Psychobiotic Lactobacillus plantarum JYLP-326 relieves anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms in test anxious college via modulating the gut microbiota and its metabolism

Medication use is associated with distinct microbial features in anxiety and depression

This study investigated the relationship between gut microbiota and neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs), specifically anxiety disorder (ANXD) and/or major depressive disorder (MDD), as defined by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV or V criteria. The study also examined the influence of medication use, particularly antidepressants and/or anxiolytics, classified through the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System, on the gut microbiota. Both 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (16S) and shallow shotgun sequencing (WGS) were performed on DNA extracted from 666 fecal samples from the Tulsa-1000 and Neurocomputational Mechanisms of Affiliation and Personality Study Center for Biomedical Research Excellence (NeuroMAP CoBRE) cohorts. The results highlight the significant influence of medication use; antidepressant use is associated with significant differences in gut microbiota beta diversity and has a larger effect size than NPD diagnosis. Next, specific microbes were associated with ANXD and MDD, highlighting their potential for non-pharmacological intervention. Finally, the study demonstrated the capability of Random Forest classifiers to predict diagnoses of NPD and medication use from microbial profiles, suggesting a promising direction for the use of gut microbiota as biomarkers for NPD. Though the effect sizes were larger in females than males, similar trends emerged for both sexes. These findings encourage future research on the gut microbiota's role in NPD and its interactions with pharmacological treatments.

Probiotics as a Treatment of Chronic Stress Associated Abnormalities

Chronic stress is a widespread problem that significantly affects both physical and mental health, leading to numerous complications such as mood disorders, cognitive impairments, gastrointestinal issues, and chronic diseases. The dysregulation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and the gut-brain axis underlies several stress related disorders, leading to systemic inflammation, neuroinflammation, dysbiosis, and impaired gut barrier integrity. This review emphasizes the growing significance of probiotics as a potential treatment strategy for addressing chronic stress. Probiotics are living bacteria that provide health benefits when consumed in sufficient quantities, acting via several processes including restoration of gut microbial composition, augmentation of gut barrier integrity, and synthesis bioactive compounds such as neurotransmitters and short-chain fatty acids. These effects lead to reduced systemic and neuroinflammation, enhanced neuroplasticity, and the regulation of stress responsive pathways, including the HPA axis. Moreover, probiotics enhance parasympathetic nervous system activity by modulating vagus signaling. Current review indicates the promise of probiotics in alleviating chronic stress; nonetheless, substantial gaps exist regarding strain specific benefits, appropriate doses, and long-term safety. It is essential to address these constraints by comprehensive, large scale clinical studies and tailored therapies. This review highlights the significance of probiotics as a natural, non-invasive approach to chronic stress management, providing an innovative solution for the worldwide issue of stress related health problems.

Recent advances in therapeutic probiotics: insights from human trials

SUMMARYRecent advances in therapeutic probiotics have shown promising results across various health conditions, reflecting a growing understanding of the human microbiome's role in health and disease. However, comprehensive reviews integrating the diverse therapeutic effects of probiotics in human subjects have been limited. By analyzing randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses, this review provides a comprehensive overview of key developments in probiotic interventions targeting gut, liver, skin, vaginal, mental, and oral health. Emerging evidence supports the efficacy of specific probiotic strains and combinations in treating a wide range of disorders, from gastrointestinal (GI) and liver diseases to dermatological conditions, bacterial vaginosis, mental disorders, and oral diseases. We discuss the expanding understanding of microbiome-organ connections underlying probiotic mechanisms of action. While many clinical trials demonstrate significant benefits, we acknowledge areas requiring further large-scale studies to establish definitive efficacy and optimal treatment protocols. The review addresses challenges in standardizing probiotic research methodologies and emphasizes the importance of considering individual variations in microbiome composition and host genetics. Additionally, we explore emerging concepts such as the oral-gut-brain axis and future directions, including high-resolution microbiome profiling, host-microbe interaction studies, organoid models, and artificial intelligence applications in probiotic research. Overall, this review offers a comprehensive update on the current state of therapeutic probiotics across multiple domains of human health, providing insights into future directions and the potential for probiotics to revolutionize preventive and therapeutic medicine.

Treatment of Insomnia With Traditional Chinese Medicine Presents a Promising Prospect

Insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder, significantly impacts global health. While Western medications provide temporary relief, their risks of dependency and cognitive impairment have spurred the search for safer alternatives. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) offers a promising approach to treating insomnia by focusing on harmonizing the balance of Yin and Yang and the functions of internal organs. This review explores recent research advances in TCM for insomnia treatment, integrating classical theories with modern scientific understanding of key pathological mechanisms, including neurotransmitter regulation (GABA, monoamines), immune-inflammatory responses, the HPA axis, and interactions with the gut microbiota. Growing clinical evidence supports the effectiveness of classical TCM prescriptions and treatments like acupuncture in improving sleep quality, particularly when combined with Western medications to enhance efficacy and reduce dependency. However, TCM also has its limitations. Future research directions should focus on modernizing TCM applications, addressing comorbidities associated with insomnia, exploring the role of gut microbiota, and optimizing medicinal and edible homologous products. By integrating traditional knowledge with cutting-edge technologies, TCM holds great potential for advancing personalized and effective insomnia treatments globally.

Strain-Specific Therapeutic Potential of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum: A Systematic Scoping Review

Objectives: This systematically scoping review aims to evaluate the therapeutic potential and clinical benefits of specific Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) strains in human health, identifying their strain-specific effects across various medical conditions. Methods: Following the PRISMA for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines and employing the PICO framework, a comprehensive literature search was conducted in the PubMed and Embase databases to identify relevant studies published up to December 2023. Inclusion criteria were rigorously applied to ensure the selection of high-quality studies focusing on the clinical application of distinct L. plantarum stains. Results: This review analyzed several unique strains of L. plantarum across 69 studies, identifying several therapeutic benefits. L. plantarum 299v effectively improved gastrointestinal symptoms, enhanced oral health, and reduced systemic inflammation. L. plantarum IS-10506 exhibited notable immunomodulatory effects, especially in managing atopic dermatitis. L. plantarum LB931 showed promise in decreasing pathogenic colonization, supporting women's vaginal health. Additionally, L. plantarum CCFM8724 demonstrated potential in reducing early childhood caries, highlighting its promise in pediatric oral care. Conclusions: The therapeutic potential of L. plantarum is extensive, with certain strains exhibiting promising clinical benefits for specific health concerns. The findings of this review advocate for the integration of L. plantarum strains into clinical practice, emphasizing the need for further research to elucidate their mechanisms of action, optimal dosages, and long-term safety profiles.

The Impact of Gut Microbiota on the Development of Anxiety Symptoms-A Narrative Review

The gut microbiota plays a key role in mental health, with growing evidence linking its composition to anxiety and depressive disorders. Research on this topic has expanded significantly in recent years. This review explores alterations in the gut microbiota of individuals with anxiety disorders and examines the potential therapeutic effects of probiotics. Background/Objectives: This review aims to analyze the alterations in gut microbiota composition in individuals with anxiety disorders and evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of probiotics in mitigating symptoms. By examining recent research, this study seeks to highlight the gut-brain connection and its implications for mental health interventions. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies investigating the relationship between gut microbiota and anxiety disorders, as well as the impact of probiotics on symptom severity. Results: The reviewed studies suggest that individuals with anxiety disorders often exhibit gut microbiota alterations, including reduced microbial diversity and a lower abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria. Additionally, probiotics, particularly those from the Lactobacillus genus, may help alleviate anxiety symptoms by modulating gut microbiota composition. Conclusions: Gut dysbiosis appears to be closely linked to anxiety disorders, and probiotic interventions could represent a promising therapeutic avenue. However, further research is needed to clarify underlying mechanisms and optimize treatment strategies.

