1
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Anderson A, Van der Mijnsbrugge A, Cameleyre X, Gorret N. From yeast screening for suitability as single cell protein to fed-batch cultures. Biotechnol Lett 2024; 46:827-842. [PMID: 39002086 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-024-03504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fed-batch cultures have rarely been used in single cell protein (SCP) research. This work evaluated multiple yeast species for suitability as SCP cultivated using glucose- and sucrose-based substrate and performed in-depth studies of fed-batch SCP cultivation kinetics for selected yeasts, including determination of specific crude nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors. METHODS SCP was cultivated using fully synthetic media in flask batch or bioreactor fed-batch cultures. Crude nitrogen and nucleic acid content were determined using the Dumas method and fluorescence assay kits, respectively. RESULTS C. utilis compared favorably to other yeasts in flask batch cultures in terms of process yield (0.52 ± 0.01 gx gs-1) and crude nitrogen content (10.0 ± 0.5 and 9.9 ± 0.5%CDW for glucose and sucrose, respectively). This is the first time biomass composition data was reported for SCP cultivated in fed-batch mode. C. utilis crude nitrogen content was consistent across the tested conditions (protein content stabilized around 50%CDW in fed-batch), while that of the benchmark yeast S. cerevisiae was higher in batch cultures and at the beginning of fed-batch relative to the end (protein content decreased over time and stabilized around 43%CDW). Total nucleic acid content of the yeasts was similar (6.8%CDW and 6.3%CDW, for C. utilis and S. cerevisiae, respectively), with crude nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors of 4.97 and 5.80. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the suitability of C. utilis as SCP, notably the robustness of its crude nitrogen content (as an indicator of protein content) across batch and fed-batch conditions, compared to that of the benchmark yeast S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xavier Cameleyre
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Gorret
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France.
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2
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Qi Z, Bai N, Li Q, Pan S, Gu M. Dietary fishmeal replacement by Clostridium autoethanogenum protein meal influences the nutritional and sensory quality of turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus) via the TOR/AAR/AMPK pathways. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 18:84-95. [PMID: 39056058 PMCID: PMC11269857 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP) is a promising protein source for aquaculture; however, how CAP influences fish quality is worth extensive research. We randomly allocated 630 turbot with initial body weights of about 180 g into 6 groups, with fishmeal-based control diet or diet with CAP replacing 15% (CAP15), 30% (CAP30), 45% (CAP45), 60% (CAP60), or 75% (CAP75) of fishmeal protein. After a 70-d feeding trial, the fillet yield (P = 0.015) and content of protein (P = 0.017), collagen (P < 0.001), hydroxyproline (P < 0.001), C20:5n-3 (P = 0.007), and ∑n-3/∑n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio (P < 0.001) in turbot muscle was found to decrease linearly with increasing CAP. However, turbot fed CAP15 diet maintained these parameters (P > 0.05). By contrast, the muscle hardness increased linearly with increasing CAP (P = 0.004), accompanied by linear reduction of muscle fiber area (P = 0.003) and expression of myogenesis-related genes, including cathepsin D (ctsd P < 0.001) and muscle ring finger protein 1 (murf 1, P < 0.001). Phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt, P < 0.001), target of rapamycin (TOR, P = 0.001), eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1, P < 0.001), and ribosomal protein S6 (S6, P < 0.001) decreased linearly; however, phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK, P < 0.001), eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α, P < 0.001), and the abundance of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4, P < 0.001) increased with increasing CAP, suggesting that the TOR signaling pathway was inhibited, and the amino acid response (AAR) and AMPK pathways were activated. Additionally, expression of genes related to protein degradation, including myogenic factor 5 (myf 5, P < 0.001), myogenic differentiation (myod, P < 0.001), paired box 7 (pax 7, P < 0.001), and ctsd (P < 0.001), decreased linearly with increasing CAP. In conclusion, CAP could be used to replace up to 15% of fishmeal without negatively impacting turbot quality. However, higher levels of CAP decreased fillet yield, muscle protein content, and muscle fiber diameter while increasing muscle hardness, which could be attributed to the inhibition of the TOR pathway and activation of the AAR and AMPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezheng Qi
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Marine Ranching Technology of Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Bai
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Marine Ranching Technology of Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Marine Ranching Technology of Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, China
| | - Shihui Pan
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Marine Ranching Technology of Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, China
| | - Min Gu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Marine Ranching Technology of Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, China
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3
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Uwineza C, Parchami M, Bouzarjomehr M, Taherzadeh MJ, Mahboubi A. Recent Developments in the Application of Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus oryzae in Ruminant Feed. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2427. [PMID: 39199960 PMCID: PMC11350777 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The resource-intensive nature of the ruminant farming sector, which has been exacerbated by population growth and increasing pressure to reduce feed antibiotics and growth promoters, has sparked interest in looking for sustainable alternative feed sources to enhance ruminant production efficiency. Edible filamentous fungi, rich in macronutrients like proteins, offer promise in reducing the reliance on conventional protein sources and antimicrobials to improve feed quality and animal performance. The inclusion of single-cell proteins, particularly filamentous fungi, in ruminant feed has long been of scientific and industrial interest. This review focuses on the potential application of the extensively studied Aspergillus oryzae and its fermentation extracts in ruminant nutrition. It provides an overview of conventional ruminant feed ingredients, supplements, and efficiency. Additionally, this review analyzes the re-utilization of organic residues for A. oryzae cultivation and examines the effects of adding fungal extracts to ruminant feed on ruminal digestibility and animal performance, all within a circular bioeconomy framework.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Amir Mahboubi
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden; (C.U.)
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4
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Malila Y, Owolabi IO, Chotanaphuti T, Sakdibhornssup N, Elliott CT, Visessanguan W, Karoonuthaisiri N, Petchkongkaew A. Current challenges of alternative proteins as future foods. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:53. [PMID: 39147771 PMCID: PMC11327365 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00291-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Global demand for food is expected to nearly double by 2050. Alternative proteins (AP) have been proposed as a sustainable solution to provide food security as natural resources become more depleted. However, the growth and consumer intake of AP remains limited. This review aims to better understand the challenges and environmental impacts of four main AP categories: plant-based, insect-based, microbe-derived, and cultured meat and seafood. The environmental benefits of plant-based and insect-based proteins have been documented but the impacts of microbe-derived proteins and cultured meat have not been fully assessed. The development of alternative products with nutritional and sensory profiles similar to their conventional counterparts remains highly challenging. Furthermore, incomplete safety assessments and a lack of clear regulatory guidelines confuse the food industry and hamper progress. Much still needs to be done to fully support AP utilization within the context of supporting the drive to make the global food system sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwares Malila
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
- International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), Khong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
| | - Iyiola O Owolabi
- International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), Khong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Khong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Tanai Chotanaphuti
- International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), Khong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Faculty of Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Napat Sakdibhornssup
- International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), Khong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), Khong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Khong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Wonnop Visessanguan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), Khong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Nitsara Karoonuthaisiri
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), Khong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Awanwee Petchkongkaew
- International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), Khong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Khong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Devanthi PVP, Pratama F, Pramanda IT, Bani MD, Kadar AD, Kho K. Exploring the Potential of Aspergillus oryzae for Sustainable Mycoprotein Production Using Okara and Soy Whey as Cost-Effective Substrates. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:555. [PMID: 39194881 DOI: 10.3390/jof10080555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoprotein is an alternative protein produced through fungal fermentation. However, it typically relies on refined glucose syrup derived from starch, which can be costly and unsustainable. This study investigates the potential of soybean processing by-products (okara and soy whey) as alternative substrates for producing mycoprotein using Aspergillus oryzae. A. oryzae was cultured for 7 days at 30 °C in diluted okara (1:50) and soy whey (1:1) with or without agitation (100 rpm). Soy whey produced higher biomass yields (369.2-408.8 mg dry biomass/g dry substrate), but had a lower biomass concentration (0.783-0.867 g dry weight/L). Conversely, okara produced a higher biomass concentration (2.02 g dry weight/L) with a yield of 114.7 mg dry biomass/g dry substrate. However, biomass formation in okara was only observed in static conditions, as agitation caused biomass to entangle with soy pulp, hampering its production. Additionally, okara tended to release protein into the media, while soy whey accumulated protein within the biomass, reaching up to 53% w/w protein content. The results of this study provide a promising approach to addressing both soybean processing waste reduction and food security concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ferren Pratama
- Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Pulomas Barat Kavling 88, Jakarta 13210, Indonesia
| | - Ihsan Tria Pramanda
- Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Pulomas Barat Kavling 88, Jakarta 13210, Indonesia
| | - Mario Donald Bani
- Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Pulomas Barat Kavling 88, Jakarta 13210, Indonesia
| | - Adinda Darwati Kadar
- Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Pulomas Barat Kavling 88, Jakarta 13210, Indonesia
| | - Katherine Kho
- Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Pulomas Barat Kavling 88, Jakarta 13210, Indonesia
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6
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Choi B, Glávits R, Murbach TS, Endres JR, Hirka G, Szakonyiné IP. 90-day oral toxicity study in rats of a protein-rich powder derived from Xanthobacter sp. SoF1. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 39098047 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Xanthobacter sp. SoF1 (SoF1) is an autotrophic hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria that produces protein-rich biomass and has potential to be an alternative protein source that is more environmentally sustainable than animal and plant derived proteins. A protein-rich powder derived from SoF1 was the test material in a 90-day repeated-dose oral toxicity study to explore major toxic effects, demonstrate target organs, and provide an estimate of a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL). Daily doses of 0 (vehicle only), 375, 750, and 1500 mg/kg bw/day of the test material were administered by gavage to 10 Han:WIST rats/sex/group. An additional group was administered 1290 mg/kg bw/day whey protein concentrate as positive control. No treatment-related adverse effects were observed, and no target organs were determined after 90/91 days of consecutive administration of the test item. A NOAEL of 1500 mg/kg bw/day was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bean Choi
- AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA
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Kumar R, Guleria A, Padwad YS, Srivatsan V, Yadav SK. Smart proteins as a new paradigm for meeting dietary protein sufficiency of India: a critical review on the safety and sustainability of different protein sources. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-50. [PMID: 39011754 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2367564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
India, a global leader in agriculture, faces sustainability challenges in feeding its population. Although primarily a vegetarian population, the consumption of animal derived proteins has tremendously increased in recent years. Excessive dependency on animal proteins is not environmentally sustainable, necessitating the identification of alternative smart proteins. Smart proteins are environmentally benign and mimic the properties of animal proteins (dairy, egg and meat) and are derived from plant proteins, microbial fermentation, insects and cell culture meat (CCM) processes. This review critically evaluates the technological, safety, and sustainability challenges involved in production of smart proteins and their consumer acceptance from Indian context. Under current circumstances, plant-based proteins are most favorable; however, limited land availability and impending climate change makes them unsustainable in the long run. CCM is unaffordable with high input costs limiting its commercialization in near future. Microbial-derived proteins could be the most sustainable option for future owing to higher productivity and ability to grow on low-cost substrates. A circular economy approach integrating agri-horti waste valorization and C1 substrate synthesis with microbial biomass production offer economic viability. Considering the use of novel additives and processing techniques, evaluation of safety, allergenicity, and bioavailability of smart protein products is necessary before large-scale adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Kumar
- Applied Phycology and Food Technology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, CSIR - Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aditi Guleria
- Applied Phycology and Food Technology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, CSIR - Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Yogendra S Padwad
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Protein Processing Centre, Dietetics, and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vidyashankar Srivatsan
- Applied Phycology and Food Technology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, CSIR - Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudesh Kumar Yadav
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
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8
