaccines provided free of charge. This WTP data can be utilized to develop a pricing scheme for the booster doses of COVID-19 vaccination in the country with potential benefits in other low-income countries. The government may be required to provide subsidies for the herd immunity vaccination process to proceed as anticipated. Furthermore, the public community must be educated on the importance of vaccination as well as the fact that the COVID-19 epidemic is far from being over.

Crisis communication strategies for health officials

Background

Mixed messaging among health officials are prevalent amid COVID-19. Crisis communication strategies have the potential to help health officials effectively address issues such as mixed messages and improve their crisis communication efficacy. However, there is a dearth of insights in the literature. Therefore, to bridge the research gap, this study aims to examine practical strategies health officials can utilize to improve their crisis communication efficacy.

Methods

A literature review on effective crisis communication strategies amid COVID-19 was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO, with a focus on scholarly literature published in English.

Results

The findings of the study identified the following strategies that health officials can utilize to improve their crisis communication capabilities: (1) develop fact-based, transparent, and accountable messaging, (2) utilize people-centered and empathetic persuasive strategies, and (3) leverage international collaboration for consistent messaging and comprehensive crisis communication.

Conclusion

COVID-19 has challenged health officials with unprecedented crisis communication duties and responsibilities. In this study, we underscored the importance of effective crisis communication amid global health emergencies like COVID-19, and identified communication strategies health officials could adopt or adapt to improve their crisis communication efficacy. Future research could explore strategies health officials can use to better communicate with government officials and media professionals to further help health officials improve their crisis communication capabilities, their abilities to avoid preventable miscommunication or mixed messaging, and in turn, society's collective strengthen in curbing and controlling the pandemic.