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Shi F, Shang L, Zhou M, Lv C, Li Y, Luo C, Liu N, Lu J, Tang M, Luo X, Xu J, Fan J, Zhou J, Gao Q, Wu W, Jia W, Wang H, Cao Y. Epstein-Barr virus-driven metabolic alterations contribute to the viral lytic reactivation and tumor progression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29634. [PMID: 38682578 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming induced by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) often mirrors metabolic changes observed in cancer cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that lytic reactivation is crucial in EBV-associated oncogenesis. The aim of this study was to explore the role of metabolite changes in EBV-associated malignancies and viral life cycle control. We first revealed that EBV (LMP1) accelerates the secretion of the oncometabolite D-2HG, and serum D-2HG level is a potential diagnostic biomarker for NPC. EBV (LMP1)-driven metabolite changes disrupts the homeostasis of global DNA methylation and demethylation, which have a significantly inhibitory effect on active DNA demethylation and 5hmC content. We found that loss of 5hmC indicates a poor prognosis for NPC patients, and that 5hmC modification is a restriction factor of EBV reactivation. We confirmed a novel EBV reactivation inhibitor, α-KG, which inhibits the expression of EBV lytic genes with CpG-containing ZREs and the latent-lytic switch by enhancing 5hmC modification. Our results demonstrate a novel mechanism of which metabolite abnormality driven by EBV controls the viral lytic reactivation through epigenetic modification. This study presents a potential strategy for blocking EBV reactivation, and provides potential targets for the diagnosis and therapy of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders/XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of National Health Commission, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Shang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders/XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of National Health Commission, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders/XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of National Health Commission, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueshuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of National Health Commission, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders/XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of National Health Commission, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of National Health Commission, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingchen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of National Health Commission, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of National Health Commission, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Radiology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders/XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of National Health Commission, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Radiology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders/XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders/XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weizhong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of National Health Commission, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Radiology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders/XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Center for Technologies of Nucleic Acid-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Changsha, China
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Wang Y, Zhang W, Shi R, Luo Y, Feng Z, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Zhou Y, Liang J, Ye X, Feng Q, Zhang X, Xu M. Identification of HLA-A*11:01 and A*02:01-Restricted EBV Peptides Using HLA Peptidomics. Viruses 2024; 16:669. [PMID: 38793551 PMCID: PMC11125987 DOI: 10.3390/v16050669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is closely linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), notably prevalent in southern China. Although type II latency of EBV plays a crucial role in the development of NPC, some lytic genes and intermittent reactivation are also critical for viral propagation and tumor progression. Since T cell-mediated immunity is effective in targeted killing of EBV-positive cells, it is important to identify EBV-derived peptides presented by highly prevalent human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) molecules throughout the EBV life cycle. Here, we constructed an EBV-positive NPC cell model to evaluate the presentation of EBV lytic phase peptides on streptavidin-tagged specific HLA-I molecules. Utilizing a mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based immunopeptidomic approach, we characterized eleven novel EBV peptides as well as two previously identified peptides. Furthermore, we determined these peptides were immunogenic and could stimulate PBMCs from EBV VCA/NA-IgA positive donors in an NPC endemic southern Chinese population. Overall, this work demonstrates that highly prevalent HLA-I-specific EBV peptides can be captured and functionally presented to elicit immune responses in an in vitro model, which provides insight into the epitopes presented during EBV lytic cycle and reactivation. It expands the range of viral targets for potential NPC early diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (Y.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Y.); (Q.F.)
| | - Wanlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (Y.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Y.); (Q.F.)
| | - Ruona Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Cell Lineage and Development, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (R.S.); (Z.F.)
| | - Yanran Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (Y.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Y.); (Q.F.)
| | - Zhenhuan Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Cell Lineage and Development, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (R.S.); (Z.F.)
| | - Yanhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (Y.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Y.); (Q.F.)
| | - Qiuting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (Y.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Y.); (Q.F.)
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (Y.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Y.); (Q.F.)
| | - Jingtong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (Y.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Y.); (Q.F.)
| | - Xiaoping Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (Y.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Y.); (Q.F.)
| | - Qisheng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (Y.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Y.); (Q.F.)
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Cell Lineage and Development, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (R.S.); (Z.F.)
- Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Miao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (Y.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Y.); (Q.F.)
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3
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Nanbo A. Current Insights into the Maturation of Epstein-Barr Virus Particles. Microorganisms 2024; 12:806. [PMID: 38674750 PMCID: PMC11051851 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The three subfamilies of herpesviruses (alphaherpesviruses, betaherpesviruses, and gammaherpesviruses) appear to share a unique mechanism for the maturation and egress of virions, mediated by several budding and fusion processes of various organelle membranes during replication, which prevents cellular membrane disruption. Newly synthesized viral DNA is packaged into capsids within the nucleus, which are subsequently released into the cytoplasm via sequential fusion (primary envelopment) and budding through the inner and outer nuclear membranes. Maturation concludes with tegumentation and the secondary envelopment of nucleocapsids, which are mediated by budding into various cell organelles. Intracellular compartments containing mature virions are transported to the plasma membrane via host vesicular trafficking machinery, where they fuse with the plasma membrane to extracellularly release mature virions. The entire process of viral maturation is orchestrated by sequential interactions between viral proteins and intracellular membranes. Compared with other herpesvirus subfamilies, the mechanisms of gammaherpesvirus maturation and egress remain poorly understood. This review summarizes the major findings, including recently updated information of the molecular mechanism underlying the maturation and egress process of the Epstein-Barr virus, a ubiquitous human gammaherpesvirus subfamily member that infects most of the population worldwide and is associated with a number of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Nanbo
- National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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4
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Maroui MA, Odongo GA, Mundo L, Manara F, Mure F, Fusil F, Jay A, Gheit T, Michailidis TM, Ferrara D, Leoncini L, Murray P, Manet E, Ohlmann T, De Boevre M, De Saeger S, Cosset FL, Lazzi S, Accardi R, Herceg Z, Gruffat H, Khoueiry R. Aflatoxin B1 and Epstein-Barr virus-induced CCL22 expression stimulates B cell infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314426121. [PMID: 38574017 PMCID: PMC11032484 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314426121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infects more than 90% of the adult population worldwide. EBV infection is associated with Burkitt lymphoma (BL) though alone is not sufficient to induce carcinogenesis implying the involvement of co-factors. BL is endemic in African regions faced with mycotoxins exposure. Exposure to mycotoxins and oncogenic viruses has been shown to increase cancer risks partly through the deregulation of the immune response. A recent transcriptome profiling of B cells exposed to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) revealed an upregulation of the Chemokine ligand 22 (CCL22) expression although the underlying mechanisms were not investigated. Here, we tested whether mycotoxins and EBV exposure may together contribute to endemic BL (eBL) carcinogenesis via immunomodulatory mechanisms involving CCL22. Our results revealed that B cells exposure to AFB1 and EBV synergistically stimulated CCL22 secretion via the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B pathway. By expressing EBV latent genes in B cells, we revealed that elevated levels of CCL22 result not only from the expression of the latent membrane protein LMP1 as previously reported but also from the expression of other viral latent genes. Importantly, CCL22 overexpression resulting from AFB1-exposure in vitro increased EBV infection through the activation of phosphoinositide-3-kinase pathway. Moreover, inhibiting CCL22 in vitro and in humanized mice in vivo limited EBV infection and decreased viral genes expression, supporting the notion that CCL22 overexpression plays an important role in B cell infection. These findings unravel new mechanisms that may underpin eBL development and identify novel pathways that can be targeted in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali Maroui
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Grace Akinyi Odongo
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Lucia Mundo
- Limerick Digital Cancer Research Centre, Health Research Institute, Bernal Institute and School of Medicine, University of Limerick, LimerickV94 T9PX, Ireland
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Section of Pathology, University of Siena, Siena53100, Italy
| | - Francesca Manara
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Fabrice Mure
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Floriane Fusil
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Antonin Jay
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Tarik Gheit
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Thanos M. Michailidis
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
| | - Domenico Ferrara
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Section of Pathology, University of Siena, Siena53100, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Leoncini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Section of Pathology, University of Siena, Siena53100, Italy
| | - Paul Murray
- Limerick Digital Cancer Research Centre, Health Research Institute, Bernal Institute and School of Medicine, University of Limerick, LimerickV94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Evelyne Manet
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Théophile Ohlmann
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Gauteng2028, South Africa
| | - François-Loïc Cosset
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Stefano Lazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Section of Pathology, University of Siena, Siena53100, Italy
| | - Rosita Accardi
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Henri Gruffat
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Rita Khoueiry
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
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Quek ZBR, Ng SH. Hybrid-Capture Target Enrichment in Human Pathogens: Identification, Evolution, Biosurveillance, and Genomic Epidemiology. Pathogens 2024; 13:275. [PMID: 38668230 PMCID: PMC11054155 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) has revolutionised the field of pathogen genomics, enabling the direct recovery of pathogen genomes from clinical and environmental samples. However, pathogen nucleic acids are often overwhelmed by those of the host, requiring deep metagenomic sequencing to recover sufficient sequences for downstream analyses (e.g., identification and genome characterisation). To circumvent this, hybrid-capture target enrichment (HC) is able to enrich pathogen nucleic acids across multiple scales of divergences and taxa, depending on the panel used. In this review, we outline the applications of HC in human pathogens-bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses-including identification, genomic epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance genotyping, and evolution. Importantly, we explored the applicability of HC to clinical metagenomics, which ultimately requires more work before it is a reliable and accurate tool for clinical diagnosis. Relatedly, the utility of HC was exemplified by COVID-19, which was used as a case study to illustrate the maturity of HC for recovering pathogen sequences. As we unravel the origins of COVID-19, zoonoses remain more relevant than ever. Therefore, the role of HC in biosurveillance studies is also highlighted in this review, which is critical in preparing us for the next pandemic. We also found that while HC is a popular tool to study viruses, it remains underutilised in parasites and fungi and, to a lesser extent, bacteria. Finally, weevaluated the future of HC with respect to bait design in the eukaryotic groups and the prospect of combining HC with long-read HTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. B. Randolph Quek