Preclinical Safety Assessment of the Oral Administration of Lactobacillus plantarum GUANKE in Animal Models

Probiotics have a long history as fermented food or food supplements. The health benefits and safety profiles of probiotics are strain-specific and should be evaluated individually. The aim of this study was to assess the safety of the Lactobacillus plantarum GUANKE (GUANKE) strain by conducting pharmacological studies, oral toxicity assessments, and investigating the colonization and translocation of GUANKE in experimental animal models. Three pharmacological studies were conducted to examine the effects of oral administration of GUANKE on gastric emptying, bile secretion, and gastric juice secretion. In an acute toxicity study, rats were orally administrated with different doses of GUANKE and monitored for 14 days. In the subacute toxicity study, both rats and beagles were administrated with varying doses of GUANKE for 28 consecutive days to evaluate hematologic, biochemical, and histological effects. The results showed that GUANKE administration did not result in any adverse effect on hematological parameters, biochemical parameters, urinary parameters, and organ indices. Importantly, no translocation of GUANKE to extra-intestinal organs or blood was observed following administration of the CFDA-SE labeled strain. In summary, this study demonstrated the safety of GUANKE intake, which encourages its potential application as a probiotic in clinical trials.

The Effect of Prebiotics and Probiotics on Levels of Depression, Anxiety, and Cognitive Function: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

INTRODUCTION

Recent studies have emphasized the relationship between mental health and the human intestine microbiota. In this study, we evaluate the effect of consuming Biotics, on levels of depression, anxiety, and cognitive function.

METHODS

This meta-analysis adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards. We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov. All full-text articles and major reviews were manually searched for additional studies.

RESULTS

The initial analysis was based on the concept that consuming Biotics causes changes in anxiety, measured using various instruments. This analysis showed that consuming Biotics significantly reduced anxiety in our study participants (SMD = 0.2894, Z = 2.46, P = 0.0139, I^2 = 92.4%). The meta-analysis included 4295 samples (2194 in the experimental group and 2101 in the control group). In terms of depression, the analysis showed that consuming Biotics significantly reduced depression in our study participants (SMD = 0.2942, Z = 2.13, P = 0.0335, I^2 = 91.7%). The meta-analysis included 3179 samples (1603 in the experimental group and 1576 in the control group). Regarding cognitive function, the analysis showed that consuming Biotics significantly improved cognitive function in our study participants (SMD = 0.4819, Z = 3.00, P = 0.0027, I^2 = 77.9%). The meta-analysis included 915 samples (470 in the experimental group and 445 in the control group).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate that most recent studies support the effectiveness of probiotics in reducing symptoms of anxiety, depression, and cognitive issues despite some discrepancies in the findings. People with mild symptoms may experience greater benefits from taking probiotics.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

PROSPERO registration ID: CRD42024589507.

Psychobiotics Ameliorate Depression and Anxiety Status in Surgical Oncology Patients: Results from the ProDeCa Study

Background: Psychological disorders are prevalent in patients having undergone gastrointestinal cancer surgery, and their emotional status may further deteriorate during subsequent chemotherapy. Psychobiotics are specific probiotics that have the unique characteristics of producing neuroactive substances that are thought to act on the brain-gut axis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the benefits of a psychobiotic formula on depression and anxiety status, as well as on perceived stress, versus a placebo in patients on a chemotherapy course following gastrointestinal surgery for cancer. Patients: The enrolled patients, allocated to the psychobiotic and placebo groups, were assessed by means of these psychometric tests: Beck's Depression Inventory and the Hamilton Depression Rating 17-item Scale for depression; the General Anxiety Disorder-7 for anxiety; and the Perceived Stress Scale-14 Item for perceived stress at three time-points: upon allocation [T1], after one month of treatment [T2], and two months thereafter [T3]. Results: In total, 266 patients were included. One month of psychobiotic treatment improved [i] depression status by 60.4% [48 depressed patients at T1, reduced to 16 at T3]; [ii] anxiety by 57.0% [72 patients at T1, 26 at T3]; and [iii] stress by 60.4% [42 at T1, 14 at T3]. The placebo-treated patients experienced a deterioration in all parameters studied, i.e., depression increased by 62.9%, anxiety by 39.7%, and stress by 142.5%. Conclusions: Based on these findings, it can be recognized that psychobiotic treatment has great potential for every patient at risk of suffering from depression, anxiety, or stress during the course of surgery/chemotherapy for gastrointestinal cancer.

Can We Modulate Our Second Brain and Its Metabolites to Change Our Mood? A Systematic Review on Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Future Directions of "Psychobiotics"

Psychobiotics, live microorganisms that provide mental health by interacting with the gut microbiota, are emerging as a promising therapeutic option for psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Their effectiveness in addressing conditions such as depression, anxiety, insomnia, stress, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and eating disorders were examined through a comprehensive analysis of existing studies up to the first half of 2024, based on data from reliable electronic databases. We found that psychobiotics can significantly reduce symptoms of various psychiatric disorders by influencing neurotransmitter levels, regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and improving gut barrier function through short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and other metabolites. However, several limitations were identified, including inconsistent study methodologies, small sample sizes, and a lack of data on long-term safety. Addressing these limitations through rigorous research is essential for establishing standardized protocols and fully confirming the therapeutic potential of psychobiotics. In conclusion, psychobiotics show great promise as complementary treatments for mental health conditions, but continued research is necessary to refine their application and integrate them into clinical practice effectively.

Microbiota and Inflammatory Markers: A Review of Their Interplay, Clinical Implications, and Metabolic Disorders

The human microbiota, a complex ecosystem of microorganisms, plays a pivotal role in regulating host immunity and metabolism. This review investigates the interplay between microbiota and inflammatory markers, emphasizing their impact on metabolic and autoimmune disorders. Key inflammatory biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), zonulin (ZO-1), and netrin-1 (Ntn1), are discussed in the context of intestinal barrier integrity and chronic inflammation. Dysbiosis, characterized by alterations in microbial composition and function, directly modulates the levels and activity of these biomarkers, exacerbating inflammatory responses and compromising epithelial barriers. The disruption of microbiota is further correlated with increased intestinal permeability and chronic inflammation, serving as a precursor to conditions like type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Additionally, this review examines therapeutic strategies, including probiotics and prebiotics, designed to restore microbial balance, mitigate inflammation, and enhance metabolic homeostasis. Emerging evidence positions microbiota-targeted interventions as critical components in the advancement of precision medicine, offering promising avenues for diagnosing and treating inflammatory and metabolic disorders.

Impact of Probiotic Supplementation and High-Intensity Interval Training on Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating Inflammation and Hormonal Modulation

Background: Dysmenorrhea, categorized as primary (PD) or secondary (SD), significantly affects females during their reproductive years, impairing quality of life, performance, and social relationships. Alongside medical treatment, exercise and probiotics are complementary measures for managing PD and promoting health. This study examined the impact of probiotic supplementation and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on PD severity, physiological modulation, and physical fitness. Methods: Participants, recruited according to the primary dysmenorrhea criteria, were divided into non-PD (control) and PD groups, with the PD group further classified into dysmenorrhea (Dysmen), dysmenorrhea with probiotics (DysmenPro), dysmenorrhea with exercise (DysmenEx), and dysmenorrhea with both (DysmenExPro). Interventions included 10 weeks of HIIT and probiotics. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included questionnaires on premenstrual and menstrual symptoms, physical fitness evaluations, and blood sample analyses for biochemical, hormonal, and prostaglandin levels. Results: HIIT significantly reduced premenstrual symptoms, menstrual distress, and pain severity, likely due to hormone (estradiol, prolactin, progesterone, cortisol) modulation and decreased inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, PGE2, PGF2α). Cardiovascular endurance and explosive strength showed improvement through high-intensity interval training (HIIT), whereas probiotics had no significant effect on these aspects of physical fitness. While probiotics reduced premenstrual and menstrual distress symptoms, they had no notable impact on pain, inflammation, or hormone levels. Dysmenorrhea-related discomforts were correlated significantly with inflammation and hormones. Conclusions: The intervention strategy involving probiotics and HIIT exercise may be utilized as an alternative and complementary treatment to alleviate PD symptoms. Furthermore, this strategy could also be incorporated into educational health plans to promote women's health and potentially prevent gynecological disorders in the adolescent population.

Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal and gut-brain axes in biological interaction pathway of the depression

The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and gut-brain axes are vital biological pathways in depression. The HPA axis regulates the body's stress response, and chronic stress can lead to overactivation of the HPA axis, resulting in elevated cortisol levels that contribute to neuronal damage, particularly in regions such as the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, both of which are involved in mood regulation and mental disorders. In parallel, the gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication network between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system, influences emotional and cognitive functions. Imbalances in gut microbiota can affect the HPA axis, promoting inflammation and increasing gut permeability. This allows endotoxins to enter the bloodstream, contributing to neuroinflammation and altering neurotransmitter production, including serotonin. Since the majority of serotonin is produced in the gut, disruptions in this pathway may be linked to depressive symptoms. This review explores the interplay between the HPA axis and the gut-brain axis in the context of depression.

Efficacy and safety of gut microbiome-targeted treatment in patients with depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The study aimed to comprehensively analyze and establish a framework for evaluating the efficacy of microbiome-targeted treatment (MTT) for depression.

METHODS

We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure database for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on MTT in treating depression until October 19, 2023. A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MTT. Comprehensive subgroup analyses were undertaken to explore factors influencing MTT's efficacy in treating depression. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023483649).

RESULTS

The study selection process identified 51,570 studies, of which 34 met the inclusion criteria. The overall pooled estimates showed that MTT significantly improved depression symptoms (SMD -0.26, 95% CI [-0.32, -0.19], I2 = 54%) with acceptable safety. Subgroup analyses by geography showed that effectiveness was demonstrated in Asia (SMD -0.46, 95% CI [-0.56, -0.36], I2 = 36%), while no evidence of effectiveness was found in Europe (SMD -0.07, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.05], I2 = 55%), America (SMD -0.33, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.02], I2 = 60%), and Oceania (SMD 0.00, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.18], I2 = 0%). Besides, the efficacy was shown in depressed patients without comorbidities (SMD -0.31, 95% CI [-0.40, -0.22], I2 = 0%), whereas effectiveness was poor in those with digestive disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (SMD -0.37, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.16], I2 = 74%), chronic diarrhea (SMD -0.34, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.05]), and chronic constipation (SMD -0.23, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.11], I2 = 0%). In perinatal depressed patients, MTT was not effective (SMD 0.16, 95% CI [0.01, 0.31], I2 = 0%). It was found that < 8 weeks (SMD -0.33, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.22], I2 = 0%) and 8-12 weeks (SMD -0.34, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.23], I2 = 57%) MTT were effective, while > 12 weeks (SMD 0.02, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.17], I2 = 68%) MTT was ineffective.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite the overall effectiveness of MTT in treating depression and its acceptable safety profile, caution is warranted in drawing this conclusion due to limitations posed by the small sample size of included studies and heterogeneity. The efficacy of MTT for depression exhibits variation influenced by geography, patient comorbidities, and duration of administration.

Electroacupuncture Alleviates Neuropathic Pain and Negative Emotion in Mice by Regulating Gut Microbiota

Background

Neuropathic pain (NP) is a prevalent chronic condition frequently accompanied by adverse emotional states. Previous research has demonstrated the clinical efficacy of electroacupuncture (EA) in mitigating neuropathic pain and its associated mood disorders. Recent studies have underscored a correlation between gut microbiota and both NP and negative emotional states. Nevertheless, the relationship between the modulation of gut microbiota by EA and the amelioration of NP remains inadequately understood.

Methods

Mice were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: the Control (Con) group, the EA group, and the Chronic Constrictive Injury (CCI) group (n = 12 each). Starting from the 8th day post-CCI induction, the EA group underwent EA treatment once every two days, for a total of 20 sessions. To investigate the impact of gut microbiota on CCI mice, we employed a variety of methods, including various behavioral tests and 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing.

Results

The results indicated that EA significantly ameliorated mechanical allodynia and emotional dysfunction induced by CCI in mice. Analysis through 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the gut microbiota of NP model mice exhibited a marked increase in diversity. However, EA could partially reverse changes in the diversity of gut microbiota. The abundance of Alloprevotella, A2, Roseburia, Muribaculum, Ruminiclostridium, and Rikenella was increased, and the abundance levels of Bacteroides were decreased at the genus level in CCI mice. Following EA treatment, the relative abundance of Alistipes, A2, Roseburia, and Rikenella was decreased, whereas the relative abundance of Alloprevotella and Parabacteroides was increased in EA group when compared with the CCI group.

Conclusion

These findings suggested that EA exerted a significant therapeutic effect on NP, potentially through modulation of the gut microbiota.

Anxiety disorders and the gut microbiota: a bibliometric and visual analysis

Introduction

Anxiety disorder is a common mental illness, yet its specific mechanisms remain unclear. Recent research has revealed a connection between gut microbiota and anxiety disorders. This study aims to assess the current global research landscape, highlight current topics of interest, and explore future research directions in the field of anxiety disorders and gut microbiota.

Methods

We extracted research review articles related to anxiety and gut microbiota from the Web of Science, covering the period from 2004 to 2023. We used VOSviewer 1.6.18.0, Scimago Graphica, and CiteSpace 6.2. R2 to visualize the contributions of countries, institutions, journals, authors, citations, and keywords in this field.

Result

A total of 1198 articles were included in this bibliometric analysis. Over the past two decades, both publications and citations have shown a steady increase. China, the United States, and Canada were the top three countries in terms of publication output. John Cryan from University College Cork had the highest number of publications and citation impact in this area of research. The journal Nutrients had the highest number of publications, while Brain Behavior and Immunity had the most citations. Key research themes in recent years have included anxiety, gut microbiota, depression, stress, gut-brain axis, and probiotics, all of which are likely to be important future research directions.

Conclusion

This analysis has key research areas and emerging trends, including risk factors, stressors, inflammatory responses, the gut-brain axis, and probiotics. These insights can guide researchers towards a more comprehensive understanding of recent advancements in this field, help shape future research directions and facilitate the identification of new therapeutic targets for anxiety disorder, ultimately improving clinical outcomes.

Advancements in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum: probiotic characteristics, gene editing technologies and applications

The exploration of microorganisms in fermented products has become a pivotal area of scientific research, primarily due to their widespread availability and profound potential to improve human health. Among these, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (formerly known as Lactobacillus plantarum) stands out as a versatile lactic acid bacterium, prevalent across diverse ecological niches. Its appeal extends beyond its well-documented probiotic benefits to include the remarkable plasticity of its genome, which has captivated both scientific and industrial stakeholders. Despite this interest, substantial challenges persist in fully understanding and harnessing the potential of L. plantarum. This review aims to illuminate the probiotic attributes of L. plantarum, consolidate current advancements in gene editing technologies, and explore the multifaceted applications of both wild-type and genetically engineered strains.

Association of Gut-Microbiome and mental health and effects of probiotics on psychiatric disorders: A Meta-analysis and systematic review

Background

A correlation between gut microbiome and mental health has drawn significant attention lately. The effects of microbiome microorganisms and their byproducts on disease states represent a complex and dynamic field of study. The objective of this article is to review the association of gut microbes and mental health and the effects of probiotics on psychiatric disorders, if any.

Methodology

This meta-analysis was conducted using the PRISMA standards. We have compiled the most recent advancements in the field according to human research published in this Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Results

The forest plot analysis revealed that probiotics or probiotics combined with other intervention modalities did significantly reduce some extent of mental disorders in comparison to the control group (Standardized mean difference) SMD = 0.95, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): -6.52 to 8.42, P value< 0.01.

Conclusion

Overall, the reviewed literature supports the importance of gut microbiota-brain interaction in human mental illnesses, including the impact of probiotics on mental health outcomes and brain connection.

Effects of Prebiotics and Probiotics on Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety in Clinically Diagnosed Samples: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

CONTEXT

The use of prebiotics and probiotics as a treatment for psychiatric conditions has gained interest due to their potential to modulate the gut-brain axis. This review aims to assess the effectiveness of these interventions in reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety in psychiatric populations.

OBJECTIVE

The aim was to comprehensively review and appraise the effectiveness of prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic interventions in reducing clinical depression and anxiety symptoms.

DATA SOURCES

Systematic searches were conducted across Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and Science Citation Index from database inception to May 22, 2023.

