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Bai Y, Song Y, Li M, Ou J, Hu H, Xu N, Cao M, Wang S, Chen L, Cheng G, Li Z, Liu G, Wang J, Zhang W, Yang C. Dissection of molecular mechanisms of liver injury induced by microcystin-leucine arginine via single-cell RNA-sequencing. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 145:164-179. [PMID: 38844317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence of poisoning incidents caused by cyanobacterial blooms has aroused wide public concern. Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) is a well-established toxin produced by cyanobacterial blooms, which is widely distributed in eutrophic waters. MC-LR is not only hazardous to the water environment but also exerts multiple toxic effects including liver toxicity in both humans and animals. However, the underlying mechanisms of MC-LR-induced liver toxicity are unclear. Herein, we used advanced single-cell RNA sequencing technology to characterize MC-LR-induced liver injury in mice. We established the first single-cell atlas of mouse livers in response to MC-LR. Our results showed that the differentially expressed genes and pathways in diverse cell types of liver tissues of mice treated with MC-LR are highly heterogeneous. Deep analysis showed that MC-LR induced an increase in a subpopulation of hepatocytes that highly express Gstm3, which potentially contributed to hepatocyte apoptosis in response to MC-LR. Moreover, MC-LR increased the proportion and multiple subtypes of Kupffer cells with M1 phenotypes and highly expressed proinflammatory genes. Furthermore, the MC-LR increased several subtypes of CD8+ T cells with highly expressed multiple cytokines and chemokines. Overall, apart from directly inducing hepatocytes apoptosis, MC-LR activated proinflammatory Kupffer cell and CD8+ T cells, and their interaction may constitute a hostile microenvironment that contributes to liver injury. Our findings not only present novel insight into underlying molecular mechanisms but also provide a valuable resource and foundation for additional discovery of MC-LR-induced liver toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmeng Bai
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523125, China; Division of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Yali Song
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523125, China
| | - Miaoran Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jinhuan Ou
- Division of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Hong Hu
- Division of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Division of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Min Cao
- Division of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Guangqing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- Division of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Jigang Wang
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523125, China; Division of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China; State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Division of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China.
| | - Chuanbin Yang
- Division of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China.
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Arruda RS, Jacinavicius FR, Noyma NP, Drummond E, Barreto DA, da Silva LHS, Huszar VL, Pinto E, Lürling M, Marinho MM. Cyanopeptides occurrence and diversity in a Brazilian tropical reservoir: Exploring relationships with water quality. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 351:124051. [PMID: 38688388 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are a class of toxic secondary metabolites produced by some cyanobacteria strains that endanger aquatic and terrestrial organisms in various freshwater systems. Although patterns in MC occurrence are being recognized, divergences in the global data still hamper our ability to predict the toxicity of cyanobacterial blooms. This study aimed (i) to determine the dynamics of MCs and other cyanopeptides in a tropical reservoir, (ii) to investigate the correlation between peptides and potential cyanotoxin producers (iii) identifying the possible abiotic factors that influence the peptides. We analyzed, monthly, eight MC variants (MC-RR, -LA, -LF, -LR, -LW, -YR, [D-Asp3]-RR and [D-Asp3]-LR) and other peptides in 47 water samples collected monthly, all season long, from two sampling sites in a tropical eutrophic freshwater reservoir, in southeastern Brazil. The cyanopeptides were assessed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The biomass of potential cyanobacterial producers and water quality variables were measured. MCs were detected in both sampling sites year-round; the total MC concentration varied from 0.21 to 4.04 μg L-1, and three MC variants were identified and quantified (MC-RR, [D-Asp3]-RR, -LR). Additionally, we identified 28 compounds belonging to three other cyanopeptide classes: aeruginosin, microginin, and cyanopeptolin. As potential MC producers, Microcystis spp. and Dolichospermum circinalis were dominant during the study, representing up to 75% of the total phytoplankton. Correlational and redundancy analysis suggested positive effects of dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and total phosphorus on MC and microginins concentration, while water temperature appeared to favor aeruginosins. A comparison between our results and historical data showed a reduction in total phosphorus and cyanobacteria, suggesting increased water quality in the reservoir. However, the current MC concentrations indicate a rise in cyanobacterial toxicity over the last eight years. Moreover, our study underscores the pressing need to explore cyanopeptides other than MCs in tropical aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Silva Arruda
- Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Phytoplankton, Department of Plant Biology, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524-PHLC Sala 511a, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Rios Jacinavicius
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580 - Bloco 17, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Natália Pessoa Noyma
- Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Phytoplankton, Department of Plant Biology, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524-PHLC Sala 511a, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900, Brazil
| | - Erick Drummond
- Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Phytoplankton, Department of Plant Biology, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524-PHLC Sala 511a, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900, Brazil
| | - Davi Almeida Barreto
- Laboratory of Phycology, National Museum, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, CEP, 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Helena Sampaio da Silva
- Laboratory of Phycology, National Museum, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, CEP, 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Huszar
- Laboratory of Phycology, National Museum, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, CEP, 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ernani Pinto
- Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-000, Brazil
| | - Miquel Lürling
- Aquatic Ecology & Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700, AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcelo Manzi Marinho
- Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Phytoplankton, Department of Plant Biology, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524-PHLC Sala 511a, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900, Brazil
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Haida M, El Khalloufi F, Mugani R, Essadki Y, Campos A, Vasconcelos V, Oudra B. Microcystin Contamination in Irrigation Water and Health Risk. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:196. [PMID: 38668621 PMCID: PMC11054416 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs), natural hepatotoxic compounds produced by cyanobacteria, pose significant risks to water quality, ecosystem stability, and the well-being of animals, plants, and humans when present in elevated concentrations. The escalating contamination of irrigation water with MCs presents a growing threat to terrestrial plants. The customary practice of irrigating crops from local water sources, including lakes and ponds hosting cyanobacterial blooms, serves as a primary conduit for transferring these toxins. Due to their high chemical stability and low molecular weight, MCs have the potential to accumulate in various parts of plants, thereby increasing health hazards for consumers of agricultural products, which serve as the foundation of the Earth's food chain. MCs can bioaccumulate, migrate, potentially biodegrade, and pose health hazards to humans within terrestrial food systems. This study highlights that MCs from irrigation water reservoirs can bioaccumulate and come into contact with plants, transferring into the food chain. Additionally, it investigates the natural mechanisms that organisms employ for conjugation and the microbial processes involved in MC degradation. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the role of MCs in the terrestrial food chain and to elucidate the specific health risks associated with consuming crops irrigated with water contaminated with these toxins, further research is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Haida
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco; (M.H.); (R.M.); (Y.E.); (B.O.)
| | - Fatima El Khalloufi
- Natural Resources Engineering and Environmental Impacts Team, Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation Laboratory, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga, Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, B.P, 45, Khouribga 25000, Morocco;
| | - Richard Mugani
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco; (M.H.); (R.M.); (Y.E.); (B.O.)
| | - Yasser Essadki
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco; (M.H.); (R.M.); (Y.E.); (B.O.)
| | - Alexandre Campos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Brahim Oudra
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco; (M.H.); (R.M.); (Y.E.); (B.O.)
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Martinez I Quer A, Larsson Y, Johansen A, Arias CA, Carvalho PN. Cyanobacterial blooms in surface waters - Nature-based solutions, cyanotoxins and their biotransformation products. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 251:121122. [PMID: 38219688 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are expected to become more frequent and severe in surface water reservoirs due to climate change and ecosystem degradation. It is an emerging challenge that especially countries relying on surface water supplies will face. Nature-based solutions (NBS) like constructed wetlands and biofilters can be used for cyanotoxin remediation. Both technologies are reviewed and critically assessed for different types of water resources. The available information on cyanotoxins (bio)transformation products (TPs) is reviewed to point out the potential research gaps and to disclose the most reliable enzymatic degradation pathways. Knowledge gaps were found, such as information on the performance of the revised NBS in pilot and full scales, the removal processes covering different cyanotoxins (besides the most widely studied microcystin-LR), and the difficulties for real-world implementation of technologies proposed in the literature. Also, most studies focus on bacterial degradation processes while fungi have been completely overlooked. This review also presents an up-to-date overview of the transformation of cyanotoxins, where degradation product data was compiled in a unified library of 22 metabolites for microcystins (MCs), 7 for cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and 10 for nodularin (NOD), most of them reported only in a single study. Major gaps are the lack of environmentally relevant studies with TPs in pilot and full- scale treatment systems, information on TP's toxicity, as well as limited knowledge of environmentally relevant degradation pathways. NBS have the potential to mitigate cyanotoxins in recreational and irrigation waters, enabling the water-energy-food nexus and avoiding the degradability of the ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Martinez I Quer
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark.
| | - Yrsa Larsson
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Anders Johansen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Carlos A Arias
- WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Pedro N Carvalho
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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MacKeigan PW, Zastepa A, Taranu ZE, Westrick JA, Liang A, Pick FR, Beisner BE, Gregory-Eaves I. Microcystin concentrations and congener composition in relation to environmental variables across 440 north-temperate and boreal lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 884:163811. [PMID: 37121330 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the environmental conditions and taxa that promote the occurrence of cyanobacterial toxins is imperative for effective management of lake ecosystems. Herein, we modeled total microcystin presence and concentrations with a broad suite of environmental predictors and cyanobacteria community data collected across 440 Canadian lakes using standardized methods. We also conducted a focused analysis targeting 14 microcystin congeners across 190 lakes, to examine how abiotic and biotic factors influence their relative proportions. Microcystins were detected in 30 % of lakes, with the highest total concentrations occurring in the most eutrophic lakes located in ecozones of central Canada. The two most commonly detected congeners were MC-LR (61 % of lakes) and MC-LA (37 % of lakes), while 11 others were detected more sporadically across waterbodies. Congener diversity peaked in central Canada where cyanobacteria biomass was highest. Using a zero-altered hurdle model, the probability of detecting microcystin was best explained by increasing Microcystis biomass, Daphnia and cyclopoid biomass, soluble reactive phosphorus, pH and wind. Microcystin concentrations increased with the biomass of Microcystis and other less dominant cyanobacteria taxa, as well as total phosphorus, cyclopoid copepod biomass, dissolved inorganic carbon and water temperature. Collectively, these models accounted for 34 % and 70 % of the variability, respectively. Based on a multiple factor analysis of microcystin congeners, cyanobacteria community data, environmental and zooplankton data, we found that the relative abundance of most congeners varied according to trophic state and were related to a combination of cyanobacteria genera biomasses and environmental variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W MacKeigan
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Interuniversity Research Group in Limnology (GRIL), Quebec, Canada.
