Implication of Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Gut Dysbiosis and Diseases

Beneficial effects of Akkermansia muciniphila on benign prostatic hyperplasia and metabolic syndrome

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent condition associated with male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and is influenced by metabolic syndrome (MetS) and gut microbiota. Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) is a gut commensal that has emerged as a potential modulator of metabolic health and inflammatory conditions. This study investigated the correlation between Akkermansia abundance and BPH severity and metabolic indices in fecal and serum samples from BPH patients and healthy donors using 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolic profiling. A testosterone-induced BPH mouse model was used to evaluate the effects of AKK administration on BPH severity and metabolic indices. Altered gut microbiota diversity was observed in BPH patients, with a significant reduction in Akkermansia abundance. Akkermansia abundance was negatively correlated with BPH symptom score, serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS), body mass index (BMI), blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). AKK administration in BPH mice resulted in histopathological improvements, reduced prostate index, and amelioration of glandular hyperplasia. Although changes in blood glucose, TC, and LDL-C levels post-AKK supplementation were not statistically significant, a trend toward improvement was noted. Additionally, AKK administration led to a reduction in systemic inflammation markers and restoration of intestinal barrier integrity. In conclusion, AKK might modulate the gut microbiota-prostate axis and MetS. AKK's influence on systemic inflammation and gut barrier function suggests its therapeutic promise in managing BPH and associated metabolic disorders. These findings pave the way for novel microbiota-targeted therapies in the treatment of BPH and MetS.

Neonatal exposure to morphine results in prolonged pain hypersensitivity during adolescence, driven by gut microbial dysbiosis and gut-brain axis-mediated inflammation

Opioids, such as morphine, are used in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) for pain relief in neonates. However, the available evidence concerning the benefits and harms of opioid therapy in neonates remains limited. While previous studies have reported that neonatal morphine exposure (NME) results in long-term heightened pain sensitivity, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. This study proposes that dysbiosis of the gut microbiome contributes to pain hypersensitivity following NME. Using an adolescent female murine model, pain sensitivity was evaluated using the tail flick and hot plate assays for thermal pain and the Von Frey assay for mechanical pain. Gut microbiome composition was assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing, while transcriptomic changes in midbrain samples were investigated using bulk RNA sequencing. NME induced prolonged hypersensitivity to thermal and mechanical pain in adolescence, accompanied by persistent gut microbial dysbiosis and sustained systemic inflammation, characterized by elevated circulating cytokine levels (e.g., IL-1α, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, IL-10). Transplantation of the microbiome from NME adolescents recapitulated pain hypersensitivity in naïve adolescent mice, while neonatal probiotic intervention with Bifidobacterium infantis (B. infantis) reversed the pain hypersensitivity by preventing gut dysbiosis and associated systemic inflammation. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis of midbrain tissues revealed that NME upregulated several genes and key signaling pathways, including those related to immune activation and excitatory signaling, which were notably mitigated with neonatal B. infantis administration. Together, these findings highlight the critical role of the gut-brain axis in modulating pain sensitivity and suggest that targeting the gut microbiome offers a promising therapeutic strategy for managing neurobiological disorders following early opioid exposure.

Unlocking the therapeutic potential of gut microbiota for preventing and treating aging-related neurological disorders

Billions of microorganisms inhabit the human gut and maintain overall health. Recent research has revealed the intricate interaction between the brain and gut microbiota through the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) and its effect on neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Alterations in the gut microbiota, known as gut dysbiosis, are linked to the development and progression of several NDDs. Studies suggest that the gut microbiota may be a viable target for improving cognitive health and reducing hallmarks of brain aging. Numerous pathways including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stimulation, neurotransmitter release disruption, system-wide inflammation, and increased intestinal and blood-brain barrier permeability connect gut dysbiosis to neurological conditions. Metabolites produced by the gut microbiota influence neural processes that affect brain function. Clinical interventions depend on the capacity to understand the equilibrium between beneficial and detrimental gut microbiota, as it affects both neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. The importance of the gut microbiota and its metabolites during brain aging and the development of neurological disorders is summarized in this review. Moreover, we explored the possible therapeutic effects of the gut microbiota on age-related NDDs. Highlighting various pathways that connect the gut and the brain, this review identifies several important domains where gut microbiota-based interventions could offer possible solutions for age-related NDDs. Furthermore, prebiotics and probiotics are discussed as effective alternatives for mitigating indirect causes of gut dysbiosis. These therapeutic interventions are poised to play a significant role in improving dysbiosis and NDDs, paving the way for further research.

β-Glucan Extracted from Pichia kudriavzevii DPUL-51-6Y, Kluyveromyces marxianus DPUL-F15, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae DPUL-C6 Shows Ameliorating Effects on DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis on BALB/c Mice

β-Glucans derived from yeast are recognized as beneficial food additives. This study evaluated crude β-glucan extracts from Pichia kudriavzevii DPUL-51-6Y, Kluyveromyces marxianus DPUL-F15, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae DPUL-C6 strains for their anticolitis potential. Chemical analysis revealed that β-glucan was the primary component (71.88-78.47% purity). Notably, the S. cerevisiae extract displayed superior thermal stability and hydration capacity. In RAW264.7 macrophages, β-glucan pretreatment at 100 μg/mL significantly reduced LPS-induced nitric oxide production and pro-inflammatory cytokines by suppressing NF-κB signaling through the reduction of p65 and IκB-α while simultaneously activating the Nrf2 and AHR pathways. In DSS-induced colitis BALB/c mice, oral administration of crude β-glucans alleviated intestinal damage by enhancing tight junction protein expression and restoring gut microbiota composition, characterized by an increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Prevotella. These effects were correlated with the increased production of microbial metabolites, including indole-3-lactic acid, indole-3-β-acrylic acid, tryptophol, and short-chain fatty acids (acetic, propionic, and butyric acids). Mechanistically, β-glucan mitigated colitis through the dual activation of Nrf2/AHR pathways and the inhibition of NF-κB. This study suggests that yeast-derived β-glucan plays a significant role in mitigating the inflammatory response and may alleviate ulcerative colitis by reshaping the microbial community and metabolite profiles in the host intestinal tract.

Bone Broth Benefits: How Its Nutrients Fortify Gut Barrier in Health and Disease

Bone broth is a traditional nutrient revered by different people from ancient times to the modern era as a remedy for various illnesses. This review investigates the nutritional components of bone broth, focusing primarily on the most abundant amino acids and minerals saturated in bone broth and their impact on health, particularly in the context of intestinal barrier integrity, intestinal permeability, inflammation, and their application in inflammatory bowel disease. Through comprehensive reviews of animal and human studies, this research highlights that bone broth includes amino acids (glutamine, glycine, proline, histidine, arginine), minerals (Ca, P, K, Mg, Zn) that are beneficial and not just a traditional remedy, resolving questions that have been posed for generations. The benefits documented for components in bone broth support the enhancement of gut health, alleviate inflammation in the intestinal barrier, improve intestinal barrier function in health and disease states, particularly in inflammatory bowel disease, as well as enhancing nutrient absorption. Bone broth offers a nutrient-dense option for enhancing overall health and may offer an alternative to dietary supplements with claims for enhanced gut health. We aim to foster interest in and provide evidence to substantiate claims for bone broth as a potential remedy, particularly for maintaining remission in conditions like IBD and possibly functional diarrhea and to encourage further research.