DATA EXTRACTION

Randomized controlled trials investigating prebiotic, probiotic, or synbiotic interventions for treating clinical depression or anxiety symptoms in clinical samples were included. Data were extracted on study characteristics, intervention details, and outcome measures. The Cochrane Collaboration Tool was used to assess the risk of bias.

DATA ANALYSIS

The standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated using Hedge's g as the metric of effect size. A random-effects model was applied to estimate pooled effect sizes with 95% CIs. Subgroup analyses were performed based on study characteristics, methodological factors, and intervention types. Sensitivity analyses excluded studies with a high risk of bias.

RESULTS

Twenty-three RCTs involving 1401 patients met the inclusion criteria, with 20 trials providing sufficient data for meta-analysis. Of these, 18 trials investigated probiotics for depression, 9 trials assessed probiotics for anxiety, and 3 trials examined prebiotics for depression. Probiotics demonstrated a significant reduction in depression symptoms (SMD: -0.96; 95% CI: -1.31, -0.61) and a moderate reduction in anxiety symptoms (SMD: -0.59; 95% CI: -0.98, -0.19). Prebiotics did not show a significant effect on depression (SMD: -0.28; 95% CI: -0.61, 0.04). High heterogeneity was observed across studies, and subgroup analyses indicated that study duration and probiotic formulations contributed to the variation in effect sizes.

CONCLUSION

Probiotics showed substantial reductions in depression symptoms and moderate reductions in anxiety symptoms. Prebiotics showed a nonsignificant trend toward reducing depression. An adjunctive mental health treatment approach that diagnoses, monitors, and treats the gut microbiome alongside traditional pharmacological treatment holds promise for clinical practice.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023424136.

Ameliorating effect of psychobiotics and para-psychobiotics on stress: A review on in vivo and clinical studies and mechanism of action

Chronic stress can negatively affect cognitive ability, behavioral functions, and gut microbiota balance. The gut microbiota communicates with the brain through the gut-brain axis to influence brain responses and behavior. The positive effects of psychobiotics and para-psychobiotics (viable and non-viable probiotics, respectively) on decreasing stress and stress-related disorders have been approved, previously. It has been suggested that the benefits of such probiotics are provided through different probable routes including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the immune system modulation, and the production of neurotransmitters. The recent review aims to explore the different potentials of psychobiotics and para-psychobiotics based on recent literature. The recent literature revealed that psychobiotics and para-psychobiotics could be considered as an alternative to psychotropic drugs which present dependence and side effects compared to chemical drugs.

Probiotic therapy as a promising strategy for gestational diabetes mellitus management

INTRODUCTION

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has become the most common pregnancy medical complication, and its prevalence has increased in recent years. The GDM treatment primarily relies on adopting healthy eating habits, physical exercise, and insulin therapy. However, using probiotics to modulate the gut microbiota has been the subject of clinical trials as a promising therapeutic strategy for GDM management.

AREAS COVERED

Due to the adverse effects of gut dysbiosis in women with GDM, strategies targeting the gut microbiota to mitigate hyperglycemia, low-grade inflammation, and adverse pregnancy outcomes have been explored. Probiotic supplementation may improve glucose metabolism, lipid profile, oxidative stress, inflammation, and blood pressure in women with GDM. Furthermore, decreased fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance, and inflammatory markers, such as TNF-α and CRP, as well as increased total antioxidant capacity, lipid profile modulation, and improved blood pressure in women with GDM, are some of the important results reported in the available literature.

EXPERT OPINION

To fill the knowledge gap, further studies are needed focusing on modulating gut microbiota composition and metabolic activity and their systemic repercussions in GDM.

Alleviation of Immobilization Stress or Fecal Microbiota-Induced Insomnia and Depression-like Behaviors in Mice by Lactobacillus plantarum and Its Supplement

Insomnia (sleeplessness) is a potential symptom of stress-induced depression/anxiety (DA), which induces TNF-α expression. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of Lactobacillus (Lactiplantibacillus) plantarum P72, isolated as a strain suppressing lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of TNF-α in Caco2 cells, on DA and insomnia in immobilization stress (IS)- or cultured fecal microbiota (cFM)-treated mice. Oral administration of live or heat-killed P72 (hP72) reduced IS- or cFM-induced DA-like behaviors. They also reduced sleep latency time (SLT) and enhanced sleep duration (SLD). Additionally, P72 upregulated γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), GABAA receptor α1, serotonin, and 5-HT1A receptor expression, which were downregulated by IS or cFM. Hempseed oil (HO) alone was ineffective against IS-induced DA- and insomnia-like behaviors, but its combination with P72 (PH) or hP72 (hPH) showed enhanced efficacy, reducing DA- and insomnia-like behaviors more strongly than P72 or HO alone. These also reduced the number of NF-κB-positive cells and the expression of TNF-α in the prefrontal cortex and colon. These results imply that P72 and its combination with HO can alleviate DA and insomnia by upregulating serotonergic and GABAergic systems through the suppression of NF-κB signaling.

Addressing Mental Health in Rural Settings: A Narrative Review of Blueberry Supplementation as a Natural Intervention

Depression and anxiety are major public health issues; however, there is an unmet need for novel, effective, and accessible treatments, particularly in rural communities. Blueberries are an unexplored nutraceutical for these conditions due to their excellent nutritional profile, with particularly high levels of polyphenols and anthocyanins and benefits on mood, cognition, and health. Here, we present a narrative review of the literature concerning the etiology and treatments of major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). In both animal and human studies, blueberry supplementation can ameliorate behavioral symptoms of both anxiety and depression. The mechanistic underpinnings of these behavioral improvements are not fully defined, but likely involve biochemical alterations in the gut-brain axis, including to inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and growth factors. We also review the limitations of traditional therapies in rural settings. Finally, we assess the potential benefit of nutraceutical interventions, particularly blueberries, as novel therapeutics for these distinct, yet related mental health issues.

Effect of probiotics and paraprobiotics on patients with sleep disorders and sub-healthy sleep conditions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background

The microbial-gut-brain axis has received much attention in recent years, and regulating intestinal flora can effectively improve sleep disorders, which hints the potential effects of probiotics on sleep disorders, but lack of research evidence for meta-analysis. Therefore, this study aims to quantitatively evaluate the influence of probiotics on sleep disorders and sub-healthy sleep conditions.

Methods

Up to 2023, online databases including Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane library, Web of science have been searched for studies involving adults who consume probiotics or paraprobiotics in controlled trials, during which, changes in subjective and/or objective sleep parameters and contributing factors in sleeping quality are examined. We conduct a meta-analysis of 11 clinical randomized controlled studies.

Results

Probiotic supplementation improves sleep states to some extent in adults with sleep disorders and healthy adults with condition-induced sleep disorders (-0.34 [-0.56 to -0.13]; I 2 = 42.6%; p = 0.001). Meanwhile, subgroup analysis shows that the effect of probiotics on improving sleep disorders is influenced by other factors such as the health states of the subjects, the duration of the intervention, the type of strain, and the test criteria.

Conclusion

Probiotics and paraprobiotics have a significant positive effect on the sleep quality of adults with sleep disorders or sub-healthy sleep conditions. However, the therapeutic effects of probiotics on sleep problems need future additional trials.

Systematic review registration

https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2022-12-0066/, identifier 2022120066.

Integrated gut microbiome and metabolomic analyses elucidate the therapeutic mechanisms of Suanzaoren decoction in insomnia and depression models

Insomnia and depression are psychiatric disorders linked to substantial health burdens. The gut microbiome and metabolomic pathways are increasingly recognized as key contributors to these conditions' pathophysiology. Suanzaoren Decoction (SZRD), a traditional Chinese herbal formulation, has demonstrated significant therapeutic benefits for both insomnia and depression. This study aims to elucidate the mechanistic effects of SZRD on insomnia and depression by integrating gut microbiome and metabolomic analyses and to assess the differential impacts of SZRD dosages. Using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS), we identified 66 chemical constituents within SZRD. Behavioral assays indicated that low-dose SZRD (LSZRD) significantly ameliorated insomnia symptoms in rat models, whereas high-dose SZRD (HSZRD) markedly improved depressive behaviors. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that SZRD modulated gut microbiome dysbiosis induced by insomnia and depression, characterized by an increased abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing genera. Metabolomic profiling demonstrated reduced plasma amino acid metabolites and disrupted γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and L-glutamic acid metabolism in the hippocampus of affected rats. SZRD administration restored fecal SCFA levels and ameliorated metabolic imbalances in both plasma and hippocampal tissues. These findings underscore the pivotal role of gut microbiome modulation and metabolic regulation in the therapeutic effects of SZRD, providing a scientific basis for its use in treating insomnia and depression.