- Defence Medical & Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore 117510, Singapore
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6
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Liu X, Xing H, Lin J, Sun J, Wang Y, Liu Y, Cao W, Liu Z, Li T. Coexisting of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma and Talaromyces marneffei Brain Abscess in an AIDS Patient, A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:709-718. [PMID: 38410795 PMCID: PMC10896102 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s432697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Talaromyces marneffei is prevalent in South Asia. Latent Talaromyces marneffei infection of travellers make the diagnosis difficult. There are similarities in clinical manifestations between Talaromyces marneffei infection and lymphoma. Brain abscess is a rare form of Talaromyces marneffei infection. Case Presentation We reported a very rare case of a 19-year-old man with HIV infection who suffered from a brain mass and lymphadenopathy. His blood culture, bone marrow culture and sputum culture all grew Talaromyces marneffei. One month after treatment with voriconazole, the symptoms improved except brain mass. Surgical incision of the brain mass showed a compact mass, and pathological analysis showed the coexisting Talaromyces marneffei abscess and lymphoma. The patient is currently in a stable condition after receiving antifungal therapy and chemotherapy. Conclusion Based on a case report of a traveller who suffered from a brain mass of Talaromyces marneffei abscess and lymphoma after a visit to an endemic area, this review summarized the cases where there was confusion between lymphoma and the brain abscess of Talaromyces marneffei. Talaromyces marneffei infection can be found globally due to the increasing number of international travels. Talaromyces marneffei infection and lymphoma had similar characteristics which is easy to misdiagnose in clinic. Infection may also be accompanied by tumors, especially in patients infected with HIV. The manifestations and imaging of brain abscess of Talaromyces marneffei were not characteristic in different patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaxu Liu
- Department of International Medical Services, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengyin Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Taisheng Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Pennisi R, Trischitta P, Costa M, Venuti A, Tamburello MP, Sciortino MT. Update of Natural Products and Their Derivatives Targeting Epstein-Barr Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:124. [PMID: 38257824 PMCID: PMC10818872 DOI: 10.3390/v16010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr (EBV) is a human γ-herpesvirus that undergoes both a productive (lytic) cycle and a non-productive (latent) phase. The virus establishes enduring latent infection in B lymphocytes and productive infection in the oral mucosal epithelium. Like other herpesviruses, EBV expresses its genes in a coordinated pattern during acute infection. Unlike others, it replicates its DNA during latency to maintain the viral genome in an expanding pool of B lymphocytes, which are stimulated to divide upon infection. The reactivation from the latent state is associated with a productive gene expression pattern mediated by virus-encoded transcriptional activators BZLF-1 and BRLF-1. EBV is a highly transforming virus that contributes to the development of human lymphomas. Though viral vectors and mRNA platforms have been used to develop an EBV prophylactic vaccine, currently, there are no vaccines or antiviral drugs for the prophylaxis or treatment of EBV infection and EBV-associated cancers. Natural products and bioactive compounds are widely studied for their antiviral potential and capability to modulate intracellular signaling pathways. This review was intended to collect information on plant-derived products showing their antiviral activity against EBV and evaluate their feasibility as an alternative or adjuvant therapy against EBV infections and correlated oncogenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.C.); (M.P.T.)
| | - Paola Trischitta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.C.); (M.P.T.)
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marianna Costa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.C.); (M.P.T.)
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Assunta Venuti
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, 69366 Lyon, CEDEX 07, France;
| | - Maria Pia Tamburello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.C.); (M.P.T.)
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.C.); (M.P.T.)
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8
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Xu X, Zhu N, Zheng J, Peng Y, Zeng MS, Deng K, Duan C, Yuan Y. EBV abortive lytic cycle promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression through recruiting monocytes and regulating their directed differentiation. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011934. [PMID: 38206974 PMCID: PMC10846743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with several types of human cancer including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The activation of EBV to the lytic cycle has been observed in advanced NPC and is believed to contribute to late-stage NPC development. However, how EBV lytic cycle promotes NPC progression remains elusive. Analysis of clinical NPC samples indicated that EBV reactivation and immunosuppression were found in advanced NPC samples, as well as abnormal angiogenesis and invasiveness. To investigate the role of the EBV lytic cycle in tumor development, we established a system that consists of two NPC cell lines, respectively, in EBV abortive lytic cycle and latency. In a comparative analysis using this system, we found that the NPC cell line in EBV abortive lytic cycle exhibited the superior chemotactic capacity to recruit monocytes and polarized their differentiation toward tumor-associated macrophage (TAM)-like phenotype and away from DCs, compared to EBV-negative or EBV-latency NPC cells. EBV-encoded transcription activator ZTA is responsible for regulating monocyte chemotaxis and TAM phenotype by up-regulating the expression of GM-CSF, IL-8, and GRO-α. As a result, TAM induced by EBV abortive lytic cycle promotes NPC angiogenesis, invasion, and migration. Overall, this study elucidated the role of the EBV lytic life cycle in the late development of NPC and revealed a mechanism underlying the ZTA-mediated establishment of the tumor microenvironment (TME) that promotes NPC late-stage progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Xu
- Laboratory of Clinical, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nannan Zhu
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junming Zheng
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingying Peng
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Deng
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaohui Duan
- Laboratory of Clinical, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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9
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Krishnan D, Babu S, Raju R, Veettil MV, Prasad TSK, Abhinand CS. Epstein-Barr Virus: Human Interactome Reveals New Molecular Insights into Viral Pathogenesis for Potential Therapeutics and Antiviral Drug Discovery. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2024; 28:32-44. [PMID: 38190109 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2023.0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Host-virus Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs) play pivotal roles in biological processes crucial for viral pathogenesis and by extension, inform antiviral drug discovery and therapeutics innovations. Despite efforts to develop the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-host PPI network, there remain significant knowledge gaps and a limited number of interacting human proteins deciphered. Furthermore, understanding the dynamics of the EBV-host PPI network in the distinct lytic and latent viral stages remains elusive. In this study, we report a comprehensive map of the EBV-human protein interactions, encompassing 1752 human and 61 EBV proteins by integrating data from the public repository HPIDB (v3.0) as well as curated high-throughput proteomic data from the literature. To address the stage-specific nature of EBV infection, we generated two detailed subset networks representing the latent and lytic stages, comprising 747 and 481 human proteins, respectively. Functional and pathway enrichment analysis of these subsets uncovered the profound impact of EBV proteins on cancer. The identification of highly connected proteins and the characterization of intrinsically disordered and cancer-related proteins provide valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets. Moreover, the exploration of drug-protein interactions revealed notable associations between hub proteins and anticancer drugs, offering novel perspectives for controlling EBV pathogenesis. This study represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first comprehensive investigation of the two distinct stages of EBV infection using high-throughput datasets. This makes a contribution to our understanding of EBV-host interactions and provides a foundation for future drug discovery and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Krishnan
- Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine (CSBMM), Yenepoya Research Centre (YRC), Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Sreeranjini Babu
- Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine (CSBMM), Yenepoya Research Centre (YRC), Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Rajesh Raju
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science (CIODS), Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | | | | | - Chandran S Abhinand
- Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine (CSBMM), Yenepoya Research Centre (YRC), Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
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10
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Sausen DG, Poirier MC, Spiers LM, Smith EN. Mechanisms of T cell evasion by Epstein-Barr virus and implications for tumor survival. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1289313. [PMID: 38179040 PMCID: PMC10764432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1289313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a prevalent oncogenic virus estimated to infect greater than 90% of the world's population. Following initial infection, it establishes latency in host B cells. EBV has developed a multitude of techniques to avoid detection by the host immune system and establish lifelong infection. T cells, as important contributors to cell-mediated immunity, make an attractive target for these immunoevasive strategies. Indeed, EBV has evolved numerous mechanisms to modulate T cell responses. For example, it can augment expression of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), which inhibits T cell function, and downregulates the interferon response, which has a strong impact on T cell regulation. It also modulates interleukin secretion and can influence major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression and presentation. In addition to facilitating persistent EBV infection, these immunoregulatory mechanisms have significant implications for evasion of the immune response by tumor cells. This review dissects the mechanisms through which EBV avoids detection by host T cells and discusses how these mechanisms play into tumor survival. It concludes with an overview of cancer treatments targeting T cells in the setting of EBV-associated malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. G. Sausen
- School of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
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11
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Yoshizaki T, Kondo S, Dochi H, Kobayashi E, Mizokami H, Komura S, Endo K. Recent Advances in Assessing the Clinical Implications of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Their Application to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Microorganisms 2023; 12:14. [PMID: 38276183 PMCID: PMC10820804 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Reports about the oncogenic mechanisms underlying nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) have been accumulating since the discovery of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in NPC cells. EBV is the primary causative agent of NPC. EBV-host and tumor-immune system interactions underlie the unique representative pathology of NPC, which is an undifferentiated cancer cell with extensive lymphocyte infiltration. Recent advances in the understanding of immune evasion and checkpoints have changed the treatment of NPC in clinical settings. The main EBV genes involved in NPC are LMP1, which is the primary EBV oncogene, and BZLF1, which induces the lytic phase of EBV. These two multifunctional genes affect host cell behavior, including the tumor-immune microenvironment and EBV behavior. Latent infections, elevated concentrations of the anti-EBV antibody and plasma EBV DNA have been used as biomarkers of EBV-associated NPC. The massive infiltration of lymphocytes in the stroma suggests the immunogenic characteristics of NPC as a virus-infected tumor and, at the same time, also indicates the presence of a sophisticated immunosuppressive system within NPC tumors. In fact, immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown promise in improving the prognosis of NPC patients with recurrent and metastatic disease. However, patients with advanced NPC still require invasive treatments. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop an effective screening system for early-stage detection of NPC in patients. Various modalities, such as nasopharyngeal cytology, cell-free DNA methylation, and deep learning-assisted nasopharyngeal endoscopy for screening and diagnosis, have been introduced. Each modality has its advantages and disadvantages. A reciprocal combination of these modalities will improve screening and early diagnosis of NPC.