Prehabilitation Strategies: Enhancing Surgical Resilience with a Focus on Nutritional Optimization and Multimodal Interventions

Surgery imposes significant physiological and psychological stress, often leading to complications, delayed recovery, and prolonged hospital stays. Prehabilitation, a proactive strategy to optimize patients' resilience before surgery, has emerged as a transformative approach in perioperative care. Nutritional prehabilitation specifically addresses metabolic dysregulation, muscle loss, and immune suppression caused by surgical stress. This review highlights the critical role of nutritional prehabilitation within a multimodal framework, integrating exercise, psychological support, and emerging technologies. Although some evidence supports the effectiveness of prehabilitation in enhancing functional outcomes and improvements in rates of complications and mortality, its implementation faces challenges such as resources, lack of standardized protocols, and variability across healthcare settings, highlighting the need for greater standardization. Physical training as part of prehabilitation also improves mood, fosters patient engagement, and instills a sense of control over the disease process. These psychosocial benefits, alongside enhanced patient-reported outcomes and qualitative measures, reflect the holistic value of prehabilitation. Emerging technologies, such as wearable devices and telemedicine, offer scalable and personalized solutions for delivering prehabilitation, particularly in resource-limited settings. Future research should prioritize refining protocols, exploring long-term outcomes, and addressing the unique needs of high-risk populations. By emphasizing a proactive approach to perioperative care, this review aims to highlight the potential of nutritional prehabilitation as a foundational component of multimodal strategies designed to optimize surgical resilience, empower patients, and transform surgical recovery into a proactive and patient-centered journey.

The relationship of the microbiome, associated metabolites and the gut barrier with pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancers have high mortality and rising incidence rates which may be related to unhealthy western-type dietary and lifestyle patterns as well as increasing body weights and obesity rates. Recent data also suggest a role for the gut microbiome in the development of pancreatic cancer. Here, we review the experimental and observational evidence for the roles of the oral, gut and intratumoural microbiomes, impaired gut barrier function and exposure to inflammatory compounds as well as metabolic dysfunction as contributors to pancreatic disease with a focus on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) initiation and progression. We also highlight some emerging gut microbiome editing techniques currently being investigated in the context of pancreatic disease. Notably, while the gut microbiome is significantly altered in PDAC and its precursor diseases, its utility as a diagnostic and prognostic tool is hindered by a lack of reproducibility and the potential for reverse causality in case-control cohorts. Future research should emphasise longitudinal and mechanistic studies as well as integrating lifestyle exposure and multi-omics data to unravel complex host-microbiome interactions. This will allow for deeper aetiologic and mechanistic insights that can inform treatments and guide public health recommendations.

Shared Genetics in Celiac Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Specify a Greater Role for Intestinal Epithelial Cells

The contribution of genetics to the development of gut-related autoimmune diseases such as celiac disease (CeD) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) is well-established, especially in immune cells, but pinpointing the significance of genetic variants to other cell types is more elusive. Increasing evidence indicates that intestinal epithelial cells are active players in modulating the immune response, suggesting that genetic variants affecting these cells could change cell behavior during disease. Moreover, fine-mapping genetic variants and causal genes to relevant cell types can help to identify drug targets and develop personalized targeted therapies. In this context, we reviewed the functions of genes in disease-associated loci shared by CeD and IBD that are expressed in epithelial cells and explored their potential impacts.

Betaine regulates the gut-liver axis: a therapeutic approach for chronic liver diseases

Chronic liver disease is defined by persistent harm to the liver that might result in decreased liver function. The two prevalent chronic liver diseases are alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). There is ample evidence that the pathogenesis of these two chronic liver diseases is closely linked to gastrointestinal dysfunctions that alters the gut-liver crosstalk. These alterations are mediated through the imbalances in the gut microbiota composition/function that combined with disruption in the gut barrier integrity allows for harmful gut microbes and their toxins to enter the portal circulation and reach the liver to elicit an inflammatory response. This leads to further recruitment of systemic inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, T-cells, and monocytes into the liver, which perpetuate additional inflammation and the development of progressive liver damage. Many therapeutic modalities, currently used to prevent, attenuate, or treat chronic liver diseases are aimed at modulating gut dysbiosis and improving intestinal barrier function. Betaine is a choline-derived metabolite and a methyl group donor with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and osmoprotectant properties. Studies have shown that low betaine levels are associated with higher levels of organ damage. There have been several publications demonstrating the role of betaine supplementation in preventing the development of ALD and MASLD. This review explores the protective effects of betaine through its role as a methyl donor and its capacity to regulate the protective gut microbiota and maintain intestinal barrier integrity to prevent the development of these chronic liver diseases. Further studies are needed to enhance our understanding of its therapeutic potential that could pave the way for targeted interventions in the management of not only chronic liver diseases, but other inflammatory bowel diseases or systemic inflammatory conditions.

Operationalizing Team Science at the Academic Cancer Center Network to Unveil the Structure and Function of the Gut Microbiome

Oncologists increasingly recognize the microbiome as an important facilitator of health as well as a contributor to disease, including, specifically, cancer. Our knowledge of the etiologies, mechanisms, and modulation of microbiome states that ameliorate or promote cancer continues to evolve. The progressive refinement and adoption of "omic" technologies (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) and utilization of advanced computational methods accelerate this evolution. The academic cancer center network, with its immediate access to extensive, multidisciplinary expertise and scientific resources, has the potential to catalyze microbiome research. Here, we review our current understanding of the role of the gut microbiome in cancer prevention, predisposition, and response to therapy. We underscore the promise of operationalizing the academic cancer center network to uncover the structure and function of the gut microbiome; we highlight the unique microbiome-related expert resources available at the City of Hope of Comprehensive Cancer Center as an example of the potential of team science to achieve novel scientific and clinical discovery.

The gut microbiota-inflammation-HFpEF axis: deciphering the role of gut microbiota dysregulation in the pathogenesis and management of HFpEF

Heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a disease that affects multiple organs throughout the body, accounting for over 50% of heart failure cases. HFpEF has a significant impact on individuals' life expectancy and quality of life, but the exact pathogenesis remains unclear. Emerging evidence implicates low-grade systemic inflammation as a crucial role in the onset and progression of HFpEF. Gut microbiota dysregulation and associated metabolites alteration, including short-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine N-oxides, amino acids, and bile acids can exacerbate chronic systemic inflammatory responses and potentially contribute to HFpEF. In light of these findings, we propose the hypothesis of a "gut microbiota-inflammation-HFpEF axis", positing that the interplay within this axis could be a crucial factor in the development and progression of HFpEF. This review focuses on the role of gut microbiota dysregulation-induced inflammation in HFpEF's etiology. It explores the potential mechanisms linking dysregulation of the gut microbiota to cardiac dysfunction and evaluates the therapeutic potential of restoring gut microbiota balance in mitigating HFpEF severity. The objective is to offer novel insights and strategies for the management of HFpEF.

Role of Intestinal Barrier Disruption to Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a severe condition in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis, marked by high short-term mortality. Recent experimental and clinical evidence has linked intestinal dysfunction to both the initiation of ACLF as well as disease outcome. This review discusses the significant role of the gut-liver axis in ACLF pathogenesis, highlighting recent advances. Gut mucosal barrier disruption, gut dysbiosis, and bacterial translocation emerge as key factors contributing to systemic inflammation in ACLF. Different approaches of therapeutically targeting the gut-liver axis via farnesoid X receptor agonists, nonselective beta receptor blockers, antibiotics, and probiotics are discussed as potential strategies mitigating ACLF progression. The importance of understanding the distinct pathophysiology of ACLF compared with other stages of liver cirrhosis is highlighted. In conclusion, research findings suggest that disruption of intestinal integrity may be an integral component of ACLF pathogenesis, paving the way for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to manage this syndrome more effectively.

Protective effects of quercetin on intestinal barrier and cellular viability against silver nanoparticle exposure: insights from an intestinal co-culture model

The intestinal epithelium plays a pivotal role as a vital barrier between the external environment and the human body, regulating nutrient absorption and preventing the entry of harmful substances. The human oral exposure to silver nanoparticles (AgNP) raises concerns about their potential toxicity, especially at the intestinal level. The objective of this work was to investigate the potential pro-inflammatory effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-AgNP of two different sizes, 5 and 50 nm, at the intestinal level, while also assessing the protective ability of quercetin against these effects. To address this, an intestinal co-culture model comprising C2BBe1 cells and THP-1 derived macrophages was established, and the effects of 5 or 50 nm PVP-AgNP were studied, alone or in combination with quercetin, over two-time points, 4 and 24 hours. PVP-AgNP, of both sizes, disrupted the barrier integrity within 4 hours of exposure. However, a notable intensification in pro-inflammatory effects was evident only after 24 hours of exposure, especially with smaller PVP-AgNP (5 nm). This resulted in heightened cellular death, increased levels of reactive species, activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-кB), and production of interleukin (IL)-8. Quercetin demonstrates the ability to maintain barrier integrity and mitigate oxidative stress, thereby offering protection against the detrimental effects induced by AgNP at the intestinal level.