| | - Arthur Zastepa
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zofia E Taranu
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Judy A Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Anqi Liang
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frances R Pick
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beatrix E Beisner
- Interuniversity Research Group in Limnology (GRIL), Quebec, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Irene Gregory-Eaves
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Interuniversity Research Group in Limnology (GRIL), Quebec, Canada
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Yancey CE, Kiledal EA, Chaganti SR, Denef VJ, Errera RM, Evans JT, Hart LN, Isailovic D, James WS, Kharbush JJ, Kimbrel JA, Li W, Mayali X, Nitschky H, Polik CA, Powers MA, Premathilaka SH, Rappuhn NA, Reitz LA, Rivera SR, Zwiers CC, Dick GJ. The Western Lake Erie culture collection: A promising resource for evaluating the physiological and genetic diversity of Microcystis and its associated microbiome. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 126:102440. [PMID: 37290887 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) dominated by Microcystis spp. have significant public health and economic implications in freshwater bodies around the world. These blooms are capable of producing a variety of cyanotoxins, including microcystins, that affect fishing and tourism industries, human and environmental health, and access to drinking water. In this study, we isolated and sequenced the genomes of 21 primarily unialgal Microcystis cultures collected from western Lake Erie between 2017 and 2019. While some cultures isolated in different years have a high degree of genetic similarity (genomic Average Nucleotide Identity >99%), genomic data show that these cultures also represent much of the breadth of known Microcystis diversity in natural populations. Only five isolates contained all the genes required for microcystin biosynthesis while two isolates contained a previously described partial mcy operon. Microcystin production within cultures was also assessed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and supported genomic results with high concentrations (up to 900 μg L⁻¹) in cultures with complete mcy operons and no or low toxin detected otherwise. These xenic cultures also contained a substantial diversity of bacteria associated with Microcystis, which has become increasingly recognized as an essential component of cyanoHAB community dynamics. These results highlight the genomic diversity among Microcystis strains and associated bacteria in Lake Erie, and their potential impacts on bloom development, toxin production, and toxin degradation. This culture collection significantly increases the availability of environmentally relevant Microcystis strains from temperate North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen E Yancey
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - E Anders Kiledal
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Subba Rao Chaganti
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR), University of Michigan, 4840 S State Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, United States of America
| | - Vincent J Denef
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Reagan M Errera
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL), 4840 S State Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, United States of America
| | - Jacob T Evans
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Lauren N Hart
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Dragan Isailovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States of America
| | - William S James
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Jenan J Kharbush
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A Kimbrel
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, United States of America
| | - Wei Li
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, United States of America
| | - Xavier Mayali
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, United States of America
| | - Helena Nitschky
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Catherine A Polik
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - McKenzie A Powers
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Sanduni H Premathilaka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States of America
| | - Nicole A Rappuhn
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Laura A Reitz
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Sara R Rivera
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Claire C Zwiers
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Gregory J Dick
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR), University of Michigan, 4840 S State Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, United States of America.
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Zhang D, Huang L, Jia Y, Zhang S, Bi X, Dai W. Integrated analysis of mRNA and microRNA expression profiles in hepatopancreas of Litopenaeus vannamei under acute exposure to MC-LR. Front Genet 2023; 14:1088191. [PMID: 36741320 PMCID: PMC9892846 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1088191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Intensive shrimp farming is often threatened by microcystins Hepatopancreas is the primary target organ of MCs in shrimp. To investigate the response of hepatopancreas to acute MC-LR exposure, the expression profiles of RNA-seq and miRNA-seq in the hepatopancreas of L. vannamei were determined, and data integration analysis was performed at 72 h after MC-LR injection. The expression of 5 DEGs and three DEMs were detected by Quantitative PCR (qPCR). The results showed that the cumulative mortality rate of shrimp in MC-LR treatment group was 41.1%. A total of 1229 differentially expressed genes (844 up- and 385 down-regulated) and 86 differentially expressed miRNAs (40 up- and 46 down-regulated) were identified after MC-LR exposure. Functional analysis indicated that DEGs is mainly involved in the oxidative activity process in molecular functional categories, and proteasome was the most enriched KEGG pathway for mRNAs profile. According to the functional annotation of target genes of DEMs, protein binding was the most important term in the GO category, and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was the most enriched KEGG pathway. The regulatory network of miRNAs and DEGs involved in the pathway related to protein degradation in endoplasmic reticulum was constructed, and miR-181-5p regulated many genes in this pathway. The results of qPCR showed that there were significant differences in the expression of five DEGs and three DEMs, which might play an important role in the toxicity and hepatopancreas detoxification of MC-LR in shrimp. The results revealed that MC-LR exposure affected the degradation pathway of misfolded protein in ER of L. vannamei hepatopancreas, and miR-181-5p might play an important role in the effect of MC-LR on the degradation pathway of misfolded protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shulin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic-Ecology and Aquaculture of Tianjin, College of Fishery, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
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Hataley EK, Shahmohamadloo RS, Almirall XO, Harrison AL, Rochman CM, Zou S, Orihel DM. Experimental Evidence from the Field that Naturally Weathered Microplastics Accumulate Cyanobacterial Toxins in Eutrophic Lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:3017-3028. [PMID: 36148929 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems with recurring harmful algal blooms can also be polluted with plastics. Thus the two environmental problems may interact. To test whether microplastics influence the partitioning of microcystins in freshwater lakes, we examined the sorption of four microcystin congeners to different polymers of commercially available plastics (low-density polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, and polypropylene). We conducted three experiments: a batch sorption experiment in the laboratory with pristine microplastics of four different polymers, a second batch sorption experiment in the laboratory to compare pristine and naturally weathered microplastics of a single polymer, and a 2-month sorption experiment in the field with three different polymers experiencing natural weathering in a eutrophic lake. This series of experiments led to a surprising result: microcystins sorbed poorly to all polymers tested under laboratory conditions (<0.01% of the initial amount added), irrespective of weathering, yet in the field experiment, all polymers accumulated microcystins under ambient conditions in a eutrophic lake (range: 0-84.1 ng/g). Furthermore, we found that the sorption capacity for microcystins differed among polymers in the laboratory experiment yet were largely the same in the field. We also found that the affinity for plastic varied among microcystin congeners, namely, more polar congeners demonstrated a greater affinity for plastic than less polar congeners. Our study improves our understanding of the role of polymer and congener type in microplastic-microcystin sorption and provides novel evidence from the field, showing that naturally weathered microplastics in freshwater lakes can accumulate microcystins. Consequently, we caution that microplastics may alter the persistence, transport, and bioavailability of microcystins in freshwaters, which could have implications for human and wildlife health. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:3017-3028. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden K Hataley
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - René S Shahmohamadloo
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xavier Ortiz Almirall
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Sciences, IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna L Harrison
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, UMR 5563, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Chelsea M Rochman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, St. George Campus, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shan Zou
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diane M Orihel
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Bashir F, Bashir A, Rajput VD, Bouaïcha N, Fazili KM, Adhikari S, Negi Y, Minkina T, Almalki WH, Ganai BA. Microcystis sp. AE03 strain in Dal Lake harbors cylindrospermopsin and microcystin synthetase gene cluster. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.1036111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) are increasing at an alarming rate in different water bodies worldwide. In India, CHAB events in water bodies such as Dal Lake have been sporadically reported with no study done to characterize the cyanobacterial species and their associated toxins. We hypothesized that this Lake is contaminated with toxic cyanobacterial species with the possibility of the presence of cyanotoxin biosynthetic genes. We, therefore, used some of the molecular tools such as 16S ribosomal DNA, PCR, and phylogenetic analysis to explore cyanobacterial species and their associated toxins. A 3-year (2018–2020) survey was conducted at three different sampling sites of Dal Lake namely, Grand Palace Gath (S1), Nigeen basin (S2), and Gagribal basin (S3). Two strains of Dolichospermum sp. AE01 and AE02 (S3 and S1 site) and one strain of Microcystis sp. AE03 (S2 site) was isolated, cultured, and characterized phylogenetically by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. The presence of cyanotoxin genes from the isolates was evaluated by PCR of microcystins (mcyB), anatoxins (anaC), and cylindrospermopsins (pks) biosynthesis genes. Results revealed the presence of both mcyB and pks gene in Microcystis sp. AE03, and only anaC gene in Dolichospermum sp. AE02 strain. However, Dolichospermum sp. AE01 strain was not found to harbor any such genes. Our findings, for the first time, reported the coexistence of pks and mcyB in a Microcystis AE03 strain. This study has opened a new door to further characterize the unexplored cyanobacterial species, their associated cyanotoxin biosynthetic genes, and the intervention of high-end proteomic techniques to characterize the cyanotoxins.
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Jiang H, He J, Wang H, Zheng L, Wang X, Zhang H, Wu H, Shu Y. Gill Junction Injury and Microbial Disorders Induced by Microcystin-Leucine Arginine in Lithobates catesbeianus Tadpoles. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070479. [PMID: 35878217 PMCID: PMC9322459 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is widely present in waters around the world, but its potential toxic effects and mechanisms on amphibian gills remain unknown. In the present study, tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus) were exposed to environmentally realistic concentrations of 0.5, 2 μg/L MC-LR, and 0 μg/L MC-LR (Control) for 30 days with the objective to unveil the impairment of gill health. The lysozyme was downregulated, while pattern recognition receptors and complement and adaptive immune processes were upregulated and the ability of gill supernatant to inhibit pathogenic bacteria decreased in the 0.5 and 2 μg/L MC-LR groups. The transcriptions of epithelial barrier components (e.g., CLDN1) were significantly decreased in MC-LR-exposed gills, while the gill content of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxins and the transcriptions of downstream responsive genes (e.g., TLR4 and NF-κB) were concurrently increased. In addition, the number of eosinophils and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β and TNF-α) were increased. These results imply that exposure of tadpoles to low environmentally concentrations of MC-LR leads to inflammation, increased permeability, and a reduced ability to inhibit pathogenic bacteria. The epithelial cells of inner gill filaments increased and transcriptions of hypoxic stress genes (e.g., HIF-1α, FLT1, and SERPINE1) were upregulated within the exposed group. As a consequence, exposure to MC-LR may lead to hypoxic stress. MC-LR exposure also drove gill microbiota to a dysbiosis. The relative abundance of Elizabethkingia was positively correlated with content of LPS and transcriptions of NF-κB and TNF-α. Overall, this study presents the first evidence about the pronounced impacts of MC-LR exposure on gills of amphibians, highlighting the susceptibility of early developing tadpoles to the environmental risks of MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (H.J.); (J.H.); (H.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Jun He
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (H.J.); (J.H.); (H.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hui Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (H.J.); (J.H.); (H.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Lingling Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (H.J.); (J.H.); (H.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xiaoran Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (H.J.); (J.H.); (H.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (H.J.); (J.H.); (H.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hailong Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (H.J.); (J.H.); (H.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yilin Shu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (H.J.); (J.H.); (H.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (Y.S.)
