The Effects of Soluble Dietary Fibers on Glycemic Response: An Overview and Futures Perspectives

The role of the Helianthus genus in Hyperglycemia: A systematic review with meta-analysis

Hyperglycemia is characterized by high and uncompensated glucose levels, leading to diabetes mellitus (DM). Helianthus species extracts may have hypoglycemic properties and can be used as a complementary therapy for diabetes and its complications. This review evaluates the effects of extracts from Helianthus species on glycemia reduction in preclinical and clinical studies. Studies that isolated compounds or other associated compounds with the extract did not measure the glycemic profile; review articles and in vitro and ex vivo articles were excluded. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) protocols, and the systematic review center for laboratory animal experimentation (SYRCLE) tool was used for preclinical studies risk-of-bias (RoB) assessment. 14 studies, including 12 preclinical and 1 clinical study, were included. A meta-analysis was applied to preclinical studies and showed a significant effect in reducing glycemia and HbA1c levels. Qualitative analysis of the clinical study has also shown a reduction in glycemia. Inulin and chlorogenic acid (CGA) were identified in HelianthustuberosusL. and HelianthusannuusL., respectively, as compounds possibly responsible for these pharmacological effects. Extracts of the Helianthus species have been effective in improving the glycemic profile, making it possible to control DM and minimize its complications.

Dynamic high-pressure microfluidization for the extraction and processing of polysaccharides: a focus on some foods and by-products

Dynamic high-pressure microfluidization (DHPM) is an emerging treatment technology and has been widely used for the recovery of natural polysaccharides. The aim of the present contribution is to discuss the DHPM-assisted extraction and processing of polysaccharides from some foods and by-products by reviewing the instrument and working principle, procedures, key parameters, and effects of DHPM on the structures, food properties, and bioactivities of resulting polysaccharides. It was found that a DHPM instrument with Z-type chamber is preferable for extracting polysaccharides, and a DHPM with Y-type chamber is applicable for processing polysaccharides. The solid-to-liquid ratio (or concentration), pressure, and number of passes are the key parameters influencing the outcome of DHPM extraction and processing. The DHPM under suitable conditions is conducive to boosting the extraction yields of polysaccharides, enriching the carbohydrates and uronic acids in polysaccharides, lowering the protein impurities, and transforming insoluble dietary fibers into soluble ones. In most cases, DHPM treatment improved the food properties of polysaccharides via decreasing viscosity, molecular weight, and particle size, as well as losing the surface morphology. More importantly, DHPM is a mild treatment technique that barely affects the chain backbones of polysaccharides. DHPM-assisted extraction and processing endowed polysaccharides with enhanced antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic activities, exhibiting potential for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. In addition, DHPM-treated polysaccharides exerted certain potential in whitening cosmetics via inhibiting tyrosinase. In conclusion, DHPM is a mild, efficient, and green technology to recover and modify polysaccharides from natural resources, especially foods and by-products. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effects of Bacillus velezensis fermentation on the composition, structure, physicochemical properties and in vitro hypoglycemic effects of highland barley dietary fiber

Dietary fiber in cereals is an important active substance and is believed to be beneficial to consumer health. To improve the physicochemical and functional properties of highland barley dietary fiber and the integrated utilization of highland barley, Bacillus velezensis submerged fermentation was used to treat highland barley. Soluble and insoluble dietary fibers (SDF and IDF) were isolated and their yield, proximate composition, monosaccharide compositions, physicochemical, structural and functional characteristics were investigated. The results showed that fermentation could significantly increase the SDF yield from 6.07 to 12.57 %. Fermentation changed the monosaccharide composition ratio and rendered SDF and IDF a looser and more porous structure. The crystallinity was also changed significantly. Fermentation improved the water retention capacity and swelling capacity of SDF, while decreased that of IDF. The glucose adsorption ability, glucose delayed dialysis ability, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of highland barley SDF and IDF were all improved after fermentation, especially for SDF. These results indicated that fermentation is an efficient and environmentally friendly modification method and modified SDF can be utilized in the food processing industry, promoting the high-value application of highland barley dietary fiber.

Exploring the Use of Tenebrio molitor Larvae Proteins to Functionalize Durum Wheat Pasta

BACKGROUND

Edible insects, such as Tenebrio molitor larvae (TM), offer a sustainable protein alternative to meet increasing dietary demands. The aim of this study is to investigate the functionalization of durum wheat pasta through the incorporation of TM flour (0-30%), focusing on how the addition of this non-conventional ingredient affects pasta production processing and its technological and chemical characteristics.

METHODS

Pasting properties, color, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and reducing sugars were determined for dry and cooked pasta. Texture profile and cooking properties were assessed for cooked samples.

RESULTS

The insect flour contributed to enhance polyphenols content in pasta, which increased from 0.06 and 0.03 mgGAE/g up to 0.19 and 0.10 mgGAE/g for dry and cooked pasta, respectively, and remained constant after the production process. The addition of TM flour altered the microstructure of wheat macromolecules, forming complex molecules, such as amylose-lipid complexes, and hydrogen and electrostatic interactions between proteins and polysaccharides, contributing to improved molecular stability and bioactivity. The pasta produced with insect flour up to 10% showed water absorption capacity, cooking properties, and consistency comparable to those of traditional pasta. Moreover, the addition of TM flour led to a reduction in peak viscosities from 2146.5 cP to 911.5 cP and roughness of pasta.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings demonstrated the potential of TM flour as a unique source of bioactive compounds enhancing both the nutritional and functional properties of durum wheat pasta. Overcoming processing challenges through the optimization of product formulation and process parameters is crucial for exploring the production of insect flour enriched pasta at industrial scale while maintaining product uniformity and satisfying consumers expectations.

Defatted chia (Salvia hispanica L.) flour peptides: Exploring nutritional profiles, techno-functional and bio-functional properties, and future directions

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a summer-blooming herb from the mint family, known for its rich nutritional profile, including high-quality protein, fibre, and a balanced ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. With the rising demand for chia oil, defatted chia flour (DCF), a by-product of oil extraction, has gained attention as a valuable ingredient. DCF is rich in essential macronutrients and amino acids, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional protein sources and supporting global food sustainability and waste reduction efforts. Recent studies have highlighted the techno-functional properties of DCF peptides, showing excellent solubility, water- and oil-absorption capacities, as well as emulsifying, foaming, and gelling abilities. These properties enhance their application in diverse food systems, making DCF an important ingredient in the development of nutritious, innovative, and appealing food products. Beyond their functional roles, chia-derived peptides also exhibit significant bioactive properties, such as antioxidants, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-aging, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycaemic effects. These properties make them beneficial for improving health and wellness. Integrating DCF peptides into food products provides a natural approach to managing chronic diseases, promoting longevity, and improving overall health. To fully realize the potential of DCF peptides, future research should focus on understanding their bioactivities at the molecular level and exploring how they interact with various physiological systems. Interdisciplinary collaboration among food science, biotechnology, pharmacology, and nutrition is essential, along with careful evaluation of safety and potential risks. Regulatory frameworks will be crucial for the broader use of DCF peptides in food and nutraceuticals. Additionally, advancements in peptide production, extraction, and purification technologies will be necessary for large-scale, sustainable applications. Focusing on these areas will maximize the benefits of chia peptides for human health, nutrition, and environmental sustainability.

