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Skalny AV, Aschner M, Gritsenko VA, Martins AC, Tizabi Y, Korobeinikova TV, Paoliello MM, Tinkov AA. Modulation of gut microbiota with probiotics as a strategy to counteract endogenous and exogenous neurotoxicity. ADVANCES IN NEUROTOXICOLOGY 2024; 11:133-176. [PMID: 38741946 PMCID: PMC11090489 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ant.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The existing data demonstrate that probiotic supplementation affords protective effects against neurotoxicity of exogenous (e.g., metals, ethanol, propionic acid, aflatoxin B1, organic pollutants) and endogenous (e.g., LPS, glucose, Aβ, phospho-tau, α-synuclein) agents. Although the protective mechanisms of probiotic treatments differ between various neurotoxic agents, several key mechanisms at both the intestinal and brain levels seem inherent to all of them. Specifically, probiotic-induced improvement in gut microbiota diversity and taxonomic characteristics results in modulation of gut-derived metabolite production with increased secretion of SFCA. Moreover, modulation of gut microbiota results in inhibition of intestinal absorption of neurotoxic agents and their deposition in brain. Probiotics also maintain gut wall integrity and inhibit intestinal inflammation, thus reducing systemic levels of LPS. Centrally, probiotics ameliorate neurotoxin-induced neuroinflammation by decreasing LPS-induced TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling and prevention of microglia activation. Neuroprotective mechanisms of probiotics also include inhibition of apoptosis and oxidative stress, at least partially by up-regulation of SIRT1 signaling. Moreover, probiotics reduce inhibitory effect of neurotoxic agents on BDNF expression, on neurogenesis, and on synaptic function. They can also reverse altered neurotransmitter metabolism and exert an antiamyloidogenic effect. The latter may be due to up-regulation of ADAM10 activity and down-regulation of presenilin 1 expression. Therefore, in view of the multiple mechanisms invoked for the neuroprotective effect of probiotics, as well as their high tolerance and safety, the use of probiotics should be considered as a therapeutic strategy for ameliorating adverse brain effects of various endogenous and exogenous agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V. Skalny
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Medical Elementology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Viktor A. Gritsenko
- Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Airton C. Martins
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Tatiana V. Korobeinikova
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Medical Elementology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Monica M.B. Paoliello
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Alexey A. Tinkov
- Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia
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Aluwong T, Sumanu VO, Abdulsalam RA, Emmanuel DS, Ezekiel NG, Aliyu MB, Ayo JO, Ukwenu JO, Yaro JD, Ogbuagu NE. Melatonin and probiotic administration ameliorated hyperglycaemia, oxidative stress, and enhanced cytoprotective effect on beta-cells of diabetic rats. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2023; 22:1537-1549. [PMID: 37975141 PMCID: PMC10638259 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-023-01284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective The study aimed at investigating the effects of administering melatonin and a probiotic to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats on hyperglycaemia, oxidative stress biomarkers and beta-cells. Design Type 1 diabetes was induced in 5 months-old male Wistar rats by single intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of freshly-prepared STZ (60 mg/kg body weight). Six groups of 10 rats were used and treated once daily for six weeks; (1) Healthy control: normal saline only; (2) Pre-treated with Melatonin (MEL); (3) Diabetic control; (4) Diabetic + Treated with MEL; (5) Diabetic + Treated with Probiotic (Prob); (6) Diabetic + Treated with MEL + Prob. Blood glucose, body weight, activities of antioxidant enzymes and malondialdehyde concentration in serum and tissues, reduced glutathione and immunohistochemical assay. Data obtained were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (Mean ± SEM) and subjected to ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Results Melatonin + Probiotic significantly decreased blood glucose concentrations in diabetic treated rats, compared to the diabetic control rats. MEL + Probiotic increased (p < 0.05) superoxide dismutase activity in serum and liver of diabetic rats. MEL + Probiotic reduced (p < 0.05) malondialdehyde concentration in the serum, liver and kidneys, respectively. MEL + Probiotic treated diabetic rats displayed islets with much greater content of insulin. Conclusion Melatonin + Probiotic combination was more effective in mitigating hyperglycaemia, oxidative stress, and exerted cytoprotective effect on the beta-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tagang Aluwong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Victory Osirimade Sumanu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - David Smith Emmanuel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Nanyil Gunshin Ezekiel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad Bello Aliyu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Olusegun Ayo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Jigo Dangude Yaro
- Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Ngozi Ejum Ogbuagu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Arriaga-Morales JJ, Ordaz-Pichardo C, Castro-Muñoz R, Durán-Páramo E. Attenuation of Hyperglycemia in Diabetic Rats Assisted by Immobilized Probiotic in Sodium Alginate. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023:10.1007/s12602-023-10166-3. [PMID: 37816987 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10166-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) is the most common chronic disease worldwide, characterized mainly by increased glucose concentration in the blood and affecting several organs' functionality. The daily consumption of probiotic bacteria can help control diabetes and reduce the damage caused. Cell immobilization techniques are a powerful tool that provides physical cell protection to such probiotic bacteria against gastrointestinal conditions. We suggest that cell immobilization could be a significant vector for delivering a high quantity of viable probiotics to the gut, helping attenuate hyperglycemia in diabetic rats. Seventy male Wistar rats were used in this work. Nicotinamide was administrated via intraperitoneal injection 15 minutes before inducing type 2 diabetes (DM2), followed by a second intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to induce DM2. Rats were divided into seven groups. For 45 days, a specific treatment was applied to each group. The group of rats, supplied with immobilized Lactobacillus casei, showed a serum glucose concentration of 137 mg/dL, which was close to the one observed in the groups of healthy rats (117 mg/dL) and rats treated with metformin (155 mg/dL). The diabetic rats without treatment presented a higher serum glucose concentration (461 mg/dL). In the rats treated with immobilized L. casei, there was no biochemical parameter alteration, and the cell morphology of the analyzed tissues was similar to those of the healthy group. The consumption of immobilized L. casei could allow a high quantity of viable probiotics to be delivered to the gut, reducing serum glucose concentration by up to 70% compared to diabetic rats and reducing organ damage caused by diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Arriaga-Morales
- Laboratorio de Bioconversiones, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto s/n, Col. La Laguna, Gustavo A. Madero, 07340, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Cynthia Ordaz-Pichardo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Productos Naturales, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera 239, Col. La Escalera, Gustavo A. Madero, 07320, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Roberto Castro-Muñoz
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Toluca. Av. Eduardo Monroy Cárdenas 2000 San Antonio Buenavista, 50110, Toluca de Lerdo, Mexico.
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80 - 233, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Enrique Durán-Páramo
- Laboratorio de Bioconversiones, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto s/n, Col. La Laguna, Gustavo A. Madero, 07340, CDMX, Mexico.
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Aljazzaf B, Regeai S, Elghmasi S, Alghazir N, Balgasim A, Hdud Ismail IM, Eskandrani AA, Shamlan G, Alansari WS, AL-Farga A, Alghazeer R. Evaluation of Antidiabetic Effect of Combined Leaf and Seed Extracts of Moringa oleifera ( Moringaceae) on Alloxan-Induced Diabetes in Mice: A Biochemical and Histological Study. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:9136217. [PMID: 37215365 PMCID: PMC10198764 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9136217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) is a medicinal plant rich in biologically active compounds. The aim of the present study was to screen M. oleifera methanolic leaf (L) extract, seed (S) extract, and a combined leaf/seed extract (2L : 1S ratio) for antidiabetic and antioxidant activities in mice following administration at a dose level of 500 mg/kg of body weight/day. Diabetes was induced by alloxan administration. Mice were treated with the extracts for 1 and 3 months and compared with the appropriate control. At the end of the study period, the mice were euthanized and pancreas, liver, kidney, and blood samples were collected for the analysis of biochemical parameters and histopathology. The oral administration of the combined L/S extract significantly reduced fasting blood glucose to normal levels compared with L or S extracts individually; moreover, a significant decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, liver enzymes, and oxidant markers was observed, with a concomitant increase in antioxidant biomarkers. Thus, the combined extract has stronger antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant properties than the individual extracts. The histopathological results also support the biochemical parameters, showing recovery of the pancreas, liver, and kidney tissue. The effects of the combined L/S extracts persisted throughout the study period tested. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report on the antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antihyperlipidemic effects of a combined L/S extract of M. oleifera in an alloxan-induced diabetic model in mice. Our results suggest the potential for developing a natural potent antidiabetic drug from M. oleifera; however, clinical studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badriyah Aljazzaf
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Kuwait
| | - Sassia Regeai
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Science, Libyan Academy of Postgraduate Studies, Janzour, Libya
- Histology and Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Sana Elghmasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Nadia Alghazir
- Department of Pediatrics, Tripoli University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Amal Balgasim
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Ismail M. Hdud Ismail
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Areej A. Eskandrani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Medina 30002, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghalia Shamlan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa S. Alansari
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21577, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammar AL-Farga