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Du C, Zheng S, Yang Y, Feng X, Chen J, Tang Y, Wang H, Yang F. Chronic exposure to low concentration of MC-LR caused hepatic lipid metabolism disorder. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 239:113649. [PMID: 35605325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a potent hepatotoxin can cause liver damages. However, research on hepatic lipid metabolism caused by long-term exposure to environmental concentrations MC-LR is limited. In the current study, mice were exposed to various low concentrations of MC-LR (0, 1, 30, 60, 90, 120 μg/L in the drinking water) for 9 months. The general parameters, serum and liver lipids, liver tissue pathology, lipid metabolism-related genes and proteins of liver were investigated. The results show that chronic MC-LR exposure had increased the levels of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in serum and liver. In addition, histological observation revealed that hepatic lobules were disordered with obvious inflammatory cell infiltration and lipid droplets. More importantly, the mRNA and proteins expression levels of lipid synthesis-related nuclear sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (nSREBP-1c), SREBP-1c, cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), acetyl-CoA-carboxylase1 (ACC1), stearoyl-CoA desaturase1 (SCD1) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) were increased in MC-LR treated groups, the expression levels of fatty acids β-oxidation related genes peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1) was decreased after exposure to 60-120 μg/L MC-LR. Furthermore, the inflammatory factors interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were higher than that in the control group. All the findings indicated that mice were exposed to chronic low concentrations MC-LR caused liver inflammation and hepatic lipid metabolism disorder .
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Du
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Shuilin Zheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xiangling Feng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Jihua Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; The Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province Department of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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12
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Possibility for Water Quality Biocontrol: Observation of Microcystin Transfer in the “Cyanobacteria–Cladohorn–Fish” Food Chain. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14121928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins appear to be considered one of the most dangerous cyanobacterial toxins in the world. The accumulation and change of microcystins MC-LR and MC-RR in the “cyanobacteria–cladocera–fish” food chain were studied. Microcystis aeruginosa was fed to Moina macrocopa at three densities, 5.0 × 103, 5.0 × 105, and 5.0 × 106 cells/mL, and then passed to Cyprinus flammans. The total amount of MCs in the cyanobacteria cell extract increased with increasing density. The content of MCs in M. macrocopa increased with the feeding density of M. aeruginosa. In the final stage of experiments, MC-RR was the only MC that could be transmitted by M. macrocopa and persisted in red carp. In this study, changes in the concentrations of MC-LR and MC-RR in the liver of red carp seem to indicate some kind of transformation or degradation mechanism. It shows the possibility of MCs concentration-controlled biodefense in eutrophic waters.
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Yancey CE, Smith DJ, Den Uyl PA, Mohamed OG, Yu F, Ruberg SA, Chaffin JD, Goodwin KD, Tripathi A, Sherman DH, Dick GJ. Metagenomic and Metatranscriptomic Insights into Population Diversity of Microcystis Blooms: Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of mcy Genotypes, Including a Partial Operon That Can Be Abundant and Expressed. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0246421. [PMID: 35438519 PMCID: PMC9088275 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02464-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) degrade freshwater ecosystems globally. Microcystis aeruginosa often dominates cyanoHABs and produces microcystin (MC), a class of hepatotoxins that poses threats to human and animal health. Microcystin toxicity is influenced by distinct structural elements across a diversity of related molecules encoded by variant mcy operons. However, the composition and distribution of mcy operon variants in natural blooms remain poorly understood. Here, we characterized the variant composition of mcy genes in western Lake Erie Microcystis blooms from 2014 and 2018. Sampling was conducted across several spatial and temporal scales, including different bloom phases within 2014, extensive spatial coverage on the same day (2018), and frequent, autonomous sampling over a 2-week period (2018). Mapping of metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequences to reference sequences revealed three Microcystis mcy genotypes: complete (all genes present [mcyA-J]), partial (truncated mcyA, complete mcyBC, and missing mcyD-J), and absent (no mcy genes). We also detected two different variants of mcyB that may influence the production of microcystin congeners. The relative abundance of these genotypes was correlated with pH and nitrate concentrations. Metatranscriptomic analysis revealed that partial operons were, at times, the most abundant genotype and expressed in situ, suggesting the potential biosynthesis of truncated products. Quantification of genetic divergence between genotypes suggests that the observed strains are the result of preexisting heterogeneity rather than de novo mutation during the sampling period. Overall, our results show that natural Microcystis populations contain several cooccurring mcy genotypes that dynamically shift in abundance spatiotemporally via strain succession and likely influence the observed diversity of the produced congeners. IMPORTANCE Cyanobacteria are responsible for producing microcystins (MCs), a class of potent and structurally diverse toxins, in freshwater systems around the world. While microcystins have been studied for over 50 years, the diversity of their chemical forms and how this variation is encoded at the genetic level remain poorly understood, especially within natural populations of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs). Here, we leverage community DNA and RNA sequences to track shifts in mcy genes responsible for producing microcystin, uncovering the relative abundance, expression, and variation of these genes. We studied this phenomenon in western Lake Erie, which suffers annually from cyanoHAB events, with impacts on drinking water, recreation, tourism, and commercial fishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen E. Yancey
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Paul A. Den Uyl
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Osama G. Mohamed
- Natural Products Discovery Core, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Life Science Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fengan Yu
- Life Science Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven A. Ruberg
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Justin D. Chaffin
- F. T. Stone Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Put-In-Bay, Ohio, USA
- Ohio Sea Grant, The Ohio State University, Put-In-Bay, Ohio, USA
| | - Kelly D. Goodwin
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), NOAA, Miami, Florida, USA
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ashootosh Tripathi
- Natural Products Discovery Core, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Life Science Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David H. Sherman
- Life Science Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gregory J. Dick
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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14
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Identification of Novel Molecular Targets of Four Microcystin Variants by High-Throughput Virtual Screening. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12052612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Highly toxic microcystins (MCs) perform complex interactions with many proteins that induce cellular dysregulation, leading to the development of several diseases including cancer. There is significant diversity and chemical complexity among MC congeners, which makes it difficult to identify structure-dependent toxicity outcomes and their long-term effects. The aim of this study was to exploratory identify likely molecular targets of the main MC variants (MC-LA, MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-LY) by conducting a computational binding affinity analysis using AutoDock Vina to evaluate the interaction of the toxins with 1000 proteins related to different biological functions. All four variants showed strong in silico interactions with proteins that regulate metabolism/immune system, CD38 (top scoring hit, −11.5 kcal/mol); inflammation, TLR4 (−11.4 kcal/mol) and TLR8 (−11.5 kcal/mol); neuronal conduction, BChE; renin–angiotensin signaling, (ACE); thyroid hormone homeostasis (TTR); and cancer-promoting processes, among other biochemical activities. The results show MCs have the potential to bind onto distinct molecular targets which could generate biochemical alterations through a number of signal transduction pathways. In short, this study broadens our knowledge about the mechanisms of action of different variants of microcystins and provides information for future direct experimentation.
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Rodrigues NB, Pitol DL, Tocchini de Figueiredo FA, Tenfen das Chagas Lima AC, Burdick Henry T, Mardegan Issa JP, de Aragão Umbuzeiro G, Pereira BF. Microcystin-LR at sublethal concentrations induce rapid morphology of liver and muscle tissues in the fish species Astyanax altiparanae (Lambari). Toxicon 2022; 211:70-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Wang Q, Chen G, Zhang Q, Wang M, Wang G, Hu T. Microcystin-leucine arginine blocks vasculogenesis and angiogenesis through impairing cytoskeleton and impeding endothelial cell migration by downregulating integrin-mediated Rho/ROCK signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:67108-67119. [PMID: 34244946 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The main characteristic of eutrophication is cyanobacteria harmful algae blooms. Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) is considered to be the most toxic and most commonly secondary metabolite produced by cyanobacteria. It has been reported that MC-LR had potential vascular toxicity. However, the mechanism that MC-LR-induced vascular toxicity is very limited and remains to be clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic hazard toward the vasculogenesis and angiogenesis of MC-LR. Its effects on vasculogenesis, sprouting angiogenesis, and endothelial cell tube formation were studied. The study showed that MC-LR exposure blocked vasculogenesis in zebrafish embryos, sprouting angiogenesis from rat aorta, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In addition, MC-LR exposure also induced the disruption of cytoskeletal structures and markedly inhibited endothelial cell (EC) migration from caudal hematopoietic tissue in zebrafish and HUVEC migration. Western blot analysis showed that MC-LR exposure downregulated the expressions of integrin β1, FAK, Rho, and ROCK. Combined with these results, MC-LR could induce disruption of cytoskeleton via downregulating integrin-mediated FAK/ROCK signaling pathway, leading to the inhibition of EC migration, which finally blocked vasculogenesis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingzhang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.
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Overlingė D, Toruńska-Sitarz A, Kataržytė M, Pilkaitytė R, Gyraitė G, Mazur-Marzec H. Characterization and Diversity of Microcystins Produced by Cyanobacteria from the Curonian Lagoon (SE Baltic Sea). Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120838. [PMID: 34941676 PMCID: PMC8703916 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are the most widely distributed and structurally diverse cyanotoxins that can have significant health impacts on living organisms, including humans. The identification of MC variants and their quantification is very important for toxicological assessment. Within this study, we explored the diversity of MCs and their potential producers from the Curonian Lagoon. MC profiles were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, while the potential producers were detected based on the presence of genus-specific mcyE gene sequences. Among the numerous MCs detected, one new potential MC variant with m/z 1057 was partially characterized. Moreover, two other MCs with m/z 1075 and m/z 1068 might belong to new variants with serine (Ser), rarely detected in position one of the peptides. They might also represent MC-Y(OMe)R and MC-WR, respectively. However, the application of a low-resolution MS/MS system made the unambiguous identification of the MCs impossible. Based on this example, the problems of peptide structure identification are discussed in the work. Genetic analysis revealed that potential MCs producers include Dolichospermum/Anabaena, Microcystis spp., and Planktothrix agardhii. The diversity and temporal variations in MC profiles may indicate the presence of several chemotypes of cyanobacteria in the Curonian Lagoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donata Overlingė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipeda, Lithuania; (M.K.); (R.P.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Toruńska-Sitarz
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81378 Gdynia, Poland; (A.T.-S.); (H.M.-M.)
| | - Marija Kataržytė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipeda, Lithuania; (M.K.); (R.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Renata Pilkaitytė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipeda, Lithuania; (M.K.); (R.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Greta Gyraitė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipeda, Lithuania; (M.K.); (R.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81378 Gdynia, Poland; (A.T.-S.); (H.M.-M.)