Type 2 immunity in allergic diseases

Significant advancements have been made in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of type 2 immunity in allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), food and drug allergies, and atopic dermatitis (AD). Type 2 immunity has evolved to protect against parasitic diseases and toxins, plays a role in the expulsion of parasites and larvae from inner tissues to the lumen and outside the body, maintains microbe-rich skin and mucosal epithelial barriers and counterbalances the type 1 immune response and its destructive effects. During the development of a type 2 immune response, an innate immune response initiates starting from epithelial cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), including dendritic cells and macrophages, and translates to adaptive T and B-cell immunity, particularly IgE antibody production. Eosinophils, mast cells and basophils have effects on effector functions. Cytokines from ILC2s and CD4+ helper type 2 (Th2) cells, CD8 + T cells, and NK-T cells, along with myeloid cells, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13, initiate and sustain allergic inflammation via T cell cells, eosinophils, and ILC2s; promote IgE class switching; and open the epithelial barrier. Epithelial cell activation, alarmin release and barrier dysfunction are key in the development of not only allergic diseases but also many other systemic diseases. Recent biologics targeting the pathways and effector functions of IL4/IL13, IL-5, and IgE have shown promising results for almost all ages, although some patients with severe allergic diseases do not respond to these therapies, highlighting the unmet need for a more detailed and personalized approach.

Intestinal Microbiota Dysbiosis Role and Bacterial Translocation as a Factor for Septic Risk

The human immune system is closely linked to microbiota such as a complex symbiotic relationship during the coevolution of vertebrates and microorganisms. The transfer of microorganisms from the mother's microbiota to the newborn begins before birth during gestation and is considered the initial phase of the intestinal microbiota (IM). The gut is an important site where microorganisms can establish colonies. The IM contains polymicrobial communities, which show complex interactions with diet and host immunity. The tendency towards dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota is influenced by local but also extra-intestinal factors such as inflammatory processes, infections, or a septic state that can aggravate it. Pathogens could trigger an immune response, such as proinflammatory responses. In addition, changes in the host immune system also influence the intestinal community and structure with additional translocation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. Finally, local intestinal inflammation has been found to be an important factor in the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, particularly in its role in sepsis. The aim of this article is to be able to detect the current knowledge of the mechanisms that can lead to dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota and that can cause bacterial translocation with a risk of infection or septic state and vice versa.

Gut Microbiota Profile and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Infants: A Longitudinal Study

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The gut microbiota is involved in modulating gastrointestinal function and consequently contributes to the manifestation of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). The aim of the study was to analyze the composition of the gut microbiota in infants with functional gastrointestinal disorders (infantile colic, functional constipation, gastroesophageal reflux, functional diarrhea) according to age, environmental factors, and clinical manifestations.

METHODS

The study involved the clinical and laboratory examination of 134 infants divided into two groups: group I (n = 82) with FGIDs according to Rome IV criteria, divided into four subgroups (infantile colic, functional constipation, gastroesophageal reflux, and functional diarrhea), and group II (n = 52) without FGIDs. To assess the composition of intestinal microbiota, a bacteriological analysis of fecal samples was performed.

RESULTS

Infants with functional gastrointestinal disorders presented an imbalance of intestinal microflora, which was characterized by a significant decrease in the main representatives of acidifying flora represented by Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Enterococcus and high abundance of proteolytic microorganisms from the Enterobacteriaceae family such as Klebsiella species and Escherichia coli. In infants born by cesarean section or artificially fed, the incidence of functional gastrointestinal disorders and intestinal dysbiosis was significantly higher.

CONCLUSIONS

The imbalance of acidifying and proteolytic microbial composition in the gut could be the key to the occurrence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in the first year of life.

Pleurotus eryngii Mushrooms Fermented with Human Fecal Microbiota Protect Intestinal Barrier Integrity: Immune Modulation and Signalling Pathways Counter Deoxycholic Acid-Induced Disruption in Healthy Colonic Tissue

Background: This study explores the potential of the Pleurotus eryngii mushroom fermentation supernatant (FS-PEWS) as an intervention for mitigating sodium deoxycholate (SDC)-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammation. Methods: FS-PEWS was assessed for its protective effects against SDC-induced barrier dysfunction and inflammation using an in vitro Caco-2 cell model and ex vivo colonic biopsies from healthy adult donors, where barrier integrity, permeability, immunomodulation and receptor-mediated pathways were evaluated. Results: In Caco-2 cells, SDC exposure downregulated ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 expression, with FS-PEWS restoring ZO-1 and claudin-1 levels while maintaining cell viability. In colonic biopsies from healthy adults, FS-PEWS maintained tissue integrity and selectively mitigated transcellular permeability without affecting paracellular permeability when combined with the stressor. Additionally, FS-PEWS exhibited potent anti-inflammatory effects, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β and modulating receptor-mediated pathways, i.e., TLR-4, dectin-1. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the potential of FS-PEWS to sustain intestinal barrier function and modulate immune responses under stress, highlighting its therapeutic potential for managing gut barrier dysfunction and inflammation associated with microbial metabolite-induced disruptions.

Pathogenesis and treatment of colitis-associated colorectal cancer: Insights from Traditional Chinese Medicine

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is an inflammatory intestinal disease, and with prolonged illness duration, the annual risk of IBD progressing to colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) gradually increases. In recent years, there has been a noticeable trend towards the application of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of CAC.

AIM OF THIS REVIEW

This comprehensive review summarizes the pathogenesis of CAC and details the therapeutic benefits of TCM in treating CAC, including various TCM prescriptions and ingredients, establishing the theoretical foundation for the application of TCM in CAC treatment.

METHODS

We assessed literature published before March 24, 2024, from several databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. The keywords used include "traditional Chinese medicine", "traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions", "traditional Chinese medicine ingredients", "herbal medicine", "colitis-associated colorectal cancer", "inflammatory bowel disease", "colorectal cancer" and "colitis-cancer transformation". We conducted a comprehensive collection and collation of pertinent scientific articles from various databases, focusing on the efficacy of TCM in the prevention and treatment of "colitis-cancer transformation".

RESULTS

This paper provides a concise summary and thorough analysis of twenty-eight prescriptions and ingredients of TCM for the prevention and treatment of CAC, based on existing experimental and clinical research. There are positive signs that TCM can effectively prevent and treat the "colitis-cancer transformation" through repairing the intestinal mucosal barrier, correcting intestinal flora imbalance, and regulating intestinal immune responses.

CONCLUSION

TCM possesses comprehensive regulatory advantages that are multifaceted, multilevel, and multitarget. It has a definite curative effect in the prevention and treatment of CAC. It is essential to enhance the clinical efficacy of TCM in the prevention and treatment of CAC based on syndrome differentiation and treatment, with the assistance of modern medicine.

Antibiotics/coccidiostat exposure induces gut-brain axis remodeling for Akt/mTOR activation and BDNF-mediated neuroprotection in APEC-infected turkeys

The poultry industry relies extensively on antibiotics and coccidiostats as essential tools for disease management and productivity enhancement. However, increasing concerns about antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the toxicological safety of these substances have prompted a deeper examination of their broader impacts on animal and human health. This study investigates the toxicological effects of antibiotics and coccidiostats on the gut-brain axis and microbiota in turkeys, with a particular focus on molecular mechanisms that may influence neurochemical and inflammatory responses. Our findings reveal that enrofloxacin exposure leads to the upregulation of BDNF, suggesting a neuroprotective effect, while monensin treatment significantly increased eEF2 kinase expression, indicative enhanced neuronal activity. In turkeys infected with Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), early administration of doxycycline and monensin significantly upregulated the mTOR/BDNF and Akt/mTOR pathways, along with elevated histamine levels, underscoring their role in inflammatory responses modulation. However, treatments administered at 50 days post-hatch did not significantly alter protein levels, though both enrofloxacin and monensin increased serotonin and dopamine levels, suggesting potential neurotoxicological impacts on mood and cognitive functions. These results highlight the complex interactions between antibiotic use, gut microbiota alterations, and neurochemical pathways, with toxicological implications for environmental pollution and public health. This research provides critical insights into the potential toxic effects of prolonged antibiotic and coccidiostat exposure in poultry production, emphasizing the need for responsible use to mitigate risks to ecosystems and human health.