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21577, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabia Alghazeer
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
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Mokgalaboni K, Phoswa WN. Corchorus olitorius extract exhibit anti-hyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory properties in rodent models of obesity and diabetes mellitus. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1099880. [PMID: 37090773 PMCID: PMC10113448 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1099880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are chronic conditions with detrimental impacts on the overall health of individuals. Presently, the use of pharmacological agents in obesity and T2D offers limited benefits and pose side effects. This warrant studies on remedies that are less toxic and inexpensive while effective in ameliorating secondary complications in obesity and T2D. Plant-based remedies have been explored increasingly due to their remarkable properties and safety profile. We searched for pre-clinical evidence published from inception until 2023 on PubMed, Scopus, Google, and Semantic scholar on Corchorus olitorius (C. olitorius) in both obesity and T2D. Our focus was to understand the beneficial impact of this plant-based remedy on basic glycemic, lipid, inflammatory, and biomarkers of oxidative stress. The evidence gathered in this review suggests that C. olitorius treatment may significantly reduce blood glucose, body weight, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in concomitant with increasing high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) in rodent models of obesity and T2D. Interestingly, this effect was consistent with the reduction of malonaldehyde, superoxide dismutase and catalases, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukins, and leptin. Some of the mechanisms by which C. olitorius reduces blood glucose levels is through stimulation of insulin secretion, increasing β-cell proliferation, thus promoting insulin sensitivity; the process which is mediated by ascorbic acid present in this plant. C. olitorius anti-hyperlipidemia is attributable to the content of ferulic acid found in this plant, which inhibits 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors and thus results in reduced synthesis of cholesterol and increased hepatic LDL-c receptor expression, respectively. The present review provides extensive knowledge and further highlights the potential benefits of C. olitorius on basic metabolic parameters, lipid profile, inflammation, and oxidative stress in rodent models of obesity and T2D.
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Simonyan RM, Simonyan KV, Simonyan GM, Khachatryan HS, Babayan MA, Danielyan MH, Darbinyan LV, Simonyan MA. Superoxide-producing thermostable associate from the small intestines of control and alloxan-induced diabetic rats: quantitative and qualitative changes. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:250. [PMID: 36258207 PMCID: PMC9580182 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1), which is highly expressed in the colon, is thought to play a potential role in host defense as a physical and innate immune barrier against commensal or pathogenic microbes in the gastrointestinal epithelium. Diabetes can be caused by several biological factors, including insulin resistance is one of them. Alloxan is widely used to induce insulin-dependent diabetes in experimental animals. Alloxan increases the generation of reactive oxygen species as a result of metabolic reactions in the body, along with a massive increase in cytosolic calcium concentration. METHODS Using a universal method, a superoxide radical (О2-)-thermostable associate between NADPH-containing lipoprotein (NLP) and NADPH oxidase (Nox)- NLP-Nox was isolated and purified from the small intestine (SI) of control (C) and alloxan-induced diabetic (AD) albino rats. RESULTS In comparison to the C indices, in AD in the SI, an increase in the specific content of NLP-Nox associate and a decrease in the stationary concentration of produced О2- in liquid phase (in solution) and gas phase (during blowing by oxygen of the NLP-Nox solution) were observed. The NLP-Nox of SI associate in C and AD rats produced О2- by an immediate mechanism, using NLP as a substrate. The phenomenon of the hiding of the optical absorption maxima of the Nox in oxidized states at pH10,5 was observed in the composition of these SI associates of the C and AD rat groups. The characteristic absorption maxima of the «hidden» Nox were observed under these conditions after reduction by potassium dithionite. CONCLUSION Thus, at AD, the decrease in the stationary concentration of produced О2- in the solution and gas phase was compensated for by an increase in the specific amount of associate. In addition, the decrease in the stationary concentration of produced О2- by NLP-Nox associates at AD can be linked to a decrease in the level of NADPH in NLP-Nox composition. This could be used as a new mechanism of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Simonyan
- H. Buniatyan Institute of Biochemistry NAS RA, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - K V Simonyan
- Neuroendocrine Relationships Lab, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - G M Simonyan
- H. Buniatyan Institute of Biochemistry NAS RA, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - H S Khachatryan
- H. Buniatyan Institute of Biochemistry NAS RA, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - M A Babayan
- H. Buniatyan Institute of Biochemistry NAS RA, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - M H Danielyan
- Histochemistry and Electron microscopy Lab, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - L V Darbinyan
- Sensorimotor Integration Lab, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - M A Simonyan
- H. Buniatyan Institute of Biochemistry NAS RA, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