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Niazifar M, Besharati M, Jabbar M, Ghazanfar S, Asad M, Palangi V, Eseceli H, Lackner M. Slow-release non-protein nitrogen sources in animal nutrition: A review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33752. [PMID: 39027513 PMCID: PMC11255499 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Today, feeding protein supply according to need in high-yielding lactating cows has become a big challenge. Protein is the most costly bulk constituent of animal diet, and the price of protein sources is increasing steadily, which is different from milk price rising. Therefore, one way for farmers to reduce feed costs is to reduce dietary protein share. Ruminants obtain their amino acids from 2 sources: amino acids from ruminally undegraded protein (RUP) and microbial protein synthesized in the rumen. A key goal in ruminant nutrition strategies, maximizing the use of rumen degradable protein (RDP), is through its efficient conversion into microbial protein. Urea is a supplement and a possible source of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) in ruminants' diets which meets bacteria's ammonia needs. Rumen ammonia sources include protein, peptides, amino acids, and other nitrogen-bearing compounds. As urea, uric acid, nitrate, and possibly nucleic acid are rapidly converted to ammonia, the ammonia reservoir indicates that the ruminal metabolism of ammonia is relatively small. Bacteria in the rumen can obtain between 40 and 95 percent of their nitrogen demand from ammonia, depending on their diet. Using NPN (non-protein nitrogen) as a reliable nitrogen source for ruminants was recognized over 100 years ago. Urea is quickly released in the rumen, its use in the diet is limited due to ammonia toxicity. So, the solution to this problem is that the product in nitrogen release rate from urea changes according to the digestion of fibers in the rumen. In the past, several slow-release products were made and evaluated. Slow-release urea (SRU) sources will also affect microbial growth and livestock performance compared to conventional plant protein sources. Acceptance of SRU sources, depending on their price compared to conventional plant protein ingredients is feasible. Studies has shown that the use of slow-release urea did not have a negative effect on digestibility, rumen parameters, milk production and livestock performance. Single-cell protein (SCP) is an emerging alternative protein source, currently being mainly studied for chicken and aquatic species.Finally, it is concluded that slow release urea can be used in feeding ruminants without any side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Niazifar
- Department of Animal Science, Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Ntural Resources, University of Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maghsoud Besharati
- Department of Animal Science, Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Ntural Resources, University of Tabriz, Iran
| | - Muhammad Jabbar
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Shakira Ghazanfar
- National Institute of Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asad
- Department of Zoology, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Valiollah Palangi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Hüseyin Eseceli
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, TR, 10200, Bandirma, Balikesir, Turkiye
| | - Maximilian Lackner
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Hoechstaedtplatz 6, 1200, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Bhunjun C, Chen Y, Phukhamsakda C, Boekhout T, Groenewald J, McKenzie E, Francisco E, Frisvad J, Groenewald M, Hurdeal VG, Luangsa-ard J, Perrone G, Visagie C, Bai F, Błaszkowski J, Braun U, de Souza F, de Queiroz M, Dutta A, Gonkhom D, Goto B, Guarnaccia V, Hagen F, Houbraken J, Lachance M, Li J, Luo K, Magurno F, Mongkolsamrit S, Robert V, Roy N, Tibpromma S, Wanasinghe D, Wang D, Wei D, Zhao C, Aiphuk W, Ajayi-Oyetunde O, Arantes T, Araujo J, Begerow D, Bakhshi M, Barbosa R, Behrens F, Bensch K, Bezerra J, Bilański P, Bradley C, Bubner B, Burgess T, Buyck B, Čadež N, Cai L, Calaça F, Campbell L, Chaverri P, Chen Y, Chethana K, Coetzee B, Costa M, Chen Q, Custódio F, Dai Y, Damm U, Santiago A, De Miccolis Angelini R, Dijksterhuis J, Dissanayake A, Doilom M, Dong W, Álvarez-Duarte E, Fischer M, Gajanayake A, Gené J, Gomdola D, Gomes A, Hausner G, He M, Hou L, Iturrieta-González I, Jami F, Jankowiak R, Jayawardena R, Kandemir H, Kiss L, Kobmoo N, Kowalski T, Landi L, Lin C, Liu J, Liu X, Loizides M, Luangharn T, Maharachchikumbura S, Mkhwanazi GM, Manawasinghe I, Marin-Felix Y, McTaggart A, Moreau P, Morozova O, Mostert L, Osiewacz H, Pem D, Phookamsak R, Pollastro S, Pordel A, Poyntner C, Phillips A, Phonemany M, Promputtha I, Rathnayaka A, Rodrigues A, Romanazzi G, Rothmann L, Salgado-Salazar C, Sandoval-Denis M, Saupe S, Scholler M, Scott P, Shivas R, Silar P, Silva-Filho A, Souza-Motta C, Spies C, Stchigel A, Sterflinger K, Summerbell R, Svetasheva T, Takamatsu S, Theelen B, Theodoro R, Thines M, Thongklang N, Torres R, Turchetti B, van den Brule T, Wang X, Wartchow F, Welti S, Wijesinghe S, Wu F, Xu R, Yang Z, Yilmaz N, Yurkov A, Zhao L, Zhao R, Zhou N, Hyde K, Crous P. What are the 100 most cited fungal genera? Stud Mycol 2024; 108:1-411. [PMID: 39100921 PMCID: PMC11293126 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2024.108.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The global diversity of fungi has been estimated between 2 to 11 million species, of which only about 155 000 have been named. Most fungi are invisible to the unaided eye, but they represent a major component of biodiversity on our planet, and play essential ecological roles, supporting life as we know it. Although approximately 20 000 fungal genera are presently recognised, the ecology of most remains undetermined. Despite all this diversity, the mycological community actively researches some fungal genera more commonly than others. This poses an interesting question: why have some fungal genera impacted mycology and related fields more than others? To address this issue, we conducted a bibliometric analysis to identify the top 100 most cited fungal genera. A thorough database search of the Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed was performed to establish which genera are most cited. The most cited 10 genera are Saccharomyces, Candida, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Botrytis, Pichia, Cryptococcus and Alternaria. Case studies are presented for the 100 most cited genera with general background, notes on their ecology and economic significance and important research advances. This paper provides a historic overview of scientific research of these genera and the prospect for further research. Citation: Bhunjun CS, Chen YJ, Phukhamsakda C, Boekhout T, Groenewald JZ, McKenzie EHC, Francisco EC, Frisvad JC, Groenewald M, Hurdeal VG, Luangsa-ard J, Perrone G, Visagie CM, Bai FY, Błaszkowski J, Braun U, de Souza FA, de Queiroz MB, Dutta AK, Gonkhom D, Goto BT, Guarnaccia V, Hagen F, Houbraken J, Lachance MA, Li JJ, Luo KY, Magurno F, Mongkolsamrit S, Robert V, Roy N, Tibpromma S, Wanasinghe DN, Wang DQ, Wei DP, Zhao CL, Aiphuk W, Ajayi-Oyetunde O, Arantes TD, Araujo JC, Begerow D, Bakhshi M, Barbosa RN, Behrens FH, Bensch K, Bezerra JDP, Bilański P, Bradley CA, Bubner B, Burgess TI, Buyck B, Čadež N, Cai L, Calaça FJS, Campbell LJ, Chaverri P, Chen YY, Chethana KWT, Coetzee B, Costa MM, Chen Q, Custódio FA, Dai YC, Damm U, de Azevedo Santiago ALCM, De Miccolis Angelini RM, Dijksterhuis J, Dissanayake AJ, Doilom M, Dong W, Alvarez-Duarte E, Fischer M, Gajanayake AJ, Gené J, Gomdola D, Gomes AAM, Hausner G, He MQ, Hou L, Iturrieta-González I, Jami F, Jankowiak R, Jayawardena RS, Kandemir H, Kiss L, Kobmoo N, Kowalski T, Landi L, Lin CG, Liu JK, Liu XB, Loizides M, Luangharn T, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Makhathini Mkhwanazi GJ, Manawasinghe IS, Marin-Felix Y, McTaggart AR, Moreau PA, Morozova OV, Mostert L, Osiewacz HD, Pem D, Phookamsak R, Pollastro S, Pordel A, Poyntner C, Phillips AJL, Phonemany M, Promputtha I, Rathnayaka AR, Rodrigues AM, Romanazzi G, Rothmann L, Salgado-Salazar C, Sandoval-Denis M, Saupe SJ, Scholler M, Scott P, Shivas RG, Silar P, Souza-Motta CM, Silva-Filho AGS, Spies CFJ, Stchigel AM, Sterflinger K, Summerbell RC, Svetasheva TY, Takamatsu S, Theelen B, Theodoro RC, Thines M, Thongklang N, Torres R, Turchetti B, van den Brule T, Wang XW, Wartchow F, Welti S, Wijesinghe SN, Wu F, Xu R, Yang ZL, Yilmaz N, Yurkov A, Zhao L, Zhao RL, Zhou N, Hyde KD, Crous PW (2024). What are the 100 most cited fungal genera? Studies in Mycology 108: 1-411. doi: 10.3114/sim.2024.108.01.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.S. Bhunjun
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Y.J. Chen
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - C. Phukhamsakda
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - T. Boekhout
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
- The Yeasts Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J.Z. Groenewald
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - E.H.C. McKenzie
- Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - E.C. Francisco
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
- Laboratório Especial de Micologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J.C. Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - V. G. Hurdeal
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - J. Luangsa-ard
- BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - G. Perrone
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - C.M. Visagie
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - F.Y. Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J. Błaszkowski
- Laboratory of Plant Protection, Department of Shaping of Environment, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Słowackiego 17, PL-71434 Szczecin, Poland
| | - U. Braun
- Martin Luther University, Institute of Biology, Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Neuwerk 21, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - F.A. de Souza
- Núcleo de Biologia Aplicada, Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Rodovia MG 424 km 45, 35701–970, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil
| | - M.B. de Queiroz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Natal-RN, 59078-970, Brazil
| | - A.K. Dutta
- Molecular & Applied Mycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Jalukbari, Guwahati - 781014, Assam, India
| | - D. Gonkhom
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - B.T. Goto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Natal-RN, 59078-970, Brazil
| | - V. Guarnaccia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - F. Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J. Houbraken
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - M.A. Lachance
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - J.J. Li
- College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, P.R. China
| | - K.Y. Luo
- College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, P.R. China
| | - F. Magurno
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - S. Mongkolsamrit
- BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - V. Robert
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - N. Roy
- Molecular & Applied Mycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Jalukbari, Guwahati - 781014, Assam, India
| | - S. Tibpromma
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, P.R. China
| | - D.N. Wanasinghe
- Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Honghe 654400, Yunnan, China
| | - D.Q. Wang
- College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, P.R. China
| | - D.P. Wei
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, P.R. China
| | - C.L. Zhao
- College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, P.R. China
| | - W. Aiphuk
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - O. Ajayi-Oyetunde
- Syngenta Crop Protection, 410 S Swing Rd, Greensboro, NC. 27409, USA
| | - T.D. Arantes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74605-050, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - J.C. Araujo
- Mykocosmos - Mycology and Science Communication, Rua JP 11 Qd. 18 Lote 13, Jd. Primavera 1ª etapa, Post Code 75.090-260, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil
- Secretaria de Estado da Educação de Goiás (SEDUC/ GO), Quinta Avenida, Quadra 71, número 212, Setor Leste Vila Nova, Goiânia, Goiás, 74643-030, Brazil
| | - D. Begerow
- Organismic Botany and Mycology, Institute of Plant Sciences and Microbiology, Ohnhorststraße 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Bakhshi
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
| | - R.N. Barbosa
- Micoteca URM-Department of Mycology Prof. Chaves Batista, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Center for Biosciences, University City, Recife, Pernambuco, Zip Code: 50670-901, Brazil
| | - F.H. Behrens
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Geilweilerhof, D-76833 Siebeldingen, Germany
| | - K. Bensch
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - J.D.P. Bezerra
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74605-050, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - P. Bilański
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, Poland
| | - C.A. Bradley
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Princeton, KY 42445, USA
| | - B. Bubner
- Johan Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Ländliche Räume, Wald und Fischerei, Institut für Forstgenetik, Eberswalder Chaussee 3a, 15377 Waldsieversdorf, Germany
| | - T.I. Burgess
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, 6150, Australia
| | - B. Buyck
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 39, 75231, Paris cedex 05, France
| | - N. Čadež
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Food Science and Technology Department Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - L. Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - F.J.S. Calaça
- Mykocosmos - Mycology and Science Communication, Rua JP 11 Qd. 18 Lote 13, Jd. Primavera 1ª etapa, Post Code 75.090-260, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil
- Secretaria de Estado da Educação de Goiás (SEDUC/ GO), Quinta Avenida, Quadra 71, número 212, Setor Leste Vila Nova, Goiânia, Goiás, 74643-030, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ensino de Ciências (LabPEC), Centro de Pesquisas e Educação Científica, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Campus Central (CEPEC/UEG), Anápolis, GO, 75132-903, Brazil
| | - L.J. Campbell
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - P. Chaverri
- Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA) and Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bowie State University, Bowie, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Y.Y. Chen
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - K.W.T. Chethana
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - B. Coetzee
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
- School for Data Sciences and Computational Thinking, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - M.M. Costa
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Q. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - F.A. Custódio
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, Brazil
| | - Y.C. Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - U. Damm
- Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, PF 300 154, 02806 Görlitz, Germany
| | - A.L.C.M.A. Santiago
- Post-graduate course in the Biology of Fungi, Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, 50740-465, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - J. Dijksterhuis
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - A.J. Dissanayake
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - M. Doilom
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - W. Dong
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - E. Álvarez-Duarte
- Mycology Unit, Microbiology and Mycology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Chile, Chile
| | - M. Fischer
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Geilweilerhof, D-76833 Siebeldingen, Germany
| | - A.J. Gajanayake
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - J. Gené
- Unitat de Micologia i Microbiologia Ambiental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut & IURESCAT, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Catalonia Spain
| | - D. Gomdola
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
| | - A.A.M. Gomes
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - G. Hausner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5N6