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18
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Phytoplankton of the Curonian Lagoon as a New Interesting Source for Bioactive Natural Products. Special Impact on Cyanobacterial Metabolites. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081139. [PMID: 34439804 PMCID: PMC8395022 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioprospecting of marine and brackish water systems has increased during the last decades. In this respect, microalgae, including cyanobacteria, and their metabolites are one of the most widely explored resources. Most of the bioactive compounds are isolated from ex situ cultures of microorganisms; however, analysis of field samples could also supply valuable information about the metabolic and biotechnological potential of microalgae communities. In this work, the activity of phytoplankton samples from the Curonian Lagoon was studied. The samples were active against antibiotic resistant clinical and environmental bacterial strains as well as against serine proteases and T47D human breast adenocarcinoma cells. No significant effect was found on Daphnia magna. In addition, using LC-MS/MS, we documented the diversity of metabolites present in field samples. A list of 117 detected cyanopeptides was presented. Cyanopeptolins constituted the largest class of cyanopeptides. As complex bloom samples were analyzed, no link between the observed activity and a specific sample component can be established. However, the results of the study showed a biotechnological potential of natural products from the Curonian Lagoon.
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19
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Wood SA, Puddick J, Hawes I, Steiner K, Dietrich DR, Hamilton DP. Variability in microcystin quotas during a Microcystis bloom in a eutrophic lake. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254967. [PMID: 34288957 PMCID: PMC8294494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystis is a bloom-forming genus of cyanobacteria with some genotypes that produce highly toxic microcystin hepatotoxins. In waterbodies where biological and physical factors are relatively homogenous, toxin quotas (the average amount of toxin per cell), at a single point in time, are expected to be relatively constant. In this study we challenged this assumption by investigating the spatial distribution of microcystin quotas at a single point in time on two separate occasions in a lake with a major Microcystis bloom. Microcystis cell concentrations varied widely across the lake on both sampling occasions (730- and 137-fold) together with microcystin quotas (148- and 362-fold). Cell concentrations and microcystin quotas were strongly positively correlated (R2 = 0.89, P < 0.001, n = 28; R2 = 0.67, P < 0.001, n = 25). Analysis of Microcystis strains using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region showed no relationship between microcystin quota and the relative abundance of specific sequences. Collectively, the results of this study indicate an association between microcystin production and cell density that magnifies the potential for bloom toxicity at elevated cell concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Hawes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | | | - David P. Hamilton
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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Wang S, Jiao Y, Rao Z. Selective removal of common cyanotoxins: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:28865-28875. [PMID: 33842999 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of cyanobacterial blooms can have adverse effects on water bodies and may produce cyanotoxins. Several physical and chemical methods have been applied to remove cyanotoxins, but they have been significantly challenged due to extensive energy footprint and over-used chemicals, which limits practical application on a large scale. Selective removal has been regarded as the most promising approach recently for the elimination of prevalent and major bloom-forming cyanotoxins (e.g., microcystins and cylindrospermopsin) as natural organic matters and radical scavengers are ineluctably present in real scenarios. This paper reviews current advancements in research on selective oxidation and adsorption of cyanotoxins. Its goal is to provide comprehensive information on the treatment mechanism and the process feasibility involved in the cyanotoxin removal from real-world waters. Moreover, perspectives of cyanotoxin control and in situ selective elimination approaches are also reviewed. It is expected that the information gathered and discussed in this review can provide a useful and novel reference and direction for future pilot-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulian Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation for Rivers-Lakes and Algal Utilization, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Yiying Jiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation for Rivers-Lakes and Algal Utilization, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Zhi Rao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation for Rivers-Lakes and Algal Utilization, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China.
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21
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Dick GJ, Duhaime MB, Evans JT, Errera RM, Godwin CM, Kharbush JJ, Nitschky HS, Powers MA, Vanderploeg HA, Schmidt KC, Smith DJ, Yancey CE, Zwiers CC, Denef VJ. The genetic and ecophysiological diversity of Microcystis. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:7278-7313. [PMID: 34056822 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis is a cyanobacterium that forms toxic blooms in freshwater ecosystems around the world. Biological variation among taxa within the genus is apparent through genetic and phenotypic differences between strains and via the spatial and temporal distribution of strains in the environment, and this fine-scale diversity exerts strong influence over bloom toxicity. Yet we do not know how varying traits of Microcystis strains govern their environmental distribution, the tradeoffs and links between these traits, or how they are encoded at the genomic level. Here we synthesize current knowledge on the importance of diversity within Microcystis and on the genes and traits that likely underpin ecological differentiation of taxa. We briefly review spatial and environmental patterns of Microcystis diversity in the field and genetic evidence for cohesive groups within Microcystis. We then compile data on strain-level diversity regarding growth responses to environmental conditions and explore evidence for variation of community interactions across Microcystis strains. Potential links and tradeoffs between traits are identified and discussed. The resulting picture, while incomplete, highlights key knowledge gaps that need to be filled to enable new models for predicting strain-level dynamics, which influence the development, toxicity and cosmopolitan nature of Microcystis blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Dick
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Melissa B Duhaime
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jacob T Evans
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Reagan M Errera
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Great Lakes Environmental Research Lab, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Casey M Godwin
- School for Environment and Sustainability, Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jenan J Kharbush
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Helena S Nitschky
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - McKenzie A Powers
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Henry A Vanderploeg
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Great Lakes Environmental Research Lab, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kathryn C Schmidt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Derek J Smith
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Colleen E Yancey
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Claire C Zwiers
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vincent J Denef
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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23
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Shi L, Du X, Liu H, Chen X, Ma Y, Wang R, Tian Z, Zhang S, Guo H, Zhang H. Update on the adverse effects of microcystins on the liver. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110890. [PMID: 33617868 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are the most common cyanobacteria toxins in eutrophic water, which have strong hepatotoxicity. In the past decade, epidemiological and toxicological studies on liver damage caused by MCs have proliferated, and new mechanisms of hepatotoxicity induced by MCs have also been discovered and confirmed. However, there has not been a comprehensive and systematic review of these new findings. Therefore, this paper summarizes the latest advances in studies on the hepatotoxicity of MCs to reveal the effects and mechanisms of hepatotoxicity induced by MCs. Current epidemiological studies have confirmed that symptoms or signs of liver damage appear after human exposure to MCs, and a long time of exposure can even lead to liver cancer. Toxicological studies have shown that MCs can affect the expression of oncogenes by activating cell proliferation pathways such as MAPK and Akt, thereby promoting the occurrence and development of cancer. The latest evidence shows that epigenetic modifications may play an important role in MCs-induced liver cancer. MCs can cause damage to the liver by inducing hepatocyte death, mainly manifested as apoptosis and necrosis. The imbalance of liver metabolic homeostasis may be involved in hepatotoxicity induced by MCs. In addition, the combined toxicity of MCs and other toxins are also discussed in this article. This detailed information will be a valuable reference for further exploring of MCs-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjia Shi
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haohao Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xinghai Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St Mary's University, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ya Ma
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhihui Tian
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongxiang Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Chernoff N, Hill D, Lang J, Schmid J, Farthing A, Huang H. Dose-Response Study of Microcystin Congeners MCLA, MCLR, MCLY, MCRR, and MCYR Administered Orally to Mice. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:86. [PMID: 33498948 PMCID: PMC7911753 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins are common freshwater cyanobacterial toxins that affect liver function. The toxicities of five microcystin congeners (microcystin-LA (MCLA), MCLR, MCLY, MCRR, and MCYR) commonly observed in harmful algal blooms (HABs) were evaluated in BALB/c mice after a single oral administration of doses ranging from those that were no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) to lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAELs). Animals were monitored for changes in behavior and appearance, and euthanized 24 h after dosing. Test endpoints included clinical changes, necropsy observations, and serum indicators of hepatic toxicity and general homeostasis. Doses were 0.5-7 mg/kg MCLA, 0.5-11 mg/kg MCLR, 1-7 mg/kg MCLY, 7-22 mg/kg MCRR, and 3-11 mg/kg MCYR. MCLA at 3 mg/kg elevated liver/body weight ratio and liver score, ALT, AST, and GLDH, indicating hepatic toxicity, reduced serum glucose and highly elevated total serum bilirubin. MCLR and MCLY induced similar effects with LOAELs of 5 mg/kg, although a greater extent and severity of effects were observed in MCLR animals. MCRR exposure at 22 mg/kg was associated with reduced serum glucose. MCYR induced scattered liver effects at 7 mg/kg and reduced serum glucose levels at 5 mg/kg. The results indicate significant differences in congener-induced toxicity after microcystin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Chernoff
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; (D.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Donna Hill
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; (D.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Johnsie Lang
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (J.L.); (A.F.); (H.H.)
| | - Judith Schmid
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; (D.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Amy Farthing
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (J.L.); (A.F.); (H.H.)
| | - Hwa Huang
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (J.L.); (A.F.); (H.H.)
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Fernando PUAI, Glasscott MW, Pokrzywinski K, Fernando BM, Kosgei GK, Moores LC. Analytical Methods Incorporating Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) for the Quantification of Microcystins: A Mini-Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1244-1258. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1868284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew W. Glasscott
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kaytee Pokrzywinski
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | | | - Gilbert K. Kosgei
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Lee C. Moores
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
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Microcystis aeruginosa and M. wesenbergii Were the Primary Planktonic Microcystin Producers in Several Bulgarian Waterbodies (August 2019). APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app11010357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The rising interest in harmful cyanoprokaryote blooms promotes an increase of phycological and ecological research on potentially toxic species and their hazardous substances. The present study aimed to identify the main microcystin (MC) producers and their contribution to the phytoplankton of shallow waterbodies in Bulgaria, applying different methods. The sampling was performed in August 2019 in nine lakes and reservoirs, two of which (reservoirs Kriva Reka and Izvornik 2) were studied for the first time. The high contribution of cyanoprokaryotes to the total species composition and phytoplankton abundance was proved by light microscopic (LM) observations and HPLC analysis of marker pigments. The LM identification of potential MC-producers was supported by PCR amplification of mcyE and mcyB genes. The MCs amounts, detected by HPLC-DAD, varied by sites with a range from undetectable concentrations to 0.46 µg L−1 with only one recorded variant, namely MC-LR. It was found only in the reservoirs Mandra and Durankulak, while toxigenic MC-strains were obtained by PCR from five more waterbodies. Both LM and PCR demonstrated that the MC-producers were Microcystis aeruginosa and M. wesenbergii, despite their occurrence in low amounts (<0.5–5% of the total biomass) when filamentous cyanoprokaryotes dominated.