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de Oliveira JS, Silva AADN, Dias FCR, de Oliveira EL, de Oliveira Filho EF, Soares PC, Ferreira CMDO, da Silva Junior VA. Histomorphometric and oxidative evaluation of the offspring's testis from type 2 diabetic female rats treated with metformin and pentoxifylline. Int J Exp Pathol 2022; 103:174-189. [PMID: 35734873 PMCID: PMC9482357 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) during pregnancy is characterized by high levels of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory factors in the placenta. Once these reactive species reach the foetus, they trigger physiological adaptations that allow the foetus to survive, but programme the organism to develop metabolic disorders in adulthood. The male reproductive system is highly susceptible to foetal programming. This study aimed to investigate the effects of intrauterine exposure to T2D on testicular histomorphometry and redox homeostasis of adult rats and evaluate the effects of maternal treatment with metformin and pentoxifylline. Female rats were induced to T2D, then treated with metformin and pentoxifylline, or co-treated with both drugs. The females were mated, the male offspring were sacrificed on postnatal day 90, and the testicles were collected for analysis. Metformin protected the tubular compartment, with the maintenance of the Sertoli cell population and daily sperm production. Pentoxifylline attenuated the effects of diabetes on Leydig cells, in addition to stimulating testosterone production and lowering lipid peroxidation. Intrauterine exposure to T2D results in important testicular alterations that compromise gonadal function, and the co-treatment with metformin and pentoxifylline may represent a promising therapy that attenuates these effects by combining the positive influences in both the tubular and interstitial compartments of the testicular parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pierre Castro Soares
- Department of Veterinary MedicineFederal Rural University of PernambucoRecifePernambucoBrazil
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Lubis MFN, Haryuna TSH. The Correlation of Signal to Noise Ratio Value on DPOAE with Malondialdehyde Levels in Rattus Norvegicus Diabetes Model. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY 2022; 34:185-190. [PMID: 36035647 PMCID: PMC9393000 DOI: 10.22038/ijorl.2022.62639.3151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to determine the correlation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) value on distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) examination with malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in a diabetic rat model. Materials and Methods The subjects of this study were 25 rats. The samples were divided into 5 groups (days of confirmed diabetes): group 1 (control/non-treatment); group 2 (3 days); group 3 (6 days); group 4 (9 days); and group 5 (12 days). Samples that confirmed diabetes were assessed by DPOAE examination and subjected to MDA-level examination. The data were processed using SPSS and considered significant if p <0.05. Results The study showed a decrease in SNR values and an increase in MDA levels for the rats, which was confirmed by diabetes. The most significant result was shown by group 5, which compared to the other diabetes groups. A post hoc test showed the significant difference SNR value in each group (p<0.05); except for groups 1 and 2, the MDA levels showed significant differences for all groups. The Pearson correlation test showed a negative correlation between SNR values and MDA levels. A significant correlation between SNR values and MDA levels was found in group 5. Conclusions The study showed a correlation of SNR values from DPOAE examination to MDA levels in diabetes rats, indicating that there has been tissue damage (cochlea), which is characterized by a decrease in the SNR value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Fitrie Nadya Lubis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia.
| | - Tengku Siti Hajar Haryuna
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia.,Corresponding Author: Jln. Dr. Mansur No 5, Padang Bulan, Medan City, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia. E-mail:
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Investigation of the Effects of L-carnitine and magnesium on Oxidative Stress and Cytokines in the Tissue of Experimental diabetic rats. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2021-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of L-carnitine and magnesium on the levels of tissue malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine, and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6) in streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes in rats. Eighty male Wistar albino rats (200-250 g) were divided into 8 groups with 10 rats in each group. The groups received the following treatments: Control group; 2 ml distilled water (by gavage); Group 2: 50 mg/kg (b.w.) i.p. streptozotocin; Group 3: 125 mg/kg (b.w.) magnesium; Group 4: 300 mg/kg (b.w.) L-carnitine; Group 5: 125 mg/kg (b.w.) magnesium +300 mg/kg (b.w.) L-carnitine; Group 6: 50 mg/kg (b.w.) streptozotocin +125 mg/kg (b.w.) magnesium; Group 7: 50 mg/kg (b.w.) streptozotocin +300 mg/kg (b.w.) L-carnitine and Group 8: 50 mg/kg (b.w.) streptozotocin +125 mg/ kg (b.w.) magnesium+300 mg/kg (b.w.) L-carnitine administered for 4 weeks. Liver and kidney malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 levels did not change in the magnesium, L-carnitine, and magnesium + L-carnitine groups compared to the control. The highest levels of malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 were determined only in the group with diabetes (Group 2). Lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and cytokine levels were significantly reduced in diabetic animals with the administration of magnesium and L-carnitine separately or in combination. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that magnesium and L-carnitine may have antidiabetic effects, especially in combination.