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12
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Studstill CJ, Mac M, Moody CA. Interplay between the DNA damage response and the life cycle of DNA tumor viruses. Tumour Virus Res 2023; 16:200272. [PMID: 37918513 PMCID: PMC10685005 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2023.200272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 20 % of human cancers are associated with virus infection. DNA tumor viruses can induce tumor formation in host cells by disrupting the cell's DNA replication and repair mechanisms. Specifically, these viruses interfere with the host cell's DNA damage response (DDR), which is a complex network of signaling pathways that is essential for maintaining the integrity of the genome. DNA tumor viruses can disrupt these pathways by expressing oncoproteins that mimic or inhibit various DDR components, thereby promoting genomic instability and tumorigenesis. Recent studies have highlighted the molecular mechanisms by which DNA tumor viruses interact with DDR components, as well as the ways in which these interactions contribute to viral replication and tumorigenesis. Understanding the interplay between DNA tumor viruses and the DDR pathway is critical for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat virally associated cancers. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which human papillomavirus (HPV), merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) interfere with DDR pathways to facilitate their respective life cycles, and the consequences of such interference on genomic stability and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Studstill
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Michelle Mac
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Cary A Moody
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States.
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13
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Santarelli R, Evangelista L, Pompili C, Lo Presti S, Rossi A, Arena A, Gaeta A, Gonnella R, Gilardini Montani MS, Cirone M. EBV infection of primary colonic epithelial cells causes inflammation, DDR and autophagy dysregulation, effects that may predispose to IBD and carcinogenesis. Virus Res 2023; 338:199236. [PMID: 37797746 PMCID: PMC10582763 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
EBV is a gammaherpesvirus strongly associated to human cancer. The virus has been shown to play a role also in inflammatory diseases, including IBD, in the context of which colon cancer more frequently arise. In this study, we show for the first time that EBV infects primary colonic epithelial cells (HCoEpC), promotes pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and activates molecular pathways bridging inflammation and cancer, such as ERK1/2. These effects, occurring in the course of the lytic phase of the viral life cycle, led to DDR and autophagy dysregulation. Such cellular responses, playing a key role in the maintenance of proteostasis and genome integrity, are essential to prevent carcinogenesis. Interestingly, we found that the use of the demethylating agent 5-AZA could counteract most of the effects induced by EBV infection in HCoEpC, suggesting that DNA hyper-methylation may strongly contribute to viral-driven inflammation and colon cancer predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Santarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Evangelista
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Pompili
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Lo Presti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Arena
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Aurelia Gaeta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Gonnella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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14
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Willard KA, Barry AP, Oduor CI, Ong'echa JM, Bailey JA, Moormann AM, Luftig MA. Viral and host factors drive a type 1 Epstein-Barr virus spontaneous lytic phenotype. mBio 2023; 14:e0220423. [PMID: 37971257 PMCID: PMC10746244 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02204-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects over 95% of adults worldwide. Given its connection to various cancers and autoimmune disorders, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which infection with EBV can lead to these diseases. In this study, we describe an unusual spontaneous lytic phenotype in EBV strains isolated from Kenyan endemic Burkitt lymphoma patients. Because lytic replication of EBV has been linked to the pathogenesis of various diseases, these data could illuminate viral and host factors involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Willard
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ashley P. Barry
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cliff I. Oduor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Jeffrey A. Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ann M. Moormann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Micah A. Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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15
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Low YH, Loh CJL, Peh DYY, Chu AJM, Han S, Toh HC. Pathogenesis and therapeutic implications of EBV-associated epithelial cancers. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1202117. [PMID: 37901329 PMCID: PMC10600384 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1202117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), one of the most common human viruses, has been associated with both lymphoid and epithelial cancers. Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), EBV associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) are amongst the few common epithelial cancers that EBV has been associated with. The pathogenesis of EBV-associated NPC has been well described, however, the same cannot be said for primary pulmonary LELC (PPLELC) owing to the rarity of the cancer. In this review, we outline the pathogenesis of EBV-associated NPC and EBVaGCs and their recent advances. By drawing on similarities between NPC and PPLELC, we then also postulated the pathogenesis of PPLELC. A deeper understanding about the pathogenesis of EBV enables us to postulate the pathogenesis of other EBV associated cancers such as PPLELC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hua Low
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Daniel Yang Yao Peh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Axel Jun Ming Chu
- Singapore Health Services Internal Medicine Residency Programme, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuting Han
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Chong Toh
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Borde C, Escargueil AE, Maréchal V. Shikonin, an inhibitor of inflammasomes, inhibits Epstein-Barr virus reactivation. Antiviral Res 2023; 217:105699. [PMID: 37549849 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a highly prevalent human herpesvirus that persists for life in more than 95% of the adult population. EBV usually establishes an asymptomatic life-long infection, but it is also associated with malignancies affecting B lymphocytes and epithelial cells mainly. The virus alternates between a latent phase and a lytic phase, both of which contribute to the initiation of the tumor process. So far, there is only a limited number of antiviral molecules against the lytic phase, most of them targeting viral replication. Recent studies provided evidence that EBV uses components of the NLRP3 inflammasome to enter the productive phase of its cycle following activation in response to various stimuli. In the present work, we demonstrate that shikonin, a natural molecule with low toxicity which is known to inhibit inflammasome, can efficiently repress EBV reactivation. Similar results were obtained with apigenin and OLT 1177, two other NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors. It is shown herein that shikonin repressed the transcription of reactivation-induced NLRP3 thereby inhibiting inflammasome activation and EBV lytic phase induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Borde
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France.
| | | | - Vincent Maréchal
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France.