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He L, Liu L, Lin C, Ruan J, Liang X, Zhou Y, Wei L. Effects of MC-LR on histological structure and cell apoptosis in the kidney of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:2005-2014. [PMID: 32712898 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a well-known hepatotoxin; however, increasing evidence suggests that it might induce kidney injury. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is one of the most important farmed species and may be affected by MC-LR releasing into waterbody during cyanobacterial bloom. Here, this present study aimed to explore the nephrotoxicity of grass carp by MC-LR. The grass carp received a single intraperitoneal injection of different doses of MC-LR (0, 25, 75, and 100 μg/kg body weight (BW)), and the kidneys were isolated at 24 and 96 h post-injection (hpi). Histopathological examination revealed kidney lesions, with severe hemorrhage, necrosis of the interstitium, and dilation of Bowman's capsule in the 75 and 100 μg MC-LR/kg BW groups. Under transmission electron microscopy, a larger number of swelling and vacuolated degeneration of mitochondria were observed; moreover, apoptotic features, such as condensed chromatin and shrinkage of cells, were observed in the 75 and 100 μg MC-LR/kg BW groups at 96 hpi. MC-LR significantly upregulated the number of apoptotic cells in the 75 and 100 μg/kg BW groups at 96 hpi as indicated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay (P < 0. 05). The results of quantitative assays showed that the mRNA expression of Bax, caspase-9, and caspase-3 in grass carp kidney were significantly increased at 96 hpi in the 75 and 100 μg MC-LR/kg BW groups compared with that in the control group, but Bcl-2 mRNA expression was significantly decreased in all the treatment groups at 24 and 96 hpi. Taken together, these results indicated that MC-LR damaged the kidney structure and resulted in renal apoptosis which may occur via the mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Changgao Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiming Ruan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ximei Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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YAMAN G, YILMAZ M. Examination of Substrate Specificity of the First Adenylation Domain in mcyA Module Involved in Microcystin Biosynthesis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SECONDARY METABOLITE 2020. [DOI: 10.21448/ijsm.715530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Duan Y, Xiong D, Wang Y, Dong H, Huang J, Zhang J. Effects of Microcystis aeruginosa and microcystin-LR on intestinal histology, immune response, and microbial community in Litopenaeus vannamei. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114774. [PMID: 32485489 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis aeruginosa (MA) is a primary hazardous cyanobacteria species in aquatic ecosystems that can produce microcystin-LR (MC-LR), which harms aquatic animals. The intestine is an important target tissue for MA and MC-LR. In this study, we investigated the effects of MA and MC-LR exposure on the intestinal microbiota variation and immune responses of Litopenaeus vannamei. Shrimp were experimentally exposed to MA and MC-LR for 72 h. The results showed that both MA and MC-LR exposure caused marked histological variation and apoptosis characteristics and increased oxidative stress in the intestine. Furthermore, the relative expression levels of antimicrobial peptide genes (ALF, Crus, Pen-3) decreased, while those of pro-inflammatory cytokines (MyD88, Rel, TNF-a), a pattern-recognition receptor (TLR4) and a mediator of apoptosis (Casp-3) increased. MA and MC-LR exposure also caused intestinal microbiota variation, including decreasing microbial diversity and disturbing microbial composition. Specifically, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria decreased in the two stress groups; that of Bacteroidetes decreased in the MA group but increased in the MC-LR group, while Tenericutes varied inversely with Bacteroidetes. Our results indicate that MA and MC-LR exposure causes intestinal histopathological and microbiota variations and induces oxidative stress and immune responses in L. vannamei. In conclusion, this study reveals the negative effects of MA and MC-LR on the intestinal health of shrimp, which should be considered in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Duan
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China
| | - Dalin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China
| | - Hongbiao Dong
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China; Shenzhen Base of South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, PR China
| | - Jiasong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China.
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Shi F, Li W, Zhao H, He Y, Jiang Y, Ni J, Abbasi B, Rui R, Ju S. Microcystin-LR exposure results in aberrant spindles and induces apoptosis in porcine oocytes. Theriogenology 2020; 158:358-367. [PMID: 33038821 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), as a well-known hepatotoxin, was recently found to accumulate in gonads and induce a variety of reproductive damages in zebrafish, mice and other model organisms, however, little information is available on whether MC-LR has toxic effects on the mammalian oocytes, especially in livestock species. In this study, the effects of MC-LR on meiotic maturation of porcine oocytes were investigated, and the potential mechanism of MC-LR toxicity was explored. Germinal vesicle (GV)-stage oocytes were exposed to 0, 20, 40 and 60 μM MC-LR, respectively, during the in vitro maturation for 44 h, and the results showed that the first polar body (PbI) extrusion rate of the oocytes decreased significantly when the MC-LR concentration reached 40 (P < 0.01) or 60 μM (P < 0.001). After treated with 60 μM MC-LR for 44 h, a significant higher percentage of the oocytes arrested at anaphase-telophase I (ATI) stage (P < 0.01). Laser scanning confocal results further confirmed that a significantly larger proportion of the 60 μM MC-LR-treated oocytes exhibited aberrant spindles and misaligned chromosomes, suggesting a failure of spindle assembly and homologous chromosome segregation during the ATI stage. Furthermore, the ROS levels in the 60 μM MC-LR-exposed oocytes were significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.01), while the expression of antioxidant related genes (SOD1, CAT and GPX) were much lower compared with control group, indicating that oxidative stress was induced and the antioxidant capacity of oocytes was depleted by 60 μM MC-LR treatment. Additionally, markedly decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) (P < 0.01) and significantly higher incidence of early apoptosis (P < 0.01) were observed in the 60 μM MC-LR-treated oocytes, suggesting that MC-LR exposure induced apoptosis in porcine oocytes. Moreover, the protein expression of PP2A was remarkably inhibited, whereas the expression of p53, BAX, Caspase3 and Cleaved-caspase3 were prominently increased in the 60 μM MC-LR-exposed oocytes. Together, these results suggested that 60 μM of MC-LR exposure can induce oxidative stress, and lead to aberrant spindles, impaired MMP, and trigger apoptosis, which eventually result in failure of porcine oocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyao Shi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
| | - Yijing He
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
| | - Yao Jiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
| | - Jun Ni
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
| | - Benazir Abbasi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
| | - Rong Rui
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
| | - Shiqiang Ju
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, China.
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Weisbrod B, Wood SA, Steiner K, Whyte-Wilding R, Puddick J, Laroche O, Dietrich DR. Is a Central Sediment Sample Sufficient? Exploring Spatial and Temporal Microbial Diversity in a Small Lake. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E580. [PMID: 32916957 PMCID: PMC7551157 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Paleolimnological studies use sediment cores to explore long-term changes in lake ecology, including occurrences of harmful cyanobacterial blooms. Most studies are based on single cores, assuming this is representative of the whole lake, but data on small-scale spatial variability of microbial communities in lake sediment are scarce. (2) Methods: Surface sediments (top 0.5 cm) from 12 sites (n = 36) and two sediment cores were collected in Lake Rotorua (New Zealand). Bacterial community (16S rRNA metabarcoding), Microcystis specific 16S rRNA, microcystin synthetase gene E (mcyE) and microcystins (MCs) were assessed. Radionuclide measurements (210Pb, 137Cs) were used to date sediments. (3) Results: Bacterial community, based on relative abundances, differed significantly between surface sediment sites (p < 0.001) but the majority of bacterial amplicon sequence variants (88.8%) were shared. Despite intense MC producing Microcystis blooms in the past, no Microcystis specific 16S rRNA, mcyE and MCs were found in surface sediments but occurred deeper in sediment cores (approximately 1950's). 210Pb measurements showed a disturbed profile, similar to patterns previously observed, as a result of earthquakes. (4) Conclusions: A single sediment core can capture dominant microbial communities. Toxin producing Microcystis blooms are a recent phenomenon in Lake Rotorua. We posit that the absence of Microcystis from the surface sediments is a consequence of the Kaikoura earthquake two years prior to our sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Weisbrod
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Susanna A. Wood
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand; (S.A.W.); (K.S.); (R.W.-W.); (J.P.); (O.L.)
| | - Konstanze Steiner
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand; (S.A.W.); (K.S.); (R.W.-W.); (J.P.); (O.L.)
| | - Ruby Whyte-Wilding
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand; (S.A.W.); (K.S.); (R.W.-W.); (J.P.); (O.L.)
| | - Jonathan Puddick
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand; (S.A.W.); (K.S.); (R.W.-W.); (J.P.); (O.L.)
| | - Olivier Laroche
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand; (S.A.W.); (K.S.); (R.W.-W.); (J.P.); (O.L.)