Cadmium-induced augmentation of fungal translocation promotes systemic infection in mice via gut barrier disruption and immune dysfunction

Cadmium (Cd) disrupts the immune system and intestinal barrier, increasing infection risk and gut dysbiosis. Its impact on intestinal fungi, particularly the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans, which can cause systemic infections in immunocompromised patients, is not well understood. Our study revealed that C. albicans exhibited high tolerance and maintained its morphogenetic switching in response to Cd. As C. albicans is not naturally found in the mouse gut, we attempted intestinal colonization of C. albicans-SC5314 strain using standard procedures. However, the intestinal fungal load decreased and was undetectable by 15th day. To assess the effects of sub-chronic Cd exposure, both oral and intravenous methods were used. Oral exposure to C. albicans (105 CFU/ml) resulted in a 10-fold increase in intestinal translocation in Cd-exposed mice (0.98 mg/kg) compared to controls. Cd exposure also downregulated intestinal tight junction proteins and increased FITC-dextran permeability, indicating that Cd disrupts the intestinal barrier and facilitates C. albicans translocation. Moreover, Cd-exposed mice showed significant morbidity and higher fungal loads in organs after intravenous non-lethal dose of C. albicans, along with a subdued cytokine response. These findings highlight the significant impact of Cd on fungal pathogenicity and immune response, pointing to the broader health risks of Cd exposure.

Protective effects of carnosic acid on growth performance, intestinal barrier, and cecal microbiota in yellow-feathered broilers under lipopolysaccharide challenge

This research was performed to investigate protective effects of carnosic acid on growth performance, intestinal barrier, and cecal microbiota of lipopolysaccharide-challenged broilers. Three hundred 1-day-old yellow-feathered broilers (male) were allocated randomly into 5 treatments, with 6 replicates per treatment, and 10 birds per replicate cage. Birds in both the control group (CON) and the lipopolysaccharide-challenged group were provided with a basal diet, while others were fed a basal diet supplemented with 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg carnosic acid (CA20, CA40, CA60), respectively. At 17, 19, and 21 days of age, birds were injected intraperitoneally with lipopolysaccharide (500 μg/kg body weight), except those in CON, which were injected with saline. Compared with challenged birds, the CA20, CA40, and CA60 increased (P < 0.05) the final body weight, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake, and the CA40 and CA60 also decreased diarrhea rate. Compared with challenged birds, carnosic acid reduced (P < 0.05) plasmal levels of D-lactic acid and endotoxin, increased (P < 0.05) the villus height to crypt depth ratio, and the number of goblet cells in duodenum. The CA40 and CA60 elevated (P < 0.05) relative expression of cell junction proteins (Claudin-1/-2 and ZO-1/-2/-3) and MUC-2 in duodenum, while decreased (P < 0.05) relative expression of TLR2, TLR4, and the concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β1 in duodenum. CA40 also increased (P < 0.05) the α-diversity of the cecal microbiota and boosted (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of beneficial phyla and genera, particularly Firmicutes, Anaerofilum, and Papilibacter. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with carnosic acid showed protective effects on the growth performance and intestinal health in challenged broilers by down-regulating the expression of TLRs (TLR2/4) and inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines, strengthening the tight junction in intestinal epithelial cells, and enhancing the diversity of microbiota and the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria. When supplemented to diet of broilers, 40 mg/kg carnosic acid was recommended.

Zearalenone enhances TSST-1 production by intestinal Staphylococcus and increases uterine immune stress in rats

Zearalenone (ZEA), a mycotoxin prevalent in food crops, poses significant health risks, particularly through its impact on the gut-uterus axis. This study assessed the effects of a 5 mg/kg body weight ZEA dosage in female SD rats, focusing on gut microbiota alterations, inflammatory responses, and uterine changes. Our findings revealed substantial shifts in microbial composition, including significant reductions in beneficial genera such as Akkermansia and Ruminococcaceae and marked increases in pathogenic staphylococci, which correlated with elevated levels of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) in serum and uterine tissue. RNA sequencing of uterine samples indicated activation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) pathway, along with significant upregulation of MMP-2 and TIMP-2, enzymes associated with ECM remodelling. Correlation analysis showed a strong link between staphylococcal proliferation and ECM pathway activation, suggesting that ZEA-induced gut dysbiosis contributes to uterine inflammation and structural alterations. These results reveal how ZEA disrupts gut and uterine health, highlighting critical pathways that could serve as targets for future preventive and therapeutic strategies against mycotoxin exposure.

The urinary microbiome in association with diabetes and diabetic kidney disease: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

The urinary microbiome, or urobiome, is a novel area of research that has been gaining attention recently, as urine was thought to be sterile for years. There is limited information about the composition of the urobiome in health and disease. The urobiome may be affected by several factors and diseases such as diabetes, a disease that often leads to kidney damage. Thus, we need to understand the role of the urobiome to assess and monitor kidney disease related to diabetes over time.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review to summarize knowledge about the urobiome in association with diabetes mellitus and diabetic kidney disease. The search was conducted in several electronic databases until November 2024.

RESULTS

Eighteen studies were selected including cross-sectional case-control studies, cross-sectional surveys and one prospective longitudinal study. In total, the urobiome of 1,571 people was sequenced, of which 662 people had diabetes, and of these 36 had confirmed diabetic kidney disease; 609 were healthy individuals, 179 had prediabetes or were at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and 121 did not have diabetes but had other comorbidities. Eight studies analysed data from females, one was focused on male data, and the other nine had mixed female-male data. Most of the studies had a small sample size, used voided midstream urine, and used 16S rRNA sequencing.

CONCLUSION

This systematic review summarizes trends seen throughout published data available to have a first baseline knowledge of the urinary microbiome, and its microbiota, in association with diabetes including the decreased richness and α-diversity in urinary microbiota in individuals with diabetes compared to healthy controls and the decreased α-diversity with the evolution of kidney disease independently of the cause.

Sleep deprivation-induced shifts in gut microbiota: Implications for neurological disorders

Sleep deprivation is a prevalent issue in contemporary society, with significant ramifications for both physical and mental well-being. Emerging scientific evidence illuminates its intricate interplay with the gut-brain axis, a vital determinant of neurological function. Disruptions in sleep patterns disturb the delicate equilibrium of the gut microbiota, resulting in dysbiosis characterized by alterations in microbial composition and function. This dysbiosis contributes to the exacerbation of neurological disorders such as depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline through multifaceted mechanisms, including heightened neuroinflammation, disturbances in neurotransmitter signalling, and compromised integrity of the gut barrier. In response to these challenges, there is a burgeoning interest in therapeutic interventions aimed at restoring gut microbial balance and alleviating neurological symptoms precipitated by sleep deprivation. Probiotics, dietary modifications, and behavioural strategies represent promising avenues for modulating the gut microbiota and mitigating the adverse effects of sleep disturbances on neurological health. Moreover, the advent of personalized interventions guided by advanced omics technologies holds considerable potential for tailoring treatments to individualized needs and optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Interdisciplinary collaboration and concerted research efforts are imperative for elucidating the underlying mechanisms linking sleep, gut microbiota, and neurological function. Longitudinal studies, translational research endeavours, and advancements in technology are pivotal for unravelling the complex interplay between these intricate systems.