| | - M.Q. He
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - L. Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of Space Nutrition and Food Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - I. Iturrieta-González
- Unitat de Micologia i Microbiologia Ambiental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut & IURESCAT, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Catalonia Spain
- Department of Preclinic Sciences, Medicine Faculty, Laboratory of Infectology and Clinical Immunology, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine-Scientific and Technological Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile
| | - F. Jami
- Plant Health and Protection, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - R. Jankowiak
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, Poland
| | - R.S. Jayawardena
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - H. Kandemir
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - L. Kiss
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, QLD 4350 Toowoomba, Australia
- Centre for Research and Development, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, H-3300 Eger, Hungary
| | - N. Kobmoo
- BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - T. Kowalski
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, Poland
| | - L. Landi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - C.G. Lin
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - J.K. Liu
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - X.B. Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, P.R. China
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | | | - T. Luangharn
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - S.S.N. Maharachchikumbura
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - G.J. Makhathini Mkhwanazi
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - I.S. Manawasinghe
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Y. Marin-Felix
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - A.R. McTaggart
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - P.A. Moreau
- Univ. Lille, ULR 4515 - LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - O.V. Morozova
- Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Prof. Popov Str., 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, 125, Lenin av., 300026 Tula, Russia
| | - L. Mostert
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - H.D. Osiewacz
- Faculty for Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - D. Pem
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
| | - R. Phookamsak
- Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Honghe 654400, Yunnan, China
| | - S. Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - A. Pordel
- Plant Protection Research Department, Baluchestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - C. Poyntner
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A.J.L. Phillips
- Faculdade de Ciências, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M. Phonemany
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
| | - I. Promputtha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - A.R. Rathnayaka
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
| | - A.M. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04023062, Brazil
| | - G. Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - L. Rothmann
- Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - C. Salgado-Salazar
- Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville MD, 20705, USA
| | - M. Sandoval-Denis
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - S.J. Saupe
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaire, UMR 5095 CNRS Université de Bordeaux, 1 rue Camille Saint Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - M. Scholler
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstraße 13, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P. Scott
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, 6150, Australia
- Sustainability and Biosecurity, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth WA 6000, Australia
| | - R.G. Shivas
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, QLD 4350 Toowoomba, Australia
| | - P. Silar
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Université de Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex, France
| | - A.G.S. Silva-Filho
- IFungiLab, Departamento de Ciências e Matemática (DCM), Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo (IFSP), São Paulo, BraziI
| | - C.M. Souza-Motta
- Micoteca URM-Department of Mycology Prof. Chaves Batista, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Center for Biosciences, University City, Recife, Pernambuco, Zip Code: 50670-901, Brazil
| | - C.F.J. Spies
- Agricultural Research Council - Plant Health and Protection, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa
| | - A.M. Stchigel
- Unitat de Micologia i Microbiologia Ambiental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut & IURESCAT, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Catalonia Spain
| | - K. Sterflinger
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Technology in the Arts (INTK), Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Augasse 2–6, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - R.C. Summerbell
- Sporometrics, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - T.Y. Svetasheva
- Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, 125, Lenin av., 300026 Tula, Russia
| | - S. Takamatsu
- Mie University, Graduate School, Department of Bioresources, 1577 Kurima-Machiya, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - B. Theelen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - R.C. Theodoro
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Instituto de Medicina Tropical do RN, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-900, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - M. Thines
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - N. Thongklang
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - R. Torres
- IRTA, Postharvest Programme, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Agrobiotech de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - B. Turchetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences and DBVPG Industrial Yeasts Collection, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - T. van den Brule
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
- TIFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - X.W. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - F. Wartchow
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - S. Welti
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - S.N. Wijesinghe
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
| | - F. Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - R. Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Internationally Cooperative Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushroom, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Z.L. Yang
- Syngenta Crop Protection, 410 S Swing Rd, Greensboro, NC. 27409, USA
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - N. Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A. Yurkov
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Brunswick, Germany
| | - L. Zhao
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - R.L. Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - N. Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana University of Science and Technology, Private Bag, 16, Palapye, Botswana
| | - K.D. Hyde
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - P.W. Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht
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10
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Nadar CG, Fletcher A, Moreira BRDA, Hine D, Yadav S. Waste to protein: A systematic review of a century of advancement in microbial fermentation of agro-industrial byproducts. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13375. [PMID: 38865211 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Increasing global consumption of protein over the last five decades, coupled with concerns about the impact on emissions of animal-based protein production, has created interest in alternative protein sources. Microbial proteins (MPs), derived through the fermentation of agro-industrial byproducts, present a promising option. This review assesses a century of advancements in this domain. We conducted a comprehensive review and meta-analysis, examining 347 relevant research papers to identify trends, technological advancements, and key influencing factors in the production of MP. The analysis covered the types of feedstocks and microbes, fermentation methods, and the implications of nucleic acid content on the food-grade quality of proteins. A conditional inference tree model and Bayesian factor were used to ascertain the impact of various parameters on protein content. Out of all the studied parameters, such as type of feedstock (lignocellulose, free sugars, gases, and others), type of fermentation (solid, liquid, gas), type of microbe (bacteria, fungi, yeast, and mix), and operating parameters (temperature, time, and pH), the type of fermentation and microbe were identified as the largest influences on protein content. Gas and liquid fermentation demonstrated higher protein content, averaging 52% and 42%, respectively. Among microbes, bacterial species produced a higher protein content of 51%. The suitable operating parameters, such as pH, time, and temperature, were also identified for different microbes. The results point to opportunities for continued innovation in feedstock, microbes, and regulatory alignment to fully realize the potential of MP in contributing to global food security and sustainability goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cresha Gracy Nadar
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Fletcher
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Damian Hine
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sudhir Yadav
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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11
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Awan A, Bartlett A, Blakeley-Ruiz JA, Richie T, Theriot CM, Kleiner M. Dietary protein from different sources escapes host digestion and is differentially modified by the microbiota. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.26.600830. [PMID: 38979297 PMCID: PMC11230375 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.26.600830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Protein is an essential macronutrient and variations in its source and quantity have been shown to impact long-term health outcomes. Differential health impacts of dietary proteins from various sources are likely driven by differences in their digestibility by the host and subsequent availability to the intestinal microbiota. However, our current understanding regarding the fate of dietary proteins from different sources in the gut, specifically how component proteins within these sources interact with the host and the gut microbiota, is limited. To determine which dietary proteins are efficiently digested by the host and which proteins escape host digestion and are used by the gut microbiota, we used high-resolution mass spectrometry to quantify the proteins that make up different dietary protein sources before and after digestion in germ-free and conventionally raised mice. Contrary to expectation, we detected proteins from all sources in fecal samples of both germ-free and conventional mice suggesting that even protein sources with a high digestive efficiency make it in part to the colon where they can serve as a substrate for the microbiota. Additionally, we found clear patterns where specific component proteins of the dietary protein sources were used as a preferred substrate by the microbiota or were not as accessible to the microbiota. We found that specific proteins with functions that could impact host health and physiology were differentially enriched in germ-free or conventionally raised mice. These findings reveal large differences in the fate of dietary protein from various sources in the gut that could explain some of their differential health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Awan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Alexandria Bartlett
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - J. Alfredo Blakeley-Ruiz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Tanner Richie
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Casey M. Theriot
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Manuel Kleiner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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12
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Husaini AM, Sohail M. Agrochemical-free genetically modified and genome-edited crops: Towards achieving the United Nations sustainable development goals and a 'greener' green revolution. J Biotechnol 2024; 389:68-77. [PMID: 38663518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable farming on ever-shrinking agricultural land and declining water resources for the growing human population is one of the greatest environmental and food security challenges of the 21st century. Conventional, age-old organic farming practices alone, and foods based on costly cellular agriculture, do not have the potential to be upscaled to meet the food supply challenges for feeding large populations. Additionally, agricultural practices relying on chemical inputs have a well-documented detrimental impact on human health and the environment. As the available farming methods have reached their productivity limits, new approaches to agriculture, combining friendly, age-old farming practices with modern technologies that exclude chemical interventions, are necessary to address the food production challenges. Growing genetically modified (GM) crops without chemical inputs can allow agricultural intensification with reduced adverse health and environmental impacts. Additionally, integrating high-value pleiotropic genes in their genetic improvement coupled with the use of modern agricultural technologies, like robotics and artificial intelligence (AI), will further improve productivity. Such 'organic-GM' crops will offer consumers healthy, agrochemical-free GM produce. We believe these agricultural practices will lead to the beginning of a potentially new chemical-free GM agricultural revolution in the era of Agriculture 4.0 and help meet the targets of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Furthermore, given the advancement in the genome editing (GE) toolbox, we ought to develop a new category of 'trait-reversible GM crops' to avert the fears of those who believe in ecological damage by GM crops. Thus, in this article, we advocate farming with no or minimal chemical use by combining chemical-free organic farming with the existing biofortified and multiple stress tolerant GM crops, while focusing on the development of novel 'biofertilizer-responsive GE crops' and 'trait-reversible GE crops' for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad M Husaini
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Wolfson College, Lintodn Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Augustin MA, Hartley CJ, Maloney G, Tyndall S. Innovation in precision fermentation for food ingredients. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024; 64:6218-6238. [PMID: 36640107 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2166014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A transformation in our food production system is being enabled by the convergence of advances in genome-based technologies and traditional fermentation. Science at the intersection of synthetic biology, fermentation, downstream processing for product recovery, and food science is needed to support technology development for the production of fermentation-derived food ingredients. The business and markets for fermentation-derived ingredients, including policy and regulations are discussed. A patent landscape of fermentation for the production of alternative proteins, lipids and carbohydrates for the food industry is provided. The science relating to strain engineering, fermentation, downstream processing, and food ingredient functionality that underpins developments in precision fermentation for the production of proteins, fats and oligosaccharides is examined. The production of sustainably-produced precision fermentation-derived ingredients and their introduction into the market require a transdisciplinary approach with multistakeholder engagement. Successful innovation in fermentation-derived ingredients will help feed the world more sustainably.