Hydrogen and Methane Detection in Breath in Response to Two Different Types of Dietary Fiber and Its Relationship to Postprandial Glucose Concentration in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Normoglycemic Subjects

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between postprandial glycemic levels based on flashmonitoring and the production of intestinal hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4) gases based on the measurement of the amount of these gases in exhaled air. Materials and Methods: We studied 14 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 14 individuals without diabetes (control) with two food load tests, including two types of dietary fiber (inulin and guar gum), with the simultaneous determination of gases in exhaled air and the assessment of glucose levels. Results: All subjects in the control group had a significant increase in exhaled H2. OR for increased hydrogen production in patients with T2DM was 0.17 (95% CI 0.031-0.93, p = 0.043). The level of H2 in exhaled breath after food load in patients with T2DM was lower than in normoglycemic subjects. There was an inverse correlation between maximum glucose rise and maximum H2 in exhaled air after food load in normoglycemic subjects (r = -0.569, p = 0.034). Patients with T2DM had direct correlations between the level of CH4 in exhaled air and the parameters of postprandial glycemia in the lactulose test (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The confirmation of a causal relationship between decreased H2 production, increased intestinal CH4 production, and more severe postprandial glycemia may identify new therapeutic targets in the correction of postprandial glycemia in patients with T2DM.

Impact of 3 G rice on plasma glucose, insulin, and gastrointestinal hormones in patients with obesity or type 2 diabetes: A non-randomized experimental study

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effects of a novel grain variety 3 G rice compared to traditional white rice on postprandial glycemia, insulinemia, and gastrointestinal hormones in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D).

METHODS

A non-randomized experimental study was conducted with 20 participants with obesity (without diabetes) and 20 patients with T2D. Each participant consumed meals containing 50 g of carbohydrates from either 3 G rice or white rice. Plasma glucose, insulin, and gastrointestinal hormone levels were measured at baseline and intervals up to 120 min post-consumption.

RESULTS

Among participants with obesity, plasma glucose levels were significantly lower at 90 and 120 after 3 G compared to white rice (0.52 ± 0.04 vs. 2.58 ± 0.37 mmol/L, p < 0.001 at 90 min and 0.06 ± 0.02 vs. 1.47 ± 0.26 mmol/L, p = 0.003 at 120 min). In contrast, plasma insulin levels were markedly higher following 3 G rice consumption at 90-120 min (p = 0.003). Gastrointestinal hormones were significantly elevated after 3 G rice intake compared to white rice, with GLP-1 levels showing sustained increases from 60 to 120 min (p = 0.019). In T2D patients, 3 G rice consumption led to a modest reduction in plasma glucose at 120 min (5.15 ± 0.49 mmol/L for white rice vs. 3.57 ± 0.35 mmol/L for 3 G rice, p = 0.0262) without significant effect on other parameters.

CONCLUSION

3 G rice significantly improved postprandial glycemic control and enhanced gastrointestinal hormone responses in individuals with obesity. These findings highlight the promise of 3 G rice as a dietary intervention for managing postprandial glycemia and insulin sensitivity.

Polysaccharides: The Sweet and Bitter Impacts on Cardiovascular Risk

Cardiovascular risk is a clinical factor that represents the probability of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This risk is shaped by non-modifiable and modifiable factors, including dietary patterns, which are the main lifestyle factor influencing CVD. Dietary polysaccharides, integral to nutrition, have varying effects on cardiovascular health depending on their type and source. They include starches, non-starch polysaccharides, and prebiotic fibers, categorized further into soluble and insoluble fibers. Soluble fibers, found in oats, legumes, and fruits, dissolve in water, forming gels that help lower serum cholesterol and modulate blood glucose levels. Insoluble fibers, present in whole grains and vegetables, aid in bowel regularity. The cardiovascular benefits of polysaccharides are linked to their ability to bind bile acids, reducing cholesterol levels, and the production of short-chain fatty acids by gut microbiota, which have anti-inflammatory properties. However, not all polysaccharides are beneficial; refined starches can lead to adverse metabolic effects, and chitosan to mixed effects on gut microbiota. This review examines the dualistic nature of polysaccharides, highlighting their beneficial roles in reducing cardiovascular risk factors and the potential adverse effects of specific types.

Applications of bacterial cellulose in the food industry and its health-promoting potential

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a naturally occurring biomaterial with a wide range of potential applications in the food industry because of its exceptional mechanical qualities, unique nanofiber structure, high purity, and outstanding biocompatibility. Beyond its physical attributes, BC has gained interest recently due to research demonstrating its potential health benefits as a functional food ingredient. This article examines the many uses of BC in the food business, with a focus on how it may enhance food texture, operate as a bioactive carrier, and have promise in the packaging sector. Further research was done on the health-promoting properties of BC in functional foods, particularly with regard to its functions as a blood glucose regulator, and gastrointestinal health. This review seeks to bring fresh ideas for the study of bioactive components in the food industry by providing a summary of the existing research and demonstrating the possible role of BC in food. It also suggests future paths for research.

Naturopathic Management to Taper Off Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes: A Case Report

This case report presents a 46-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who sought to discontinue glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (RAs) therapy while maintaining her weight and metabolic health. Her desire to reduce medication dependency, combined with her apprehension about potential metabolic regression following discontinuation of the drug, highlights a challenge often faced by patients managing chronic conditions, and the value of naturopathic adjunctive therapies to support these individuals in their wellness goals. This report details a comprehensive intervention strategy combining probiotics, nutrient supplementation, and lifestyle modifications to address her concerns. Over an 8-week period post-GLP-1 RAs therapy discontinuation, she maintained weight loss, improved glycemic control and lipid profile, demonstrated improvements in micronutrient levels, and experienced improvements in her quality of life. This case contributes to the growing body of evidence suggesting that targeted naturopathic interventions can play a supportive role in managing T2DM and mitigating the reliance on pharmacotherapy without compromising health outcomes.

Effects of Dietary Fiber Interventions on Glycemic Control and Weight Management in Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

This systematic review explores the impact of dietary fiber interventions on glycemic control and weight management in individuals with diabetes or at risk for diabetes. A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, identifying randomized controlled trials published in the last five years. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria, evaluating various types of dietary fiber, including soluble, insoluble, viscous fiber, and resistant starch. The findings demonstrated significant improvements in key glycemic markers such as fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and postprandial glucose levels, as well as weight management outcomes such as reductions in body weight and waist circumference. Secondary benefits included improvements in lipid profiles, insulin sensitivity, and gut microbiota composition. The quality assessment revealed a low risk of bias in most studies, ensuring robust evidence. Despite these promising results, gaps in long-term effects and variations in intervention efficacy warrant further research. These findings emphasize the potential of dietary fiber as a practical and accessible intervention in diabetes management and prevention.

The Role of Lifestyle Interventions in PCOS Management: A Systematic Review

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders among reproductive-aged women. It is characterized by hyperandrogenism, anovulation, and polycystic ovaries. Lifestyle changes are suggested as first-line interventions in managing PCOS. This systematic review aims to assess the scientific evidence regarding the role of lifestyle modifications (dietary changes, physical activity, and behavioral changes) in improving reproductive, anthropometric, metabolic, and psychological outcomes in women with PCOS. Dietary interventions such as foods with low glycemic index scores; caloric restrictions; high-fiber, omega three fatty acid-rich diets; ketogenic diets; Mediterranean diets; antioxidant-rich food; and anti-inflammatory diets improve insulin sensitivity and hormonal balance in women with PCOS. Physical activity, like aerobic and resistance exercise, enhances insulin sensitivity, helps weight loss, and improves metabolic and reproductive outcomes in women with PCOS. Further, behavioral and education modules can also be used to improve awareness, adherence, and the effectiveness of conventional treatment and to manage mental health issues related to PCOS. Collectively, lifestyle modifications not only improve the biochemical, hormonal, and anthropometric parameters in PCOS patients but also reduce the long-term risks of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.