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17
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Sugimoto A, Watanabe T, Matsuoka K, Okuno Y, Yanagi Y, Narita Y, Mabuchi S, Nobusue H, Sugihara E, Hirayama M, Ide T, Onouchi T, Sato Y, Kanda T, Saya H, Iwatani Y, Kimura H, Murata T. Growth Transformation of B Cells by Epstein-Barr Virus Requires IMPDH2 Induction and Nucleolar Hypertrophy. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0044023. [PMID: 37409959 PMCID: PMC10433962 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00440-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vitro growth transformation of primary B cells by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the initial step in the development of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). We performed electron microscopic analysis and immunostaining of primary B cells infected with wild-type EBV. Interestingly, the nucleolar size was increased by two days after infection. A recent study found that nucleolar hypertrophy, which is caused by the induction of the IMPDH2 gene, is required for the efficient promotion of growth in cancers. In the present study, RNA-seq revealed that the IMPDH2 gene was significantly induced by EBV and that its level peaked at day 2. Even without EBV infection, the activation of primary B cells by the CD40 ligand and interleukin-4 increased IMPDH2 expression and nucleolar hypertrophy. Using EBNA2 or LMP1 knockout viruses, we found that EBNA2 and MYC, but not LMP1, induced the IMPDH2 gene during primary infections. IMPDH2 inhibition by mycophenolic acid (MPA) blocked the growth transformation of primary B cells by EBV, leading to smaller nucleoli, nuclei, and cells. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), which is a prodrug of MPA that is approved for use as an immunosuppressant, was tested in a mouse xenograft model. Oral MMF significantly improved the survival of mice and reduced splenomegaly. Taken together, these results indicate that EBV induces IMPDH2 expression through EBNA2-dependent and MYC-dependent mechanisms, leading to the hypertrophy of the nucleoli, nuclei, and cells as well as efficient cell proliferation. Our results provide basic evidence that IMPDH2 induction and nucleolar enlargement are crucial for B cell transformation by EBV. In addition, the use of MMF suppresses PTLD. IMPORTANCE EBV infections cause nucleolar enlargement via the induction of IMPDH2, which are essential for B cell growth transformation by EBV. Although the significance of IMPDH2 induction and nuclear hypertrophy in the tumorigenesis of glioblastoma has been reported, EBV infection brings about the change quickly by using its transcriptional cofactor, EBNA2, and MYC. Moreover, we present here, for the novel, basic evidence that an IMPDH2 inhibitor, namely, MPA or MMF, can be used for EBV-positive posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Sugimoto
- Department of Virology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Matsuoka
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okuno
- Department of Virology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yanagi
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yohei Narita
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seiyo Mabuchi
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nobusue
- Division of Gene Regulation, Cancer Center, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Eiji Sugihara
- Division of Gene Regulation, Cancer Center, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
- Open Facility Center, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Masaya Hirayama
- Department of Morphology and Diagnostic Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Tomihiko Ide
- Department of Virology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
- Open Facility Center, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Takanori Onouchi
- Open Facility Center, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sato
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Teru Kanda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Cancer Center, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Iwatani
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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18
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Chowdhary S, Deka R, Panda K, Kumar R, Solomon AD, Das J, Kanoujiya S, Gupta AK, Sinha S, Ruokolainen J, Kesari KK, Gupta PK. Recent Updates on Viral Oncogenesis: Available Preventive and Therapeutic Entities. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:3698-3740. [PMID: 37486263 PMCID: PMC10410670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Human viral oncogenesis is a complex phenomenon and a major contributor to the global cancer burden. Several recent findings revealed cellular and molecular pathways that promote the development and initiation of malignancy when viruses cause an infection. Even, antiviral treatment has become an approach to eliminate the viral infections and prevent the activation of oncogenesis. Therefore, for a better understanding, the molecular pathogenesis of various oncogenic viruses like, hepatitis virus, human immunodeficiency viral (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), could be explored, especially, to expand many potent antivirals that may escalate the apoptosis of infected malignant cells while sparing normal and healthy ones. Moreover, contemporary therapies, such as engineered antibodies antiviral agents targeting signaling pathways and cell biomarkers, could inhibit viral oncogenesis. This review elaborates the recent advancements in both natural and synthetic antivirals to control viral oncogenesis. The study also highlights the challenges and future perspectives of using antivirals in viral oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Chowdhary
- Department
of Industrial Microbiology, Sam Higginbottom
University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Rahul Deka
- Department
of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla
Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Kingshuk Panda
- Department
of Applied Microbiology, Vellore Institute
of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rohit Kumar
- Department
of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishikt David Solomon
- Department
of Molecular & Cellular Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jimli Das
- Centre
for
Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh
University, Assam 786004, India
| | - Supriya Kanoujiya
- School
of
Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Gupta
- Department
of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical
Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Somya Sinha
- Department
of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to
Be University, Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department
of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department
of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Division
of Research and Development, Lovely Professional
University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Department
of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department
of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to
Be University, Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
- Faculty
of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International
University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
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19
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Kutle I, Dittrich A, Wirth D. Mouse Models for Human Herpesviruses. Pathogens 2023; 12:953. [PMID: 37513800 PMCID: PMC10384569 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
More than one hundred herpesviruses have been isolated from different species so far, with nine infecting humans. Infections with herpesviruses are characterized by life-long latency and represent a significant challenge for human health. To investigate the consequences of infections and identify novel treatment options, in vivo models are of particular relevance. The mouse has emerged as an economical small animal model to investigate herpesvirus infections. However, except for herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1, HSV-2), human herpesviruses cannot infect mice. Three natural herpesviruses have been identified in mice: mouse-derived cytomegalovirus (MCMV), mouse herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68), and mouse roseolovirus (MRV). These orthologues are broadly used to investigate herpesvirus infections within the natural host. In the last few decades, immunocompromised mouse models have been developed, allowing the functional engraftment of various human cells and tissues. These xenograft mice represent valuable model systems to investigate human-restricted viruses, making them particularly relevant for herpesvirus research. In this review, we describe the various mouse models used to study human herpesviruses, thereby highlighting their potential and limitations. Emphasis is laid on xenograft mouse models, covering the development and refinement of immune-compromised mice and their application in herpesvirus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Kutle
- Research Group Model Systems for Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Dittrich
- Research Group Model Systems for Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- InSCREENeX GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wirth
- Research Group Model Systems for Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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20
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Yiu SPT, Zerbe C, Vanderwall D, Huttlin EL, Weekes MP, Gewurz BE. An Epstein-Barr virus protein interaction map reveals NLRP3 inflammasome evasion via MAVS UFMylation. Mol Cell 2023; 83:2367-2386.e15. [PMID: 37311461 PMCID: PMC10372749 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes infectious mononucleosis, triggers multiple sclerosis, and is associated with 200,000 cancers/year. EBV colonizes the human B cell compartment and periodically reactivates, inducing expression of 80 viral proteins. However, much remains unknown about how EBV remodels host cells and dismantles key antiviral responses. We therefore created a map of EBV-host and EBV-EBV interactions in B cells undergoing EBV replication, uncovering conserved herpesvirus versus EBV-specific host cell targets. The EBV-encoded G-protein-coupled receptor BILF1 associated with MAVS and the UFM1 E3 ligase UFL1. Although UFMylation of 14-3-3 proteins drives RIG-I/MAVS signaling, BILF1-directed MAVS UFMylation instead triggered MAVS packaging into mitochondrial-derived vesicles and lysosomal proteolysis. In the absence of BILF1, EBV replication activated the NLRP3 inflammasome, which impaired viral replication and triggered pyroptosis. Our results provide a viral protein interaction network resource, reveal a UFM1-dependent pathway for selective degradation of mitochondrial cargo, and highlight BILF1 as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Pei Tung Yiu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Graduate Program in Virology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cassie Zerbe
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - David Vanderwall
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Edward L Huttlin
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
| | - Benjamin E Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Graduate Program in Virology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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21
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Mahajan S, Bongaerts M, Hardillo J, Tsang A, Lo KW, Kortleve D, Ma B, Debets R. Transcriptomics of Epstein-Barr virus aids to the classification of T-cell evasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 83:102335. [PMID: 37235920 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) contributes to oncogenesis and immune evasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). At present, an aggregated, higher-level view on the impact of EBV genes toward the immune microenvironment of NPC is lacking. To this end, we have interrogated tumor-derived RNA sequences of 106 treatment-naive NPC patients for 98 EBV transcripts, and captured the presence of 10 different immune cell populations as well as 23 different modes of T-cell evasion. We discovered 3 clusters of EBV genes that each associate with distinct immunophenotypes of NPC. Cluster 1 associated with gene sets related to immune cell recruitment, such as those encoding for chemoattractants and their receptors. Cluster 2 associated with antigen processing and presentation, such as interferon-related genes, whereas cluster 3 associated with presence of M1-like macrophages, absence of CD4+ T cells, and oncogenic pathways, such as the nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated B-cell pathway. We discuss these 3 EBV clusters regarding their potential for stratification for T-cell immunity in NPC together with the next steps needed to validate such therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Mahajan
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC and Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Michiel Bongaerts
- Departments of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC and Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jose Hardillo
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC and Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Tsang
- Departments of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Kwok W Lo
- Departments of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Dian Kortleve
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC and Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brigette Ma
- Departments of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Reno Debets
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC and Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Tan H, Gong Y, Liu Y, Long J, Luo Q, Faleti OD, Lyu X. Advancing therapeutic strategies for Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancies through lytic reactivation. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114916. [PMID: 37229802 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a widespread human herpes virus associated with lymphomas and epithelial cell cancers. It establishes two separate infection phases, latent and lytic, in the host. Upon infection of a new host cell, the virus activates several pathways, to induce the expression of lytic EBV antigens and the production of infectious virus particles. Although the carcinogenic role of latent EBV infection has been established, recent research suggests that lytic reactivation also plays a significant role in carcinogenesis. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of EBV reactivation and recent findings about the role of viral lytic antigens in tumor formation. In addition, we discuss the treatment of EBV-associated tumors with lytic activators and the targets that may be therapeutically effective in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi Tan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yibing Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jingyi Long
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Qingshuang Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Oluwasijibomi Damola Faleti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999000, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Xiaoming Lyu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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23
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Murata T. Tegument proteins of Epstein-Barr virus: Diverse functions, complex networks, and oncogenesis. Tumour Virus Res 2023; 15:200260. [PMID: 37169175 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2023.200260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The tegument is the structure between the envelope and nucleocapsid of herpesvirus particles. Viral (and cellular) proteins accumulate to create the layers of the tegument. Some Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) tegument proteins are conserved widely in Herpesviridae, but others are shared only by members of the gamma-herpesvirus subfamily. As the interface to envelope and nucleocapsid, the tegument functions in virion morphogenesis and budding of the nucleocapsid during progeny production. When a virus particle enters a cell, enzymes such as kinase and deubiquitinase, and transcriptional activators are released from the virion to promote virus infection. Moreover, some EBV tegument proteins are involved in oncogenesis. Here, we summarize the roles of EBV tegument proteins, in comparison to those of other herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.