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Choi KR, Jung SY, Lee SY. From sustainable feedstocks to microbial foods. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:1167-1175. [PMID: 38594310 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Climate change-induced alterations in weather patterns, such as frequent and severe heatwaves, cold waves, droughts, floods, heavy rain and storms, are reducing crop yields and agricultural productivity. At the same time, greenhouse gases arising from food production and supply account for almost 30% of anthropogenic emissions. This vicious circle is producing a global food crisis. Sustainable food resources and production systems are needed now, and microbial foods are one possible solution. In this Perspective, we highlight the most promising technologies, and carbon and energy sources, for microbial food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Rok Choi
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Yeong Jung
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- BioInformatics Research Center, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST Institute for Artificial Intelligence, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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15
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He J, Tang M, Zhong F, Deng J, Li W, Zhang L, Lin Q, Xia X, Li J, Guo T. Current trends and possibilities of typical microbial protein production approaches: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38566484 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2332927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Global population growth and demographic restructuring are driving the food and agriculture sectors to provide greater quantities and varieties of food, of which protein resources are particularly important. Traditional animal-source proteins are becoming increasingly difficult to meet the demand of the current consumer market, and the search for alternative protein sources is urgent. Microbial proteins are biomass obtained from nonpathogenic single-celled organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and microalgae. They contain large amounts of proteins and essential amino acids as well as a variety of other nutritive substances, which are considered to be promising sustainable alternatives to traditional proteins. In this review, typical approaches to microbial protein synthesis processes were highlighted and the characteristics and applications of different types of microbial proteins were described. Bacteria, fungi, and microalgae can be individually or co-cultured to obtain protein-rich biomass using starch-based raw materials, organic wastes, and one-carbon compounds as fermentation substrates. Microbial proteins have been gradually used in practical applications as foods, nutritional supplements, flavor modifiers, and animal feeds. However, further development and application of microbial proteins require more advanced biotechnological support, screening of good strains, and safety considerations. This review contributes to accelerating the practical application of microbial proteins as a promising alternative protein resource and provides a sustainable solution to the food crisis facing the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- JinTao He
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible Forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Min Tang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible Forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - FeiFei Zhong
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible Forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Changsha Institute for Food and Drug Control, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible Forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible Forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seasonings Green Manufacturing, Changsha, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible Forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - QinLu Lin
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible Forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seasonings Green Manufacturing, Changsha, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Xia
- Huaihua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huaihua, China
| | - Juan Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible Forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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16
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Park S, Lee S, Kim T, Choi A, Lee S, Kim P. Development strategy of non-GMO organism for increased hemoproteins in Corynebacterium glutamicum: a growth-acceleration-targeted evolution. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2024; 47:549-556. [PMID: 38499686 PMCID: PMC11003892 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-024-02986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Heme, found in hemoproteins, is a valuable source of iron, an essential mineral. The need for an alternative hemoprotein source has emerged due to the inherent risks of large-scale livestock farming and animal proteins. Corynebacterium glutamicum, regarded for Qualified Presumption of Safety or Generally Recognized as Safe, can biosynthesize hemoproteins. C. glutamicum single-cell protein (SCP) can be a valuable alternative hemoprotein for supplying heme iron without adversely affecting blood fat levels. We constructed the chemostat culture system to increase hemoprotein content in C. glutamicum SCP. Through adaptive evolution, hemoprotein levels could be naturally increased to address oxidative stress resulting from enhanced growth rate. In addition, we used several specific plasmids containing growth-accelerating genes and the hemA promoter to expedite the evolutionary process. Following chemostat culture for 15 days, the plasmid in selected descendants was cured. The evolved strains showed improved specific growth rates from 0.59 h-1 to 0.62 h-1, 20% enhanced resistance to oxidative stress, and increased heme concentration from 12.95 µg/g-DCW to 14.22-15.24 µg/g-DCW. Notably, the putative peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase-based evolved strain manifested the most significant increase (30%) of hemoproteins. This is the first report presenting the potential of a growth-acceleration-targeted evolution (GATE) strategy for developing non-GMO industrial strains with increased bio-product productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehyeon Park
- Research Group of Novel Food Ingredients for Alternative Proteins, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungki Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyeon Kim
- Research Group of Novel Food Ingredients for Alternative Proteins, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahyoung Choi
- Research Group of Novel Food Ingredients for Alternative Proteins, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Lee
- Research Group of Novel Food Ingredients for Alternative Proteins, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil Kim
- Research Group of Novel Food Ingredients for Alternative Proteins, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi, 14662, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi, 14662, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Rajput SD, Pandey N, Sahu K. A comprehensive report on valorization of waste to single cell protein: strategies, challenges, and future prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:26378-26414. [PMID: 38536571 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The food insecurity due to a vertical increase in the global population urgently demands substantial advancements in the agricultural sector and to identify sustainable affordable sources of nutrition, particularly proteins. Single-cell protein (SCP) has been revealed as the dried biomass of microorganisms such as algae, yeast, and bacteria cultivated in a controlled environment. Production of SCP is a promising alternative to conventional protein sources like soy and meat, due to quicker production, minimal land requirement, and flexibility to various climatic conditions. In addition to protein production, it also contributes to waste management by converting it into food and feed for both human and animal consumption. This article provides an overview of SCP production, including its benefits, safety, acceptability, and cost, as well as limitations that constrains its maximum use. Furthermore, this review criticizes the downstream processing of SCP, encompassing cell wall disruption, removal of nucleic acid, harvesting of biomass, drying, packaging, storage, and transportation. The potential applications of SCP, such as in food and feed as well as in the production of bioplastics, emulsifiers, and as flavoring agents for baked food, soup, and salad, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharda Devi Rajput
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492 010, India
| | - Neha Pandey
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492 010, India
| | - Keshavkant Sahu
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492 010, India.
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18
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Emilia N, Pia SV, Tiina HP, Antti N, Anniina V, Anneli R, Michael L, Natalia RS. In vitro protein digestion and carbohydrate colon fermentation of microbial biomass samples from bacterial, filamentous fungus and yeast sources. Food Res Int 2024; 182:114146. [PMID: 38519176 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated the nutritional quality of different microbial biomass samples by assessing their protein digestibility and carbohydrate fermentability in the colon using in vitro methods. Four microbial samples were produced: one hydrogen-oxidizing bacterial strain (Nocardioides nitrophenolicus KGS-27), two strains of filamentous fungi (Rhizopus oligosporus and Paecilomyces variotii), and one yeast strain (Rhodotorula babjevae). The microorganisms were grown in bioreactors, harvested and dried before analysis. The commercial fungal product Quorn was used as a reference. The protein digestibility of the microbial samples was analysed using the INFOGEST in vitro model, followed by quantification of N-terminal amine groups. An in vitro faecal fermentation experiment was also performed to evaluate the degradation of carbohydrates in microbial biomass samples and formation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). The fungal biomass samples had higher protein hydrolysis (60-75 %) than the bacterial sample (12 %) and Quorn (45 %), while the yeast biomass had the highest protein digestibility (85 %). Heat-treatment of the biomass significantly reduced its protein digestibility. Total dietary fibre (DF) content of fungal biomass was 31 - 43 %(DW), mostly insoluble, whereas the bacterial biomass contained mainly soluble DF (total DF: 25.7 %, of which 23.5 % were soluble and 2.2 % insoluble). After 24 h of colonic in vitro fermentation, SCFA production from the biomass of Paecilomyces, Quorn and Rhodotorula was similar to that of wheat bran, while 17 % and 32 % less SCFA were produced from the biomass of Rhizopus and the bacterial strain, respectively. Further studies are needed to clarify the reasons for the observed differences in protein digestibility and DF fermentability, especially regarding the cell wall structures and role of post-processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nordlund Emilia
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044, Finland.
| | | | | | - Nyyssölä Antti
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044, Finland
| | - Valtonen Anniina
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044, Finland; Nordic Umami Company Ltd., Karamalmintie 2, 02630 Espoo, Finland(1)
| | - Ritala Anneli
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044, Finland
| | - Lienemann Michael
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044, Finland
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19
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Williamson E, Ross IL, Wall BT, Hankamer B. Microalgae: potential novel protein for sustainable human nutrition. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:370-382. [PMID: 37690907 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
To support a global population of ~10 billion people in 2050, dietary protein demand is forecast to increase 32-78% compared to 2017, requiring significantly higher planetary resources. Microalgae are an attractive sustainable protein source compared with current plant and animal sources. Benefits include mass scalability, low CO2 emissions, and significantly reduced land and freshwater use per unit protein. Microalgae are already used as food products and numerous species exhibit high total protein contents and well-balanced essential amino acid (EAA) compositions for human dietary requirements. Microalgae proteins are also bioavailable for human digestion, and downstream processing steps are likely to further enhance protein digestibility. Species, cultivation, and process/product optimisation are actively being developed to enhance their nutritional, social, and environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Williamson
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ian L Ross
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Benjamin Hankamer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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20
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Flight MH, Tait J, Chronopoulos T, Betancor M, Wischhusen P, Burton E, O'Neill HM, van der Heul K, Hays J, Rowe P. Analysing responsible innovation along a value chain-A single-cell protein case study. ENGINEERING BIOLOGY 2024; 8:16-29. [PMID: 38525249 PMCID: PMC10959755 DOI: 10.1049/enb2.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The British Standards Institution's Publicly Available Specification 440 (PAS 440) provides a Responsible Innovation Framework (RIF) that companies can use to continuously monitor the societal, environmental and health benefits and risks of their innovations, as well as relevant changes to the supply chain and regulations. PAS 440 is intended to help companies achieve the benefits of innovation in a timely manner and avoid any potential harm or unintended misuse of a new product, process or service. Here, the authors have applied the PAS 440 RIF to a novel single-cell protein (SCP) animal feed ingredient taking into consideration the perspectives of the value chain partners (VCPs), companies and laboratories involved in an Innovate UK research project. The authors' findings show how VCPs can use PAS440 to demonstrate that they are innovating responsibly. Using this approach to responsible innovation along the value chain-from manufacturing scale-up, through regulatory approval, to incorporation in animal feed and from there to food on supermarket shelves-can support the development of innovations that contribute to the economic and environmental sustainability of the animal feed sector. The authors conclude that the PAS 440 Guide can facilitate the progress of a new product throughout a value chain and contribute to coordinating responsible behaviour among companies involved in the value chain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joyce Tait
- Innogen InstituteThe University of EdinburghHigh School YardsEdinburghUK
| | | | | | | | - Emily Burton
- Nottingham Trent University Poultry Research UnitSouthwellUK
| | | | | | - John Hays
- Deep Branch Biotechnology LtdNottinghamUK
| | - Peter Rowe
- Deep Branch Biotechnology LtdNottinghamUK
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21
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Jean AB, Brown RC. Techno-Economic Analysis of Gas Fermentation for the Production of Single Cell Protein. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:3823-3829. [PMID: 38366998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Despite the large carbon footprint of livestock production, animal protein consumption has grown over the past several decades, necessitating new approaches to sustainable animal protein production. In this techno-economic analysis, single cell protein (SCP) produced via gas fermentation of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and hydrogen is studied as an animal feed source to replace fishmeal or soybean meal. Using wind-powered water electrolysis to produce hydrogen and oxygen with carbon dioxide captured from corn ethanol, the minimum selling price (MSP) of SCP is determined to be $2070 per metric ton. An emissions comparison between SCP, fishmeal, and soybean meal shows that SCP has a carbon intensity as low as 0.73 kg CO2-equiv/kg protein, while fishmeal and soybean meal have an average carbon intensity of 2.72 kg CO2-equiv/kg protein and 0.85 kg CO2-equiv/kg protein, respectively. Moreover, SCP production would occupy 0.4% of the land per ton of protein produced compared to soybean meal and would disturb less than 0.1% of the marine ecosystem currently disturbed by fishmeal harvesting practices. These results show promise for the future economic viability of SCP as a protein source in animal feed and indicate significant environmental benefits compared to other animal feed protein sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra B Jean
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Robert C Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Bioeconomy Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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22
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Kim D, Cha J, Lee C. Enhanced methane production with co-feeding spent coffee grounds using spare capacity of existing anaerobic food waste digesters. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4472. [PMID: 38396086 PMCID: PMC10891051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54610-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
With increasing coffee consumption worldwide, the efficient and sustainable management of spent coffee grounds (SCG) has become increasingly challenging. This study investigated the anaerobic co-digestion of small amounts of SCG with food waste (FW) at increasing co-feeding ratios of 1:100-1:10 (volatile solids basis) to assess the possibility of SCG treatment using the spare capacity of existing anaerobic digesters. Co-feeding SCG increased methane production compared to FW mono-digestion in the tested range of co-feeding ratios without compromising process stability. Methane yield did not further increase when the SCG/FW ratio increased above 4%, and process failure occurred at a 1:10 co-feeding ratio without trace element supplementation. The enhanced methanogenic performance was attributed to increased protein removal efficiency, which was potentially related to the promotion of peptide hydrolysis. The overall results suggest that co-feeding appropriate small amounts of SCG to FW digesters can be a realistic sustainable option for SCG management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danbee Kim