Postprandial Glucose Response in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients and Possible Antioxidant Properties of a Plant-Based Snack Bar

Daily, more and more people consume snack bars that may have an impact on blood glucose levels. The aim of the present study was to compare the acute effects of a common snack and a plant-based snack bar (PB) that was developed at the University of Thessaly as a functional diabetic snack on blood glucose and insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Adults with T2DM (n = 10) treated with oral medications were studied in a randomized, crossover clinical trial. On each trial day, postprandial glucose and insulin levels were measured at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min, and a morning snack containing 25 g of carbohydrate was consumed. The procedure was carried out on 2 days, with one of the test meals being consumed on each day. Consumption of a PB snack bar resulted in a smaller and steeper increase in postprandial glucose and insulin levels compared with the usual snack, and there were significant differences 60 and 90 min after consumption of the two tested snacks. The PB snack bar is rich in protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals and can therefore be suggested as a nutritious and convenient snack for patients with T2DM. In addition, the extract of the snack bar was tested for its bioactivity in human cell cultures.

A diet high in glucose and deficient in dietary fibre causes fat accumulation in the liver without weight gain

This study investigated whether a standard calorie diet that is high in glucose and deficient in dietary fibre (described as HGD [high glucose diet]) induces hepatic fat accumulation in mice. We evaluated hepatic steatosis at 7 days and 14 days after the commencement of the HGD. Hepatic triglycerides and areas of oil droplets increased in the HGD group both at day 7 and day 14, whereas weight gain, weight of epididymal fat, and plasma levels of triglycerides were unaffected by HGD consumption. A microarray analysis of the livers revealed that the expression of lipogenesis-related genes was the most affected by HGD consumption. Furthermore, HGD consumption induced the expression of hepatic proteins of fatty acid synthetase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, which are known to be involved in the synthesis of triglyceride. These results indicate that HGD consumption causes fat accumulation in the liver, with an increase in enzymes that are involved in de novo lipogenesis without an accompanying weight or obesity phenotype. Our new findings suggest that HGD consumption could serve as a breeding ground for liver steatosis.

Development of Whole-Grain Rice Lines Exhibiting Low and Intermediate Glycemic Index with Decreased Amylose Content

The demand for rice varieties with lower amylose content (AC) is increasing in Southeast Asia, primarily due to their desirable texture and cooking qualities. This study presents the development of whole-grain rice lines with low to intermediate glycemic index (GI) and reduced AC. We selected six rice lines for in vivo GI assessment based on their starch properties. We successfully identified two lines with low AC that exhibited low and intermediate GI values, respectively. Our findings indicate that dietary fiber (DF) content may significantly influence rice GI. The selected whole-grain low-GI line showed a higher ratio of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) to insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) compared to control varieties, highlighting SDF's potential positive role in lowering whole-grain rice's GI. This study underscores the feasibility of developing rice varieties with desirable agronomic traits, nutritional traits, and culinary attributes, particularly for individuals managing their blood sugar levels. Additionally, we proposed the positive role of starch composition, especially DF content, in modulating the GI of rice. This study reinforces the importance of incorporating starch properties and DF content into rice breeding programs to produce more health-oriented and marketable rice varieties.

Tuber crops could be a potential food component for lowering starch digestibility and estimated glycemic index in rice

BACKGROUND

Rice is considered a high estimated glycemic index (eGI) food because of its higher starch digestibility, which leads to type II diabetes and obesity as a result of a sedentary life style. Furthermore, the incresaing diabetes cases in rice-consuming populations worldwide need alternative methods to reduce the glycemic impact of rice, with dietary prescriptions based on the eGI value of food being an attractive and practical concept. Rice is often paired with vegetables, pulses, tubers and roots, a staple food group in Africa, Latin America and Asia, which are rich in fibre and health-promoting compounds.

RESULTS

Rice from four categories (high protein, scented, general and pigmented) was analyzed for eGI and resistant starch (RS) content. Among the genotypes, Improved Lalat had the lowest eGI (53.12) with a relatively higher RS content (2.17%), whereas Hue showed the lowest RS (0.19%) with the highest eGI (76.3) value. The addition of tuber crops to rice caused a significant lowering of eGI where the maximum beneficial effect was shown by elephant foot yam (49.37) followed by yam bean (53.07) and taro (54.43).

CONCLUSION

The present study suggests that combining rice with suitable tuber crops can significantly reduce its eGI value, potentially reducing the burden of diet-associated lifestyle diseases particularly diabetics. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction of soluble dietary Fiber from Hericium erinaceus and its in vitro lipid-lowering effect

Dietary fiber (DF) is an important active polysaccharide in Hericium erinaceus. Obesity can lead to a wide range of diseases. In this work, we investigated the in vitro lipid-lowering effect of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) from H. erinaceus, aiming to provide a basis for the subsequent development of lipid-lowering products. Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE) of SDF from H. erinaceus was performed. The optimal extraction parameters determined via single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) were as follows: Lywallzyme concentration, 1.0%; complex protease concentration, 1.2%; ultrasonication time, 35 min; and ultrasonication power, 150 W. In vitro lipid-lowering experiments revealed that the adsorption amount of cholesterol micelles by H. erinaceus SDF was 11.91 mg/g. The binding amount and binding rate of sodium taurocholate were 3.73 mg/g and 42.47%, respectively, and those of sodium glycocholate were 3.43 mg/g and 39.12%, respectively. The pancreatic lipase inhibition rate reached 52.11%, and the type of inhibition was competitive. Therefore, H. erinaceus SDF has good in vitro lipid-lowering ability.

From Orchard to Wellness: Unveiling the Health Effects of Sweet Cherry Nutrients

This review paper explores the multifaceted relationship between sweet cherry nutrients and human health, aiming to uncover the comprehensive impact of these bioactive compounds from orchard to wellness. Furthermore, it highlights how advanced crop techniques can be pivotal in optimizing these beneficial compounds. Synthesizing existing literature, the paper examines the diverse bioactive nutrients in sweet cherries, including antioxidants, polyphenols, vitamins, and minerals, and elucidating their mechanisms of action and potential health benefits. From antioxidant properties to anti-inflammatory effects, the paper elucidates how these nutrients may mitigate chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and neurodegenerative conditions. Additionally, it explores their role in promoting gastrointestinal health, enhancing exercise recovery, and modulating sleep patterns. The review discusses emerging research on the potential anti-cancer properties of sweet cherry compounds, highlighting their promising role in cancer prevention and treatment. Furthermore, it delves into the impact of sweet cherry consumption on metabolic health, weight management, and skin health. By providing a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of sweet cherry nutrients and their health effects, this paper offers valuable insights for researchers, healthcare professionals, and consumers interested in utilizing nature's bounty for holistic wellness.

Effects of collaborative learning-based food literacy program on healthy eating behavior and hemoglobin A1c among older adults with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial study in Thailand

Background

Uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent issue among older adults. Healthy eating behavior (HEB) is a significant factor contributing to blood sugar control. It is a complex behavior that requires knowledge, attitudes, and skills in food literacy, which can be achieved through collaborative learning by nurses. Although collaborative learning has successfully improved food literacy and HEB among adults and older adults in general, its effectiveness has not been investigated among older adults with uncontrolled T2DM.

Objective

This randomized controlled trial aimed to examine the effects of the Collaborative Learning-Based Food Literacy Enhancement Program (CLFLEP) on HEB and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels among older adults with uncontrolled T2DM.