Association of the newly proposed dietary index for gut microbiota and depression: the mediation effect of phenotypic age and body mass index

BACKGROUND

Gut microbiota and depression have garnered attention. The dietary index for gut microbiota (DI-GM) is a newly proposed index that reflects the diversity of gut microbiota, yet its association with depression remains unstudied.

METHODS

Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Depression was assessed using Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Dietary recall data were used to calculate the DI-GM (including components beneficial and unfavorable to gut microbiota). Multivariable weighted logistic and linear regression were employed to investigate the association of DI-GM with depression and total PHQ-9 score. The potential mediating role of phenotypic age and body mass index (BMI) was explored. Secondary analyses included subgroup analyses, restricted cubic spline (RCS), and multiple imputation.

RESULTS

A higher DI-GM and beneficial gut microbiota score were associated with a lower prevalence of depression (DI-GM: OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.89, 0.99; beneficial gut microbiota score: OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.82, 0.94) and lower total PHQ-9 score (DI-GM: β=-0.09, 95% CI=-0.14, -0.04; beneficial gut microbiota: β=-0.15, 95% CI=-0.21, -0.08). RCS indicated a non-linear relationship between DI-GM and depression. A significant mediating effect of phenotypic age (proportion of mediation: 19.81%, 95% CI: 12.86-63.00%) and BMI (proportion of mediation: 16.49%, 95% CI: 12.87-62.00%) was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

The newly proposed DI-GM was negatively associated with the prevalence of depression and total PHQ-9 score. Mediation analyses demonstrated a significant mediating effect of phenotypic age and BMI.

Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus KY16 Improves Depression by Promoting Intestinal Secretion of 5-HTP and Altering the Gut Microbiota

Increasing research suggests a connection between gut microbiota and depressive disorders. Targeted changes to the intestinal flora may contribute to alleviating anxiety and depression. This study aimed to identify probiotics that could attenuate stress-induced abnormal behavior and explore potential mechanisms. The administration of LR.KY16 significantly reduced stress-induced abnormal behaviors and physiological dysfunction. The mechanism may be via regulating the structure of the intestinal microbiota in mice, increasing the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, prompting enterochromaffin cells to secrete 5-HTP in the gut, which enters the brain through the bloodstream and promotes the synthesis of 5-HT in the brain, and then activates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) through the 5-HT1A receptor. In addition, LR.KY16 also increased the expression of claudin-7, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in the colon, inhibited microglial M1 polarization, and inhibited systemic inflammation.

Metabolic Characteristics of Gut Microbiota and Insomnia: Evidence from a Mendelian Randomization Analysis

Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that significantly impacts individuals' sleep quality and daily life. Recent studies have suggested that gut microbiota may influence sleep through various metabolic pathways. This study aims to explore the causal relationships between the abundance of gut microbiota metabolic pathways and insomnia using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. This two-sample MR study used genetic data from the OpenGWAS database (205 gut bacterial pathway abundance) and the FinnGen database (insomnia-related data). We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with gut bacterial pathway abundance as instrumental variables (IVs) and ensured their validity through stringent selection criteria and quality control measures. The primary analysis employed the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method, supplemented by other MR methods, to estimate causal effects. The MR analysis revealed significant positive causal effects of specific carbohydrate, amino acid, and nucleotide metabolism pathways on insomnia. Key pathways, such as gluconeogenesis pathway (GLUCONEO.PWY) and TCA cycle VII acetate producers (PWY.7254), showed positive associations with insomnia (B > 0, p < 0.05). Conversely, pathways like hexitol fermentation to lactate, formate, ethanol and acetate pathway (P461.PWY) exhibited negative causal effects (B < 0, p < 0.05). Multivariable MR analysis confirmed the independent causal effects of these pathways (p < 0.05). Sensitivity analyses indicated no significant pleiotropy or heterogeneity, ensuring the robustness of the results. This study identifies specific gut microbiota metabolic pathways that play critical roles in the development of insomnia. These findings provide new insights into the biological mechanisms underlying insomnia and suggest potential targets for therapeutic interventions. Future research should further validate these causal relationships and explore how modulating gut microbiota or its metabolic products can effectively improve insomnia symptoms, leading to more personalized and precise treatment strategies.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P470 Isolated from Fermented Chinese Chives Has the Potential to Improve In Vitro the Intestinal Microbiota and Biological Activity in Feces of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Patients

Traditional fermented foods are known to offer cardiovascular health benefits. However, the potential of fermented Chinese chives (FCC) in reducing coronary heart disease (CHD) remains unclear. This study employed anaerobic fermentation to investigate Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) P470 from FCC. The results indicated that L. plantarum P470 enhanced hydroxyl radical scavenging and exhibited anti-inflammatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophages in the fecal fermentation supernatant of CHD patients. These effects were attributed to the modulation of gut microbiota and metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Specifically, L. plantarum P470 increased the abundance of Bacteroides and Lactobacillus while decreasing Escherichia-Shigella, Enterobacter, Veillonella, Eggerthella, and Helicobacter in CHD patient fecal samples. Furthermore, L. plantarum P470 regulated the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and linoleic acid metabolism. These findings suggest that L. plantarum P470 from FCC can improve the fecal physiological status in patients with CHD by modulating intestinal microbiota, promoting SCFA production, and regulating lipid metabolism.

The Intersection of Ultra-Processed Foods, Neuropsychiatric Disorders, and Neurolaw: Implications for Criminal Justice

Over the last decade there has been increasing interest in the links between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and various neuropsychiatric disorders, aggression, and antisocial behavior. Neurolaw is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to translate the rapid and voluminous advances in brain science into legal decisions and policy. An enhanced understanding of biophysiological mechanisms by which ultra-processed foods influence brain and behavior allows for a historical reexamination of one of forensic neuropsychiatry's most famous cases-The People v. White and its associated 'Twinkie Defense'. Here in this Viewpoint article, we pair original court transcripts with emergent research in neurolaw, including nutritional neuroscience, microbiome sciences (legalome), pre-clinical mechanistic research, and clinical intervention trials. Advances in neuroscience, and related fields such as the microbiome, are challenging basic assumptions in the criminal justice system, including notions of universal free will. Recent dismissals of criminal charges related to auto-brewery syndrome demonstrate that courts are open to advances at the intersection of neuromicrobiology and nutritional neuroscience, including those that relate to criminal intent and diminished capacity. As such, it is our contention that experts in the neurosciences will play an increasing role in shaping research that underpins 21st-century courtroom discourse, policy, and decision-making.

Psychobiotic Properties of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurodegenerative disorders are the main cause of cognitive and physical disabilities, affect millions of people worldwide, and their incidence is on the rise. Emerging evidence pinpoints a disturbance of the communication of the gut-brain axis, and in particular to gut microbial dysbiosis, as one of the contributors to the pathogenesis of these diseases. In fact, dysbiosis has been associated with neuro-inflammatory processes, hyperactivation of the neuronal immune system, impaired cognitive functions, aging, depression, sleeping disorders, and anxiety. With the rapid advance in metagenomics, metabolomics, and big data analysis, together with a multidisciplinary approach, a new horizon has just emerged in the fields of translational neurodegenerative disease. In fact, recent studies focusing on taxonomic profiling and leaky gut in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders are not only shedding light on an overlooked field but are also creating opportunities for biomarker discovery and development of new therapeutic and adjuvant strategies to treat these disorders. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LBP) strains are emerging as promising psychobiotics for the treatment of these diseases. In fact, LBP strains are able to promote eubiosis, increase the enrichment of bacteria producing beneficial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, boost the production of neurotransmitters, and support the homeostasis of the gut-brain axis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders with a particular focus on the benefits of LBP strains in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autism, anxiety, and depression.