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-Gil, Eonyang-Eup, Ulju-Gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Gwangju Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 25, Samso-Ro 270Beon-Gil, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Cha
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-Gil, Eonyang-Eup, Ulju-Gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsoo Lee
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-Gil, Eonyang-Eup, Ulju-Gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-Gil, Eonyang-Eup, Ulju-Gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Wang L, Liu H. Microbial electrosynthesis of single cell protein and methane by coupling fast-growing Methanococcus maripaludis with microbial electrolysis cells. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 393:130025. [PMID: 37972904 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Single cell protein (SCP) is a promising alternative protein source, as its production bypasses the disadvantages of animal protein production in industrial agriculture. Coupling a fast-growing hydrogen consuming organism with microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) could be a viable method for SCP production. In this study, a fast-growing and protein-rich methanogen, Methanococcus maripaludis was selected as the primary SCP source. The inoculation of M. maripaludis in MECs triggered cell synthesis with methane production. The doubling time measured was 11.2 h and the specific growth rate was 0.062 1/h. The highest SCP production rate was 13.7 mg/L/h. In the dried biomass, the weight of protein was over 60 %. Amino acid profiling of the harvested biomass demonstrated high abundance of essential amino acids. The electron flux analysis indicated that 31.3 % electrons in the electrochemical systems were directed into SCP synthesis. These results illustrated the potential for SCP production by coupling a fast-growing methanogen with MECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luguang Wang
- Department of Biological and Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States; Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, United States
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Biological and Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
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24
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Santillan E, Yasumaru F, Vethathirri RS, Thi SS, Hoon HY, Sian DCP, Wuertz S. Microbial community-based protein from soybean-processing wastewater as a sustainable alternative fish feed ingredient. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2620. [PMID: 38297061 PMCID: PMC10831065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51737-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
As the global demand for food increases, aquaculture plays a key role as the fastest growing animal protein sector. However, existing aquafeeds contain protein ingredients that are not sustainable under current production systems. We evaluated the use of microbial community-based single cell protein (SCP), produced from soybean processing wastewater, as a partial fishmeal protein substitute in juvenile Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). A 24-day feeding trial was conducted with a control fishmeal diet and a 50% fishmeal replacement with microbial community-based SCP as an experimental group, in triplicate tanks containing 20 fish each. Both diets met the protein, essential amino acids (except for lysine), and fat requirements for juvenile Asian sea bass. The microbial composition of the SCP was dominated by the genera Acidipropionibacterium and Propioniciclava, which have potential as probiotics and producers of valuable metabolites. The growth performance in terms of percent weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), and survival were not significantly different between groups after 24 days. The experimental group had less variability in terms of weight gain and FCR than the control group. Overall, microbial community-based protein produced from soybean processing wastewater has potential as a value-added feed ingredient for sustainable aquaculture feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Santillan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Fanny Yasumaru
- Aquaculture Innovation Centre, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore, 529757, Singapore
| | - Ramanujam Srinivasan Vethathirri
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sara Swa Thi
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Hui Yi Hoon
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Diana Chan Pek Sian
- Aquaculture Innovation Centre, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore, 529757, Singapore.
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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25
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Rodero MDR, Magdalena JA, Steyer JP, Escudié R, Capson-Tojo G. Potential of enriched phototrophic purple bacteria for H 2 bioconversion into single cell protein. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168471. [PMID: 37951275 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Single cell protein (SCP) has emerged as an alternative protein source, potentially based on the recovery of carbon and nutrients from waste-derived resources as part of the circular economy. From those resources, gaseous substrates have the advantage of an easy sterilization, allowing the production of pathogen-free SCP. Sterile gaseous substrates allow producing pathogen-free SCP. This study evaluated the use of an enriched phototrophic purple bacteria (PPB) consortium for SCP production using H2 and CO2 as electron and C sources. The influence of pH (6.0-8.5), temperature (15-50 °C) and light intensity (0-50 W·m-2) on the growth kinetics and biomass yields was investigated using batch tests. Optimal conditions were found at pH 7, 25 °C and light intensities over 30 W·m-2. High biomass and protein yields were achieved (~ 1 g CODbiomass·g CODH2consumed-1 and 3.9-4.4 g protein·g H2-1) regardless of the environmental conditions, being amongst the highest values reported from gaseous streams. These high yields were obtained thanks to the use of light as a sole energy source by the PPB consortium, allowing a total utilization of H2 for growth. Hydrogen uptake rates varied considerably, with values up to 61 ± 5 mg COD·d-1 for the overall H2 consumption rates and 2.00 ± 0.14 g COD·g COD-1·d-1 for the maximum specific uptake rates under optimal growth conditions. The latter value was estimated using a mechanistic model able to represent PPB growth on H2. The biomass exhibited high protein contents (>50 % w/w) and adequate amino acid profiles, showing its suitability as SCP for feed. PPB were the dominant bacteria during the experiments (relative abundance over 80 % in most tests), with a stable population dominated by Rhodobacter sp. and Rhodopseudomonas sp. This study demonstrates the potential of enriched PPB cultures for H2 bioconversion into SCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Rosario Rodero
- INRAE, Univ Montpellier, LBE, 102 Avenue des Etangs, 11100 Narbonne, France; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Jose Antonio Magdalena
- INRAE, Univ Montpellier, LBE, 102 Avenue des Etangs, 11100 Narbonne, France; Vicerrectorado de Investigación y Transferencia de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Renaud Escudié
- INRAE, Univ Montpellier, LBE, 102 Avenue des Etangs, 11100 Narbonne, France
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26
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Sekoai PT, Roets-Dlamini Y, O’Brien F, Ramchuran S, Chunilall V. Valorization of Food Waste into Single-Cell Protein: An Innovative Technological Strategy for Sustainable Protein Production. Microorganisms 2024; 12:166. [PMID: 38257991 PMCID: PMC10819637 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapidly increasing population and climate change pose a great threat to our current food systems. Moreover, the high usage of animal-based and plant-based protein has its drawbacks, as these nutritional sources require many hectares of land and water, are affected by seasonal variations, are costly, and contribute to environmental pollution. Single-cell proteins (SCPs) are gaining a lot of research interest due to their remarkable properties, such as their high protein content that is comparable with other protein sources; low requirements for land and water; low carbon footprint; and short production period. This review explores the use of food waste as a sustainable feedstock for the advancement of SCP processes. It discusses SCP studies that exploit food waste as a substrate, alongside the biocatalysts (bacteria, fungi, yeast, and microalgae) that are used. The operational setpoint conditions governing SCP yields and SCP fermentation routes are elucidated as well. This review also demonstrates how the biorefinery concept is implemented in the literature to improve the economic potential of "waste-to-protein" innovations, as this leads to the establishment of multiproduct value chains. A short section that discusses the South African SCP scenario is also included. The technical and economic hurdles facing second-generation SCP processes are also discussed, together with future perspectives. Therefore, SCP technologies could play a crucial role in the acceleration of a "sustainable protein market", and in tackling the global hunger crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T. Sekoai
- Biorefinery Industry Development Facility, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Durban 4041, South Africa;
| | - Yrielle Roets-Dlamini
- Bioprocessing Group, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (Y.R.-D.); (F.O.); (S.R.)
| | - Frances O’Brien
- Bioprocessing Group, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (Y.R.-D.); (F.O.); (S.R.)
| | - Santosh Ramchuran
- Bioprocessing Group, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (Y.R.-D.); (F.O.); (S.R.)
- School of Life Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Viren Chunilall
- Biorefinery Industry Development Facility, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Durban 4041, South Africa;
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
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27
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Tong S, Chen W, Hong R, Chai M, Sun Y, Wang Q, Li D. Efficient Mycoprotein Production with Low CO 2 Emissions through Metabolic Engineering and Fermentation Optimization of Fusarium venenatum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:604-612. [PMID: 38153978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The global protein shortage is intensifying, and promising means to ensure daily protein supply are desperately needed. The mycoprotein produced by Fusarium venenatum is a good alternative to animal/plant-derived protein. To comprehensively improve the mycoprotein synthesis, a stepwise strategy by blocking the byproduct ethanol synthesis and the gluconeogenesis pathway and by optimizing the fermentation medium was herein employed. Ultimately, compared to the wild-type strain, the synthesis rate, carbon conversion ratio, and protein content of mycoprotein produced from the engineered strain were increased by 57% (0.212 vs 0.135 g/L·h), 62% (0.351 vs 0.217 g/g), and 57% (61.9 vs 39.4%), respectively, accompanied by significant reductions in CO2 emissions. These results provide a referential strategy that could be useful for improving mycoprotein synthesis in other fungi; more importantly, the obtained high-mycoprotein-producing strain has the potential to promote the development of the edible protein industry and compensate for the gap in protein resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Tong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Wuxi Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Ruru Hong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Mengdan Chai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yuanxia Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Qinhong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Demao Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
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28
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Ma W, Li F, Li L, Li B, Niu K, Liu Q, Han L, Han L, Fang X. Production of D -tagatose, bioethanol, and microbial protein from the dairy industry by-product whey powder using an integrated bioprocess. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300415. [PMID: 38375553 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
We designed and constructed a green and sustainable bioprocess to efficiently coproduce D -tagatose, bioethanol, and microbial protein from whey powder. First, a one-pot biosynthesis process involving lactose hydrolysis and D -galactose redox reactions for D -tagatose production was established in vitro via a three-enzyme cascade. Second, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent galactitol dehydrogenase mutant, D36A/I37R, based on the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent polyol dehydrogenase from Paracoccus denitrificans was created through rational design and screening. Moreover, an NADPH recycling module was created in the oxidoreductive pathway, and the tagatose yield increased by 3.35-fold compared with that achieved through the pathway without the cofactor cycle. The reaction process was accelerated using an enzyme assembly with a glycine-serine linker, and the tagatose production rate was 9.28-fold higher than the initial yield. Finally, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was introduced into the reaction solution, and 266.5 g of D -tagatose, 162.6 g of bioethanol, and 215.4 g of dry yeast (including 38% protein) were obtained from 1 kg of whey powder (including 810 g lactose). This study provides a promising sustainable process for functional food (D -tagatose) production. Moreover, this process fully utilized whey powder, demonstrating good atom economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fengyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Longyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Li
- Shandong Henglu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Kangle Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Shandong Henglu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Laichuang Han
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Rongcheng Huihai Chuangda Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Weihai, Shandong, China
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29
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Zhang B, Cai C, Zhou Y. Iron and nitrogen regulate carbon transformation in a methanotroph-microalgae system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166287. [PMID: 37591392 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient supply is important for maintaining a methanotroph and microalgae (MOB-MG) system for biogas valorization. However, there is a lack of understanding regarding how key elements regulate the growth of a MOB-MG coculture. In this study, a MOB-MG coculture with high protein content (0.47 g/g biomass) was established from waste activated sludge using synthetic biogas. An increase in iron availability substantially stimulated the specific growth rate (from 0.18 to 0.62 day-1) and biogas conversion rate (from 26.81 to 106.57 mg-C L-1 day-1) of the coculture. Moreover, the protein content remained high (0.51 g/g biomass), and the total lipid content increased (from 0.09 to 0.14 g/g biomass). Nitrogen limitation apparently constrained the specific growth rate (from 0.64 to 0.28 day-1) and largely reduced the protein content (from 0.51 to 0.31 g/g biomass) of the coculture. Intriguingly, the lipid content remained unchanged after nitrogen was depleted. The eukaryotic community was consistently dominated by MG belonging to Chlorella, while the populations of MOB shifted from Methylococcus/Methylosinus to Methylocystis due to iron and nitrogen amendment. In addition, diverse non-methanotrophic heterotrophs were present in the community. Their presence neither compromised the performance of the coculture system nor affected the protein content of the biomass. However, these heterotrophs may contribute to high carbon conversion efficiency by utilizing the dissolved organic carbon released by MOB and MG. Overall, the findings highlight the vital roles of iron and nitrogen in achieving efficient conversion of biogas, fast growth of cells, and optimal biomass composition in a MOB-MG coculture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baorui Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Nanyang Technological University, 61 Nanyang Drive, 637335, Singapore; Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Chen Cai
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore; CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Yan Zhou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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30
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Calton A, Lille M, Sozer N. 3-D printed meat alternatives based on pea and single cell proteins and hydrocolloids: Effect of paste formulation on process-induced fibre alignment and structural and textural properties. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113633. [PMID: 37981359 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Extrusion-based 3D food printing can be used as an alternative structuring technique to traditional extrusion processing for creating meat-like structures. This study focused on 3-D food printing to generate structures analogous to meat by using various combinations of texturized pea protein fibrils, microbial Single Cell Protein (SCP) and hydrocolloids locust bean gum and/or sodium alginate. Simple moulding was utilized as benchmarking to better understand the 3D printing-induced structural effects. To gain understanding of the interactions between proteins of different origin (plant and SCP) and with hydrocolloids, structural, textural and rheological properties were analysed. Oscillatory stress sweeps of all printing pastes revealed elastic-dominant rheological behaviour (G' 4000-6000 Pa) with a defined yield stress (25-60 Pa) explaining their printability and shape stability. X-ray microtomography of ion-crosslinked analogues showed a printing-induced preferential alignment of fibrils in the direction of nozzle movement, while moulding led to a random orientation. Textural characterization via bi-directional cutting tests demonstrated higher cutting force in transversal (FT) over longitudinal (FL) direction in 3D-printed samples and equal forces in moulded samples. The anisotropy index (AI = FT/FL) of printed samples ranged between 1.4 and 2.5, indicating anisotropic texture, and 0.8-1 for moulded samples indicating isotropic texture. This study demonstrated the applicability of paste-extrusion in generating anisotropic structures analogous to meat by process-induced fibril alignment. The results support further development of 3D food printing technology in design of sustainable meat alternatives resembling whole-muscle meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Calton
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland.