| | - Daniel R. Dietrich
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Zerrifi SEA, Mugani R, Redouane EM, El Khalloufi F, Campos A, Vasconcelos V, Oudra B. Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms (HCBs): innovative green bioremediation process based on anti-cyanobacteria bioactive natural products. Arch Microbiol 2020; 203:31-44. [PMID: 32803344 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms (HCBs) represent one of the most conspicuous hazards to human health in freshwater ecosystems, due to the uses of the water for drinking, recreation and aquaculture. Cyanobacteria are one of the main biological components in freshwater ecosystems and they may proliferate in nutrients rich ecosystems causing severe impacts at different levels. Therefore, several methods have been applied to control cyanobacterial proliferation, including physical, chemical and biological strategies. However, the application of those methods is generally not very efficient. Research on an eco-friendly alternative leading to the isolation of new bioactive compounds with strong impacts against harmful cyanobacteria is a need in the field of water environment protection. Thus, this paper aims to give an overview of harmful cyanobacterial blooms and reviews the state of the art of studying the activities of biological compounds obtained from plants, seaweeds and microorganisms in the cyanobacterial bloom control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina El Amrani Zerrifi
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah, P.O. Box 2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Richard Mugani
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah, P.O. Box 2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - El Mahdi Redouane
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah, P.O. Box 2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Fatima El Khalloufi
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Modeling and Environmental Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga (FPK), Sultan Moulay Slimane University, P.B. 145, 25000, Khouribga, Morocco
| | - Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal. .,Departament of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Brahim Oudra
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah, P.O. Box 2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
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Moschny J, Lorenzen W, Hilfer A, Eckenstaler R, Jahns S, Enke H, Enke D, Schneider P, Benndorf RA, Niedermeyer THJ. Precursor-Directed Biosynthesis and Fluorescence Labeling of Clickable Microcystins. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:1960-1970. [PMID: 32464061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins, cyclic nonribosomal heptapeptides, are the most well-known cyanobacterial toxins. They are exceptionally well studied, but open questions remain concerning their physiological role for the producing microorganism or their suitability as lead compounds for anticancer drug development. One means to study specialized metabolites in more detail is the introduction of functional groups that make a compound amenable for bioorthogonal, so-called click reactions. Although it was reported that microcystins cannot be derivatized by precursor-directed biosynthesis, we successfully used this approach to prepare clickable microcystins. Supplementing different azide- or terminal alkyne containing amino acid analogues into the cultivation medium of microcystin-producing cyanobacteria strains, we found that these strains differ strongly in their substrate acceptance. Exploiting this flexibility, we generated more than 40 different clickable microcystins. We conjugated one of these derivatives with a fluorogenic dye and showed that neither incorporation of the unnatural amino acid analogue nor attachment of the fluorescent label significantly affects the cytotoxicity against cell lines expressing the human organic anion transporting polypeptides 1B1 or 1B3. Using time-lapse microscopy, we observed that the fluorescent microcystin is rapidly taken up into eukaryotic cells expressing these transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Moschny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology/Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Robert Eckenstaler
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Heike Enke
- Cyano Biotech GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dan Enke
- Cyano Biotech GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Schneider
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralf A Benndorf
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Timo H J Niedermeyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology/Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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The Comparative Toxicity of 10 Microcystin Congeners Administered Orally to Mice: Clinical Effects and Organ Toxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060403. [PMID: 32570788 PMCID: PMC7354475 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are common cyanobacterial toxins that occur in freshwaters worldwide. Only two of the >200 MC variants have been tested for potential toxicity after oral exposure. This paper reports on the toxicity of 10 different MC congeners identified in algal blooms, microcystin-LR (MCLR), MCLA, MCLF, MCLW, MCLY, MCRR, [Asp3]MCRR, [Asp3,Dhb7]MCRR, MCWR, and MCYR after single administrations to BALB/c mice. In a preliminary MCLR dose–response study of 3 to 9 mg/kg doses, ≥5 mg/kg induced clinical changes, increased serum levels of ALT, AST, and GLDH, liver congestion, increased liver/body weight ratios, and reduced serum glucose and total protein. Based on the extent of these effects, the 10 congeners were administered as single 7 mg/kg oral doses and toxicity evaluated. The greatest toxicity was observed with MCLA and MCLR including a high percentage of moribundity. In addition to eliciting effects similar to those listed above for MCLR, MCLA also induced serum alterations indicative of jaundice. MCLY, and MCYR induced changes like those noted with MCLR, but to lesser extents. MCLW and MCLF exhibited some serum and morphological changes associated with hepatic toxicity, while there were few indications of toxicity after exposures to MCRR, [Asp3]MCRR, [Asp3,Dhb7]MCRR, or MCWR. These data illustrate a wide spectrum of hepatic effects and different potencies of these MC congeners.
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Olson NE, Cooke ME, Shi JH, Birbeck JA, Westrick JA, Ault AP. Harmful Algal Bloom Toxins in Aerosol Generated from Inland Lake Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4769-4780. [PMID: 32186187 PMCID: PMC11406200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by cyanobacteria in freshwater environments produce toxins (e.g., microcystin) that are harmful to human and animal health. HAB frequency and intensity are increasing with greater nutrient runoff and a warming climate. Lake spray aerosol (LSA) released from freshwater lakes has been identified on lakeshores and after transport inland, including from lakes with HABs, but little is known about the potential for HAB toxins to be incorporated into LSA. In this study, freshwater samples were collected from two lakes in Michigan: Mona Lake during a severe HAB with microcystin concentrations (>200 μg/L) well above the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommended "do not drink" level (1.6 μg/L) and Muskegon Lake without a HAB (<1 μg/L microcystin). Microcystin toxins were identified in freshwater, as well as aerosol particles generated in the laboratory from Mona Lake water by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) at atmospheric concentrations up to 50 ± 20 ng/m3. Enrichment of hydrophobic microcystin congeners (e.g., microcystin-LR) was observed in aerosol particles relative to bulk freshwater, while enrichment of hydrophilic microcystin (e.g., microcystin-RR) was lower. As HABs increase in a warming climate, understanding and quantifying the emissions of toxins into the atmosphere is crucial for evaluating the health consequences of HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Madeline E Cooke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jia H Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Johnna A Birbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Judy A Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Xu ZL, Ye SL, Luo L, Hua X, Lai JX, Cai XP, Liang QW, Lei HT, Sun YM, Chen YP, Shen X. Fluorescent enzyme-linked immunoassay based on silane-doped carbon dots for sensitive detection of microcystin-LR in water and crucian samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:134614. [PMID: 31806319 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a fluorescent nanoparticles labeling-free fluorescence enzyme-linked immunoassay (FELISA) has been established for the ultrasensitive detection of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in water and fish samples. Polyclonal antibody against MC-LR was labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and used as signal probe for binding with analyte in sample or for coating antigen. After washing of the unbound antibody, the substrate system (2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS)/H2O2) was added. The oxidation product of ABTS (ox-ABTS) catalyzed by HRP effectively caused the fluorescence quenching of subsequently added silane-doped carbon dots (Si-CDs), and the change in fluorescence intensity of Si-CDs was used to realize the quantitative detection of MC-LR. Under the optimum conditions, the Si-CDs based FELISA method showed a good linear relationship from 0.001 to 3.20 μg L-1 (R2 = 0.994) and provided a low detection limit of 0.6 ng L-1, which was approximately 30-fold lower than that of traditional indirect competitive ELISA. Average recovery values from 79.9% to 109.2% was obtained from spiked water and crucian samples, suggesting its potential application on the monitoring of MR-LR at a trace level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Lin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Song-Ling Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiude Hua
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing-Xian Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiang-Ping Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qing-Wen Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hong-Tao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuan-Ming Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yi-Ping Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xing Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Wang Y, Liu H, Liu X, Zhang X, Wu J, Yuan L, Du X, Wang R, Ma Y, Chen X, Cheng X, Zhuang D, Zhang H. Histone acetylation plays an important role in MC-LR-induced apoptosis and cycle disorder in SD rat testicular cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:125073. [PMID: 31683423 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) is a variant of microcystins (MCs), which poses a serious threat to the reproductive system. Histone acetylation modification can regulate the expressions of apoptosis-related genes. However the mechanisms of histone acetylation involving MC-LR-induced apoptosis were not understood. This study investigated the change of histone acetylation and its role in apoptosis and cell cycle arrest induced by MC-LR. MC-LR enhanced the activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC), decreased the activity of histone acetylase (HAT), up-regulated the expression of HDAC1, and down-regulated the expressions of Ac-H3 and Ac-H4 in vitro and vivo. Meanwhile, MC-LR induced testicular tissue injury and increased the expressions of apoptosis-related genes, such as Bax, Caspase3 and Caspase8, ultimately causing cells apoptosis in testicular tissues. Furthermore, MC-LR also induced cell cycle arrest in S phase, increased the expression of P21Wif1/Cip1, and inhibited the expressions of cyclinD1, cyclinE1, CDK2 and E2F1. Importantly, HDAC inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA) could ameliorate MC-LR-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by reverse-regulating the expressions of these proteins. These results indicated that MC-LR could activate the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and disorder the cell cycle pathway to induce the cell apoptosis by enhancing HDAC activity and reducing histone acetylation of normal testicular cells in SD rats. Hence, histone acetylation has a vital function in MC-LR-induced apoptosis in SD rat testicular cells, which provides a new insight on the reproductive toxicity of male induced by MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Haohao Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jinxia Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Le Yuan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ya Ma
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xinghai Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St Mary's University, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xuemin Cheng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Donggang Zhuang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Yuan L, Liu H, Liu X, Zhang X, Wu J, Wang Y, Du X, Wang R, Ma Y, Chen X, Petlulu P, Cheng X, Zhuang D, Guo H, Zhang H. Epigenetic modification of H3K4 and oxidative stress are involved in MC-LR-induced apoptosis in testicular cells of SD rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:277-291. [PMID: 31691492 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) is a cyclic heptapeptide, produced by aquatic cyanobacteria such as microcystis, with strong reproductive toxicity which poses greater threat to the reproductive abilities of humans and animals. By exploring the role of trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and the role of oxidative stress in MC-LR-induced apoptosis in testicular Sertoli cells in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, this study indicated that MC-LR increased the expression levels of apoptosis-related genes by raising the levels of H3K4me3. 5'-Deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA), the inhibitor of H3K4me3, reduced apoptosis, indicating for the first time that epigenetic modification is closely related to the testicular reproductive toxicity induced by MC-LR. MC-LR also induced oxidative stress by stimulating the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and subsequently triggering mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway by decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential and increasing the levels of Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, and so on. MC-LR-induced apoptosis of testicular cells could be decreased after pretreatment with oxidative stress inhibitor N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). Furthermore, the pathological damage to mitochondria and testes were observed in SD rats. These results show that MC-LR can induce apoptosis by raising the levels of H3K4me3, and pretreatment with MTA can ameliorate the MC-LR-induced apoptosis of cocultured cells by lowering the levels of H3K4me3. Furthermore, NAC has a protective effect on MC-LR-induced apoptosis of testicular cells in SD rats by inhibiting the oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yuan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haohao Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinxia Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yueqin Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ya Ma
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinghai Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St Mary's University, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Xuemin Cheng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Donggang Zhuang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongxiang Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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McPartlin DA, Murphy C, Fitzgerald J, Ma H, Regan F, O'Kennedy RJ. Understanding microcystin-LR antibody binding interactions using in silico docking and in vitro mutagenesis. Protein Eng Des Sel 2019; 32:533-542. [PMID: 32725153 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are a group of highly potent cyanotoxins that are becoming more widely distributed due to increased global temperatures and climate change. Microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) is the most potent and most common variant, with a guideline limit of 1 μg/l in drinking water. We previously developed a novel avian single-chain fragment variable (scFv), designated 2G1, for use in an optical-planar waveguide detection system for microcystin determination. This current work investigates interactions between 2G1 and MC-LR at the molecular level through modelling with an avian antibody template and molecular docking by AutoDock Vina to identify key amino acid (AA) residues involved. These potential AA interactions were investigated in vitro by targeted mutagenesis, specifically, by alanine scanning mutations. Glutamic acid (E) was found to play a critical role in the 2G1-MC-LR binding interaction, with the heavy chain glutamic acid (E) 102 (H-E102) forming direct bonds with the arginine (R) residue of MC-LR. In addition, alanine mutation of light chain residue aspartic acid 57 (L-D57) led to an improvement in antigen-binding observed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). This work will contribute to improving the binding of recombinant anti-MC-LR to its antigen and aid in the development of a higher sensitivity harmful algal toxin diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Murphy
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jenny Fitzgerald
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Hui Ma
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Fiona Regan
- Water Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Richard J O'Kennedy
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.,Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation and Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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Bouaïcha N, Miles CO, Beach DG, Labidi Z, Djabri A, Benayache NY, Nguyen-Quang T. Structural Diversity, Characterization and Toxicology of Microcystins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E714. [PMID: 31817927 PMCID: PMC6950048 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs) are the most widespread class of cyanotoxins and the one that has most often been implicated in cyanobacterial toxicosis. One of the main challenges in studying and monitoring MCs is the great structural diversity within the class. The full chemical structure of the first MC was elucidated in the early 1980s and since then, the number of reported structural analogues has grown steadily and continues to do so, thanks largely to advances in analytical methodology. The structures of some of these analogues have been definitively elucidated after chemical isolation using a combination of techniques including nuclear magnetic resonance, amino acid analysis, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Others have only been tentatively identified using liquid chromatography-MS/MS without chemical isolation. An understanding of the structural diversity of MCs, the genetic and environmental controls for this diversity and the impact of structure on toxicity are all essential to the ongoing study of MCs across several scientific disciplines. However, because of the diversity of MCs and the range of approaches that have been taken for characterizing them, comprehensive information on the state of knowledge in each of these areas can be challenging to gather. We have conducted an in-depth review of the literature surrounding the identification and toxicity of known MCs and present here a concise review of these topics. At present, at least 279 MCs have been reported and are tabulated here. Among these, about 20% (55 of 279) appear to be the result of chemical or biochemical transformations of MCs that can occur in the environment or during sample handling and extraction of cyanobacteria, including oxidation products, methyl esters, or post-biosynthetic metabolites. The toxicity of many MCs has also been studied using a range of different approaches and a great deal of variability can be observed between reported toxicities, even for the same congener. This review will help clarify the current state of knowledge on the structural diversity of MCs as a class and the impacts of structure on toxicity, as well as to identify gaps in knowledge that should be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noureddine Bouaïcha
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
| | - Christopher O. Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (C.O.M.); (D.G.B.)