Unraveling the Role of Fusobacterium nucleatum in Colorectal Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Pathogenic Insights

Fusobacterium nucleatum, a gram-negative anaerobic bacterium, has emerged as a significant player in colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis. The bacterium causes a persistent inflammatory reaction in the colorectal mucosa by stimulating the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, creating an environment conducive to cancer progression. F. nucleatum binds to and penetrates epithelial cells through adhesins such as FadA, impairing cell junctions and encouraging epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is associated with cancer advancement. Additionally, the bacterium modulates the host immune system, suppressing immune cell activity and creating conditions favorable for tumor growth. Its interactions with the gut microbiome contribute to dysbiosis, further influencing carcinogenic pathways. Evidence indicates that F. nucleatum can inflict DNA damage either directly via reactive oxygen species or indirectly by creating a pro-inflammatory environment. Additionally, it triggers oncogenic pathways, especially the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which promotes tumor cell growth and longevity. Moreover, F. nucleatum alters the tumor microenvironment, impacting cancer cell behavior, metastasis, and therapeutic responses. The purpose of this review is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which F. nucleatum contributes to CRC. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for the development of targeted therapies and diagnostic strategies for CRC associated with F. nucleatum.

From gut to liver: Exploring the crosstalk between gut-liver axis and oxidative stress in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), now recognized as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), represents a significant and escalating global health challenge. Its prevalence is intricately linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and other components of the metabolic syndrome. As our comprehension of MASLD deepens, it has become evident that this condition extends beyond the liver, embodying a complex, multi-systemic disease with hepatic manifestations that mirror the broader metabolic landscape. This comprehensive review delves into the critical interplay between the gut-liver axis and oxidative stress, elucidating their pivotal roles in the etiology and progression of MASLD. Our analysis reveals several key findings: (1) Bile acid dysregulation can trigger oxidative stress through enhanced ROS production in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and lipid peroxidation; (2) Gut microbiota dysbiosis disrupts intestinal barrier function, allowing increased translocation of endotoxins like LPS, which activate inflammatory pathways through TLR4 signaling and promote oxidative stress via NADPH oxidase activation; (3) The redox-sensitive transcription factors NF-κB and Nrf2 serve as crucial mediators in the gut-liver axis, with NF-κB regulating inflammatory responses and Nrf2 orchestrating antioxidant defenses; (4) Oxidative stress-induced damage to intestinal barrier function creates a destructive feedback loop, further exacerbating liver inflammation and disease progression. These findings highlight the complex interrelationship between gut-liver axis dysfunction and oxidative stress in MASLD pathogenesis, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for disease management.

Protection of Alzheimer's disease progression by a human-origin probiotics cocktail

Microbiome abnormalities (dysbiosis) significantly contribute to the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the therapeutic efficacy of microbiome modulators in protecting against these ailments remains poorly studied. Herein, we tested a cocktail of unique probiotics, including 5 Lactobacillus and 5 Enterococcus strains isolated from infant gut with proven microbiome modulating capabilities. We aimed to determine the probiotics cocktail's efficacy in ameliorating AD pathology in a humanized AD mouse model of APP/PS1 strains. Remarkably, feeding mice with 1 × 1011 CFU per day in drinking water for 16 weeks significantly reduced cognitive decline (measured by the Morris Water Maze test) and AD pathology markers, such as Aβ aggregation, microglia activation, neuroinflammation, and preserved blood-brain barrier (BBB) tight junctions. The beneficial effects were linked to a reduced inflammatory microbiome, leading to decreased gut permeability and inflammation in both systemic circulation and the brain. Although both male and female mice showed overall improvements in cognition and biological markers, females did not exhibit improvements in specific markers related to inflammation and barrier permeability, suggesting that the underlying mechanisms may differ depending on sex. In conclusion, our results suggest that this unique probiotics cocktail could serve as a prophylactic agent to reduce the progression of cognitive decline and AD pathology. This is achieved by beneficially modulating the microbiome, improving intestinal tight junction proteins, reducing permeability in both gut and BBB, and decreasing inflammation in the gut, blood circulation, and brain, ultimately mitigating AD pathology and cognitive decline.

Microbial Dynamics in COVID-19: Unraveling the Impact of Human Microbiome on Disease Susceptibility and Therapeutic Strategies

This review explores the bidirectional relationship between the human microbiome and SARS-CoV-2 infection, elucidating its implications for COVID-19 susceptibility, severity, and therapeutic strategies. Metagenomic analyses reveal notable alterations in microbiome composition associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, impacting disease severity and clinical outcomes. Dysbiosis within the respiratory, gastrointestinal, oral, and skin microbiomes exacerbates COVID-19 pathology through immune dysregulation and inflammatory pathways. Understanding these microbial shifts is pivotal for devising targeted therapeutic interventions. Notably, co-infection of oral pathogens with SARS-CoV-2 worsens lung pathology, while gut microbiome dysbiosis influences viral susceptibility and severity. Potential therapeutic approaches targeting the microbiome include probiotics, antimicrobial agents, and immunomodulatory strategies. This review underscores the importance of elucidating host-microbiota interactions to advance precision medicine and public health initiatives in combating COVID-19 and other infectious diseases.

Metabolomics for enhanced clinical understanding of inflammatory bowel disease

Metabolomics is an emerging field involving the systematic identification and quantification of numerous metabolites in biological samples. Precision medicine applies multiomics systems biology to individual patients for reliable diagnostic classification, disease monitoring, and treatment. Multiomics systems biology encompasses genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenomics, and metabolomics. Therefore, metabolomic techniques could be highly valuable for future clinical decision-making. This review provides a technical overview of two commonly used techniques for metabolomics measurements: mass spectrometry (MS) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. We also discuss recent clinical advances in these techniques. Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) exhibit significant variability in prognosis and response to treatment. Since both genetic predisposition and environmental factors contribute to this condition, targeting the metabolome may provide key insights for distinguishing and profiling patients with different clinical needs. Additionally, the considerable overlap in the clinical presentation of various disease subtypes emphasizes the need for enhanced diagnostic methods to improve patient care.

Unveiling the complex interplay between gut microbiota and polycystic ovary syndrome: A narrative review

BACKGROUND & AIM

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder that affects women throughout their reproductive age and characterised via polycystic ovaries, hyperandrogenism, and irregular menstruation. There is rising evidence that the pathophysiology of PCOS is significantly affected via the gut microbiota and its metabolic products.

METHODS

This narrative review synthesizes current literature exploring the relationship between gut microbiota and PCOS. A comprehensive search of electronic databases was conducted to identify relevant studies. Further this review also analysed therapeutic options of probiotics, prebiotics, Fecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT), high fiber and poly phenol rich diet and novel therapeutic agents in treatment of PCOS.

RESULTS

Emerging evidence suggests alterations in the composition and diversity of gut microbiota in women with PCOS. The current literature showed a complex relationship of gut microbiota, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolism, intestinal permeability and LPS (Lipid Polysaccharide) metabolism, gut-brain axis and bile acid (BA) pathway within etiology and pathophysiology of PCOS. Additionally, the factors such as diet, lifestyle, genetics, and environmental influences may all contribute to alterations in gut microbiota that could potentially exacerbate or mitigate PCOS symptoms.

CONCLUSION

The review provides valuable insights into the intricate interplay between the gut and female reproductive health. The present evidence suggested that alterations in diversity and function of the gut microbiota may lead to specific pathogenic changes that lead to development of PCOS. A comprehensive understanding of these microbial dynamics may lead to new therapeutic approaches that target the gut micro biome.

A data mining approach to identify key radioresponsive genes in mouse model of radiation-induced intestinal injury

BACKGROUND

Radiation-mediated GI injury (RIGI) is observed in humans either due to accidental or intentional exposures. This can only be managed with supporting care and no approved countermeasures are available till now. Early detection and monitoring of RIGI is important for effective medical management and improve survival chances of exposed individuals.

OBJECTIVE

The present study aims to identify new signatures of RIGI using data mining approach followed by validation of selected hub genes in mice.

METHODS

Data mining study was performed using microarray datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus database. The differentially expressed genes were identified and further validated in total-body irradiated mice.

RESULTS

Based on KEGG pathway analysis, lipid metabolism was found as one of the predominant pathways altered in irradiated intestine. Extensive alteration in lipid profile and lipid modification was observed in this tissue. A protein-protein interaction network revealed top 08 hub genes related to lipid metabolism, namely Fabp1, Fabp2, Fabp6, Npc1l1, Ppar-α, Abcg8, Hnf-4α, and Insig1. qRT-PCR analysis revealed significant up-regulation of Fabp6 and Hnf-4α and down-regulation of Fabp1, Fabp2 and Insig1 transcripts in irradiated intestine. Radiation dose and time kinetics study revealed that the selected 05 genes were altered differentially in response to radiation in intestine.