| | - Martina Lille
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Nesli Sozer
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
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31
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Woern C, Grossmann L. Microbial gas fermentation technology for sustainable food protein production. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108240. [PMID: 37647973 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel, sustainable, and robust food production technologies represents one of the major pillars to address the most significant challenges humanity is going to face on earth in the upcoming decades - climate change, population growth, and resource depletion. The implementation of microfoods, i.e., foods formulated with ingredients from microbial cultivation, into the food supply chain has a huge potential to contribute towards energy-efficient and nutritious food manufacturing and represents a means to sustainably feed a growing world population. This review recapitulates and assesses the current state in the establishment and usage of gas fermenting bacteria as an innovative feedstock for protein production. In particular, we focus on the most promising representatives of this taxon: the hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria (hydrogenotrophs) and the methane-oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs). These unicellular microorganisms can aerobically metabolize gaseous hydrogen and methane, respectively, to provide the required energy for building up cell material. A protein yield over 70% in the dry matter cell mass can be reached with no need for arable land and organic substrates making it a promising alternative to plant- and animal-based protein sources. We illuminate the holistic approach to incorporate protein extracts obtained from the cultivation of gas fermenting bacteria into microfoods. Herein, the fundamental properties of the bacteria, cultivation methods, downstream processing, and potential food applications are discussed. Moreover, this review covers existing and future challenges as well as sustainability aspects associated with the production of microbial protein through gas fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Woern
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Lutz Grossmann
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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32
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Queiroz SDS, Jofre FM, Bianchini IDA, Boaes TDS, Bordini FW, Chandel AK, Felipe MDGDA. Current advances in Candida tropicalis: Yeast overview and biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:2069-2087. [PMID: 37694532 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Candida tropicalis is a nonconventional yeast with medical and industrial significance, belonging to the CTG clade. Recent advancements in whole-genome sequencing and genetic analysis revealed its close relation to other unconventional yeasts of biotechnological importance. C. tropicalis is known for its immense potential in synthesizing various valuable biomolecules such as ethanol, xylitol, biosurfactants, lipids, enzymes, α,ω-dicarboxylic acids, single-cell proteins, and more, making it an attractive target for biotechnological applications. This review provides an update on C. tropicalis biological characteristics and its efficiency in producing a diverse range of biomolecules with industrial significance from various feedstocks. The information presented in this review contributes to a better understanding of C. tropicalis and highlights its potential for biotechnological applications and market viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah de Souza Queiroz
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fanny Machado Jofre
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiane da Silva Boaes
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Weber Bordini
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anuj Kumar Chandel
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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33
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Shaikh S, Rashid N, Onwusogh U, McKay G, Mackey H. Effect of nutrients deficiency on biofilm formation and single cell protein production with a purple non-sulphur bacteria enriched culture. Biofilm 2023; 5:100098. [PMID: 36588982 PMCID: PMC9794892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2022.100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purple non-sulphur bacteria (PNSB) are of interest for biorefinery applications to create biomolecules, but their production cost is expensive due to substrate and biomass separation costs. This research has utilized fuel synthesis wastewater (FSW) as a low-cost carbon-rich substrate to produce single-cell protein (SCP) and examines PNSB biofilm formation using this substrate to achieve a more efficient biomass-liquid separation. In this study, PNSB were grown in Ca, Mg, S, P, and N-deficient media using green shade as biofilm support material. Among these nutrient conditions, only N-deficient and control (nutrient-sufficient) conditions showed biofilm formation. Although total biomass growth of the control was 1.5 times that of the N-deficient condition and highest overall, the total biofilm-biomass in the N-deficient condition was 2.5 times greater than the control, comprising 49% of total biomass produced. Total protein content was similar between these four biomass samples, ranging from 35.0 ± 0.2% to 37.2 ± 0.0%. The highest protein content of 44.7 ± 1.3% occurred in the Mg-deficient condition (suspended biomass only) but suffered from a low growth rate. Overall, nutrient sufficient conditions are optimal for overall protein productivity and dominated by suspended growth, but where fixed growth systems are desired for cost-effective harvesting, N-deficient conditions provide an effective means to maximize biofilm production without sacrificing protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Shaikh
- Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - N. Rashid
- Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - U. Onwusogh
- Qatar Shell Research and Technology Centre, Tech 1, Qatar Science and Technology Park, Doha, Qatar
| | - G. McKay
- Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - H.R. Mackey
- Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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Siddiqui SA, Erol Z, Rugji J, Taşçı F, Kahraman HA, Toppi V, Musa L, Di Giacinto G, Bahmid NA, Mehdizadeh M, Castro-Muñoz R. An overview of fermentation in the food industry - looking back from a new perspective. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:85. [PMID: 38647968 PMCID: PMC10991178 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fermentation is thought to be born in the Fertile Crescent, and since then, almost every culture has integrated fermented foods into their dietary habits. Originally used to preserve foods, fermentation is now applied to improve their physicochemical, sensory, nutritional, and safety attributes. Fermented dairy, alcoholic beverages like wine and beer, fermented vegetables, fruits, and meats are all highly valuable due to their increased storage stability, reduced risk of food poisoning, and enhanced flavor. Over the years, scientific research has associated the consumption of fermented products with improved health status. The fermentation process helps to break down compounds into more easily digestible forms. It also helps to reduce the amount of toxins and pathogens in food. Additionally, fermented foods contain probiotics, which are beneficial bacteria that help the body to digest food and absorb nutrients. In today's world, non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and allergies have increased. In this regard, scientific investigations have demonstrated that shifting to a diet that contains fermented foods can reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases. Moreover, in the last decade, there has been a growing interest in fermentation technology to valorize food waste into valuable by-products. Fermentation of various food wastes has resulted in the successful production of valuable by-products, including enzymes, pigments, and biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Technical University of Munich, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Essigberg 3, 94315, Straubing, Germany.
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL E.V.), Prof.-Von-Klitzing Str. 7, 49610, Quakenbrück, Germany.
| | - Zeki Erol
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, İstiklal Campus, 15030, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Jerina Rugji
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, İstiklal Campus, 15030, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Fulya Taşçı
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, İstiklal Campus, 15030, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Hatice Ahu Kahraman
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, İstiklal Campus, 15030, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Valeria Toppi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Musa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Giacomo Di Giacinto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Nur Alim Bahmid
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Gading, Playen, Gunungkidul, 55861, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Mehdizadeh
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
- Ilam Science and Technology Park, Ilam, Iran
| | - Roberto Castro-Muñoz
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Toluca, Av. Eduardo Monroy Cárdenas 2000, San Antonio Buenavista, 50110, Toluca de Lerdo, Mexico.
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland.
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Mylan J, Andrews J, Maye D. The big business of sustainable food production and consumption: Exploring the transition to alternative proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2207782120. [PMID: 37956280 PMCID: PMC10666110 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2207782120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A widespread sense of the unsustainability of the food system has taken hold in recent years, leading to calls for fundamental change. The role of animal agriculture is central to many of these debates, leading to interest in the possibility of a "protein transition," whereby the production and consumption of animal-derived foods is replaced with plant-based substitutes or "alternative proteins." Despite the potential sustainability implications of this transition, the developmental trajectories and transformative potential of the associated technologies remain underexplored. This article sheds light on these dynamics by addressing two questions: 1) how have alternative protein innovations developed over the past three decades, and 2) what explains their more recent acceleration? To answer these questions, the article makes an empirical analysis of four alternative protein innovations, and the partial destabilization of the animal agriculture system between 1990 and 2021, guided by the multi-level perspective. The analysis highlights an intensification in corporate engagement with alternative protein development and diffusion. This intensification is judged to be consistent with the beginnings of a wider corporate reorientation, occurring alongside a rise in pressures on the animal agriculture system, notably an increasing scientific consensus and societal awareness of the links between climate change and meat-intensive diets. The paper demonstrates how differences in technological maturity across the niche innovations have resulted in potentially transformative pressures, which are consistent with an emerging sustainability transition, manifesting differently in terms of the extent of diffusion of the alternative protein niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Mylan
- Sustainable Consumption Institute, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Institute of Innovation Research, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - John Andrews
- Sustainable Consumption Institute, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Institute of Innovation Research, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Damian Maye
- Countryside and Community Research Institute, University of Gloucestershire, CheltenhamGL50 4AZ, United Kingdom
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Gao L, Meng J, Dai W, Zhang Z, Dong H, Yuan Q, Zhang W, Liu S, Wu X. Deciphering cell wall sensors enabling the construction of robust P. pastoris for single-cell protein production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:178. [PMID: 37978550 PMCID: PMC10655344 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell protein (SCP) production in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris has the potential to achieve a sustainable protein supply. However, improving the methanol fermentation efficiency and reducing carbon loss has been a long-standing challenge with far-reaching scientific and practical implications. Here, comparative transcriptomics revealed that PAS_0305, a gene directly associated with cell wall thickness under methanol stress, can be used as a target for unlocking cell wall sensors. Intracellular trehalose accumulation confirmed that cell wall sensors were activated after knocking out PAS_0305, which resulted in increased cell wall permeability. Genome-wide signal perturbations were transduced through the HOG module and the CWI pathway, which was confirmed to connected by Pbs2-Mkk. As a consequence of CWI pathway activation, ΔPAS_0305 elicited a rescue response of cell wall remodeling by increasing the β-1,3-glucan content and decreasing the chitin/mannose content. Remarkably, perturbations in global stress signals led to a fine-tuning of the metabolic network of ΔPAS_0305, resulting in a superior phenotype with highest crude protein and methanol conversion rate of 67.21% and 0.46 gDCW/g. Further genome-scale metabolic models were constructed to validate the experimental results, confirming that unlocking cell wall sensors resulted in maximized flux from methanol towards SCP and effectively addressing the issue of carbon loss in methanol fermentation. This work sheds new light on the potential of manipulating cellular signaling pathways to optimize metabolic networks and achieve exceptional phenotypic characteristics, providing new strategies for constructing versatile cell factories in P. pastoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Gao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Jiao Meng
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Wuling Dai
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Zhaokun Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Haofan Dong
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Qianqian Yuan
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Shuguang Liu
- Beijing Chasing future Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China.