The gut microbiota-brain axis in neurological disorders

Previous studies have shown a bidirectional communication between human gut microbiota and the brain, known as the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA). The MGBA influences the host's nervous system development, emotional regulation, and cognitive function through neurotransmitters, immune modulation, and metabolic pathways. Factors like diet, lifestyle, genetics, and environment shape the gut microbiota composition together. Most research have explored how gut microbiota regulates host physiology and its potential in preventing and treating neurological disorders. However, the individual heterogeneity of gut microbiota, strains playing a dominant role in neurological diseases, and the interactions of these microbial metabolites with the central/peripheral nervous systems still need exploration. This review summarizes the potential role of gut microbiota in driving neurodevelopmental disorders (autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder), neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease), and mood disorders (anxiety and depression) in recent years and discusses the current clinical and preclinical gut microbe-based interventions, including dietary intervention, probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. It also puts forward the current insufficient research on gut microbiota in neurological disorders and provides a framework for further research on neurological disorders.

Protective effects of a probiotic-fermented germinated grain complex on neurotransmitters and sleep quality in sleep-deprived mice

Objective

To explore the effects of probiotic fermentation products of germinated grains on cognitive and sleep improvement in mice with sleep deprivation induced by chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), and to provide theoretical and experimental basis for the development of natural products to alleviate insomnia.

Methods

ELISA and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to determine the contents of γ-aminobutyric acid and L-theanine in fermentation products. Open Field Test was used to analyze the changes of emotional behavior between groups before and after intervention. ELISA was used to analyze the changes of hypothalamic serotonin, GABA, glutamate, and serum interleukin 6. 16S rRNA sequencing was used to analyze the changes of intestinal flora before and after the intervention of compound fermentation products. LC-MS/MS was used to analyze the changes of intestinal SCFAs before and after the intervention.

Results

The content of GABA and L-theanine in 7 L fermentation products was 12.555 μmol/L (1.295 mg/L) and 0.471 mg/mL by ELISA. Compared with the PCPA-induced Model group, the sleep duration of the KEY group was statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Compared with the PCPA-induced Model group, the number of crossing the central lattice in the KEY group was significantly increased, and the number of grooming was significantly reduced (all p < 0.05), suggesting that the anxiety behavior of the mice was improved. In addition, this study found that the compound fermentation products could significantly increase the content of neurotransmitters such as 5-HT, GABA and Glu in the hypothalamus of mice, reduce the content of inflammatory factors such as IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in serum, regulate the structure of intestinal flora and increase the content of short-chain fatty acids.

Conclusion

Probiotic fermentation products of germinated grains can significantly improve sleep deprivation in PCPA mice, which may be related to regulating the levels of neurotransmitters and inflammatory factors, improving the structure of intestinal flora, and increasing the content of short-chain fatty acids. This study provides new candidates and research directions for the development of natural drugs to alleviate insomnia.

A novel probiotic formula, BLLL, ameliorates chronic stress-induced depression-like behaviors in mice by reducing neuroinflammation and increasing neurotrophic factors

Introduction: Probiotics have been recognized for their various biological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigates the therapeutic effect of a novel probiotic formula, BLLL, consisting of Bifidobacterium breve, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paracasei, and Lactobacillus helveticus, on chronic stress-induced depression-like behaviors in mice. Methods: The BLLL formula or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was given orally at a dose of 2, 4, or 8 × 1010 CFU/kg once daily for 10 days in mice treated with chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) treated or vehicle. Depression-like behaviors were assessed using the sucrose preference test (SPT), the forced swimming test (FST), and the tail suspension test (TST). The mRNA and/or protein expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-4, IL-10, and chitinase-3-like protein 3 (CHI3L1, also known as Ym-1), as well as the concentration of nitrite, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex were examined. Results: The BLLL formula treatment at a dose of 8 × 1010 CFU/kg, but not at a dose of 2 or 4 × 1010 CFU/kg, improved CUS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice, as shown by the decrease in immobility time in the TST and FST and the increase in sucrose intake in the SPT. Further analysis revealed that BLLL treatment suppressed the CUS-induced increase in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA and protein levels, as well as the CUS-induced decrease in IL-4, IL-10, and Ym-1 mRNA and/or protein levels in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. In addition, treatment with the BLLL formula countered the CUS-induced increase in nitrite and MDA levels and the CUS-induced decrease in GSH content and BDNF concentration in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that the novel probiotic formula BLLL ameliorates chronic stress-induced depression-like behavior in mice by suppressing neuroinflammation and oxido-nitrosative stress in the brain.

Beyond Auto-Brewery: Why Dysbiosis and the Legalome Matter to Forensic and Legal Psychology

International studies have linked the consumption of ultra-processed foods with a variety of non-communicable diseases. Included in this growing body of research is evidence linking ultra-processed foods to mental disorders, aggression, and antisocial behavior. Although the idea that dietary patterns and various nutrients or additives can influence brain and behavior has a long history in criminology, in the absence of plausible mechanisms and convincing intervention trials, the topic was mostly excluded from mainstream discourse. The emergence of research across nutritional neuroscience and nutritional psychology/psychiatry, combined with mechanistic bench science, and human intervention trials, has provided support to epidemiological findings, and legitimacy to the concept of nutritional criminology. Among the emergent research, microbiome sciences have illuminated mechanistic pathways linking various socioeconomic and environmental factors, including the consumption of ultra-processed foods, with aggression and antisocial behavior. Here in this review, we examine this burgeoning research, including that related to ultra-processed food addiction, and explore its relevance across the criminal justice spectrum—from prevention to intervention—and in courtroom considerations of diminished capacity. We use auto-brewery syndrome as an example of intersecting diet and gut microbiome science that has been used to refute mens rea in criminal charges. The legalome—microbiome and omics science applied in forensic and legal psychology—appears set to emerge as an important consideration in matters of criminology, law, and justice.

A probiotic NVP1704 alleviates stress-induced sleeplessness/depression-like symptoms in mice by upregulating serotonergic and GABAergic systems and downregulating NF-κB activation

Sleeplessness (insomnia) is a potential symptom of depression. A probiotic NVP1704 alleviates depression-like behavior and neuroinflammation in mice. Therefore, to understand whether NVP1704 could be effective against sleeplessness in vivo, we exposed immobilization stress (IS) in mice, then orally administered NVP1704 for 5 days, and assayed depression/anxiety-like behavior in the open field, elevated plus maze, and tail suspension tests, sleeping latency time, and sleep duration, euthanized then by exposure to CO2, and analyzed their related biomarkers. Oral administration of NVP1704 decreased IS-induced depression/anxiety-like behavior and sleeping latency time and increased IS-suppressed sleeping duration. NVP1704 increased IS-suppressed expression of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), GABAA receptor α1 (GABAARα1) and α2 subunits (GABAARα2), serotonin, 5-HT receptors (5-HT1AR and 5-HT1BR), and melatonin receptors (MT1R and MT2R) in the prefrontal cortex and thalamus. NVP1704 also increased the IS-suppressed GABAARα1-positive cell population in the prefrontal cortex and decreased IS-induced corticosterone, TNF-α, and IL-6 expression and the NF-κB+Iba1+ cell population in the brain and myeloperoxidase, TNF-α, and IL-6 expression and the NF-κB+CD11c+ cell population in the colon. Based on these findings, NVP1704 may alleviate depression/anxiety/sleeplessness-like behaviors through the upregulation of serotonergic and GABAergic systems and downregulation of NF-κB activation.

Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites: The Emerging Bridge Between Coronary Artery Disease and Anxiety and Depression?