CONCLUSION

Finding suggests that lipid metabolism is one of the key targets of radiation and its mediators may act as biomarkers in detection and progression of RIGI.

Impact of Metabolites from Foodborne Pathogens on Cancer

Foodborne pathogens are microorganisms that cause illness through contamination, presenting significant risks to public health and food safety. This review explores the metabolites produced by these pathogens, including toxins and secondary metabolites, and their implications for human health, particularly concerning cancer risk. We examine various pathogens such as Salmonella sp., Campylobacter sp., Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes, detailing the specific metabolites of concern and their carcinogenic mechanisms. This study discusses analytical techniques for detecting these metabolites, such as chromatography, spectrometry, and immunoassays, along with the challenges associated with their detection. This study covers effective control strategies, including food processing techniques, sanitation practices, regulatory measures, and emerging technologies in pathogen control. This manuscript considers the broader public health implications of pathogen metabolites, highlighting the importance of robust health policies, public awareness, and education. This review identifies research gaps and innovative approaches, recommending advancements in detection methods, preventive strategies, and policy improvements to better manage the risks associated with foodborne pathogens and their metabolites.

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Activity of Floccularia luteovirens Polysaccharides and Their Protective Effect on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression and Intestinal Injury in Mice

Floccularia luteovirens polysaccharides (FLP1s) have potential biological activities. Our previous study showed that FLP1s positively regulated gut immunity and microbiota. However, it is still unclear whether FLP1s mediate gut microbiota in immunosuppressed mice. This research aims to explore the relationship between FLP1-mediated gut microbes and intestinal immunity in immunosuppressed mice through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). The results demonstrated that FLP1s exhibited prebiotic and anti-immunosuppressive effects on CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice. FFLP1 treatment (microbiota transplantation from the fecal sample) remarkably elevated the production of sIgA and secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in the intestine of CTX-treated mice, inducing activation of the MAPK pathway. Moreover, FFLP1s mitigated oxidative stress by activating the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway and strengthened the intestinal barrier function by upregulating the expression level of tight junction proteins (occludin, claudin-1, MUC-2, and ZO-1). Furthermore, FFPL1s restored gut dysbiosis in CTX-treated immunosuppressed mice by increasing the abundance of Alloprevotella, Lachnospiraceae, and Bacteroides. They also modified the composition of fecal metabolites, leading to enhanced regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, the cGMP-PKG pathway, the Rap1 signaling pathway, and ovarian steroidogenesis, as indicated by KEGG pathway analysis. These findings indicate that FLP1s could modulate the response of the intestinal immune system through regulation of the gut microbiota, thus promoting immune activation in CTX-treated immunosuppressed mice. FLP1s can serve as a natural protective agent against CTX-induced immune injury.

Role of Microbiota-Derived Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) in Modulating the Gut-Brain Axis: Implications for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis

Microbiota-derived hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays a crucial role in modulating the gut-brain axis, with significant implications for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. H2S is produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria in the gut and acts as a critical signaling molecule influencing brain health via various pathways, including regulating inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune responses. H2S maintains gut barrier integrity at physiological levels and prevents systemic inflammation, which could impact neuroinflammation. However, as H2S has a dual role or a Janus face, excessive H2S production, often resulting from gut dysbiosis, can compromise the intestinal barrier and exacerbate neurodegenerative processes by promoting neuroinflammation and glial cell dysfunction. This imbalance is linked to the early pathogenesis of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, where the overproduction of H2S exacerbates beta-amyloid deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation, and alpha-synuclein aggregation, driving neuroinflammatory responses and neuronal damage. Targeting gut microbiota to restore H2S homeostasis through dietary interventions, probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation presents a promising therapeutic approach. By rebalancing the microbiota-derived H2S, these strategies may mitigate neurodegeneration and offer novel treatments for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, underscoring the critical role of the gut-brain axis in maintaining central nervous system health.

Microbiome Shifts and Their Impact on Gut Physiology in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorders characterized by recurrent abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. The exact pathophysiological mechanisms for IBS development are not completely understood. Several factors, including genetic predisposition, environmental and psychological influences, low-grade inflammation, alterations in gastrointestinal motility, and dietary habits, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of the disorder. Additionally, emerging evidence highlights the role of gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of IBS. This review aims to thoroughly investigate how alterations in the gut microbiota impact physiological functions such as the brain-gut axis, immune system activation, mucosal inflammation, gut permeability, and intestinal motility. Our research focuses on the dynamic "microbiome shifts", emphasizing the enrichment or depletion of specific bacterial taxa in IBS and their profound impact on disease progression and pathology. The data indicated that specific bacterial populations are implicated in IBS, including reductions in beneficial species such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, along with increases in potentially harmful bacteria like Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Emphasis is placed on the imperative need for further research to delineate the role of specific microbiome alterations and their potential as therapeutic targets, providing new insights into personalized treatments for IBS.

Intestinal Insights: The Gut Microbiome's Role in Atherosclerotic Disease: A Narrative Review

Recent advances have highlighted the gut microbiota as a significant contributor to the development and progression of atherosclerosis, which is an inflammatory cardiovascular disease (CVD) characterized by plaque buildup within arterial walls. The gut microbiota, consisting of a diverse collection of microorganisms, impacts the host's metabolism, immune responses, and lipid processing, all of which contribute to atherosclerosis. This review explores the complex mechanisms through which gut dysbiosis promotes atherogenesis. We emphasize the potential of integrating microbiota modulation with traditional cardiovascular care, offering a holistic approach to managing atherosclerosis. Important pathways involve the translocation of inflammatory microbial components, modulation of lipid metabolism through metabolites such as trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that influence vascular health. Studies reveal distinct microbial profiles in atherosclerosis patients, with increased pathogenic bacteria (Megamonas, Veillonella, Streptococcus) and reduced anti-inflammatory genera (Bifidobacterium, Roseburia), highlighting the potential of these profiles as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Probiotics are live microorganisms that have health benefits on the host. Prebiotics are non-digestible dietary fibers that stimulate the growth and activity of beneficial gut bacteria. Interventions targeting microbiota, such as probiotics, prebiotics, dietary modifications, and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), present effective approaches for restoring microbial equilibrium and justifying cardiovascular risk. Future research should focus on longitudinal, multi-omics studies to clarify causal links and refine therapeutic applications.

Maternal diesel particle exposure alters gut microbiota and induces lung injury in rat offspring

Maternal air pollutant exposure inhibits fetal lung development. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are one of the most substantial contributors to particulate matter pollution. The effects of maternal DEP exposure on gut microbiota in mothers and offspring and fetal lung development remain unclear. In this study, time-dated pregnant Sprague Dawley rats received intranasal administration of 100 μL phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or DEP (250 μg) in 100 μL PBS from gestational days 16-21. The dams were permitted to deliver vaginally at term. On postnatal days 0 and 7, gut microbiota was sampled from the lower gastrointestinal tract. The right lung and terminal ileum were harvested for histological, cytokine, and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) analyses. On postnatal day 0, the dams exposed to DEP and rat offspring with maternal DEP exposure exhibited macrophages that phagocytized diesel particles and increased numbers of macrophages in the alveolar parenchyma. On postnatal days 0 and 7, the offspring of DEP-exposed dams exhibited significantly lower intestinal tight junction protein expression, higher lung 8-OHdG and cytokine levels, and substantial lung injury compared with the offspring of the control dams. No significant differences were observed in the microbiota composition and diversity between the control and DEP-exposed dams. Maternal DEP exposure altered the gut microbiota composition and diversity on postnatal days 0 and 7, with more significant effects observed in the offspring on postnatal day 7. Regarding the mechanism, lung injury in offspring may have been linked to altered gut microbiota communities and dysregulated metabolic pathways caused by maternal DEP exposure.