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24
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Xie C, Zhong LY, Bu GL, Zhao GX, Yuan BY, Liu YT, Sun C, Zeng MS. Anti-EBV antibodies: Roles in diagnosis, pathogenesis, and antiviral therapy. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28793. [PMID: 37212266 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is prevalent in global population and associated with multiple malignancies and autoimmune diseases. During the infection, EBV-harbored or infected cell-expressing antigen could elicit a variety of antibodies with significant role in viral host response and pathogenesis. These antibodies have been extensively evaluated and found to be valuable in predicting disease diagnosis and prognosis, exploring disease mechanisms, and developing antiviral agents. In this review, we discuss the versatile roles of EBV antibodies as important biomarkers for EBV-related diseases, potential driving factors of autoimmunity, and promising therapeutic agents for viral infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan-Yi Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Long Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge-Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo-Yu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Caruso LB, Maestri D, Tempera I. Three-Dimensional Chromatin Structure of the EBV Genome: A Crucial Factor in Viral Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1088. [PMID: 37243174 PMCID: PMC10222312 DOI: 10.3390/v15051088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a human gamma-herpesvirus that is widespread worldwide. To this day, about 200,000 cancer cases per year are attributed to EBV infection. EBV is capable of infecting both B cells and epithelial cells. Upon entry, viral DNA reaches the nucleus and undergoes a process of circularization and chromatinization and establishes a latent lifelong infection in host cells. There are different types of latency all characterized by different expressions of latent viral genes correlated with a different three-dimensional architecture of the viral genome. There are multiple factors involved in the regulation and maintenance of this three-dimensional organization, such as CTCF, PARP1, MYC and Nuclear Lamina, emphasizing its central role in latency maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Maestri
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (L.B.C.); (D.M.)
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Italo Tempera
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (L.B.C.); (D.M.)
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26
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Dorothea M, Xie J, Yiu SPT, Chiang AKS. Contribution of Epstein–Barr Virus Lytic Proteins to Cancer Hallmarks and Implications from Other Oncoviruses. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072120. [PMID: 37046781 PMCID: PMC10093119 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a prevalent human gamma-herpesvirus that infects the majority of the adult population worldwide and is associated with several lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. EBV displays a biphasic life cycle, namely, latent and lytic replication cycles, expressing a diversity of viral proteins. Among the EBV proteins being expressed during both latent and lytic cycles, the oncogenic roles of EBV lytic proteins are largely uncharacterized. In this review, the established contributions of EBV lytic proteins in tumorigenesis are summarized according to the cancer hallmarks displayed. We further postulate the oncogenic properties of several EBV lytic proteins by comparing the evolutionary conserved oncogenic mechanisms in other herpesviruses and oncoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Dorothea
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia Xie
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stephanie Pei Tung Yiu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Graduate Program in Virology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan Kwok Shing Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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27
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Yu H, Robertson ES. Epstein-Barr Virus History and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2023; 15:714. [PMID: 36992423 PMCID: PMC10056551 DOI: 10.3390/v15030714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first identified human oncogenic virus that can establish asymptomatic life-long persistence. It is associated with a large spectrum of diseases, including benign diseases, a number of lymphoid malignancies, and epithelial cancers. EBV can also transform quiescent B lymphocytes into lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) in vitro. Although EBV molecular biology and EBV-related diseases have been continuously investigated for nearly 60 years, the mechanism of viral-mediated transformation, as well as the precise role of EBV in promoting these diseases, remain a major challenge yet to be completely explored. This review will highlight the history of EBV and current advances in EBV-associated diseases, focusing on how this virus provides a paradigm for exploiting the many insights identified through interplay between EBV and its host during oncogenesis, and other related non-malignant disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, The Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erle S. Robertson
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, The Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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28
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Su ZY, Siak PY, Leong CO, Cheah SC. The role of Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1116143. [PMID: 36846758 PMCID: PMC9947861 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1116143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a metastasis-prone malignancy closely associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Despite ubiquitous infection of EBV worldwide, NPC incidences displayed predominance in certain ethnic groups and endemic regions. The majority of NPC patients are diagnosed with advanced-stage disease, as a result of anatomical isolation and non-specific clinical manifestation. Over the decades, researchers have gained insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying NPC pathogenesis as a result of the interplay of EBV infection with several environmental and genetic factors. EBV-associated biomarkers were also used for mass population screening for the early detection of NPC. EBV and its encoded products also serve as potential targets for the development of therapeutic strategies and tumour-specific drug delivery. This review will discuss the pathogenic role of EBV in NPC and efforts in exploiting the potential of EBV-associated molecules as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The current knowledge on the role of EBV and its associated products in NPC tumorigenesis, development and progression will offer a new outlook and potential intervention strategy against this EBV-associated malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yi Su
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Bandar Springhill, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Pui Yan Siak
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Bandar Springhill, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Onn Leong
- AGTC Genomics Sdn Bhd, Pusat Perdagangan Bandar, Persiaran Jalil 1, Bukit Jalil, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shiau-Chuen Cheah
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Bandar Springhill, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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29
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Williams MV, Mena-Palomo I, Cox B, Ariza ME. EBV dUTPase: A Novel Modulator of Inflammation and the Tumor Microenvironment in EBV-Associated Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:855. [PMID: 36765813 PMCID: PMC9913121 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that put into question the classical dogma that the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) exists in cells as either a lytic virus in which new progeny is produced or in a latent state in which no progeny is produced. Notably, a third state has now been described, known as the abortive-lytic phase, which is characterized by the expression of some immediate early (IE) and early (E) genes, but no new virus progeny is produced. While the function of these IE and E gene products is not well understood, several recent studies support the concept they may contribute to tumor promotion by altering the tumor microenvironment (TME). The mechanisms by which these viral gene products may contribute to tumorigenesis remain unclear; however, it has been proposed that some of them promote cellular growth, immune evasion, and/or inhibit apoptosis. One of these EBV early gene products is the deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) encoded by BLLF3, which not only contributes to the establishment of latency through the production of activin A and IL-21, but it may also alter the TME, thus promoting oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall V. Williams
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics (CBG), The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research (IBMR), The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Irene Mena-Palomo
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research (IBMR), The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brandon Cox
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research (IBMR), The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Maria Eugenia Ariza
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics (CBG), The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research (IBMR), The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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30
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human lymphotropic herpesvirus with a well-established causal role in several cancers. Recent studies have provided compelling epidemiological and mechanistic evidence for a causal role of EBV in multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is the most prevalent chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system and is thought to be triggered in genetically predisposed individuals by an infectious agent, with EBV as the lead candidate. How a ubiquitous virus that typically leads to benign latent infections can promote cancer and autoimmune disease in at-risk populations is not fully understood. Here we review the evidence that EBV is a causal agent for MS and how various risk factors may affect EBV infection and immune control. We focus on EBV contributing to MS through reprogramming of latently infected B lymphocytes and the chronic presentation of viral antigens as a potential source of autoreactivity through molecular mimicry. We consider how knowledge of EBV-associated cancers may be instructive for understanding the role of EBV in MS and discuss the potential for therapies that target EBV to treat MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S. Soldan
- grid.251075.40000 0001 1956 6678The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Paul M. Lieberman
- grid.251075.40000 0001 1956 6678The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA USA
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31
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Lin L, Liu X, Yu H, Deng H, Peng K, Chen J, Zhang C, Jiang T, Liu X. Inhibitory effect and related mechanism of decitabine combined with gemcitabine on proliferation of NK/T cell lymphoma cells. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1134895. [PMID: 36937854 PMCID: PMC10014839 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1134895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: EBV-associated lymphoma is a neoplasm with a poor prognosis, highly aggressive, and progressive rapidly. There is no standard clinical treatment protocol. Decitabine and gemcitabine are known to have anticancer properties against cells of various cancer, respectively. However, the effect of the combination medication on NK/T cell lymphoma cells and potential mechanisms have not been thoroughly investigated. Methods: Human NK/T cell lymphoma cells NK92MI were treated with decitabine and gemcitabine alone or in combination. Experiments, including the Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry, were performed to investigate how the combination of decitabine and gemcitabine affects the biological behavior of NK92MI cells in vitro. mRNA sequencing, RT-PCR, and western blotting were used to detect changes in the related signal pathway, mRNA, and protein expressions. Results: Decitabine and gemcitabine significantly inhibited the viability and proliferation of NK92MI cells in a dose-dependent manner. The combination index was less than 1 after treating with two drugs, which was a significant synergistic effect. The decitabine concentration with the best synergistic effect was 4.046 µM, and the gemcitabine concentration was 0.005 µM. Flow cytometry showed that combining two drugs could significantly promote apoptosis and arrest the cell cycle at the S phase. In the combined DAC and GEM group, caspase3 protein levels were higher than in either group alone or the control group. The transcriptome sequence, KEGG, and PPI analysis showed that the differential genes after combined treatment were mainly enriched in signal pathways related to cell proliferation, adhesion, and migration compared with using alone and control groups. Based on the sequencing results, we further investigated the role of DAC and GEM in ferroptosis-related signaling molecules using RT-PCR and Western blot techniques. RT-PCR and western blotting showed that the expression levels of HMOX1 and EBV cleavage gene BRLF1 were higher in the group with combined DAC and GEM than in the group alone and the control group, while the protein and mRNA expression levels of SLC7A11 were lower than the others. In addition, the GPX4 protein expression level in the combination group was lower than in the drug-alone and control groups. In addition, the combination treatment increased the ROS level of NK92MI cells. Conclusion: Our current findings suggested that decitabine had an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of NK92MI cells when co-treated with gemcitabine. This combination may increase the expression of ferroptosis-related signaling molecules, thus inhibiting the proliferation of NK92MI cells. It also promoted apoptosis in NK/T cell lymphoma. For patients with NK/T cell lymphoma, this novel combination may provide clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanke Lin
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangqin Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Huan Deng
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Kun Peng
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunle Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoqi Liu, ; Tao Jiang, ; Chunle Zhang,
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoqi Liu, ; Tao Jiang, ; Chunle Zhang,
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital,, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoqi Liu, ; Tao Jiang, ; Chunle Zhang,
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NRF2 in Cancer: Cross-Talk with Oncogenic Pathways and Involvement in Gammaherpesvirus-Driven Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010595. [PMID: 36614036 PMCID: PMC9820659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Expanding knowledge of the molecular mechanisms at the basis of tumor development, especially the cross-talk between oncogenic pathways, will possibly lead to better tailoring of anticancer therapies. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) plays a central role in cancer progression, not only because of its antioxidant activity but also because it establishes cross-talk with several oncogenic pathways, including Heat Shock Factor1 (HSF1), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and mutant (mut) p53. Moreover, the involvement of NRF2 in gammaherpesvirus-driven carcinogenesis is particularly interesting. These viruses indeed hijack the NRF2 pathway to sustain the survival of tumor cells in which they establish a latent infection and to avoid a too-high increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when these cancer cells undergo treatments that induce viral replication. Interestingly, NRF2 activation may prevent gammaherpesvirus-driven oncogenic transformation, highlighting how manipulating the NRF2 pathway in the different phases of gammaherpesvirus-mediated carcinogenesis may lead to different outcomes. This review will highlight the mechanistic interplay between NRF2 and some oncogenic pathways and its involvement in gammaherpesviruses biology to recapitulate published evidence useful for potential application in cancer therapy.