The increasing studies indicated that cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease (CAD), usually induce and exacerbate psychological problems, including anxiety and depression. These psychological issues are admitted as independent risk factors of heart disease as well. The interaction between CAD and anxiety and depression deteriorates the development and prognosis of CAD, which severely threatens the quality of life of patients. Although the existing mechanisms revealed the pathological relationship between CAD and anxiety and depression, there are few studies investigating the correlation between CAD and anxiety and depression from the aspect of gut microbiota (GM) and its metabolites. Therefore, in this review, we summarized whether GM and its metabolites are the emergent bridge between CAD and anxiety and depression. The results showed that there are four kinds of jointly up-regulated bacteria (i.e., Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori, and Shigella) and five kinds of jointly down-regulated bacteria (i.e., Prevotella, Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Collinsella, and Bifidobacterium) in CAD as well as anxiety and depression. In addition, in CAD and anxiety and depression, the dysbiosis of the former four kinds of bacterium frequently leads to the outburst of inflammatory response, and the dysbiosis of the latter five kinds of bacterium is usually related to the metabolic abnormality of short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, and branched-chain amino acids. Therefore, we believe that GM and its metabolites act as the emergent bridge between CAD and anxiety and depression. The findings of this review provide novel insights and approaches for the clinical treatment of patients with both CAD and anxiety and depression.

Psychobiotics Lactiplantibacillus plantarum JYLP-326: Antidepressant-like effects on CUMS-induced depressed mouse model and alleviation of gut microbiota dysbiosis

BACKGROUND

Depression affects a significant portion of the global population and has emerged as one of the most debilitating conditions worldwide. Recent studies have explored the relationship between depression and the microbiota of the intestine, revealing potential avenues for effective treatment.

METHODS

To evaluate the potential alleviation of depression symptoms, we employed a depression C57BL/6 mice model induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). We administered Lactiplantibacillus plantarum JYLP-326 and conducted various animal behavior tests, including the open-field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), and tail-suspension test (TST). Additionally, we conducted immunohistochemistry staining and analyzed the hippocampal and colon parts of the mice.

RESULTS

The results of the behavior tests indicated that L. plantarum JYLP-326 alleviated spontaneous behavior associated with depression. Moreover, the treatment led to significant improvements in GFAP and Iba1, suggesting its potential neuroprotective effects. Analysis of the hippocampal region indicated that L. plantarum JYLP-326 administration upregulated p-TPH2, TPH2, and 5-HT1AR, while downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. In the colon, the treatment inhibited the TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB pathway and increased the levels of occludin and ZO-1, indicating improved intestinal barrier function. Additionally, the probiotic demonstrated a regulatory effect on the HMGB1-RAGE-TLR4 signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings demonstrate that L. plantarum JYLP-326 exhibits significant antidepressant-like effects in mice, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic approach for depression through the modulation of gut microbiota. However, further investigations and clinical trials are required to validate its safety and efficacy for human use.

Antiaging Effects of Human Fecal Transplants with Different Combinations of Bifidobacterium bifidum LTBB21J1 and Lactobacillus casei LTL1361 in d-Galactose-Induced Mice

The feces of healthy middle-aged and old people were first transplanted into d-galactose-induced aging mice to construct humanized aging mice with gut microbiota (FMTC) to confirm the antiaging effect of probiotics produced from centenarians. The mouse model was then treated with centenarian-derived Bifidobacterium bifidum (FMTL), Lactobacillus casei (FMTB), and their mixtures (FMTM), and young mice were used as the control. Compared with the FMTC group, the results demonstrated that the probiotics and their combinations alleviated neuronal damage, increased antioxidant capacity, decreased inflammation, and enhanced cognitive and memory functions in aging mice. In the gut microbiota, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Ligilactobacillus, and Akkermansia increased and that of Desulfovibrio and Colidextribacter decreased in the FMTM group compared with that in the FMTC group. The three probiotic groups displayed significant changes in 15 metabolites compared with the FMTC group, with 4 metabolites showing increased expression and 11 metabolites showing decreased expression. The groups were graded as Control > FMTM > FMTB > FMTL > FMTC using a newly developed comprehensive quantitative scoring system that thoroughly analyzed the various indicators of this study. The beneficial antiaging effects of probiotics derived from centenarians were quantitatively described using a novel perspective in this study; it is confirmed that both probiotics and their combinations exert antiaging effects, with the probiotic complex group exhibiting a larger effect.

Effectiveness of Psychobiotics in the Treatment of Psychiatric and Cognitive Disorders: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials

In this study, a systematic review of randomized clinical trials conducted from January 2000 to December 2023 was performed to examine the efficacy of psychobiotics-probiotics beneficial to mental health via the gut-brain axis-in adults with psychiatric and cognitive disorders. Out of the 51 studies involving 3353 patients where half received psychobiotics, there was a notably high measurement of effectiveness specifically in the treatment of depression symptoms. Most participants were older and female, with treatments commonly utilizing strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria over periods ranging from 4 to 24 weeks. Although there was a general agreement on the effectiveness of psychobiotics, the variability in treatment approaches and clinical presentations limits the comparability and generalization of the findings. This underscores the need for more personalized treatment optimization and a deeper investigation into the mechanisms through which psychobiotics act. The research corroborates the therapeutic potential of psychobiotics and represents progress in the management of psychiatric and cognitive disorders.

Nutraceuticals in Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review

Correct nutrition and diet are directly correlated with mental health, functions of the immune system, and gut microbiota composition. Diets with a high content of some nutrients, such as fibers, phytochemicals, and short-chain fatty acids (omega-3 fatty acids), seem to have an anti-inflammatory and protective action on the nervous system. Among nutraceuticals, supplementation of probiotics and omega-3 fatty acids plays a role in improving symptoms of several mental disorders. In this review, we collect data on the efficacy of nutraceuticals in patients with schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, major depression, bipolar disorder, and personality disorders. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of recent evidence obtained on this topic, pointing out the direction for future research.

Improving precision management of anxiety disorders: a Mendelian randomization study targeting specific gut microbiota and associated metabolites

Background

There is growing evidence of associations between the gut microbiota and anxiety disorders, where changes in gut microbiotas may affect brain function and behavior via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. However, population-level studies offering a higher level of evidence for causality are lacking. Our aim was to investigate the specific gut microbiota and associated metabolites that are closely related to anxiety disorders to provide mechanistic insights and novel management perspectives for anxiety disorders.

Method

This study used summary-level data from publicly available Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) for 119 bacterial genera and the phenotype "All anxiety disorders" to reveal the causal effects of gut microbiota on anxiety disorders and identify specific bacterial genera associated with anxiety disorders. A two-sample, bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) design was deployed, followed by comprehensive sensitivity analyses to validate the robustness of results. We further conducted multivariable MR (MVMR) analysis to investigate the potential impact of neurotransmitter-associated metabolites, bacteria-associated dietary patterns, drug use or alcohol consumption, and lifestyle factors such as smoking and physical activity on the observed associations.

Results

Bidirectional MR analysis identified three bacterial genera causally related to anxiety disorders: the genus Eubacterium nodatum group and genus Ruminococcaceae UCG011 were protective, while the genus Ruminococcaceae UCG011 was associated with an increased risk of anxiety disorders. Further MVMR suggested that a metabolite-dependent mechanism, primarily driven by tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine, glycine and cortisol, which is consistent with previous research findings, probably played a significant role in mediating the effects of these bacterial genera to anxiety disorders. Furthermore, modifying dietary pattern such as salt, sugar and processed meat intake, and adjusting smoking state and physical activity levels, appears to be the effective approaches for targeting specific gut microbiota to manage anxiety disorders.

Conclusion

Our findings offer potential avenues for developing precise and effective management approaches for anxiety disorders by targeting specific gut microbiota and associated metabolites.

The Power of Psychobiotics in Depression: A Modern Approach through the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: A Literature Review

The microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis is a complex communication network linking the gut, microbiota, and brain, influencing various aspects of health and disease. Dysbiosis, a disturbance in the gut microbiome equilibrium, can significantly impact the MGB axis, leading to alterations in microbial composition and function. Emerging evidence highlights the connection between microbiota alterations and neurological and psychiatric disorders, including depression. This review explores the potential of psychobiotics in managing depressive disorders, emphasizing their role in restoring microbial balance and influencing the MGB axis. Psychobiotics exhibit positive effects on the intestinal barrier, immune response, cortisol levels, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Studies suggest that probiotics may serve as an adjunct therapy for depression, especially in treatment-resistant cases. This review discusses key findings from studies on psychobiotics interventions, emphasizing their impact on the gut-brain axis and mental health. The increasing acceptance of the expanded concept of the MGB axis underscores the importance of microorganisms in mental well-being. As our understanding of the microbiome's role in health and disease grows, probiotics emerge as promising agents for addressing mental health issues, providing new avenues for therapeutic interventions in depressive disorders.