Methods

Participants were 80 older adults with uncontrolled T2DM attending primary care units (PCUs) or sub-district health promotion hospitals in northern Thailand. They were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n = 40) or the control group (n = 40). The experimental group received the CLFLEP to enhance four domains of food literacy through five major elements of collaborative learning, while the control group received standard care. Data were collected between January and June 2023 using the Demographic Data Form, the Eating Behavior Questionnaire, the HbA1c test, and the Short Food Literacy Questionnaire. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics for demographic characteristics and independent t-test and paired sample t-test for HEB and HbA1c based on intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analyses.

Results

The experimental group had a higher HEB score than the control group (p <0.001 for ITT and PP) and higher than their scores before program participation (p <0.001 for ITT and PP). The effect size (Cohen's d) was 1.46. The experimental group also had a lower HbA1c level than the control group (p = 0.002 for ITT and PP) and lower than their levels before program participation (p = 0.005 for ITT and 0.001 for PP). The effect size (Cohen's d) was 0.70.

Conclusion

The CLFLEP was effective in promoting food literacy, HEB, and blood sugar control. Nurses can be trained to use this program to provide collaborative health education for older adults with uncontrolled T2DM. Nursing administrators can use these findings to develop organizational policies that enhance nurses' competencies as educators skilled in collaborative learning.

Trial Registry Number

TCTR20221222005 [Thai Clinical Trials Registry].

Structure-Function Relationships and Health-Promoting Properties of the Main Nutraceuticals of the Cactus Pear (Opuntia spp.) Cladodes: A Review

Over the past decade, several studies have established a direct link between functional foods, nutraceuticals, and a reduced risk of oxidative-stress-related diseases. Nutraceuticals, which encompass a variety of bioactive molecules, exhibit both nutritional and therapeutic properties. The cactus pear (Opuntia spp.) is a plant genus with many species recognized as functional foods, largely attributed to their high content of nutraceuticals, including polyphenols, fatty acids, vitamins, amino acids, pigments, and phytosterols. These compounds of different structures and functions possess different biological activities, contributing to the health-promoting properties of cactus pear. This makes cactus pears a valuable plant for the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. While extensive research has focused on the nutritional profile of cactus pear fruits, the cladodes have received comparatively limited attention. Notably, the nutritional composition of cladodes can exhibit considerable variability, influenced by species and growing conditions. Furthermore, although various bioactive compounds have been identified in cladodes, studies elucidating their mechanisms of action, health benefits, and potential therapeutic applications remain insufficient. Addressing these gaps is crucial for enhancing the understanding and utilization of cactus pear cladodes. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the structure-function relationships of the main nutraceuticals found in cactus pear cladodes. It synthesizes data from recent and relevant literature to elucidate the content of these compounds in relation to species and geographical origin, while also detailing the main biological activities and health-promoting benefits associated with cactus pear cladodes.

A sequential approach of alkali enzymatic extraction of dietary fiber from rice bran: Effects on structural, thermal, crystalline properties, and food application

Rice bran is abundant in dietary fiber and is often referred to as the seventh nutrient, recognized for its numerous health benefits. The objective of the current study is to investigate the extraction of both soluble and insoluble dietary fiber from defatted rice bran (DRB) using an alkali-enzymatic treatment through response surface methodology. The independent variables like substrate percentage (5-30 %), enzyme concentration (1-50 µL/g), and treatment time (2-12 h) and dependent variables were the yield of soluble and insoluble DF. The highest extraction yield was observed with alkali enzyme concentration (50 µL/g) treatment, resulting in 2 % SDF and 59.5 % IDF at 24 h of extraction. The results indicate that cellulase-AC enzyme aids in the hydrolysis of higher polysaccharides, leading to structural alterations in DRB and an increase in DF yield. Furthermore, the disruption of intra-molecular hydrogen bonding between oligosaccharides and the starch matrix helps to increase in DF yield, was also confirmed through FTIR and SEM. The extracted DF soluble and insoluble was then used to develop rice porridge. Sensory evaluation using fuzzy logic analysis reported the highest scores for samples containing 0.5 % insoluble DF and 1.25 % soluble DF.

The effect of a pre-meal snack and/or postprandial exercise on breakfast glycemic excursion in adults with cystic fibrosis: A pilot study

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Cystic fibrosis (CF)-related diabetes (CFRD), a common comorbidity in CF, is often preceded and characterized with elevated postprandial glycemic (PPG) excursions. In the general population, the consumption of a pre-meal protein snack and/or physical activity (PA) hinder the elevation of PPG levels. Our objective is to evaluate the effect of a pre-meal snack and/or post-meal PA on PPG excursions in CF.

METHODS

This is a double-blinded randomized controlled crossover interventional study in 14 adults with CF, with 4 interventions: placebo pre-meal snack + no PA (control: CTL), pre-meal soy snack + no PA (SK), placebo pre-meal snack + PA (PA), and pre-meal soy snack + PA (SK + PA). The pre-meal soy snack or placebo beverage (vanilla flavoured water) is served at 8 AM, followed by a standardized breakfast at 9 AM and, postprandially, 5 repeated bouts of 3-min walk every 30 min or sedentary activity. Blood glucose and insulin were measured every 15-30 min during the interventions.

RESULTS

Plasma glucose (PG) was higher 30 min after snack consumption compared to placebo beverage. One-hour post-breakfast, PG levels were lower during both PA interventions than with sedentary behavior. However, the overall 3 h post-breakfast glucose area under the curve (AUC) was similar between interventions. Post-breakfast 3 h insulin AUC was significantly lower during the SK + PA intervention compared to the sedentary behavior interventions.

CONCLUSION

Repeated short bouts of post-meal physical activity may positively impact PPG control in adults with CF, with or without the addition of a pre-meal soy snack. A pre-meal snack alone does not improve PPG.

Before or Concomitant Drinking Greenleaf Juice with Rice Reduces Postprandial Blood Glucose Levels in Healthy Young Women

The purpose of this study was to examine how green leaf juice drinking affect the postprandial blood glucose. Postprandial hyperglycemia causes vascular endothelial damage and chronic inflammation, promoting atherosclerosis, regardless of the presence of diabetes. Some ingredients in greenleaf juice have been reported to suppress blood glucose levels; however, the effect of greenleaf juice on reducing blood glucose levels in healthy individuals is unclear. We observed changes in postprandial blood glucose levels in 13 healthy young women who drank greenleaf juice before or concomitantly with rice. Compared to water, greenleaf juice consumption reduced blood glucose levels at 90 and 120 min after rice consumption, with no difference regardless of the time of greenleaf juice consumption. Greenleaf juice may be one of the most convenient and cost-effective methods for reducing postprandial blood glucose in healthy people.

The hypoglycemic effect of enzymatic modified dietary fiber from bamboo shoot on type 2 diabetes rats

Bamboo shoot is a healthy food rich in dietary fiber (DF). However, its highly insoluble DF and fibrous texture limit its application in industrially processed foods. To achieve industrial processing of bamboo shoot, cellulase was used to improve the physical characteristics of bamboo shoot DF in this study. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the content of soluble DF (SDF) of bamboo shoot increased by 99.28% (from 5.53% to 11.02%) significantly (p < 0.01). At the same time, the effect of enzymatic-modified bamboo SDF (EMBSDF) on streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes rats was explored. Results demonstrated that the high dose of EMBSDF (312.8 mg/kg) treated rats showed significant improvements in terms of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (p < 0.01) compared with the diabetes rats. Meantime, it was observed that the levels of glucagon-like peptide-1, adiponectin and interleukin-4 of high dose of EMBSDF compared with diabetes rats were increased (p < 0.01) by 57.79%, 159.13%, and 6.17%, respectively. The tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein, and leptin levels were decreased (p < 0.01) by 62.89%, 31.53%, and 7.84%, respectively. Furthermore, apparent kidney and pancreas histology improvements were found in high-dose and mid-dose EMBSDF-treated diabetes rats. These results indicated that the modified DF significantly improved diabetes.