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Mushtaq I, Bashir Z, Sarwar M, Arshad M, Ishtiaq A, Khan W, Khan U, Tabassum S, Ali T, Fatima T, Valadi H, Nawaz M, Murtaza I. N-Acetyl Cysteine, Selenium, and Ascorbic Acid Rescue Diabetic Cardiac Hypertrophy via Mitochondrial-Associated Redox Regulators. Molecules 2021; 26:7285. [PMID: 34885867 PMCID: PMC8659237 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders often lead to cardiac complications. Metabolic deregulations during diabetic conditions are linked to mitochondrial dysfunctions, which are the key contributing factors in cardiac hypertrophy. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in diabetes-induced cardiac hypertrophy are poorly understood. In the current study, we initially established a diabetic rat model by alloxan-administration, which was validated by peripheral glucose measurement. Diabetic rats displayed myocardial stiffness and fibrosis, changes in heart weight/body weight, heart weight/tibia length ratios, and enhanced size of myocytes, which altogether demonstrated the establishment of diabetic cardiac hypertrophy (DCH). Furthermore, we examined the expression of genes associated with mitochondrial signaling impairment. Our data show that the expression of PGC-1α, cytochrome c, MFN-2, and Drp-1 was deregulated. Mitochondrial-signaling impairment was further validated by redox-system dysregulation, which showed a significant increase in ROS and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, both in serum and heart tissue, whereas the superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione levels were decreased. Additionally, the expression levels of pro-apoptotic gene PUMA and stress marker GATA-4 genes were elevated, whereas ARC, PPARα, and Bcl-2 expression levels were decreased in the heart tissues of diabetic rats. Importantly, these alloxan-induced impairments were rescued by N-acetyl cysteine, ascorbic acid, and selenium treatment. This was demonstrated by the amelioration of myocardial stiffness, fibrosis, mitochondrial gene expression, lipid profile, restoration of myocyte size, reduced oxidative stress, and the activation of enzymes associated with antioxidant activities. Altogether, these data indicate that the improvement of mitochondrial dysfunction by protective agents such as N-acetyl cysteine, selenium, and ascorbic acid could rescue diabetes-associated cardiac complications, including DCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Mushtaq
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (I.M.); (Z.B.); (M.S.); (M.A.); (A.I.); (T.A.)
| | - Zainab Bashir
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (I.M.); (Z.B.); (M.S.); (M.A.); (A.I.); (T.A.)
| | - Mehvish Sarwar
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (I.M.); (Z.B.); (M.S.); (M.A.); (A.I.); (T.A.)
| | - Maria Arshad
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (I.M.); (Z.B.); (M.S.); (M.A.); (A.I.); (T.A.)
| | - Ayesha Ishtiaq
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (I.M.); (Z.B.); (M.S.); (M.A.); (A.I.); (T.A.)
| | - Wajiha Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbotabad 22060, Pakistan;
| | - Uzma Khan
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Hazara University, Mansehra 21040, Pakistan;
| | - Sobia Tabassum
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Islamic International University Islamabad (IIUI), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Tahir Ali
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (I.M.); (Z.B.); (M.S.); (M.A.); (A.I.); (T.A.)
| | - Tahzeeb Fatima
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden; (T.F.); (H.V.)
| | - Hadi Valadi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden; (T.F.); (H.V.)
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden; (T.F.); (H.V.)
| | - Iram Murtaza
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (I.M.); (Z.B.); (M.S.); (M.A.); (A.I.); (T.A.)