Medication Use is Associated with Distinct Microbial Features in Anxiety and Depression

This study investigated the relationship between gut microbiota and neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs), specifically anxiety disorder (ANXD) and/or major depressive disorder (MDD), as defined by DSM-IV or V criteria. The study also examined the influence of medication use, particularly antidepressants and/or anxiolytics, classified through the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System, on the gut microbiota. Both 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and shallow shotgun sequencing were performed on DNA extracted from 666 fecal samples from the Tulsa-1000 and NeuroMAP CoBRE cohorts. The results highlight the significant influence of medication use; antidepressant use is associated with significant differences in gut microbiota beta diversity and has a larger effect size than NPD diagnosis. Next, specific microbes were associated with ANXD and MDD, highlighting their potential for non-pharmacological intervention. Finally, the study demonstrated the capability of Random Forest classifiers to predict diagnoses of NPD and medication use from microbial profiles, suggesting a promising direction for the use of gut microbiota as biomarkers for NPD. The findings suggest that future research on the gut microbiota's role in NPD and its interactions with pharmacological treatments are needed.

Mind, Mood and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Psychiatric Disorders

Psychiatric disorders represent a primary source of disability worldwide, manifesting as disturbances in individuals' cognitive processes, emotional regulation, and behavioral patterns. In the quest to discover novel therapies and expand the boundaries of neuropharmacology, studies from the field have highlighted the gut microbiota's role in modulating these disorders. These alterations may influence the brain's processes through the brain-gut axis, a multifaceted bidirectional system that establishes a connection between the enteric and central nervous systems. Thus, probiotic and prebiotic supplements that are meant to influence overall gut health may play an insightful role in alleviating psychiatric symptoms, such as the cognitive templates of major depressive disorder, anxiety, or schizophrenia. Moreover, the administration of psychotropic drugs has been revealed to induce specific changes in a microbiome's diversity, suggesting their potential utility in combating bacterial infections. This review emphasizes the intricate correlations between psychiatric disorders and the gut microbiota, mentioning the promising approaches in regard to the modulation of probiotic and prebiotic treatments, as well as the antimicrobial effects of psychotropic medication.

Probiotics' Effects in the Treatment of Anxiety and Depression: A Comprehensive Review of 2014-2023 Clinical Trials

Changes in the gut microbiome can affect cognitive and psychological functions via the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis. Probiotic supplements are thought to have largely positive effects on mental health when taken in sufficient amounts; however, despite extensive research having been conducted, there is a lack of consistent findings on the effects of probiotics on anxiety and depression and the associated microbiome alterations. The aim of our study is to systematically review the most recent literature of the last 10 years in order to clarify whether probiotics could actually improve depression and anxiety symptoms. Our results indicate that the majority of the most recent literature suggests a beneficial role of probiotics in the treatment of depression and anxiety, despite the existence of a substantial number of less positive findings. Given probiotics' potential to offer novel, personalized treatment options for mood disorders, further, better targeted research in psychiatric populations is needed to address concerns about the exact mechanisms of probiotics, dosing, timing of treatment, and possible differences in outcomes depending on the severity of anxiety and depression.

The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Metabolic Syndrome and Sleep Disorders: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Over recent decades, a growing body of evidence has emerged linking the composition of the gut microbiota to sleep regulation. Interestingly, the prevalence of sleep disorders is commonly related to cardiometabolic comorbidities such as diabetes, impaired lipid metabolism, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). In this complex scenario, the role of the gut-brain axis as the main communicating pathway between gut microbiota and sleep regulation pathways in the brain reveals some common host-microbial biomarkers in both sleep disturbances and MetS. As the biological mechanisms behind this complex interacting network of neuroendocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways are not fully understood yet, the present systematic review aims to describe common microbial features between these two unrelated chronic conditions.

RESULTS

This systematic review highlights a total of 36 articles associating the gut microbial signature with MetS or sleep disorders. Specific emphasis is given to studies evaluating the effect of dietary patterns, dietary supplementation, and probiotics on MetS or sleep disturbances.

CONCLUSIONS

Dietary choices promote microbial composition and metabolites, causing both the amelioration and impairment of MetS and sleep homeostasis.

IL-6 expression-suppressing Lactobacillus reuteri strains alleviate gut microbiota-induced anxiety and depression in mice

Fecal microbiota transplantation from patients with depression/inflammatory bowel disease (PDI) causes depression with gut inflammation in mice. Here, we investigated the effects of six Lactobacillus reuteri strains on brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), serotonin, and interleukin (IL)-6 expression in neuronal or macrophage cells and PDI fecal microbiota-cultured microbiota (PcM)-induced depression in mice. Of these strains, L6 most potently increased BDNF and serotonin levels in corticosterone-stimulated SH-SY5Y and PC12 cells, followed by L3. L6 most potently decreased IL-6 expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. When L1 (weakest in vitro), L3, and L6 were orally administered in mice with PcM-induced depression, L6 most potently suppressed depression-like behaviors and hippocampal TNF-α and IL-6 expression and increased hippocampal serotonin, BDNF, 5HT7, GABAARα1, and GABABR1b expression, followed by L3 and L1. L6 also suppressed TNF-α and IL-6 expression in the colon. BDNF or serotonin levels in corticosterone-stimulated neuronal cells were negatively correlated with depression-related biomarkers in PcM-transplanted mice, while IL-6 levels in LPS-stimulated macrophage were positively correlated. These findings suggest that IL-6 expression-suppressing and BDNF/serotonin expression-inducing LBPs in vitro, particularly L6, may alleviate gut microbiota-involved depression with colitis in vivo.

Probiotic significance of Lactobacillus strains: a comprehensive review on health impacts, research gaps, and future prospects

A rising corpus of research has shown the beneficial effects of probiotic Lactobacilli on human health, contributing to the growing popularity of these microorganisms in recent decades. The gastrointestinal and urinary tracts are home to these bacteria, which play a vital role in the microbial flora of both humans and animals. The Lactobacillus probiotic, i.e, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, are highly recognized for their remarkable probiotic qualities. The current study aims to highlight the beneficial effects of probiotics in different health conditions, point out the research gap, and highlight the future directives for the safe use of these probiotics in several health issues. Most importantly, we have added the most recent literature related to the characteristics and usage of these probiotics in clinical and pre-clinical settings. Based on the above statement, we believe that this is the first report on the application of probiotics in human diseases. By providing a deeper knowledge of the complex functions these probiotics play in both human and animal health, our analysis will direct future studies and developments in this rapidly developing field.

Intake of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HEAL9 Improves Cognition in Moderately Stressed Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Study

BACKGROUND

The usage of probiotics has expanded beyond the areas of gut and immune health improvement. Several studies have shown the positive impact associated between probiotics and stress, cognition, and mood; a relationship referred to as the gut-brain axis.

METHOD

The aim of this exploratory study was to evaluate the effect of the probiotic strain Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HEAL9 (LPHEAL9) on the gut-brain axis in subjects with moderate stress. One hundred and twenty-nine subjects aged 21-52 years completed the study, randomized to consume either LPHEAL9 (n = 65) or placebo (n = 64) for 12 weeks.

RESULTS

Perceived stress and awakening cortisol were significantly reduced over time in both groups. A significant improvement in four cognition tests after consumption of LPHEAL9 compared to placebo was observed (rapid information processing test, numeric working memory test, paired associated learning, and word recall, p < 0.05). There was a tendency for a significantly better improvement in the LPHEAL9 group for three mood subscales (Confusion-Bewilderment, Anger-Hostility, and Depression-Dejection) and for fewer subjects with poor sleep in the LPHEAL9 group compared to placebo (p < 0.10).

CONCLUSIONS

Intake of LPHEAL9 significantly improved cognitive functions compared to the placebo, potentially by ameliorating aspects of mood and sleep.