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Bachleitner S, Ata Ö, Mattanovich D. The potential of CO 2-based production cycles in biotechnology to fight the climate crisis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6978. [PMID: 37914683 PMCID: PMC10620168 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42790-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rising CO2 emissions have pushed scientists to develop new technologies for a more sustainable bio-based economy. Microbial conversion of CO2 and CO2-derived carbon substrates into valuable compounds can contribute to carbon neutrality and sustainability. Here, we discuss the potential of C1 carbon sources as raw materials to produce energy, materials, and food and feed using microbial cell factories. We provide an overview of potential microbes, natural and synthetic C1 utilization pathways, and compare their metabolic driving forces. Finally, we sketch a future in which C1 substrates replace traditional feedstocks and we evaluate the costs associated with such an endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bachleitner
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Özge Ata
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Vienna, 1190, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Vienna, 1190, Austria.
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, 1190, Austria.
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Scotto di Uccio A, Matassa S, Cesaro A, Esposito G, Papirio S. Microbial protein production from lactose-rich effluents through food-grade mixed cultures: Effect of carbon to nitrogen ratio and dilution rate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 388:129717. [PMID: 37696339 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Overabundant agro-industrial side streams such as lactose-rich effluents from dairy activities offer multiple valorisation opportunities. In the present study, a food-grade mixed culture of bacteria and yeasts was tested under different operational conditions for the treatment and the valorisation of cheese whey permeate (CWP), the residue of whey protein recovery, into microbial protein (MP). Under continuous aerobic fermentation settings, the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio showed little to no influence on the system performances and MP quality as compared to dilution rates (D), leading to a final protein content as high as 76%. Under high D values, instead, while biomass productivity increased, N-efficiency and protein content decreased. Unlike the bacterial community, the yeast one proved to be highly stable and less influenced by the increase of D. A preliminary estimate indicated that 2-11% of the future MP-based food production could be satisfied by only valorising lactose-rich dairy residues such as CWP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Scotto di Uccio
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio 21, Naples 80125, Italy.
| | - Silvio Matassa
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio 21, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cesaro
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio 21, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio 21, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Stefano Papirio
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio 21, Naples 80125, Italy
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Dai W, Dong H, Zhang Z, Wu X, Bao T, Gao L, Chen X. Enhancing the Heterologous Expression of a Thermophilic Endoglucanase and Its Cost-Effective Production in Pichia pastoris Using Multiple Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15017. [PMID: 37834464 PMCID: PMC10573353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241915017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Pichia pastoris was successfully used for heterologous gene expression for more than twenty years, many factors influencing protein expression remain unclear. Here, we optimized the expression of a thermophilic endoglucanase from Thermothielavioides terrestris (TtCel45A) for cost-effective production in Pichia pastoris. To achieve this, we established a multifactorial regulation strategy that involved selecting a genome-editing system, utilizing neutral loci, incorporating multiple copies of the heterologous expression cassette, and optimizing high-density fermentation for the co-production of single-cell protein (SCP). Notably, even though all neutral sites were used, there was still a slight difference in the enzymatic activity of heterologously expressed TtCel45A. Interestingly, the optimal gene copy number for the chromosomal expression of TtCel45A was found to be three, indicating limitations in translational capacity, post-translational processing, and secretion, ultimately impacting protein yields in P. pastoris. We suggest that multiple parameters might influence a kinetic competition between protein elongation and mRNA degradation. During high-density fermentation, the highest protein concentration and endoglucanase activity of TtCel45A with three copies reached 15.8 g/L and 9640 IU/mL, respectively. At the same time, the remaining SCP of P. pastoris exhibited a crude protein and amino acid content of up to 59.32% and 46.98%, respectively. These findings suggested that SCP from P. pastoris holds great promise as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative for meeting the global protein demand, while also enabling the production of thermophilic TtCel45A in a single industrial process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuling Dai
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China;
| | - Haofan Dong
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China; (H.D.); (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (T.B.)
| | - Zhaokun Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China; (H.D.); (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (T.B.)
| | - Xin Wu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China; (H.D.); (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (T.B.)
| | - Tongtong Bao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China; (H.D.); (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (T.B.)
| | - Le Gao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China; (H.D.); (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (T.B.)
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China;
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Xie W, Li X, Xu H, Chen F, Cheng KW, Liu H, Liu B. Optimization of Heterotrophic Culture Conditions for the Microalgae Euglena gracilis to Produce Proteins. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:519. [PMID: 37888454 PMCID: PMC10608195 DOI: 10.3390/md21100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Euglena gracilis is one of the few permitted edible microalgae. Considering consumer acceptance, E. gracilis grown heterotrophically with yellow appearances have wider food industrial applications such as producing meat analogs than green cells. However, there is much room to improve the protein content of heterotrophic culture cells. In this study, the effects of nitrogen sources, temperature, initial pH, and C/N ratios on the protein production of E. gracilis were evaluated under heterotrophic cultivation. These results indicated that ammonium sulfate was the optimal nitrogen source for protein production. The protein content of E. gracilis cultured by ammonium sulfate increased by 113% and 44.7% compared with that cultured by yeast extract and monosodium glutamate, respectively. The manipulation of the low C/N ratio further improved E. gracilis protein content to 66.10% (w/w), which was 1.6-fold of that in the C/N = 25 group. Additionally, amino acid analysis revealed that the nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor (NTP) could be affected by nitrogen sources. A superior essential amino acid index (EAAI) of 1.62 and a balanced amino acid profile further confirmed the high nutritional value of E. gracilis protein fed by ammonium sulfate. This study highlighted the vast potency of heterotrophic cultured E. gracilis as an alternative dietary protein source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiying Xie
- SZU-HKUST Joint Ph.D. Program in Marine Environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China (H.X.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Huo Xu
- SZU-HKUST Joint Ph.D. Program in Marine Environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China (H.X.)
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Ka-Wing Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science & Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
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Meng J, Liu S, Gao L, Hong K, Liu S, Wu X. Economical production of Pichia pastoris single cell protein from methanol at industrial pilot scale. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:198. [PMID: 37770920 PMCID: PMC10540378 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methanol, synthesized from CO2, is a potentially sustainable one-carbon (C1) resource for biomanufacturing. The use of methanol as a feedstock to produce single cell protein (SCP) has been investigated for decades as an alternative to alleviate the high global demand for animal-derived proteins. The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is an ideal host for methanol-based SCP synthesis due to its natural methanol assimilation ability. However, improving methanol utilization, tolerance to higher temperature, and the protein content of P. pastoris are also current challenges, which are of great significance to the economical industrial application using methanol as a feedstock for SCP production. RESULTS In the present work, adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) has been employed to overcome the low methanol utilization efficiency and intolerance to a higher temperature of 33 °C in P. pastoris, associated with reduced carbon loss due to the lessened detoxification of intracellular formaldehyde through the dissimilation pathway and cell wall rearrangement to temperature stress resistance following long-term evolution as revealed by transcriptomic and phenotypic analysis. By strengthening nitrogen metabolism and impairing cell wall synthesis, metabolic engineering further increased protein content. Finally, the engineered strain via multi-strategy produced high levels of SCP from methanol in a pilot-scale fed-batch culture at 33 °C with a biomass of 63.37 g DCW/L, methanol conversion rate of 0.43 g DCW/g, and protein content of 0.506 g/g DCW. SCP obtained from P. pastoris contains a higher percentage of protein compared to conventional foods like soy, fish, meat, whole milk, and is a source of essential amino acids, including methionine, lysine, and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: valine, isoleucine, leucine). CONCLUSIONS This study clarified the unique mechanism of P. pastoris for efficient methanol utilization, higher temperature resistance, and high protein synthesis, providing a P. pastoris cell factory for SCP production with environmental, economic, and nutritional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Meng
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, 300308, Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Shufan Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, 300308, Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Le Gao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, 300308, Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Hong
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, 300308, Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuguang Liu
- Ningxia Future Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jingsan Road, Ningdong Linhe Industrial Zone, Ningdong Town, Ningxia, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, 300308, Tianjin, Tianjin, China.
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Scollo A, Borello I, Ghilardi M, Cavagnini A. The Administration of Inactivated and Stabilized Whole-Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Gestating Sows Improves Lactation Efficiency and Post-Weaning Antimicrobial Use. Vet Sci 2023; 10:576. [PMID: 37756098 PMCID: PMC10538003 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasingly hyperprolific sows and the need to reduce antibiotics represent challenges in pig farming. The aim of this work was to determine the effects of a postbiotic obtained from inactivated and stabilized whole-cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, administered during the sow's gestation, on the performance of the mother and litter. Maternal feed intake, productive parameters, colostrum quality and post-weaning piglets' health were assessed, including antibiotic consumption. The trial involved 183 sows, divided into two groups: (1) sows fed with a daily supplementation of postbiotic during gestation (n = 90); (2) sows without any supplement (n = 93). Piglets were followed up at two different post-weaning sites. The lactation efficiency of the treated sows improved by +5.9% (41.3 ± 11.4 vs. 35.4 ± 11.6%; p = 0.011). Lactating piglets' mortality was lower in the treated group (25.1 ± 16.7 vs. 28.8 ± 14.4%; p = 0.048). The same tendency was shown in both the weaning sites, together with a reduced antibiotic consumption in weaning site 1 (0.72 ± 0.25 vs. 1.22 ± 0.30 DDDvet/PCU; p = 0.047). The results suggest the role of this postbiotic administered to the mother in improving the health status of the piglets. Furthermore, lactation efficiency is suggested as an interesting parameter for assessing the efficiency of farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Scollo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy;
| | - Irene Borello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy;
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Lee YO, Do SH, Won JY, Chin YW, Chewaka LS, Park BR, Kim SJ, Kim SK. Inverse metabolic engineering for improving protein content in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2300014. [PMID: 37272298 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based single cell protein (SCP) has recently received great attention due to the steady increase in the world's population and environmental issues. In this study, an inverse metabolic engineering approach was applied to improve the production of yeast SCP. Specifically, an S. cerevisiae mutant library, generated using UV-random mutagenesis, was screened for three rounds to isolate mutants with improved protein content and/or concentration. The #1021 mutant strain exhibited a respective 31% and 23% higher amino acid content and concentration than the parental S. cerevisiae D452-2 strain. Notably, the content, concentration, and composition of amino acids produced by the PAN2* strain, with a single nucleotide polymorphism in PAN2 coding for a catalytic subunit of the poly(A)-nuclease (PAN) deadenylation complex, were virtually identical to those produced by the #1021 mutant strain. In a glucose-limited fed-batch fermentation, the PAN2* strain produced 19.5 g L-1 amino acids in 89 h, which was 16% higher than that produced by the parental D452-2 strain. This study highlights the benefits of inverse metabolic engineering for enhancing the production titer and yield of target molecules without prior knowledge of rate-limiting steps involved in their biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Oh Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Do
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yoon Won
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Wook Chin
- Traditional Food Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Legesse S Chewaka
- Department of Agro-food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Ram Park
- Department of Agro-food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jung Kim
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ki Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
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Li R, Fan X, Jiang Y, Wang R, Guo R, Zhang Y, Fu S. From anaerobic digestion to single cell protein synthesis: A promising route beyond biogas utilization. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 243:120417. [PMID: 37517149 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of a large amount of organic solid waste and the lack of sufficient protein supply worldwide are two major challenges caused by rapid population growth. Anaerobic digestion is the main force of organic waste treatment, and the high-value utilization of its products (biogas and digestate) has been widely concerned. These products can be used as nutrients and energy sources for microorganisms such as microalgae, yeast, methane-oxidizing bacteria(MOB), and hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria(HOB) to produce single cell protein(SCP), which contributes to the achievement of sustainable development goals. This new model of energy conversion can construct a bioeconomic cycle from waste to nutritional products, which treats waste without additional carbon emissions and can harvest high-value biomass. Techno-economic analysis shows that the SCP from biogas and digestate has higher profit than biogas electricity generation, and its production cost is lower than the SCP using special raw materials as the substrate. In this review, the case of SCP-rich microorganisms using anaerobic digestion products for growth was investigated. Some of the challenges faced by the process and the latest developments were analyzed, and their potential economic and environmental value was verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Shandong Industrial Engineering Laboratory of Biogas Production and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, PR China; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - XiaoLei Fan
- Shandong Industrial Engineering Laboratory of Biogas Production and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, PR China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, PR China; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - YuFeng Jiang
- Shandong Industrial Engineering Laboratory of Biogas Production and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, PR China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, PR China; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - RuoNan Wang
- Shandong Industrial Engineering Laboratory of Biogas Production and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, PR China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, PR China; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - RongBo Guo
- Shandong Industrial Engineering Laboratory of Biogas Production and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, PR China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, PR China; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, PR China.