Interactions between Dietary Antioxidants, Dietary Fiber and the Gut Microbiome: Their Putative Role in Inflammation and Cancer

The intricate relationship between the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome and the progression of chronic non-communicable diseases underscores the significance of developing strategies to modulate the GI microbiota for promoting human health. The administration of probiotics and prebiotics represents a good strategy that enhances the population of beneficial bacteria in the intestinal lumen post-consumption, which has a positive impact on human health. In addition, dietary fibers serve as a significant energy source for bacteria inhabiting the cecum and colon. Research articles and reviews sourced from various global databases were systematically analyzed using specific phrases and keywords to investigate these relationships. There is a clear association between dietary fiber intake and improved colon function, gut motility, and reduced colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. Moreover, the state of health is reflected in the reciprocal and bidirectional relationships among food, dietary antioxidants, inflammation, and body composition. They are known for their antioxidant properties and their ability to inhibit angiogenesis, metastasis, and cell proliferation. Additionally, they promote cell survival, modulate immune and inflammatory responses, and inactivate pro-carcinogens. These actions collectively contribute to their role in cancer prevention. In different investigations, antioxidant supplements containing vitamins have been shown to lower the risk of specific cancer types. In contrast, some evidence suggests that taking antioxidant supplements can increase the risk of developing cancer. Ultimately, collaborative efforts among immunologists, clinicians, nutritionists, and dietitians are imperative for designing well-structured nutritional trials to corroborate the clinical efficacy of dietary therapy in managing inflammation and preventing carcinogenesis. This review seeks to explore the interrelationships among dietary antioxidants, dietary fiber, and the gut microbiome, with a particular focus on their potential implications in inflammation and cancer.

Daily Diet and Nutrition Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer Incidence in a Japanese Population

Background/Aims

: Nutritional factors associated with gastric cancer (GC) are not completely understood. We aimed to determine the effect of nutrient intake on the incidence of GC.

Methods

: This was a post hoc analysis of a prospective trial that evaluated modalities for GC screening in participants aged 30 to 74 years living in high-risk areas for GC in Japan between June 2011 and March 2013. The patients were followed up for GC incidence for 6 years. All participants completed a self-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) upon enrollment before GC screening. Daily nutrient intake was calculated from the FFQ and dichotomized at each cutoff value using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Risk factors associated with GC incidence were investigated in terms of nutrient intake and participant characteristics using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.

Results

: Overall, 1,147 participants were included in this analysis. The median age was 62 years, and 50.7% of the participants were men. The median follow-up period was 2,184 days. GC was detected in 25 participants during the follow-up. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that the intake of sodium (adjusted hazards ratio [aHR], 3.905; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.520 to 10.035; p=0.005) and vitamin D (aHR, 2.747; 95% CI, 1.111 to 6.788, p=0.029) were positively associated with GC incidence, whereas the intake of soluble dietary fiber (aHR, 0.104; 95% CI, 0.012 to 0.905; p=0.040) was inversely associated with GC incidence.

Conclusions

: Daily high intake of sodium and vitamin D and low soluble dietary fiber intake are associated with GC incidence.

Dichotomous effect of dietary fiber in pediatrics: a narrative review of the health benefits and tolerance of fiber

Dietary fibers are associated with favorable gastrointestinal, immune, and metabolic health outcomes when consumed at sufficient levels. Despite the well-described benefits of dietary fibers, children and adolescents continue to fall short of daily recommended levels. This gap in fiber intake (i.e., "fiber gap") might increase the risk of developing early-onset pediatric obesity and obesity-related comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus into adulthood. The structure-dependent physicochemical properties of dietary fiber are diverse. Differences in solubility, viscosity, water-holding capacity, binding capability, bulking effect, and fermentability influence the physiological effects of dietary fibers that aid in regulating appetite, glycemic and lipidemic responses, and inflammation. Of growing interest is the fermentation of fibers by the gut microbiota, which yields both beneficial and less favorable end-products such as short-chain fatty acids (e.g., acetate, propionate, and butyrate) that impart metabolic and immunomodulatory properties, and gases (e.g., hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane) that cause gastrointestinal symptoms, respectively. This narrative review summarizes (1) the implications of fibers on the gut microbiota and the pathophysiology of pediatric obesity, (2) some factors that potentially contribute to the fiber gap with an emphasis on undesirable gastrointestinal symptoms, (3) some methods to alleviate fiber-induced symptoms, and (4) the therapeutic potential of whole foods and commonly marketed fiber supplements for improved health in pediatric obesity.

Nutritional and exercise interventions to improve conception in women suffering from obesity and distinct nosological entities

Infertility among women, particularly those living with obesity, presents a multifaceted challenge with implications for reproductive health worldwide. Lifestyle interventions, mainly focusing on weight loss, have emerged as promising strategies to improve fertility outcomes in this population. This review aims to explore the effectiveness of various lifestyle interventions, encompassing dietary modifications and exercise regimens, in enhancing fertility outcomes among women with obesity and associated conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, premenopause, hypothyroidism and eating disorders. Methodology of study search encompass a broad spectrum, ranging from interventions targeting weight management through slow or rapid weight loss to dietary approaches emphasizing whole food groups, specific nutrients, and dietary patterns like low-carbohydrate or ketogenic diets, as well as the Mediterranean diet. By synthesizing existing findings and recommendations, this review contributes to the understanding of lifestyle interventions in addressing infertility, with an emphasis on the population of women of reproductive age with excess weight and known or unknown infertility issues, while promoting their integration into clinical practice to optimize reproductive health and overall well-being.

Effects of dietary fiber on maternal health in pregnant women with metabolic syndrome risk: a randomized controlled trial

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) during pregnancy can lead to complications such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and hypertensive disorders. In this study, we sought to examine the influence of dietary fiber, from both food sources and soluble fiber supplementation, on the metabolic health and overall pregnancy outcomes of women at high risk of MetS. We conducted a randomized controlled trial involving 376 women between 11 and 13 weeks of gestation. To evaluate dietary fiber intake, we performed an exhaustive dietary component analysis using a food frequency questionnaire. Additionally, the participants in the intervention group received daily soluble fiber supplements until delivery. All participants underwent nutritional consultations and metabolic health assessments at three distinct stages of pregnancy (GW 11-13, GW 24-26, and GW 32-34). Our findings revealed a significant correlation between insufficient dietary fiber intake and an increased risk of GDM, even after adjusting for variables such as maternal age and pre-pregnancy BMI. We also noted that a high total dietary fiber intake was associated with reduced changes in triglyceride levels. In addition, the intervention group showed lower need for constipation medication, and soluble fiber supplementation may offer potential benefits for GDM patients. Importantly, our study verified the safety of long-term soluble fiber supplementation during pregnancy. Our results underscore the importance of adequate fiber intake, particularly from dietary sources, for the metabolic health of pregnant women. Moreover, our findings suggest that early fiber supplementation may benefit pregnant women experiencing constipation or those diagnosed with GDM.