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11
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Esievo KAN, Num-Adom SM, Adamu S, Ogbuagu NE, Aluwong T, Umar IA. Elevated serum sialic acids, a potent biomarker of alloxan-induced type 1 diabetes in dogs by ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:179-186. [PMID: 34178829 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study investigated serum sialic acids for a predictive and diagnostic biomarker of diabetes mellitus (DM) in dogs and its prognostic value with ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus. Design Four groups of 3 dogs were used; non-diabetic controls (ND), diabetic-untreated (DU), diabetic insulin-treated (DI) and diabetic extract-treated (DE). Free serum sialic acids (FSSA) and erythrocyte surface sialic acids (ESSA) were assayed in all groups, pre-and post-induction of hyperglycaemia and results were presented as means ± standard error of means (SEM) and subjected to ANOVA using Tukey's post-hoc tests with GraphPad Prism® statistical package. Results FSSA increased in DU and plateaued at third week (61.8 ± 0.41 μg/ml), (P < 0.002) with additional 38.2 μg/ml (62%) generated, coinciding with hyperglycaemia. FSSA of DI increased but declined to 22.3 ± 1.55 μg/ml. Extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus effectively modulated FSSA in DE as increased value declined to 21.4 ± 0.78 μg/ml. Pre-induction DU ESSA (8.27 ± 0.11 μg/ml) significantly (P < 0.002) decreased by third week (2.33 ± 1.49 μg/ml), coinciding with hyperglycaemia. Strong negative correlation coefficient (r = -0.92) occurred between DU's FSSA and ESSA and ND (P < 0.03). Sialic acid expression in dog's insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is 18% lower than normal. Extract of A. leiocarpus restored ESSA completely. ESSA cleaved in DU, 5.94 μg/ml (72%), could not account for the extra FSSA (32.26 μg/ml); liver and kidneys are contributors. Conclusion FSSA predicts canine DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabina Mbafan Num-Adom
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State Nigeria
| | - Sani Adamu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Ngozi Ejum Ogbuagu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Tagang Aluwong
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Ismaila Alhaji Umar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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12
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Erkan M, Aydin Y, Orta Yilmaz B, Yildizbayrak N. Protective effects of vitamin C against fluoride toxicity. Toxicology 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819092-0.00043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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13
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Intermingling of gut microbiota with brain: Exploring the role of probiotics in battle against depressive disorders. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109489. [PMID: 33233143 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a debilitating psychiatric ailment which exerts disastrous effects on one's mental and physical health. Depression is accountable for augmentation of various life-threatening maladies such as neurodegenerative anomalies, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Depressive episodes are recurrent, pose a negative impact on life quality, decline life expectancy and enhance suicidal tendencies. Anti-depression chemotherapy displays marked adverse effects and frequent relapses. Thus, newer therapeutic interventions to prevent or combat depression are desperately required. Discovery of gut microbes as our mutualistic partner was made a long time ago and it is surprising that their functions still continue to expand and as of yet many are still to be uncovered. Experimental studies have revealed astonishing role of gut commensals in gut-brain signaling, immune homeostasis and hormonal regulation. Now, it is a well-established fact that gut microbes can alleviate stress or depression associated symptoms by modulating brain functions. Here in, we provide an overview of physiological alleyways involved in cross-talk between gut and brain, part played by probiotics in regulation of these pathways and use of probiotic bacteria as psychobiotics in various mental or depressive disorders.
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14
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Renganathan S, Srivastava A, Pillai RG. Dhanwantaram kashayam, an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation, reduces oxidative radicals and reverts lipids profile towards normal in diabetic rats. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 22:100755. [PMID: 32368622 PMCID: PMC7186759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperglycemia and hyper oxidative stress are indicators of diabetes mellitus which is also accompanied with decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes. While oxidative stress is important in increasing insulin secretion and controlling blood sugar level at the same time excess oxidative stress leads to the destruction of beta cells of pancreas resulting in to low insulin production and hyperglycemia. A balance between the levels of oxidative radicals and insulin production is needed, but is not defined yet. Hyperglycemia also leads to hyperlipidemia which can contribute to various health conditions like cardiovascular diseases. Objectives This study was designed to study the oxidative stress and lipid levels in diabetic rats. This also was designed to elucidate the effect of Dhanwantaram Kashayam, an Ayurvedic polyphenolic derived from plants on lipid metabolism and oxidative radical scavenging in diabetic rats. Methods Rats were made diabetic by injecting streptozotocin. Different enzymes involved in oxidative radical scavenging and lipid profiles including triglycerides, total cholesterol, free fatty acids and phospholipids were estimated using standard methods reported elsewhere. Results Level of antioxidant enzymes were lower in diabetic rats compared to normal controls. Administration of Dhanwantaram Kashayam restored the enzyme activity as well as reduced levels of different lipids in diabetic rats. Conclusions Administration of Dhanwantaram Kashayam increased the activity levels of antioxidant enzymes and reduced the levels of total cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides. The results of this study point to the possibility of developing Dhanwantaram Kashayam as a dietary supplement which can alleviate the complications associated with diabetes or prevent them altogether. Hyperglycemia and excess oxidative stress are major health defect in diabetic patients. Dhanwantharam Kashayam, an Ayurvedic polyphenolic from plants reduced lipid levels in diabetic rats. Dhanwantharam Kashayam exhibited oxidative radical scavenging in diabetic rats. Dhanwantharam Kashayam increased the activity levels of antioxidant enzymes to the normal levels in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Renganathan