| | - Daniel G. Beach
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (C.O.M.); (D.G.B.)
| | - Zineb Labidi
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Pollution des Écosystèmes, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Chadli Bendjedid d’El Taref, 36000 El Taref, Algeria;
| | - Amina Djabri
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Pollution des Écosystèmes, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Chadli Bendjedid d’El Taref, 36000 El Taref, Algeria;
| | - Naila Yasmine Benayache
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
| | - Tri Nguyen-Quang
- Biofluids and Biosystems Modeling (BBML), Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 39 Cox Road, Truro, B2N 5E3 Nova Scotia, Canada;
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Johansson E, Legrand C, Björnerås C, Godhe A, Mazur-Marzec H, Säll T, Rengefors K. High Diversity of Microcystin Chemotypes within a Summer Bloom of the Cyanobacterium Microcystis botrys. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120698. [PMID: 31805656 PMCID: PMC6950303 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fresh-water cyanobacterium Microcystis is known to form blooms world-wide, and is often responsible for the production of microcystins found in lake water. Microcystins are non-ribosomal peptides with toxic effects, e.g. on vertebrates, but their function remains largely unresolved. Moreover, not all strains produce microcystins, and many different microcystin variants have been described. Here we explored the diversity of microcystin variants within Microcystis botrys, a common bloom-former in Sweden. We isolated a total of 130 strains through the duration of a bloom in eutrophic Lake Vomb, and analyzed their microcystin profiles with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We found that microcystin producing (28.5%) and non-producing (71.5%) M. botrys strains, co-existed throughout the bloom. However, microcystin producing strains were more prevalent towards the end of the sampling period. Overall, 26 unique M. botrys chemotypes were identified, and while some chemotypes re-occurred, others were found only once. The M. botrys chemotypes showed considerable variation both in terms of number of microcystin variants, as well as in what combinations the variants occurred. To our knowledge, this is the first report on microcystin chemotype variation and dynamics in M. botrys. In addition, our study verifies the co-existence of microcystin and non-microcystin producing strains, and we propose that environmental conditions may be implicated in determining their composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Johansson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Sölvegatan 35-37, 22362 Lund, Sweden; (C.B.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: (E.J.); (K.R.)
| | - Catherine Legrand
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden;
| | - Caroline Björnerås
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Sölvegatan 35-37, 22362 Lund, Sweden; (C.B.); (T.S.)
| | - Anna Godhe
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Marszałka J. Piłusudskiego 46, 81378 Gdynia, Poland;
| | - Torbjörn Säll
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Sölvegatan 35-37, 22362 Lund, Sweden; (C.B.); (T.S.)
| | - Karin Rengefors
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Sölvegatan 35-37, 22362 Lund, Sweden; (C.B.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: (E.J.); (K.R.)
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Du B, Liu G, Ke M, Zhang Z, Zheng M, Lu T, Sun L, Qian H. Proteomic analysis of the hepatotoxicity of Microcystis aeruginosa in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) and its potential mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113019. [PMID: 31419664 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis aeruginosa is one of the main species of cyanobacteria that causes water blooms. M. aeruginosa can release into the water several types of microcystins (MCs), which are harmful to aquatic organisms and even humans. However, few studies have investigated the hepatotoxicity of M. aeruginosa itself in zebrafish in environments that simulate natural aquatic systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hepatotoxicity of M. aeruginosa in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) after short-term (96 h) exposure and to elucidate the potential underlying mechanisms. Distinct histological changes in the liver, such as enlargement of the peripheral nuclei and sinusoids and the appearance of fibroblasts, were observed in zebrafish grown in M. aeruginosa culture. In addition, antioxidant enzyme activity was activated and protein phosphatase (PP) activity was significantly decreased with increasing microalgal density. A proteomic analysis revealed alterations in a number of protein pathways, including ribosome translation, immune response, energy metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. Western blot and real-time PCR analyses confirmed the results of the proteomic analysis. All results indicated that M. aeruginosa could disrupt hepatic functions in adult zebrafish, thus highlighting the necessity of ecotoxicity assessments for M. aeruginosa at environmentally relevant densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benben Du
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Guangfu Liu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Mingjing Ke
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Zhenyan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Meng Zheng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Tao Lu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Liwei Sun
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China.
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Taranu ZE, Pick FR, Creed IF, Zastepa A, Watson SB. Meteorological and Nutrient Conditions Influence Microcystin Congeners in Freshwaters. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E620. [PMID: 31717743 PMCID: PMC6891300 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms increasingly impair inland waters, with the potential for a concurrent increase in cyanotoxins that have been linked to animal and human mortalities. Microcystins (MCs) are among the most commonly detected cyanotoxins, but little is known about the distribution of different MC congeners despite large differences in their biomagnification, persistence, and toxicity. Using raw-water intake data from sites around the Great Lakes basin, we applied multivariate canonical analyses and regression tree analyses to identify how different congeners (MC-LA, -LR, -RR, and -YR) varied with changes in meteorological and nutrient conditions over time (10 years) and space (longitude range: 77°2'60 to 94°29'23 W). We found that MC-LR was associated with strong winds, warm temperatures, and nutrient-rich conditions, whereas the equally toxic yet less commonly studied MC-LA tended to dominate under intermediate winds, wetter, and nutrient-poor conditions. A global synthesis of lake data in the peer-reviewed literature showed that the composition of MC congeners differs among regions, with MC-LA more commonly reported in North America than Europe. Global patterns of MC congeners tended to vary with lake nutrient conditions and lake morphometry. Ultimately, knowledge of the environmental factors leading to the formation of different MC congeners in freshwaters is necessary to assess the duration and degree of toxin exposure under future global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia E. Taranu
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, ON, Canada;
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montreal H2Y 2E7, QC, Canada
| | - Frances R. Pick
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, ON, Canada;
| | - Irena F. Creed
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5C8, SK, Canada;
| | - Arthur Zastepa
- Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada;
| | - Sue B. Watson
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
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Wu J, Liu H, Huang H, Yuan L, Liu C, Wang Y, Cheng X, Zhuang D, Xu M, Chen X, Losiewicz MD, Zhang H. p53-Dependent pathway and the opening of mPTP mediate the apoptosis of co-cultured Sertoli-germ cells induced by microcystin-LR. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:1074-1084. [PMID: 31157505 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a potent endotoxin, can induce reproductive toxicity. In order to investigate the role and mechanisms of apoptosis (p53-dependent and mitochondrial pathways) of germ cells induced by MC-LR, the co-cultured primary Sertoli-germ cells from Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the experiments. Expression levels of proteins, genes, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were obtained after exposing co-cultured Sertoli-germ cells to MC-LR with or without the addition of the p53 inhibitor, pifithrin-α (PFT-α), and MMP inhibitor, cyclosporin A (CsA). Results indicated that MC-LR could activate p53-dependent pathway-associated proteins in Sertoli-germ cells, leading to a decrease in MMP (indicating the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore [mPTP] and the release of Cytochrome-c [Cyt-c]) from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm and eventually the induction of apoptosis. PFT-α inhibited the expression ofp53, ameliorated the MMP of the co-cultured Sertoli-germ cells, and prevented the release of Cyt-c from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm, which reduces the occurrence of apoptosis. Similarly, the decreased release of Cyt-c from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm and the declined level of apoptosis in Sertoli-germ cells induced by MC-LR were observed after the addition of CsA. These results indicated that the apoptosis of the co-cultured Sertoli-germ cells induced by MC-LR was mediated by the p53-dependent pathway, with the involvement of the opening of mPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haohao Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Huang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Le Yuan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chuanrui Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yueqin Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuemin Cheng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Donggang Zhuang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinghai Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St Mary's University, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Michael D Losiewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St Mary's University, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Liu W, Zhan C, Zhang T, Zhang X. Microcystin-LR influences the in vitro oocyte maturation of zebrafish by activating the MAPK pathway. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 215:105261. [PMID: 31419757 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacteria and their production of microcystins (MCs) exert significant toxicity on reproduction of fish, especially the process of oogenesis. Our previous studies demonstrated that MCs have negative impacts on the quantity and quality of mature oocytes in female zebrafish. However, the underlying mechanisms of MCs disrupting oocyte maturation (OM) have been rarely reported. In the present study, in vitro oocytes (immature) were separated from zebrafish and treated with 1, 10, 100 μg/L MC-LR. The serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity was downregulated significantly in oocytes exposed to 10 and 100 μg/L MC-LR for both 2 and 4 h. The phosphorylation levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were detected without noticeable change in all oocytes treated with MC-LR for 2 h, whereas the activated levels of MAPK subtypes (ERK, p38 and JNK) increased remarkably in the 100 μg/L MC-LR treatment of 4 h. In the oocytes exposed to 100 μg/L MC-LR for 4 h, germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) rates changed abnormally and maturation-promoting factor (MPF) activity increased significantly, in accordance with the upregulation of Cyclin B protein levels. Moreover, the MAPK inhibitors (10 μM) were applied to explore the role of MAPK subtypes during MC-LR influencing OM and results showed that ERK inhibitor U0126 and p38 inhibitor SB203580 mitigated the effects of 100 μg/L MC-LR-induced MAPK hyper-phosphorylation and elevated GVBD in the oocytes. In conclusion, the present study indicates that microcystins disrupt the meiotic maturation by the pathway of MC-PP2A-MAPK-OM due to the phosphorylation disorder in oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjing Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chunhua Zhan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tongzhou Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuezhen Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Liu G, Li T, Ning X, Bi X. A comparative study of the effects of microbial agents and anaerobic sludge on microalgal biotransformation into organic fertilizer. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 246:737-744. [PMID: 31220734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Issatchenkia orientalis and anaerobic sludge on anaerobic digestion of microalgae to organic fertilizer were studied. High-throughput sequencing was used to analyze characteristics of microbial community structure during anaerobic digestion of microalgae using different inocula. Lactobacillales and Saccharomycetales were more likely to become dominant bacteria and eukaryotes. The relative abundance of Lactobacillales was 98.15%, 88.61% and 81.73% of total bacteria at the beginning, middle and end of the experiment, respectively. Meanwhile, the relative abundance of Saccharomycetales was 90.91%, 98.41% and 98.8% of eukaryotes at the beginning, middle and end of the experiment, respectively. At the end of digestion, the microcystin content in the reactor inoculated with Issatchenkia orientalis decreased to 0.71 μg/kg, which met drinking water standards. Rhodopseudomonas palustris did not become a dominant microorganism and had the most negative impact on the atmosphere. Volatile organic compounds were 11.92 mg/kg while the odor concentration reached 97,724 ou/m3. The organic matter content in reactors inoculated with specific groups of microbial agents, which was higher than the standard required for bio-organic fertilizer, occupying over 96% dry weight. In addition, the effective microorganism counts of Issatchenkia orientalis and Lactobacillus bulgaricus in fermentation products reached 1.8E+09 colony-forming units (cfu)/g and 1.6E+09 cfu/g, respectively, which are suitable values for microbial fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic-Ecology and Aquaculture of Tianjin, College of Fishery, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University Binhai College, Tianjin, 300270, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Odor Pollution Control, Environmental Protection Research Institute, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University Binhai College, Tianjin, 300270, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ning
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Odor Pollution Control, Environmental Protection Research Institute, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Xiangdong Bi
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic-Ecology and Aquaculture of Tianjin, College of Fishery, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China.
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Cao L, Massey IY, Feng H, Yang F. A Review of Cardiovascular Toxicity of Microcystins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090507. [PMID: 31480273 PMCID: PMC6783932 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mortality rate of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in China is on the rise. The increasing burden of CVD in China has become a major public health problem. Cyanobacterial blooms have been recently considered a global environmental concern. Microcystins (MCs) are the secondary products of cyanobacteria metabolism and the most harmful cyanotoxin found in water bodies. Recent studies provide strong evidence of positive associations between MC exposure and cardiotoxicity, representing a threat to human cardiovascular health. This review focuses on the effects of MCs on the cardiovascular system and provides some evidence that CVD could be induced by MCs. We summarized the current knowledge of the cardiovascular toxicity of MCs, with regard to direct cardiovascular toxicity and indirect cardiovascular toxicity. Toxicity of MCs is mainly governed by the increasing level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, the inhibition activities of serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A) and the destruction of cytoskeletons, which finally induce the occurrence of CVD. To protect human health from the threat of MCs, this paper also puts forward some directions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Cao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Isaac Yaw Massey
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Hai Feng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
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48
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Sakuragui MM, Paulino MG, da Silva E Souza NE, Tavares D, Terezan AP, Pesenti E, Giani A, Fernandes JB, Cestari MM, Fernandes MN. Crude extract of cyanobacterium Radiocystis fernandoi strain R28 induces anemia and oxidative stress in fish erythrocytes. Toxicon 2019; 169:18-24. [PMID: 31421159 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Radiocystis fernandoi has been frequently identified in cyanobacterial blooms in Brazil. Recently, R. fernandoi strain R28, which produces microcystin (MC)-RR and MC-YR, was isolated from the Furnas reservoir, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The present study evaluated the hematological variables and erythrocyte antioxidant responses, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and genotoxicity in a neotropical fish (Hoplias malabaricus) after acute and subchronic exposure to a crude extract (CE) of R. fernandoi strain R28. Acute exposure (12 or 96 h) consisted of a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) CE injection, and subchronic exposure consisted of one i.p. CE injection every 72 h for 30 days. After acute exposure, fish exhibited macrocytic anemia (12 h post-injection) followed by normocytic anemia (96 h post-injection). The increased activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and the glutathione level in the erythrocytes did not prevent oxidative stress, manifested as lipid peroxidation and elevated DNA damage after acute exposure. After subchronic exposure, the hematological variables recovered, and the absence of erythrocyte oxidative stress suggests possible modulation by other biological factors, including a possible decrease in MC uptake by the cells and/or increasing detoxification efficiency that precludes erythrocyte damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marise Margareth Sakuragui
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gustavo Paulino
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naiara Elisabete da Silva E Souza
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Driele Tavares
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Terezan
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emanuele Pesenti
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O Box 19071, 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Giani
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Batista Fernandes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta Margarete Cestari
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O Box 19071, 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marisa Narciso Fernandes
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Simultaneous Detection of 14 Microcystin Congeners from Tissue Samples Using UPLC- ESI-MS/MS and Two Different Deuterated Synthetic Microcystins as Internal Standards. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070388. [PMID: 31269739 PMCID: PMC6669509 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial microcystins (MCs), potent serine/threonine-phosphatase inhibitors, pose an increasing threat to humans. Current detection methods are optimised for water matrices with only a few MC congeners simultaneously detected. However, as MC congeners are known to differ in their toxicity, methods are needed that simultaneously quantify the congeners present, thus allowing for summary hazard and risk assessment. Moreover, detection of MCs should be expanded to complex matrices, e.g., blood and tissue samples, to verify in situ MC concentrations, thus providing for improved exposure assessment and hazard interpretation. To achieve this, we applied two synthetic deuterated MC standards and optimised the tissue extraction protocol for the simultaneous detection of 14 MC congeners in a single ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) run. This procedure was validated using plasma and liver homogenates of mice (male and female) spiked with deuterated MC standards. For proof of concept, tissue and plasma samples from mice i.p. injected with MC-LR and MC-LF were analysed. While MC-LF was detected in all tissue samples of both sexes, detection of MC-LR was restricted to liver samples of male mice, suggesting different toxicokinetics in males, e.g., transport, conjugation or protein binding. Thus, deconjugation/-proteinisation steps should be employed to improve detection of bound MC.
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50
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Bormans M, Amzil Z, Mineaud E, Brient L, Savar V, Robert E, Lance E. Demonstrated transfer of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins along a freshwater-marine continuum in France. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 87:101639. [PMID: 31349891 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The frequency of cyanobacterial proliferations in fresh waters is increasing worldwide and the presence of associated cyanotoxins represent a threat for ecosystems and human health. While the occurrence of microcystin (MC), the most widespread cyanotoxin, is well documented in freshwaters, only few studies have examined its occurrence in estuarine waters. In this study we evaluated the transfer of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins along a river continuum from a freshwater reservoir through an interconnecting estuary to the coastal area in Brittany, France. We sampled regularly over 2 years at 5 stations along the river continuum and analysed for phytoplankton and cyanotoxins, together with physico-chemical parameters. Results show that cyanobacteria dominated the phytoplanktonic community with high densities (up to 2 × 106 cells mL-1) at the freshwater sites during the summer and autumn periods of both years, with a cell transfer to estuarine (up to 105 cells mL-1) and marine (2 × 103 cells mL-1) sites. While the temporal variation in cyanobacterial densities was mainly associated with temperature, spatial variation was due to salinity while nutrients were non-limiting for cyanobacterial growth. Cyanobacterial biomass was dominated by several species of Microcystis that survived intermediate salinities. Intracellular MCs were detected in all the freshwater samples with concentrations up to 60 μg L-1, and more intermittently with concentrations up to 1.15 μg L-1, at the most upstream estuarine site. Intracellular MC was only sporadically detected and in low concentration at the most downstream estuarine site and at the marine outlet (respectively <0.14 μg L-1 and <0.03 μg L-1). Different MC variants were detected with dominance of MC-LR, RR and YR and that dominance was conserved along the salinity gradient. Extracellular MC contribution to total MC was higher at the downstream sites in accordance with the lysing of the cells at elevated salinities. No nodularin (NOD) was detected in the particulate samples or in the filtrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Bormans
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO - UMR 6553, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Zouher Amzil
- IFREMER/Phycotoxins Laboratory (PHYC), F44311 Nantes, France
| | - Emilien Mineaud
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO - UMR 6553, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Luc Brient
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO - UMR 6553, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Véronique Savar
- IFREMER/Phycotoxins Laboratory (PHYC), F44311 Nantes, France
| | - Elise Robert
- IFREMER/Phycotoxins Laboratory (PHYC), F44311 Nantes, France
| | - Emilie Lance
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 REIMS Cedex 2, France; UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, 12 rue Buffon, F-75231, Paris, France
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