The effects of a fibre-enriched bakery product on glucose, insulin values and appetite. A pilot randomised cross-over trial

Brewers spent grain (BSG) is a valuable source of arabinoxylans with potential beneficial effects on glucose values. This pilot randomised crossover double-blind trial compared the effects of panettone, a sweet baked-product, enriched with BSG-fibre (p-rich) to unenriched panettone (p-standard) on glucose and insulin blood values and appetite scores. Ten healthy volunteers consumed each food in a random order. Blood variables and appetite scores were assessed at fasting and at different intervals after each food consumption. Glucose values were significantly higher after p-standard intake at 90-min (89.9 ± 16.1 vs 74.6 ± 19.4 mg/dL) and 120-min (81.1 ± 9.85 vs 72.1 ± 14.0 mg/dL). The areas-under-the-curve (AUCs) were lower for both glucose (p = .043) and insulin values (p = .036) with p-rich. At 240-min, satiety was higher (p = .006), and desire-to-eat lower (p = .008) with p-rich; desire-to-eat AUC was lower with p-rich too (p = .029). The integration of a small amount of BSG-derived fibre into a sweet food led to improved glycaemic control and appetite regulation.

Effect of Different Wheat Sprouting Conditions on the Characteristics of Whole-Wheat Flour

Research background

Controlled sprouting promotes physiological and biochemical changes in whole grains, improves their nutritional value and offers technological advantages for breadmaking as an alternative to traditional whole grains. The aim of this study is to find sprouting conditions for the grains of Klein Valor wheat variety (Triticum aestivum L.) that would increase the nutritional value without significantly affecting the gluten proteins, which are essential in wholegrain baked goods.

Experimental approach

The chemical and nutritional composition, enzymatic activity and pasting properties of the suspensions of unsprouted and sprouted whole-wheat flour were evaluated.

Results and conclusions

This bioprocess allowed us to obtain sprouted whole-wheat flour with different degrees of modification in its chemical composition. Sprouting at 25 °C resulted in an observable increase in enzymatic activity and metabolic processes, particularly α-amylases, which significantly affect the starch matrix and the associated pasting properties. Additionally, there was a smaller but still notable effect on the structure of the cell walls and the protein matrix due to the activation of endoxylanases and proteases. In contrast, sprouting at 15 and 20 °C for 24 h allowed for better process control as it resulted in nutritional improvements such as a higher content of free amino acid groups, free phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity, as well as a lower content of phytates. In addition, it provided techno-functional advantages due to the moderate activation of α-amylase and xylanase. A moderate decrease in peak viscosity of sprouted whole-wheat flour suspensions was observed compared to the control flour, while protein degradation was not significantly prolonged.

Novelty and scientific contribution

Sprouted whole-wheat flour obtained under milder sprouting conditions with moderate enzymatic activity could be a promising and interesting ingredient for wholegrain baked goods with improved nutritional values and techno-functional properties. This approach could avoid the use of conventional flour improvers and thus have a positive impact on consumer acceptance and enable the labelling of the product with a clean label.

Plantago consumption significantly reduces total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Plantago is rich in soluble fiber, known for its beneficial health effects. Given this, we hypothesized that Plantago consumption might positively influence blood lipid in adults. Researchers have conducted numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs), revealing the impacts of Plantago consumption on various blood lipid parameters. However, findings regarding specific blood lipid parameters have shown variability. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the effect of Plantago consumption on blood lipid parameters. Eligible studies evaluating the effects of Plantago consumption on blood lipid were searched in 5 electronic databases published up to August 2023. Analysis used a random effects model to determine weighted mean difference and 95% confidence intervals. In total, 29 RCTs including 2769 participants were included. Compared with the control group, Plantago consumption significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) by 0.28 mmol/L and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by 0.35 mmol/L, correlating to an estimated 7% decrease in cardiovascular event risk. Conversely, no substantial effects were observed on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglycerides. Subgroup analyses of 29 RCTs revealed that TC concentrations were significantly lowered in studies that included male participants, those who were healthy, or had lipid disorders. Additionally, TC and LDL-C were significantly lower in participants consuming Plantago husk or psyllium, and soluble fiber intake was specifically effective in lowering TC, LDL-C, and triglycerides. In conclusion, Plantago consumption can significantly lower TC and LDL-C concentrations. The findings will provide crucial insights into the potential of Plantago in dietary strategies for blood lipid management.

Regulation of glycose and lipid metabolism and application based on the colloidal nutrition science properties of konjac glucomannan: A comprehensive review

The physicochemical properties of dietary fiber in the gastrointestinal tract, such as hydration properties, adsorption properties, rheological properties, have an important influence on the physiological process of host digestion and absorption, leading to the differences in satiety and glucose and lipid metabolisms. Based on the diversified physicochemical properties of konjac glucomannan (KGM), it is meaningful to review the relationship of structural characteristics, physicochemical properties and glycose and lipid metabolism. Firstly, this paper bypassed the category of intestinal microbes, and explained the potential of dietary fiber in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism during nutrient digestion and absorption from the perspective of colloidal nutrition. Secondly, the modification methods of KGM to regulate its physicochemical properties were discussed and the relationship between KGM's molecular structure types and glycose and lipid metabolism were summarized. Finally, based on the characteristics of KGM, the application of KGM in the main material and ingredients of fat reduction food was reviewed. We hope this work could provide theoretical basis for the study of dietary fiber colloid nutrition science.

Advancements in understanding low starch hydrolysis in pigmented rice: A comprehensive overview of mechanisms

This review explores the health-promoting properties of pigmented rice, focusing on its unique ability to promote slow starch digestion and improve blood sugar regulation. While the impact of slow starch digestibility is widely acknowledged, our current understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains insufficient. Therefore, this review aims to bridge the gap by examining the intricate factors and mechanisms that contribute to the low starch hydrolysis of pigmented rice to better understand how it promotes slower starch digestion and improves blood sugar regulation. This paves the way for future advancements in utilizing pigmented rice by enhancing our understanding of the mechanisms behind low starch hydrolysis. These may include the development of food products aimed at mitigating hyperglycemic symptoms and reducing the risk of diabetes. This research broadens our understanding of pigmented rice and facilitates the development of strategies to promote health outcomes by incorporating pigmented rice into our diets.

The nutritional profile of chia seeds and sprouts: tailoring germination practices for enhancing health benefits-a comprehensive review

Chia seeds have gained significant attention due to their unique composition and potential health benefits, including high dietary fibers, omega-3 fatty acids, proteins, and phenolic compounds. These components contribute to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects, as well as their ability to improve glucose metabolism and dyslipidemia. Germination is recognized as a promising strategy to enhance the nutritional value and bioavailability of chia seeds. Chia seed sprouts have been found to exhibit increased essential amino acid content, elevated levels of dietary fiber and total phenols, and enhanced antioxidant capability. However, there is limited information available concerning the dynamic changes of bioactive compounds during the germination process and the key factors influencing these alterations in biosynthetic pathways. Additionally, the influence of various processing conditions, such as temperature, light exposure, and duration, on the nutritional value of chia seed sprouts requires further investigation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the nutritional profile of chia seeds and the dynamic changes that occur during germination. Furthermore, the potential for tailored germination practices to produce chia sprouts with personalized nutrition, targeting specific health needs, is also discussed.