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Calicut, Kerala, 673635, India
| | - Anand Srivastava
- Global Institute of Stem Cell Therapy and Research, 4660 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92122, USA
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15
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Zulfqar F, Akhtar MF, Saleem A, Akhtar B, Sharif A, Saleem U. Chemical characterization, antioxidant evaluation, and antidiabetic potential of Pinus gerardiana (Pine nuts) extracts. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13199. [PMID: 32196705 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of pine nuts were evaluated for in vitro antioxidant and inhibition of alpha-amylase activities. Pine nut extracts were orally administered to alloxan monohydrate-induced diabetes in mice at 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg. Both extracts showed a significant antioxidant and inhibition of alpha-amylase activities. Animal studies showed a decline in fasting blood glucose, hyperlipidemia, and weight loss in diabetic mice. The administration of plant extracts decreased the blood glucose level during the oral glucose tolerance test. Histopathological examination showed a decrease in alloxan-induced lesions in the pancreas, liver, and kidney of animals treated with pine nut extracts. Furthermore, pine nut extract ameliorated oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity in diabetic mice. The presence of quercetin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, benzoic acid, syringic acid, m-coumaric acid, and other phenolic compounds might be related to hypoglycemic, alpha-amylase inhibitory, antioxidant, and antihyperlipidemic potential of pine nut extracts. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Dry fruits are rich in dietary nutrients, minerals, and phytochemicals that can be used to treat and prevent lifestyle disease. Pine nuts are edible and have economic importance in addition to several traditional uses such as diuretic, antiseptic, expectorant, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antihypertensive, and antineuralgic properties. This study was conducted to investigate the pine nut extracts for their antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials using in vitro methods and animal disease model. The findings of the present study suggest that the extracts of Pine nuts may be helpful in treating hyperglycemia during diabetes and prevent its complications such as hepatic damage, nephrotoxicity, weight loss, and hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiqa Zulfqar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad F Akhtar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ammara Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Akhtar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Sharif
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Allied Health Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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16
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Sefidgari-Abrasi S, Karimi P, Roshangar L, Morshedi M, Bavafa-Valenlia K, Saghafi-Asl M, Mohiti S, Rahimiyan-Heravan M. Lactobacillus plantarum And Inulin: Therapeutic Agents to Enhance Cardiac Ob Receptor Expression and Suppress Cardiac Apoptosis in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:4745389. [PMID: 32509880 PMCID: PMC7246403 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4745389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T2DM may cause increased levels of oxidative stress and cardiac apoptosis through elevated blood glucose. The present study investigated the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) as a probiotic strain and inulin as a prebiotic supplement on cardiac oxidative stress and apoptotic markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. METHODS A high-fat diet and a low dose of streptozotocin were used to induce type 2 diabetes. The rats were divided into six groups which were supplemented with L. plantarum, inulin, or their combination for 8 weeks. RESULTS The results showed improved activity of cardiac antioxidant parameters including total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (P < 0.001, P < 0.01, and P < 0.01, respectively) and decreased level of cardiac malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration (P < 0.05). These changes were accompanied with increased protein expression of cardiac obesity receptor (Ob-R) (P = 0.05) and reduced apoptotic markers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Fas ligand (FasL), and caspase proteins (P < 0.001, P = 0.003, and P < 0.01, respectively) in T2DM rats after concurrent L. plantarum and inulin supplementation. Moreover, a remarkable correlation of cardiac Ob-R and oxidative stress parameters with cardiac apoptotic markers was observed (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The concurrent use of L. plantarum and inulin seems to be beneficial, as they can lead to decreased heart complications of T2DM via reducing cardiac apoptotic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Sefidgari-Abrasi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pouran Karimi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Morshedi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Bavafa-Valenlia
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Saghafi-Asl
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sara Mohiti
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Rahimiyan-Heravan