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Hassan STS, Šudomová M. Molecular Mechanisms of Flavonoids against Tumor Gamma-Herpesviruses and Their Correlated Cancers-A Focus on EBV and KSHV Life Cycles and Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010247. [PMID: 36613688 PMCID: PMC9820319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are cancer-causing viruses that belong to human gamma-herpesviruses. They are DNA viruses known to establish lifelong infections in humans, with the ability to develop various types of cancer. Drug resistance remains the main barrier to achieving effective therapies for viral infections and cancer. Thus, new medications with dual antiviral and anticancer actions are highly needed. Flavonoids are secondary metabolites biosynthesized by plants with diverse therapeutic effects on human health. In this review, we feature the potential role of flavonoids (flavones, protoflavones, isoflavones, flavanones, flavonols, dihydroflavonols, catechins, chalcones, anthocyanins, and other flavonoid-type compounds) in controlling gamma-herpesvirus-associated cancers by blocking EBV and KSHV infections and inhibiting the formation and growth of the correlated tumors, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, gastric cancer, extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, and primary effusion lymphoma. The underlying mechanisms via targeting EBV and KSHV life cycles and carcinogenesis are highlighted. Moreover, the effective concentrations or doses are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif T. S. Hassan
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Miroslava Šudomová
- Museum of Literature in Moravia, Klášter 1, 664 61 Rajhrad, Czech Republic
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Herpesvirus ubiquitin deconjugases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 132:185-192. [PMID: 34776333 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The covalent attachment of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like polypeptides to cellular and viral proteins regulates numerous processes that enable virus infection, viral genome replication, and the spread of viruses to new hosts. The importance of these protein modifications in the regulation of the life cycle of herpesviruses is underscored by the discovery that all known members of this virus family encode at least one protease that specifically recognizes and disassembles ubiquitin conjugates. The structural and functional characterization of the viral enzymes and the identification of their viral and cellular substrates is providing valuable insights into the biology of viral infection and increasing evidence suggests that the viral deconjugases may also play a role in malignant transformation.
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35
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Functional Implications of Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Genes in Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235780. [PMID: 36497262 PMCID: PMC9740547 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a diverse range of tumors of both lymphoid and epithelial origin. Similar to other herpesviruses, EBV displays a bipartite life cycle consisting of latent and lytic phases. Current dogma indicates that the latent genes are key drivers in the pathogenesis of EBV-associated cancers, while the lytic genes are primarily responsible for viral transmission. In recent years, evidence has emerged to show that the EBV lytic phase also plays an important role in EBV tumorigenesis, and the expression of EBV lytic genes is frequently detected in tumor tissues and cell lines. The advent of next generation sequencing has allowed the comprehensive profiling of EBV gene expression, and this has revealed the consistent expression of several lytic genes across various types of EBV-associated cancers. In this review, we provide an overview of the functional implications of EBV lytic gene expression to the oncogenic process and discuss possible avenues for future investigations.
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Singh DR, Nelson SE, Pawelski AS, Cantres-Velez JA, Kansra AS, Pauly NP, Bristol JA, Hayes M, Ohashi M, Casco A, Lee D, Fogarty SA, Lambert PF, Johannsen EC, Kenney SC. Type 1 and Type 2 Epstein-Barr viruses induce proliferation, and inhibit differentiation, in infected telomerase-immortalized normal oral keratinocytes. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010868. [PMID: 36190982 PMCID: PMC9529132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiated epithelial cells are an important source of infectious EBV virions in human saliva, and latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is strongly associated with the epithelial cell tumor, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, it has been difficult to model how EBV contributes to NPC, since EBV has not been shown to enhance proliferation of epithelial cells in monolayer culture in vitro and is not stably maintained in epithelial cells without antibiotic selection. In addition, although there are two major types of EBV (type 1 (T1) and type 2 (T2)), it is currently unknown whether T1 and T2 EBV behave differently in epithelial cells. Here we inserted a G418 resistance gene into the T2 EBV strain, AG876, allowing us to compare the phenotypes of T1 Akata virus versus T2 AG876 virus in a telomerase-immortalized normal oral keratinocyte cell line (NOKs) using a variety of different methods, including RNA-seq analysis, proliferation assays, immunoblot analyses, and air-liquid interface culture. We show that both T1 Akata virus infection and T2 AG876 virus infection of NOKs induce cellular proliferation, and inhibit spontaneous differentiation, in comparison to the uninfected cells when cells are grown without supplemental growth factors in monolayer culture. T1 EBV and T2 EBV also have a similar ability to induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition and activate canonical and non-canonical NF-κB signaling in infected NOKs. In contrast to our recent results in EBV-infected lymphoblastoid cells (in which T2 EBV infection is much more lytic than T1 EBV infection), we find that NOKs infected with T1 and T2 EBV respond similarly to lytic inducing agents such as TPA treatment or differentiation. These results suggest that T1 and T2 EBV have similar phenotypes in infected epithelial cells, with both EBV types enhancing cellular proliferation and inhibiting differentiation when growth factors are limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deo R. Singh
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Nelson
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Abigail S. Pawelski
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Juan A. Cantres-Velez
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alisha S. Kansra
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nicholas P. Pauly
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jillian A. Bristol
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mitchell Hayes
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Makoto Ohashi
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Casco
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Denis Lee
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Stuart A. Fogarty
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Johannsen
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shannon C. Kenney
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Rare POLN mutations confer risk for familial nasopharyngeal carcinoma through weakened Epstein-Barr virus lytic replication. EBioMedicine 2022; 84:104267. [PMID: 36116213 PMCID: PMC9486052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) exhibits significant familial aggregation; however, its susceptibility genes are largely unknown. Thus, this study aimed to identify germline mutations that might contribute to the risk of familial NPC, and explore their biological functions. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing was performed in 13 NPC pedigrees with multiple cases. Mutations co-segregated with disease status were further validated in a cohort composed of 563 probands from independent families, 2,953 sporadic cases, and 3,175 healthy controls. Experimental studies were used to explore the functions of susceptibility genes and their disease-related mutations. FINDINGS The three rare missense mutations in POLN (DNA polymerase nu) gene, P577L, R303Q, and F545C, were associated with familial NPC risk (5/576 [0·87%] in cases vs. 2/3374 [0·059%] in healthy controls with an adjusted OR of 44·84 [95% CI:3·91-514·34, p = 2·25 × 10-3]). POLN was involved in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic replication in NPC cells in vitro. POLN promoted viral DNA replication, immediate-early and late lytic gene expression, and progeny viral particle production, ultimately affecting the proliferation of host cells. The three mutations were located in two pivotal functional domains and were predicted to alter the protein stability of POLN in silico. Further assays demonstrated that POLN carrying any of the three mutations displayed reduced protein stability and decreased expression levels, thereby impairing its ability to promote complete EBV lytic replication and facilitate cell survival. INTERPRETATION We identified a susceptibility gene POLN for familial NPC and elucidated its function. FUNDING This study was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFC2500400); the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020YFC1316902); the Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (2021B1515420007); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81973131); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82003520); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81903395).