Seaweeds as Nutraceutical Elements and Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus: Future Perspectives

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition marked by high blood glucose levels caused by inadequate insulin synthesis or poor insulin use. This condition affects millions of individuals worldwide and is linked to a variety of consequences, including cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. Diabetes therapy now focuses on controlling blood glucose levels through lifestyle changes, oral medicines, and insulin injections. However, these therapies have limits and may not successfully prevent or treat diabetic problems. Several marine-derived chemicals have previously demonstrated promising findings as possible antidiabetic medicines in preclinical investigations. Peptides, polyphenols, and polysaccharides extracted from seaweeds, sponges, and other marine species are among them. As a result, marine natural products have the potential to be a rich source of innovative multitargeted medications for diabetes prevention and treatment, as well as associated complications. Future research should focus on the chemical variety of marine creatures as well as the mechanisms of action of marine-derived chemicals in order to find new antidiabetic medicines and maximize their therapeutic potential. Based on preclinical investigations, this review focuses on the next step for seaweed applications as potential multitargeted medicines for diabetes, highlighting the bioactivities of seaweeds in the prevention and treatment of this illness.

Designing healthier and more sustainable ultraprocessed foods

The food industry has been extremely successful in creating a broad range of delicious, affordable, convenient, and safe food and beverage products. However, many of these products are considered to be ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) that contain ingredients and are processed in a manner that may cause adverse health effects. This review article introduces the concept of UPFs and briefly discusses food products that fall into this category, including beverages, baked goods, snacks, confectionary, prepared meals, dressings, sauces, spreads, and processed meat and meat analogs. It then discusses correlations between consumption levels of UPFs and diet-related chronic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. The different reasons for the proposed ability of UPFs to increase the risk of these chronic diseases are then critically assessed, including displacement of whole foods, high energy densities, missing phytochemicals, contamination with packaging chemicals, hyperpalatability, harmful additives, rapid ingestion and digestion, and toxic reaction products. Then, potential strategies to overcome the current problems with UPFs are presented, including reducing energy density, balancing nutritional profile, fortification, increasing satiety response, modulating mastication and digestion, reengineering food structure, and precision processing. The central argument is that it may be possible to reformulate and reengineer many UPFs to improve their healthiness and sustainability, although this still needs to be proved using rigorous scientific studies.

Nutritional, Clinical and Sociodemographic Profiles of Spanish Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease that leads to the loss of motor neurons. The dietary intake of ALS patients is thought to influence the prognosis and progression of the disease. The aim of this study was to examine the nutritional, clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of ALS patients in Spain. A cross-sectional descriptive study with demographics, clinical anamnesis and anthropometric assessment was carried out. Nutritional intake was recorded and compared with dietary reference intakes (DRI). Forty subjects (25 males; 15 females) aged 54.7 ± 10.17 were included in the study. The mean weight and height were 67.99 ± 8.85 kg and 167.83 ± 8.79 cm, respectively. Clinical phenotype, time to diagnosis, year of onset and family history were not associated with the place of origin. Clinical phenotype had no influence on time of diagnosis. Caloric and protein intakes were adequate, while carbohydrate, vitamin B8 and iodine intakes were significantly lower than the DRI. Lipids; vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, C and E; sodium; phosphorus; and selenium intakes were significantly higher than the recommended nutritional standards. ALS patients, who are homogeneously distributed throughout our national territory, should modify their dietary habits to minimize ultra-processed products and prioritize foods rich in healthy fats and fiber.

Differential Effects of Two Isocaloric Healthy Diets on Postprandial Lipid Responses in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes

BACKGROUND

High blood concentrations of triglycerides (TG) in the postprandial period have been shown to be more closely associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than fasting values in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Dietary changes are the primary determinants of postprandial lipid responses.

METHODS

We investigated the effects of an isocaloric multifactorial diet, rich in n-3 PUFA, MUFA, fiber, polyphenols, and vitamins, compared to an isocaloric diet, containing the same amount of MUFA, on the postprandial lipid response in T2D individuals. Following a randomized, controlled, parallel group design, 43 (25 male/18 female) T2D individuals were assigned to an isocaloric multifactorial (n = 21) or a MUFA-rich diet (n = 22). At the beginning and after the 8 weeks of dietary intervention, the concentrations of plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and non-HDL cholesterol were detected at fasting and over a 4-h test meal with the same composition as the prescribed diet.

RESULTS

The concentrations of fasting plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and non-HDL cholesterol did not change after both diets. Compared with the MUFA diet, the 8-week multifactorial diet significantly lowered the postprandial response, which was evaluated as the incremental area under the curve (iAUC), of triglycerides by 33% (64 ± 68 vs. 96 ± 50 mmol/L·240 min, mean ± SD, respectively, p = 0.018), total cholesterol by 105% (-51 ± 33 vs. -25 ± 29, p = 0.013), and non-HDL cholesterol by 206% (-39 ± 33 vs. -13 ± 23, p = 0.013).

CONCLUSIONS

In T2D individuals, a multifactorial diet, characterized by several beneficial components, improved the postprandial lipid response compared to a MUFA diet, generally considered a healthy diet being reduced in saturated fat, and probably contributed to the reduction of cardiovascular risk.

Mapping the landscape of research on insulin resistance: a visualization analysis of randomized clinical trials

BACKGROUND

Insulin resistance, a condition in which cells do not respond adequately to insulin, plays a crucial role in diabetes and related metabolic disorders. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) explore interventions to manage insulin resistance, contributing to evidence-based medical progress. The current study aimed to analyze the global research landscape and trends in RCTs targeting insulin resistance.

METHODS

This study used bibliometric analysis and data visualization to examine RCT publications on insulin resistance from 2003 to 2022. The Scopus database was used due to its comprehensive coverage. The search strategy involved combining terms related to insulin resistance with RCT-related terms. The search query was validated, and core bibliometric indicators were used to analyze publication growth, origin, productivity, quality, and citations.

RESULTS

Between 2003 and 2022, 1077 RCT-focused publications on insulin resistance were identified from a pool of 24,932 related articles. The growth followed two phases, with a significant increase after 2008. The USA (n = 308; 28.60%), Iran (n = 165; 15.32%), China (n = 110; 10.21%), and the UK (n = 92; 8.54%) were the main contributors. The active institutions included Tehran University of Medical Sciences (n = 38; 3.53%) and Harvard Medical School (n = 31; 2.88%). Prominent funding agencies include the National Institutes of Health (n = 88; 8.17%) and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (n = 86; 7.99%). The top journals included the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (n = 44; 4.09%) and Diabetes Care (n = 35; 3.25%). Co-occurrence analysis revealed three clusters addressing "utilizing lipid panels as indicators of insulin resistance," "analyzing the impact of diet composition and physical activity on insulin sensitivity among obese individuals," and "exploring insulin resistance in cases of polycystic ovary syndrome."

CONCLUSIONS

This comprehensive bibliometric analysis highlights the global research landscape and trends in RCTs targeting insulin resistance. Research on lipid panels, diet impact, and insulin resistance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome will continue to be a hotspot. The findings offer valuable information on research priorities, international collaborations, and impactful publications. This study provides a foundation for future directorial investigations in this critical area of metabolic health.