The role of intestinal microbiota and metabolites in intestinal inflammation

With the imbalance of intestinal microbiota, the body will then face an inflammatory response, which has serious implications for human health. Bodily allergies, injury or pathogens infections can trigger or promote inflammation and alter the intestinal environment. Meanwhile, excessive changes in the intestinal environment cause the imbalance of microbial homeostasis, which leads to the proliferation and colonization of opportunistic pathogens, invasion of the body's immune system, and the intensification of inflammation. Some natural compounds and gut microbiota and metabolites can reduce inflammation; however, the details of how they interact with the gut immune system and reduce the gut inflammatory response still need to be fully understood. The review focuses on inflammation and intestinal microbiota imbalance caused by pathogens. The body reacts differently to different types of pathogenic bacteria, and the ingestion of pathogens leads to inflamed gastrointestinal tract disorders or intestinal inflammation. In this paper, unraveling the interactions between the inflammation, pathogenic bacteria, and intestinal microbiota based on inflammation caused by several common pathogens. Finally, we summarize the effects of intestinal metabolites and natural anti-inflammatory substances on inflammation to provide help for related research of intestinal inflammation caused by pathogenic bacteria.

Role of tight junction proteins in shaping the immune milieu of malignancies

INTRODUCTION

Tight junctions (TJs) and their constituent proteins play pivotal roles in cellular physiology and anatomy by establishing functional boundaries within and between neighboring cells. While the involvement of TJ proteins, such as claudins, in cancer is extensively studied, studies highlighting their interaction with immune system are still meager. Studies indicate that alterations in cytokines and immune cell populations can affect TJ proteins, compromising TJ barrier function and exacerbating pro-inflammatory conditions, potentially leading to epithelial cell malignancy. Disrupted TJs in established tumors may foster a pro-tumor immune microenvironment, facilitating tumor progression, invasion, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. Although previous literature contains many studies describing the involvement of TJs in pathogenesis of malignancies their role in modulating the immune microenvironment of tumors is just beginning to be unleashed.

AREAS COVERED

This article for the first time attempts to discern the importance of interaction between TJs and immune microenvironment in malignancies. To achieve the above aim a thorough search of databases like PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted to identify the recent and relevant articles on the topic.

EXPERT OPINION

Breaking the vicious cycle of dysbiosis/infections/chemical/carcinogen-induced inflammation-TJ remodeling-malignancy-TJ dysregulation-more inflammation can be used as a strategy to complement the effect of immunotherapies in various malignancies.

Epithelial Piezo1 deletion ameliorates intestinal barrier damage by regulating ferroptosis in ulcerative colitis

Ferroptosis, a recently discovered form of regulated cell death, has been implicated in the development of ulcerative colitis (UC). While Piezo1's role in inducing ferroptosis in chondrocytes and pulmonary endothelial cells is documented, its regulatory function in ferroptosis and intestinal epithelial cells in UC remains unclear. To address this, colonic tissue samples from patients with UC were examined, and specific intestinal epithelial Piezo1-deficient (Piezo1ΔIEC) mice were created to investigate Piezo1's role in UC pathogenesis. Elevated epithelial Piezo1 levels were observed in patients with UC, correlating with increased ferroptosis and tight junction (TJ) disruption. In dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, Piezo1ΔIEC mice exhibited significantly reduced intestinal inflammation and improved gut barrier function compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Moreover, Piezo1 deficiency in colitis mice and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Caco-2 cells led to higher TJ protein levels, reduced lipid peroxidation, enhanced mitochondrial function, and altered expression of ferroptosis-associated proteins. Additionally, erastin, a ferroptosis activator, reversed the protective effect of Piezo1 silencing against LPS-induced ferroptosis in Caco-2 cells. Mechanistically, Piezo1 was found to regulate ferroptosis via the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. These findings highlight a novel role for Piezo1 deletion in mitigating ferroptosis in intestinal epithelial cells, suggesting Piezo1 as a potential therapeutic target for UC treatment.

Advances in carbohydrate-based nanoparticles for targeted therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases: A review

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic gastrointestinal disorder, is rapidly increasing worldwide. Unfortunately, the current therapies for IBD are often hindered by premature drug release and undesirable side effects. With the advancement of nanotechnology, the innovative targeted nanotherapeutics are explored to ensure the accurate delivery of drugs to specific sites in the colon, thereby reducing side effects and improving the efficacy of oral administration. The emphasis of this review is to summarize the potential pathogenesis of IBD and highlight recent breakthroughs in carbohydrate-based nanoparticles for IBD treatment, including their construction, release mechanism, potential targeting ability, and their therapeutic efficacy. Specifically, we summarize the latest knowledge regarding environmental-responsive nano-systems and active targeted nanoparticles. The environmental-responsive drug delivery systems crafted with carbohydrates or other biological macromolecules like chitosan and sodium alginate, exhibit a remarkable capacity to enhance the accumulation of therapeutic drugs in the inflamed regions of the digestive tract. Active targeting strategies improve the specificity and accuracy of oral drug delivery to the colon by modifying carbohydrates such as hyaluronic acid and mannose onto nanocarriers. Finally, we discuss the challenges and provide insight into the future perspectives of colon-targeted delivery systems for IBD treatment.

Potential of plant-based polysaccharides as therapeutic agents in ulcerogenic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract: A review

In recent years, natural polysaccharides (PSs) have attracted increasing interest because of their remarkable biological properties and potential in various areas, such as medicine, and food. This study aimed to present a detailed review of the evidence on the therapeutic potential of PSs for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. The main evidence was correlated with their chemical composition, mechanism of action and therapeutic effect. The main results showed that the action can be attributed to their ability to suppress excessive inflammatory responses, regulating the expression of cytokines and interleukins, reducing intestinal inflammation and promoting wound healing. Furthermore, we discussed how PSs help in the repair of the intestinal mucosa and related these effects with the composition of monosaccharides. A detailed analysis was performed on the ability of PSs to modulate the intestinal microbiota, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and suppressing inflammatory bacteria, in addition to its probiotic action with production of short-chain fatty acids. All this evidence was also taken into a broader context, in which the main challenges in processing PSs were considered and strategies to circumvent them were pointed out. Therefore, this review sought to demonstrate the great potential and viability of PSs as innovative and effective therapeutic agents.

The dynamic crosslinking between gut microbiota and inflammation during aging: reviewing the nutritional and hormetic approaches against dysbiosis and inflammaging

The early-life gut microbiota (GM) is increasingly recognized for its contributions to human health and disease over time. Microbiota composition, influenced by factors like race, geography, lifestyle, and individual differences, is subject to change. The GM serves dual roles, defending against pathogens and shaping the host immune system. Disruptions in microbial composition can lead to immune dysregulation, impacting defense mechanisms. Additionally, GM aids digestion, releasing nutrients and influencing physiological systems like the liver, brain, and endocrine system through microbial metabolites. Dysbiosis disrupts intestinal homeostasis, contributing to age-related diseases. Recent studies are elucidating the bacterial species that characterize a healthy microbiota, defining what constitutes a 'healthy' colonic microbiota. The present review article focuses on the importance of microbiome composition for the development of homeostasis and the roles of GM during aging and the age-related diseases caused by the alteration in gut microbial communities. This article might also help the readers to find treatments targeting GM for the prevention of various diseases linked to it effectively.

Investigating the effects of combined treatment of mesalazine with Lactobacillus casei in the experimental model of ulcerative colitis

Introduction

Ulcerative colitis (UC), a common gastrointestinal disorder in affluent nations, involves chronic intestinal mucosal inflammation. This research investigated the effects of combined probiotic treatment of Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) and mesalazine on disease activity index and inflammatory factors in the UC model.

Methods

20 male BALB/c mice were utilized and divided into four groups. To induce UC, all groups received 100 μL of 4% acetic acid (AA) intra-rectally. The first group received phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (as a control group), the second group was treated with L. casei, the third group was treated with mesalazine and, the fourth group was treated with L. casei and mesalazine. Treatment with L. Casei and mesalazine commenced after the manifestation of symptoms resulting from UC induction. Finally, the mice were euthanized and the disease activity index, myeloperoxidase activity, nitric oxide rate, cytokines level (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and, gene expression (iNOS, COX-2, and cytokines) were evaluated.