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Lupo J, Wielandts AS, Buisson M, Consortium CRYOSTEM, Habib M, Hamoudi M, Morand P, Verduyn-Lunel F, Caillard S, Drouet E. High Predictive Value of the Soluble ZEBRA Antigen (Epstein-Barr Virus Trans-Activator Zta) in Transplant Patients with PTLD. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080928. [PMID: 36015048 PMCID: PMC9413454 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ZEBRA (Z EBV replication activator) protein is the major transcription factor of EBV, expressed upon EBV lytic cycle activation. An increasing body of studies have highlighted the critical role of EBV lytic infection as a risk factor for lymphoproliferative disorders, such as post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). We studied 108 transplanted patients (17 PTLD and 91 controls), retrospectively selected from different hospitals in France and in the Netherlands. The majority of PTLD were EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, five patients experienced atypical PTLD forms (EBV-negative lymphomas, Hodgkin’s lymphomas, and T-cell lymphomas). Fourteen patients among the seventeen who developed a pathologically confirmed PTLD were sZEBRA positive (soluble ZEBRA, plasma level above 20 ng/mL, measured by an ELISA test). The specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) of the sZEBRA detection in plasma were 98% and 85%, respectively. Considering a positivity threshold of 20 ng/mL, the sensitivity of the sZEBRA was 82.35% and the specificity was 94.51%. The mean of the sZEBRA values in the PTLD cases were significantly higher than in the controls (p < 0.0001). The relevance of the lytic cycle and, particularly, the role of ZEBRA in lymphomagenesis is a new paradigm pertaining to the prevention and treatment strategies for PTLD. Given the high-specificity and the predictive values of this test, it now appears relevant to investigate the lytic EBV infection in transplanted patients as a prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lupo
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut de Biologie-Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Wielandts
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut de Biologie-Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marlyse Buisson
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut de Biologie-Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - CRYOSTEM Consortium
- CRYOSTEM Consortium: Marseille Innovation—Hôtel Technologique, 13382 Marseille, France
| | - Mohammed Habib
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut de Biologie-Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marwan Hamoudi
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice Morand
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut de Biologie-Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Sophie Caillard
- Département de Néphrologie et de Transplantation Centre, Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Emmanuel Drouet
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Correspondence:
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Alsaegh MA, Mahmoud O, Varma SR, Zhu S. The Prevalence of EBV and KSHV in Odontogenic Lesions. Int Dent J 2022; 73:42-47. [PMID: 35907672 PMCID: PMC9875224 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2022.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Odontogenic lesions evolve as a result of altered dental development. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and the coinfection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in radicular cysts, dentigerous cysts, odontogenic keratocysts, and ameloblastomas. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to analyse 66 cases of odontogenic lesions for the presence of EBV-DNA and KSHV-DNA. These lesions were 15 radicular cysts, 16 dentigerous cysts, 18 odontogenic keratocysts, and 17 ameloblastomas. RESULTS EBV-DNA was detected in 24 (36.4%) of the studied samples as follows: 6 samples (40.0%) of radicular cysts, 4 (25.0%) of dentigerous cysts, 10 (55.6 %) of odontogenic keratocysts, and 4 (23.5%) of ameloblastomas (P = .168). KSHV-DNA was found in 16 (24.2%) of the studied samples as follows: 1 sample (6.7%) of radicular cysts, 6 (37.5%) of dentigerous cysts, 8 (44.4 %) of odontogenic keratocysts, and 1 (5.9%) of ameloblastomas (P = .001). Additionally, EBV and KSHV were positively correlated in all studied samples (P = .002). CONCLUSIONS Both EBV and KSHV are found in odontogenic cysts and ameloblastomas. KSHV and EBV are more prevalent in odontogenic keratocysts than in other studied odontogenic lesions. Further, there is a high prevalence of EBV and KSHV coinfection in odontogenic cysts and ameloblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Amjed Alsaegh
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China,Corresponding author. Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Building M28, Office No. 125, Sharjah, UAE.
| | - Okba Mahmoud
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Dentistry, Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Sudhir Rama Varma
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Dentistry, Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Shengrong Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
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Interplay between Lipid Metabolism, Lipid Droplets, and DNA Virus Infections. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142224. [PMID: 35883666 PMCID: PMC9324743 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are cellular organelles rich in neutral lipids such as triglycerides and cholesterol esters that are coated by a phospholipid monolayer and associated proteins. LDs are known to play important roles in the storage and availability of lipids in the cell and to serve as a source of energy reserve for the cell. However, these structures have also been related to oxidative stress, reticular stress responses, and reduced antigen presentation to T cells. Importantly, LDs are also known to modulate viral infection by participating in virus replication and assembly. Here, we review and discuss the interplay between neutral lipid metabolism and LDs in the replication cycle of different DNA viruses, identifying potentially new molecular targets for the treatment of viral infections.
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Yang T, You C, Meng S, Lai Z, Ai W, Zhang J. EBV Infection and Its Regulated Metabolic Reprogramming in Nasopharyngeal Tumorigenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:935205. [PMID: 35846746 PMCID: PMC9283984 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.935205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral oncogenes may drive cellular metabolic reprogramming to modulate the normal epithelia cell malignant transformation. Understanding the viral oncogene–mediated signaling transduction dysregulation that involves in metabolic reprogramming may provide new therapeutic targets for virus-associated cancer treatment. Latent EBV infection and expression of viral oncogenes, including latent membrane proteins 1 and 2 (LMP1/2), and EBV-encoded BamH I-A rightward transcripts (BART) microRNAs (miR-BARTs), have been demonstrated to play fundamental roles in altering host cell metabolism to support nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) pathogenesis. Yet, how do EBV infection and its encoded oncogenes facilitated the metabolic shifting and their roles in NPC carcinogenesis remains unclear. In this review, we will focus on delineating how EBV infection and its encoded oncoproteins altered the metabolic reprograming of infected cells to support their malignances. Furthermore, based on the understanding of the host’s metabolic signaling alterations induced by EBV, we will provide a new perspective on the interplay between EBV infection and these metabolic pathways and offering a potential therapeutic intervention strategy in the treatment of EBV-associated malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chanping You
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shuhui Meng
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhengquan Lai
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weipeng Ai
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Zhang, ; Weipeng Ai,
| | - Jun Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Zhang, ; Weipeng Ai,
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Wyżewski Z, Mielcarska MB, Gregorczyk-Zboroch KP, Myszka A. Virus-Mediated Inhibition of Apoptosis in the Context of EBV-Associated Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137265. [PMID: 35806271 PMCID: PMC9266970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the representative of the Herpesviridae family, is a pathogen extensively distributed in the human population. One of its most characteristic features is the capability to establish latent infection in the host. The infected cells serve as a sanctuary for the dormant virus, and therefore their desensitization to apoptotic stimuli is part of the viral strategy for long-term survival. For this reason, EBV encodes a set of anti-apoptotic products. They may increase the viability of infected cells and enhance their resistance to chemotherapy, thereby contributing to the development of EBV-associated diseases, including Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL), Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL), gastric cancer (GC), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and several other malignancies. In this paper, we have described the molecular mechanism of anti-apoptotic actions of a set of EBV proteins. Moreover, we have reviewed the pro-survival role of non-coding viral transcripts: EBV-encoded small RNAs (EBERs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), in EBV-carrying malignant cells. The influence of EBV on the expression, activity and/or intracellular distribution of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein family members, has been presented. Finally, we have also discussed therapeutic perspectives of targeting viral anti-apoptotic products or their molecular partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Wyżewski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-728-208-338
| | - Matylda Barbara Mielcarska
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.M.); (K.P.G.-Z.)
| | | | - Anna Myszka
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
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Dochi H, Kondo S, Murata T, Fukuyo M, Nanbo A, Wakae K, Jiang WP, Hamabe-Horiike T, Tanaka M, Nishiuchi T, Mizokami H, Moriyama-Kita M, Kobayashi E, Hirai N, Komori T, Ueno T, Nakanishi Y, Hatano M, Endo K, Sugimoto H, Wakisaka N, Juang SH, Muramatsu M, Kaneda A, Yoshizaki T. Estrogen induces the expression of EBV lytic protein ZEBRA, a marker of poor prognosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:2862-2877. [PMID: 35633182 PMCID: PMC9357606 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies have suggested that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic infection is essential for the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), as elevation of antibody titers against EBV lytic proteins is a common feature of NPC. Although ZEBRA protein is a key trigger for the initiation of lytic infection, whether its expression affects the prognosis and pathogenesis of NPC remains unclear. In this study, 64 NPC biopsy specimens were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. We found that ZEBRA was significantly associated with a worsening of progression-free survival in NPC (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-11.87; P = 0.037). Moreover, ZEBRA expression positively correlated with key endocrinological proteins, estrogen receptor α, and aromatase. The transcriptional level of ZEBRA is activated by estrogen in an estrogen receptor α-dependent manner, resulting in an increase in structural gene expression levels and extracellular virus DNA copy number in NPC cell lines, reminiscent of lytic infection. Interestingly, it did not suppress cellular proliferation or increase apoptosis, in contrast to cells treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and sodium butyrate, indicating that viral production induced by estrogen is not a cell lytic phenomenon. Our results suggest that intratumoral estrogen overproduced by aromatase could induce ZEBRA expression and EBV reactivation, contributing to the progression of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Dochi
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Kondo
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukuyo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Asuka Nanbo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Virology, National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kousho Wakae
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wen-Ping Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Toshihide Hamabe-Horiike
- Center for Biochemical Research and Education, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mariko Tanaka
- Center for Biochemical Research and Education, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Integrated Omics research, Bioscience Core Facility, Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Harue Mizokami
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Makiko Moriyama-Kita
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hirai
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Komori
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ueno
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakanishi
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Miyako Hatano
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhira Endo
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hisashi Sugimoto
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Naohiro Wakisaka
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shin-Hun Juang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaneda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yoshizaki
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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Adamson AL, Jeffus D, Davis A, Greengrove E. Epstein-Barr virus lytic replication activates and is dependent upon MAPK-interacting kinase 1/2 in a cell-type dependent manner. Virology 2022; 572:72-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Reduced IRF4 expression promotes lytic phenotype in Type 2 EBV-infected B cells. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010453. [PMID: 35472072 PMCID: PMC9041801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are infected with two types of EBV (Type 1 (T1) and Type 2 (T2)) that differ substantially in their EBNA2 and EBNA 3A/B/C latency proteins and have different phenotypes in B cells. T1 EBV transforms B cells more efficiently than T2 EBV in vitro, and T2 EBV-infected B cells are more lytic. We previously showed that both increased NFATc1/c2 activity, and an NFAT-binding motif within the BZLF1 immediate-early promoter variant (Zp-V3) contained in all T2 strains, contribute to lytic infection in T2 EBV-infected B cells. Here we compare cellular and viral gene expression in early-passage lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) infected with either T1 or T2 EBV strains. Using bulk RNA-seq, we show that T2 LCLs are readily distinguishable from T1 LCLs, with approximately 600 differentially expressed cellular genes. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) suggests that T2 LCLs have increased B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, NFAT activation, and enhanced expression of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition-associated genes. T2 LCLs also have decreased RNA and protein expression of a cellular gene required for survival of T1 LCLs, IRF4. In addition to its essential role in plasma cell differentiation, IRF4 decreases BCR signaling. Knock-down of IRF4 in a T1 LCL (infected with the Zp-V3-containing Akata strain) induced lytic reactivation whereas over-expression of IRF4 in Burkitt lymphoma cells inhibited both NFATc1 and NFATc2 expression and lytic EBV reactivation. Single-cell RNA-seq confirmed that T2 LCLs have many more lytic cells compared to T1 LCLs and showed that lytically infected cells have both increased NFATc1, and decreased IRF4, compared to latently infected cells. These studies reveal numerous differences in cellular gene expression in B cells infected with T1 versus T2 EBV and suggest that decreased IRF4 contributes to both the latent and lytic phenotypes in cells with T2 EBV.