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - ShanFei Fu
- Shandong Industrial Engineering Laboratory of Biogas Production and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, PR China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, PR China; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, PR China.
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Lindberg JE. Review: Nutrient and energy supply in monogastric food producing animals with reduced environmental and climatic footprint and improved gut health. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 3:100832. [PMID: 37210231 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
With more efficient utilisation of dietary nutrients and energy, diversified production systems, modifications of diet composition with respect to feedstuffs included and the use of free amino acids, the negative impact of animal food production on the environment and climate can be reduced. Accurate requirements for nutrients and energy for animals with differing physiological needs, and the use of robust and accurate feed evaluation systems are key for more efficient feed utilisation. Data on CP and amino acid requirements in pigs and poultry indicate that it should be possible to implement indispensable amino acid-balanced diets with low- or reduced-protein content without any reduction in animal performance. Potential feed resources, not competing with human food security, can be derived from the traditional food- and agroindustry, such as various waste streams and co-products of different origins. In addition, novel feedstuffs emerging from aquaculture, biotechnology and innovative new technologies may have potential to provide the lack of indispensable amino acids in organic animal food production. High fibre content is a nutritional limitation of using waste streams and co-products as feed for monogastric animals as it is associated with decreased nutrient digestibility and reduced dietary energy values. However, minimum levels of dietary fibre are needed to maintain the normal physiological function of the gastro-intestinal tract. Moreover, there may be positive effects of fibre in the diet such as improved gut health, increased satiety, and an overall improvement of behaviour and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Lindberg
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7024, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Chen K, Ma C, Cheng X, Wang Y, Guo K, Wu R, Zhu Z. Construction of Cupriavidus necator displayed with superoxide dismutases for enhanced growth in bioelectrochemical systems. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:36. [PMID: 38647886 PMCID: PMC10992759 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
It is of great significance to utilize CO2 as feedstock to synthesize biobased products, particularly single cell protein (SCP) as the alternative food and feed. Bioelectrochemical system (BES) driven by clean electric energy has been regarded as a promising way for Cupriavidus necator to produce SCP from CO2 directly. At present, the key problem of culturing C. necator in BES is that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in cathode chamber are harmful to bacterial growth. Therefore, it is necessary to find a solution to mitigate the negative effect of ROS. In this study, we constructed a number of C. necator strains displayed with superoxide dismutase (SOD), which allowed the decomposition of superoxide anion radical. The effects of promoters and signal peptides on the cell surface displayed SOD were analyzed. The proteins displayed on the surface were further verified by the fluorescence experiment. Finally, the growth of C. necator CMS incorporating a pBAD-SOD-E-tag-IgAβ plasmid could achieve 4.9 ± 1.0 of OD600 by 7 days, equivalent to 1.7 ± 0.3 g/L dry cell weight (DCW), and the production rate was 0.24 ± 0.04 g/L/d DCW, around 2.7-fold increase than the original C. necator CMS (1.8 ± 0.3 of OD600). This study can provide an effective and novel strategy of cultivating strains for the production of CO2-derived SCP or other chemicals in BES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xiqidao, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Haihe Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, 21 Xishiwudao, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xiqidao, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xiaolei Cheng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xiqidao, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xiqidao, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Kun Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ranran Wu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xiqidao, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xiqidao, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China.
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Zhang B, Ren D, Liu Q, Liu X, Bao J. Coproduction of single cell protein and lipid from lignocellulose derived carbohydrates and inorganic ammonia salt with soluble ammonia recycling. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023:129345. [PMID: 37348570 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Co-production of single cell protein (SCP) and lipid from lignocellulose-derived carbohydrates and inorganic ammonia offers a promising alternative for poultry or aquaculture feeds. An engineered oleaginous yeast Trichosporon cutaneum MP11 showed great potential for producing SCP and lipid from wheat straw and ammonia sulfate with minimum nutrient input. Trichosporon cutaneum MP11 showed stronger SCP and lipid fermentability using dry acid pretreated and biodetoxified wheat straw than using pure sugars. The residual ammonium sulfate in fermentation broth was recycled up to five times, resulting in ∼70% of nitrogen fixation into SCP. The overall yield of SCP and lipid from lignocellulose-derived sugars was 0.15 g/g and 0.11 g/g, respectively. This translates to the production of one ton of SCP (0.56 ton) and lipid (0.44 ton) from 6.6 tons of wheat straw, or one ton of SCP and lipid containing yeast cells (dry) from 4.8 tons of wheat straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dayu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiucai Liu
- Cathay Biotech Inc, 1690 Cailun Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jie Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Bakratsas G, Polydera A, Nilson O, Chatzikonstantinou AV, Xiros C, Katapodis P, Stamatis H. Mycoprotein Production by Submerged Fermentation of the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus in a Batch Stirred Tank Bioreactor Using Agro-Industrial Hydrolysate. Foods 2023; 12:2295. [PMID: 37372506 PMCID: PMC10297003 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for cheap, healthy, and sustainable alternative protein sources has turned research interest into microbial proteins. Mycoproteins prevail due to their quite balanced amino acid profile, low carbon footprint and high sustainability potential. The goal of this research was to investigate the capability of Pleurotus ostreatus to metabolize the main sugars of agro-industrial side streams, such as aspen wood chips hydrolysate, to produce high-value protein with low cost. Our results indicate that P. ostreatus LGAM 1123 could be cultivated both in a C-6 (glucose)- and C-5(xylose)-sugar-containing medium for mycoprotein production. A mixture of glucose and xylose was found to be ideal for biomass production with high protein content and rich amino acid profile. P. ostreatus LGAM 1123 cultivation in a 4 L stirred-tank bioreactor using aspen hydrolysate was achieved with 25.0 ± 3.4 g L-1 biomass production, 1.8 ± 0.4 d-1 specific growth rate and a protein yield of 54.5 ± 0.5% (g/100 g sugars). PCA analysis of the amino acids revealed a strong correlation between the amino acid composition of the protein produced and the ratios of glucose and xylose in the culture medium. The production of high-nutrient mycoprotein by submerged fermentation of the edible fungus P. ostreatus using agro-industrial hydrolysates is a promising bioprocess in the food and feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Bakratsas
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (G.B.); (A.P.); (A.V.C.); (H.S.)
| | - Angeliki Polydera
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (G.B.); (A.P.); (A.V.C.); (H.S.)
| | - Oskar Nilson
- RISE Processum AB, SE-89122 Örnsköldsvik, Sweden; (O.N.); (C.X.)
| | - Alexandra V. Chatzikonstantinou
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (G.B.); (A.P.); (A.V.C.); (H.S.)
| | - Charilaos Xiros
- RISE Processum AB, SE-89122 Örnsköldsvik, Sweden; (O.N.); (C.X.)
| | - Petros Katapodis
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (G.B.); (A.P.); (A.V.C.); (H.S.)
| | - Haralambos Stamatis
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (G.B.); (A.P.); (A.V.C.); (H.S.)
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Diaz-Bustamante ML, Keppler JK, Reyes LH, Alvarez Solano OA. Trends and prospects in dairy protein replacement in yogurt and cheese. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16974. [PMID: 37346362 PMCID: PMC10279912 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing demand for nutritional, functional, and eco-friendly dairy products, which has increased the need for research regarding alternative and sustainable protein sources. Plant-based, single-cell (SCP), and recombinant proteins are being explored as alternatives to dairy proteins. Plant-Based Proteins (PBPs) are commonly used to replace total dairy protein. However, PBPs are generally mixed with dairy proteins to improve their functional properties, which makes them dependent on animal protein sources. In contrast, single-Cell Proteins (SCPs) and recombinant dairy proteins are promising alternatives for dairy protein replacement since they provide nutritional components, essential amino acids, and high protein yield and can use industrial and agricultural waste as carbon sources. Although alternative protein sources offer numerous advantages over conventional dairy proteins, several technical and sensory challenges must be addressed to fully incorporate them into cheese and yogurt products. Future research can focus on improving the functional and sensory properties of alternative protein sources and developing new processing technologies to optimize their use in dairy products. This review highlights the current status of alternative dairy proteins in cheese and yogurt, their functional properties, and the challenges of their use in these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha L. Diaz-Bustamante
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Julia K. Keppler
- AFSG: Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Luis H. Reyes
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Oscar Alberto Alvarez Solano
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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Shirvani R, Bartik A, Alves GAS, Garcia de Otazo Hernandez D, Müller S, Föttinger K, Steiger MG. Nitrogen recovery from low-value biogenic feedstocks via steam gasification to methylotrophic yeast biomass. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1179269. [PMID: 37362211 PMCID: PMC10289294 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1179269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon and nitrogen are crucial elements for life and must be efficiently regenerated in a circular economy. Biomass streams at the end of their useful life, such as sewage sludge, are difficult to recycle even though they contain organic carbon and nitrogen components. Gasification is an emerging technology to utilize such challenging waste streams and produce syngas that can be further processed into, e.g., Fischer-Tropsch fuels, methane, or methanol. Here, the objective is to investigate if nitrogen can be recovered from product gas cleaning in a dual fluidized bed (DFB) after gasification of softwood pellets to form yeast biomass. Yeast biomass is a protein-rich product, which can be used for food and feed applications. An aqueous solution containing ammonium at a concentration of 66 mM was obtained and by adding other nutrients it enables the growth of the methylotrophic yeast Komagataella phaffii to form 6.2 g.L-1 dry yeast biomass in 3 days. To further integrate the process, it is discussed how methanol can be obtained from syngas by chemical catalysis, which is used as a carbon source for the yeast culture. Furthermore, different gas compositions derived from the gasification of biogenic feedstocks including sewage sludge, bark, and chicken manure are evaluated for their ability to yield methanol and yeast biomass. The different feedstocks are compared based on their potential to yield methanol and ammonia, which are required for the generation of yeast biomass. It was found that the gasification of bark and chicken manure yields a balanced carbon and nitrogen source for the formation of yeast biomass. Overall, a novel integrated process concept based on renewable, biogenic feedstocks is proposed connecting gasification with methanol synthesis to enable the formation of protein-rich yeast biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Shirvani
- Research Group Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Doctoral College CO2Refinery, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Bartik
- Doctoral College CO2Refinery, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Research group Industrial Plant Engineering and Application of Digital Methods, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gustavo A. S. Alves
- Doctoral College CO2Refinery, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Research Group Technical Catalysis, Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Stefan Müller
- Doctoral College CO2Refinery, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Research group Industrial Plant Engineering and Application of Digital Methods, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Föttinger
- Doctoral College CO2Refinery, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Research Group Technical Catalysis, Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias G. Steiger
- Research Group Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Doctoral College CO2Refinery, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
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