Results

The combined treatment of L. casei and mesalazine led to a significant decrease in the levels of NO, MPO and inflammatory cytokines. In addition, the expression of cytokines, iNOS and COX-2 genes decreased in mice treated with the combination.

Discussion

This study shows that combined treatment of L. casei and mesalazine improves of experimental UC, which can be attributed to the anti-inflammatory properties of L. casei and mesalazine. In conclusion, this combination therapy can be considered a suitable option for the management of UC.

Microbiome-derived metabolite effects on intestinal barrier integrity and immune cell response to infection

The gut microbiota exerts a significant influence on human health and disease. While compositional changes in the gut microbiota in specific diseases can easily be determined, we lack a detailed mechanistic understanding of how these changes exert effects at the cellular level. However, the putative local and systemic effects on human physiology that are attributed to the gut microbiota are clearly being mediated through molecular communication. Here, we determined the effects of gut microbiome-derived metabolites l-tryptophan, butyrate, trimethylamine (TMA), 3-methyl-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate (3,4-TMAB), 4-(trimethylammonio)pentanoate (4-TMAP), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), glycocholic acid (GCA) and benzoate on the first line of defence in the gut. Using in vitro models of intestinal barrier integrity and studying the interaction of macrophages with pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria, we could ascertain the influence of these metabolites at the cellular level at physiologically relevant concentrations. Nearly all metabolites exerted positive effects on barrier function, but butyrate prevented a reduction in transepithelial resistance in the presence of the pathogen Escherichia coli, despite inducing increased apoptosis and exerting increased cytotoxicity. Induction of IL-8 was unaffected by all metabolites, but GCA stimulated increased intra-macrophage growth of E. coli and tumour necrosis-alpha (TNF-α) release. Butyrate, 3,4-TMAB and benzoate all increased TNF-α release independent of bacterial replication. These findings reiterate the complexity of understanding microbiome effects on host physiology and underline that microbiome metabolites are crucial mediators of barrier function and the innate response to infection. Understanding these metabolites at the cellular level will allow us to move towards a better mechanistic understanding of microbiome influence over host physiology, a crucial step in advancing microbiome research.

Inhibition of intestinal inflammation and fibrosis by Scutellaria Baicalensis georgi and Boswellia serrata in human epithelial cells and fibroblasts

OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE

Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, manifests with chronic intestinal inflammation and frequent sequential fibrosis. Current pharmacological therapies may show harmful side effects and are not useful for prevention or resolution of fibrosis. Thus, the use of alternative therapies is emerging as a novel useful approach. Previous results suggest that Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG) and Boswellia serrata (BS) display anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to investigate in intestinal epithelial cells and fibroblasts the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic potential of SBG and BS, alone or in combination.

METHODS

Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HT29), human intestinal epithelial cells (HIEC6) and human colon fibroblasts (CCD-18Co) were used. Cells were pretreated with SBG and BS and then exposed to pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines.

RESULTS

SBG and BS extracts significantly decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and improved epithelial restitution in HT29 and HIEC6 cells. Besides, fibrotic marker expression, including SNAIL, ACTA2, ZNF281, was strongly reduced. Colon myofibroblasts treated with SBG and BS showed a significant decrease of fibrotic markers as well.

CONCLUSIONS

SBG and BS extracts significantly reduce inflammation and impair fibrosis in intestinal epithelial cells and colon myofibroblasts. No cooperative effect is observed.

Neohesperidin Attenuates DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis by Inhibiting Inflammation, Reducing Intestinal Barrier Damage, and Modulating Intestinal Flora Composition

Flavonoid natural products are emerging as a promising approach for treating Ulcerative Colitis (UC) due to their natural origin and minimal toxicity. This study investigates the effects of Neohesperidin (NEO), a natural flavonoid, on Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS)-induced UC in mice, focusing on the underlying molecular mechanisms. Early intervention with NEO (25 and 50 mg/kg) mitigated colon shortening, restored damaged barrier proteins, and significantly reduced the inflammatory cytokine levels. Moreover, NEO inhibited the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway and enhanced the levels of intestinal barrier proteins (Claudin-3 and ZO-1). Additionally, NEO increased beneficial intestinal probiotics (S24-7 and Lactobacillaceae) while reducing harmful bacteria (Erysipelotrichi, Enterobacteriaceae). Fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) results demonstrated that NEO (50 mg/kg) markedly improved UC symptoms. In conclusion, early NEO intervention may alleviate DSS-induced UC by inhibiting inflammatory responses, preserving intestinal barrier integrity and modulating gut microbiota.

Multiple indicators of gut dysbiosis predict all-cause and cause-specific mortality in solid organ transplant recipients

OBJECTIVE

Gut microbiome composition is associated with multiple diseases, but relatively little is known about its relationship with long-term outcome measures. While gut dysbiosis has been linked to mortality risk in the general population, the relationship with overall survival in specific diseases has not been extensively studied. In the current study, we present results from an in-depth analysis of the relationship between gut dysbiosis and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the setting of solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR).

DESIGN

We analysed 1337 metagenomes derived from faecal samples of 766 kidney, 334 liver, 170 lung and 67 heart transplant recipients part of the TransplantLines Biobank and Cohort-a prospective cohort study including extensive phenotype data with 6.5 years of follow-up. To analyze gut dysbiosis, we included an additional 8208 metagenomes from the general population of the same geographical area (northern Netherlands). Multivariable Cox regression and a machine learning algorithm were used to analyse the association between multiple indicators of gut dysbiosis, including individual species abundances, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality.

RESULTS

We identified two patterns representing overall microbiome community variation that were associated with both all-cause and cause-specific mortality. The gut microbiome distance between each transplantation recipient to the average of the general population was associated with all-cause mortality and death from infection, malignancy and cardiovascular disease. A multivariable Cox regression on individual species abundances identified 23 bacterial species that were associated with all-cause mortality, and by applying a machine learning algorithm, we identified a balance (a type of log-ratio) consisting of 19 out of the 23 species that were associated with all-cause mortality.

CONCLUSION

Gut dysbiosis is consistently associated with mortality in SOTR. Our results support the observations that gut dysbiosis is associated with long-term survival. Since our data do not allow us to infer causality, more preclinical research is needed to understand mechanisms before we can determine whether gut microbiome-directed therapies may be designed to improve long-term outcomes.

Paneth-like cells disruption and intestinal dysbiosis in the development of enterocolitis in an iatrogenic rectosigmoid hypoganglionosis rat model

Background

Hypoganglionosis resembles Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) which is characterized by severe constipation. Enterocolitis due to hypoganglionosis or Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC) is a life-threatening complication of both diseases. This study investigated the role of Paneth-like cells (PLCs) and gut microbiota in the development of enterocolitis in an iatrogenic rectosigmoid hypoganglionosis rat model.

Methods

The rectosigmoid serosa of male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 0.1% benzalkonium chloride (BAC). The rats were then sacrificed after 1, 3, 5, 8, and 12 weeks. A sham group was sacrificed on Week 12. With hematoxylin-eosin staining, the ganglionic cells were quantified, the degree of enterocolitis was analyzed, and the PLCs was identified. Intestinal barrier function was assessed for the anti-peripherin, occludin, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)/butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) ratio. qRT-PCR was used as reference for the evaluation of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) of PLCs using cryptdins, secretory Phospholipase A2, and lysozyme levels. 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing on fecal samples was performed to analyze the changes in the intestinal microbiota diversity in each group.

Results

After 1 week of intervention, the ganglion cells were fewer in all sacrificial 0.1% BAC groups at varying times than those in the sham group. Occludin and peripherin were decreased, while the AChE/BChE ratio was increased. At Week 5 postintervention, the number of α-defensins-positive PLCs increased in the sigmoid colon tissues from BAC-treated rats. Conversely, PLCs-produced AMP decreased from Week 5 to Week 12. The sham group demonstrated increased Lactobacillus and decreased Bacteroides, while the 0.1% BAC group exhibited reciprocal changes, indicating dysbiosis. Enterocolitis occurred from Week 1 postintervention.

Conclusion

Application with BAC influences the disruption of PLCs in Week 5 postintervention, and dysbiosis exacerbate the occurrence of enterocolitis. Further research on Paneth cells involvement in HAEC development is warranted.