The effects of high-pressure, enzymatic, and high-pressure-assisted enzymatic treatment on the properties of soluble dietary fibers and their use in jelly prepared with grape waste extract

This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical attributes of soluble dietary fibers (SDFs) of grape, which were isolated after enzymatic (using cellulase [0.1 MPa/60°C/30 min]), high-pressure (HP) (100 MPa/60°C/30 min), or HP-assisted enzymatic treatment (using cellulase [100 MPa/60°C/30 min]), then to evaluate textural properties, color, and microbiological load of jelly prepared using grape waste extract and either pectin or SDF types. HP-assisted enzymatic treatment increased glucose adsorption capacity by more than 50%, and the water-holding capacity of SDF more than twofold as compared to the levels measured in untreated-SDF. After treatments, glucose and galactose contents decreased, whereas fructose, mannose, xylose, arabinose, and rhamnose ratios increased. The arabinose ratio increased more than twice by the effect of HP, whereas the xylose content increased almost fivefold with HP-assisted enzymatic treatment. For the textural properties of jelly, HP-assisted enzymatic treated-SDF provided almost double values in gel strength and adhesiveness than those contributed by untreated-SDF. It was followed by HP-treated SDF jelly. The results showed that HP-assisted enzymatic treatment developed more similar outcomes with enzymatic treatment, rather than HP treatment alone. HP-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis is recommended for treating SDF for use in jelly due to its synergistic effect. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: High-pressure-assisted cellulase treatment provided the best properties to SDF for jelly. In combined treatment, impacts of cellulase treatment were more prominent than HP effects. Therefore, the use of HP assistance for enzymatic hydrolysis shortens the processing time. Moreover, the technological and functional properties (water holding, glucose adsorption capacity, and monosaccharide composition) of the combined treated-fiber can improve. In addition, the color and textural properties of the jelly prepared with this treated-fiber can be enhanced. In this way, it may be possible to obtain a good thickening agent. This material can also be an alternative to pectin.

Effect of viscous soluble dietary fiber on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized clinical trials

Background

The effect of viscous soluble dietary fiber on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains controversial, and the dose-response relationship of its effect on blood glucose and blood lipid level is still unclear.

Methods

We conducted comprehensive searches in several databases up to 17 January 2023. We conducted a dose-response analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to investigate the effect of viscous dietary fiber on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with T2DM.

Results

Statistical significance was observed in the decreases of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (mean difference) [MD = -0.47; 95%CI: (-0.66, -0.27)], fasting blood glucose (FBG) [MD = -0.93; 95%CI: (-1.46, -0.41)], total cholesterol (TC) [MD = -0.33; 95%CI: (-0.46, -0.21)], and low-density lipoprotein and cholesterol (LDL-C) [MD = -0.24; 95%CI: (-0.35, -0.13)]. Contrarily, no difference was observed regarding the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) or triglyceride (TG). In addition, the effect on fasting insulin remains unclear. Results from the subgroup analyses showed that an intervention duration longer than 6 weeks had a significant effect on the HbA1c level; a treatment dosage higher than 8.3 g/day had a significant effect on the FBG level.

Conclusions

Supplementation of viscous dietary fiber is beneficial to control blood glucose and blood lipid in T2DM.

Sustainable Strategies for Increasing Legume Consumption: Culinary and Educational Approaches

Legumes are nutrient-dense crops with health-promoting benefits. However, several barriers are associated with their consumption. Emerging issues including food neophobic tendencies or taboos, unclear dietary guidelines on legume consumption, health concerns, and socio-economic reasons, as well as long cooking procedures, adversely affect legume consumption frequency. Pre-treatment methods, including soaking, sprouting, and pulse electric field technology, are effective in reducing the alpha-oligosaccharides and other anti-nutritional factors, eventually lowering cooking time for legumes. Extrusion technology used for innovative development of legume-enriched products, including snacks, breakfast cereals and puffs, baking and pasta, represents a strategic way to promote legume consumption. Culinary skills such as legume salads, legume sprouts, stews, soups, hummus, and the development of homemade cake recipes using legume flour could represent effective ways to promote legume consumption. This review aims to highlight the nutritional and health effects associated with legume consumption, and strategies to improve their digestibility and nutritional profile. Additionally, proper educational and culinary approaches aimed to improve legumes intake are discussed.

Acute Effects of Dietary Fiber in Starchy Foods on Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Crossover Trials

Dietary fiber (DF) consumption has been associated with improved glycemic control in epidemiological and long-term interventional studies. However, its acute effects are not yet clear. This systematic review aims to elucidate the postprandial effects of DF in starchy products on glycemia and insulinemia. An electronic search of databases was conducted, and forty-one records met the inclusion criteria and underwent a risk-of-bias assessment. It was shown that soluble DF does not clearly affect glycemia in individuals with normal weight, while resistant starch may be more effective in flattening glycemic responses. Concerning insulinemia, both soluble DF and resistant starch have mixed results, with either favorable or no effects. Data on insoluble DF and glucose metabolism are scarce. The same mixed results for glycemia can be seen in healthy volunteers with overweight/obesity, while resistant starch seems to improve insulinemic responses. Finally, more studies need to examine the acute effects of DF in starchy foods on glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in individuals facing glucose abnormalities. Additionally, more studies are needed to prove whether ingesting high-fiber carbohydrate-containing products per se can result in blunted glycemic and insulinemic responses and which DF type and amount are more effective.

Grape Pomace as a Cardiometabolic Health-Promoting Ingredient: Activity in the Intestinal Environment

Grape pomace (GP) is a winemaking by-product particularly rich in (poly)phenols and dietary fiber, which are the main active compounds responsible for its health-promoting effects. These components and their metabolites generated at the intestinal level have been shown to play an important role in promoting health locally and systemically. This review focuses on the potential bioactivities of GP in the intestinal environment, which is the primary site of interaction for food components and their biological activities. These mechanisms include (i) regulation of nutrient digestion and absorption (GP has been shown to inhibit enzymes such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase, protease, and lipase, which can help to reduce blood glucose and lipid levels, and to modulate the expression of intestinal transporters, which can also help to regulate nutrient absorption); (ii) modulation of gut hormone levels and satiety (GP stimulates GLP-1, PYY, CCK, ghrelin, and GIP release, which can help to regulate appetite and satiety); (iii) reinforcement of gut morphology (including the crypt-villi structures, which can improve nutrient absorption and protect against intestinal damage); (iv) protection of intestinal barrier integrity (through tight junctions and paracellular transport); (v) modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress triggered by NF-kB and Nrf2 signaling pathways; and (vi) impact on gut microbiota composition and functionality (leading to increased production of SCFAs and decreased production of LPS). The overall effect of GP within the gut environment reinforces the intestinal function as the first line of defense against multiple disorders, including those impacting cardiometabolic health. Future research on GP's health-promoting properties should consider connections between the gut and other organs, including the gut-heart axis, gut-brain axis, gut-skin axis, and oral-gut axis. Further exploration of these connections, including more human studies, will solidify GP's role as a cardiometabolic health-promoting ingredient and contribute to the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases.

Kidney Bean Substitution Ameliorates the Nutritional Quality of Extruded Purple Sweet Potatoes: Evaluation of Chemical Composition, Glycemic Index, and Antioxidant Capacity

The extrusion process may influence the nutritional profiles of carbohydrate-rich food ingredients, including the glycemic index (GI) and antioxidant capacity. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional profile of extruded purple sweet potato (EPSP) substituted with kidney bean flour (KBF) (0, 30, and 40%). These foods were further characterized by their proximate composition, resistant starch, polyphenols, GI, and antioxidant capacities. The 40% KBF substitution enhanced the protein and fiber contents of the EPSP by up to 8% and 6%, respectively. Moreover, it also revealed that EPSP with 40% KBF substitution had a low-GI category (53.1), while the 0 and 30% substitution levels had a high-GI category, i.e., 77.4 and 74.7, respectively. However, the extrusion processing reduced the anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity of purple sweet potato flour containing 40% KBF by 48% and 19%, respectively. There was a significant relationship between the GI values of proteins, fats, and fibers (p < 0.05). The insignificant effect of resistant starch and phenol contents on GI value was recorded due to the low concentrations of those components. KBF substitution could ameliorate the profile of protein, fiber, and GI, but not for antioxidant capacity. The other innovative processes for preserving antioxidant capacity might improve the product quality.