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46
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Replication Compartments-The Great Survival Strategy for Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Replication. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050896. [PMID: 35630341 PMCID: PMC9144946 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
During Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) lytic replication, viral DNA synthesis is carried out in viral replication factories called replication compartments (RCs), which are located at discrete sites in the nucleus. Viral proteins constituting the viral replication machinery are accumulated in the RCs to amplify viral genomes. Newly synthesized viral DNA is stored in a subdomain of the RC termed the BMRF1-core, matured by host factors, and finally packed into assembled viral capsids. Late (L) genes are transcribed from DNA stored in the BMRF1-core through a process that is mainly dependent on the viral pre-initiation complex (vPIC). RC formation is a well-regulated system and strongly advantageous for EBV survival because of the following aspects: (1) RCs enable the spatial separation of newly synthesized viral DNA from the cellular chromosome for protection and maturation of viral DNA; (2) EBV-coded proteins and their interaction partners are recruited to RCs, which enhances the interactions among viral proteins, cellular proteins, and viral DNA; (3) the formation of RCs benefits continuous replication, leading to L gene transcription; and (4) DNA storage and maturation leads to efficient progeny viral production. Here, we review the state of knowledge of this important viral structure and discuss its roles in EBV survival.
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47
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Chen Y, Chang ET, Liu Q, Cai Y, Zhang Z, Chen G, Huang QH, Xie SH, Cao SM, Jia WH, Zheng Y, Li Y, Lin L, Ernberg I, Huang G, Zeng YX, Adami HO, Ye W. Environmental factors for Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in a high-risk area of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a population-based study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac128. [PMID: 35450082 PMCID: PMC9017372 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation from latent to lytic infection has been considered as a key step in nasopharyngeal carcinoma oncogenesis. However, epidemiological evidence regarding environmental risk factors for EBV reactivation on a population level remains largely lacking. Methods We enrolled 1916 randomly selected adults from the general population of Guangdong and Guangxi, China, from 2010 to 2014. Information on environmental factors was collected via a structured interview. Serum immunoglobulin A antibodies against EBV viral capsid antigen and nuclear antigen 1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to evaluate EBV reactivation status. We used logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations of EBV reactivation with various environmental factors. Results No associations were observed between EBV reactivation and extensive environmental factors, including alcohol or tea drinking, a history of chronic ear/nose/throat diseases, use of medications or herbs, consumption of salted fish or preserved foods, oral hygiene, sibship structure, and various residential and occupational exposures. Only cigarette smoking was associated with EBV reactivation (current smokers vs never smokers; OR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.02–1.83), with positive exposure-response trends with increasing intensity, duration, and pack-years of smoking. Conclusions Consistent with previous studies, we found an association between cigarette smoking and EBV reactivation. Other examined exposures were not associated with EBV reactivation. These null results could suggest either more complex interactions between exposures and EBV reactivation or a predominant role of host and/or viral genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Chen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ellen T Chang
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Health Sciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China & Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonglin Cai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuzhou Red Cross Hospital, Wuzhou, China
- Wuzhou Health System Key Laboratory for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Etiology and Molecular Mechanism, Wuzhou, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention & Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Guomin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | | | - Shang-Hang Xie
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China & Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Su-Mei Cao
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China & Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Hua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China & Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuming Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuzhou Red Cross Hospital, Wuzhou, China
- Wuzhou Health System Key Laboratory for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Etiology and Molecular Mechanism, Wuzhou, China
| | - Yancheng Li
- Cangwu Institute for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Control and Prevention, Wuzhou, China
| | - Longde Lin
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention & Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Ingemar Ernberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guangwu Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention & Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China & Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
- Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hans-Olov Adami
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Effectiveness Group, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics & Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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48
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Chua HH, Kameyama T, Mayeda A, Yeh TH. Epstein-Barr Virus Enhances Cancer-Specific Aberrant Splicing of TSG101 Pre-mRNA. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052516. [PMID: 35269659 PMCID: PMC8910672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor viruses gain control of cellular functions when they infect and transform host cells. Alternative splicing is one of the cellular processes exploited by tumor viruses to benefit viral replication and support oncogenesis. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) participates in a number of cancers, as reported mostly in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and Burkitt lymphoma (BL). Using RT-nested-PCR and Northern blot analysis in NPC and BL cells, here we demonstrate that EBV promotes specific alternative splicing of TSG101 pre-mRNA, which generates the TSG101∆154-1054 variant though the agency of its viral proteins, such as EBNA-1, Zta and Rta. The level of TSG101∆154-1054 is particularly enhanced upon EBV entry into the lytic cycle, increasing protein stability of TSG101 and causing the cumulative synthesis of EBV late lytic proteins, such as VCA and gp350/220. TSG101∆154-1054-mediated production of VCA and gp350/220 is blocked by the overexpression of a translational mutant of TSG101∆154-1054 or by the depletion of full-length TSG101, which is consistent with the known role of the TSG101∆154-1054 protein in stabilizing the TSG101 protein. NPC patients whose tumor tissues express TSG101∆154-1054 have high serum levels of anti-VCA antibodies and high levels of viral DNA in their tumors. Our findings highlight the functional importance of TSG101∆154-1054 in allowing full completion of the EBV lytic cycle to produce viral particles. We propose that targeting EBV-induced TSG101 alternative splicing has broad potential as a therapeutic to treat EBV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Huey Chua
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100226, Taiwan;
| | - Toshiki Kameyama
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan;
| | - Akila Mayeda
- Division of Gene Expression Mechanism, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (T.-H.Y.)
| | - Te-Huei Yeh
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100225, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (T.-H.Y.)
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EBV+ lymphoproliferative diseases: opportunities for leveraging EBV as a therapeutic target. Blood 2022; 139:983-994. [PMID: 34437680 PMCID: PMC8854679 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020005466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human tumor virus, which contributes to the development of lymphoproliferative disease, most notably in patients with impaired immunity. EBV-associated lymphoproliferation is characterized by expression of latent EBV proteins and ranges in severity from a relatively benign proliferative response to aggressive malignant lymphomas. The presence of EBV can also serve as a unique target for directed therapies for the treatment of EBV lymphoproliferative diseases, including T cell-based immune therapies. In this review, we describe the EBV-associated lymphoproliferative diseases and particularly focus on the therapies that target EBV.
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50
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Epstein–Barr Virus Infection in Lung Cancer: Insights and Perspectives. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020132. [PMID: 35215076 PMCID: PMC8878590 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Tobacco smoke is the most frequent risk factor etiologically associated with LC, although exposures to other environmental factors such as arsenic, radon or asbestos are also involved. Additionally, the involvement of some viral infections such as high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus (JSRV), John Cunningham Virus (JCV), and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has been suggested in LC, though an etiological relationship has not yet been established. EBV is a ubiquitous gamma herpesvirus causing persistent infections and some lymphoid and epithelial tumors. Since EBV is heterogeneously detected in LCs from different parts of the world, in this review we address the epidemiological and experimental evidence of a potential role of EBV. Considering this evidence, we propose mechanisms potentially involved in EBV-associated lung carcinogenesis. Additional studies are warranted to dissect the role of EBV in this very frequent malignancy.
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