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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17
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Mohammed AA, Jiang S, Jacobs JA, Cheng HW. Effect of a synbiotic supplement on cecal microbial ecology, antioxidant status, and immune response of broiler chickens reared under heat stress. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4408-4415. [PMID: 31065700 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a dietary synbiotic supplement on the cecal microflora, antioxidant status, and immune response of broiler chickens under heat stress (HS). A total of 360 one-day-old male Ross 708 broiler chicks were randomly distributed among 3 dietary treatments containing a synbiotic (PoultryStar consists of Bifidobacterium animalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus reuteri, Pediococcus acidilactici, and fructooligosaccharides) at 0 (control), 0.5 (0.5X), and 1.0 (1.0X) g/kg. Each treatment contained 8 replicates of 15 birds each housed in floor pens. Heat stimulation was at 32°C for 9 h daily from day 15 to 42. Heat stress-induced changes of cecal bacteria were detected using bacteria-specific agars, and spleen protein concentration and mRNA expression of interleukins and antioxidants were examined using ELISA and real-time PCR, respectively. Under the HS condition, synbiotic fed broilers regardless of dose had lower cecal enumerations of Escherichia coli and coliforms, and a lower heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio (P < 0.05) compared to controls. 1.0X group also had higher cecal enumerations of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp., spleen glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and plasma nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), and a lower H/L ratio compared to both control and 0.5X groups (P < 0.05). However, there were no treatment effects on the levels of Enterococcus spp., the circulating monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, Toll like receptor-4 (TLR-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interlukin-10 (IL-10), and their mRNA expression, as well as plasma Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap-1) (P > 0.05). These results suggest that the synbiotic could inhibit the negative effects of HS on broiler health through the reduction of cecal pathogens, regulation of stress reactions, and improvement of antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Mohammed
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - S Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - J A Jacobs
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - H W Cheng
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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18
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Sun Z, Sun X, Li J, Li Z, Hu Q, Li L, Hao X, Song M, Li C. Using probiotics for type 2 diabetes mellitus intervention: Advances, questions, and potential. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:670-683. [PMID: 30632770 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1547268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become one of the most prevalent diseases on earth and several treatments have been developed. However, the current intervention approaches have not been as effective as expected. One promising supplementary strategy is the use of probiotics through direct or indirect approaches. Probiotics are microbial food cultures conferring health-promoting properties. In this review, we summarized the current theories and mechanisms of T2DM intervention using probiotics and hypothesize that probiotics intervene T2DM during its onsetting, developing, and complicating. For the first time, we comprehensively analyzed T2DM intervention in animal models using both wide-type probiotics in different forms and using recombinant probiotics. Then, probiotic intervention in T2DM patients was reviewed and the main results were compared with that obtained from animal studies. Finally yet importantly, remaining questions that are important such as in which form and in which state, as well as the future potential of probiotic intervention in T2DM were discussed from a perspective of food microbiologists. In conclusion, probiotic intervention in T2DM is promising but there are still many important issues unsolved yet. Critical review of the advances, questions, and potential of probiotic intervention in T2DM promotes the development of this approach for further application in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongke Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuejiao Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China.,College of Life Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Qingwei Hu
- Zhoukou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhoukou, China
| | - Lili Li
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Xinqi Hao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Maoping Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chengwei Li
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China.,College of Life Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
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Clark GJ, Pandya K, Lau-Cam CA. The Effect of Metformin and Taurine, Alone and in Combination, on the Oxidative Stress Caused by Diabetes in the Rat Brain. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 975 Pt 1:353-369. [PMID: 28849469 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1079-2_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study has compared the effects of metformin (MET) and taurine (TAU), singly and in combination, on the oxidative stress caused by diabetes in the rat brain. For this purpose, male Sprague-Dawley rats, 200-225 g in weight, assigned to groups of 6, were intraperitoneally (i.p.) treated with the diabetogen streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg, in citrate buffer pH 4.5) on day 1 and, after 14 days, orally (p.o.) with either MET, TAU or MET-TAU (each at 2.4 mM/kg, in water). Control rats received only citrate buffer pH 4.5 (2 mL) or only STZ on day 1 by the i.p. route. All the animals were sacrificed by decapitation on day 57 and their brains collected by the freeze clamp technique. Blood samples were placed in heparinized tubes and used for the assay of the plasma glucose (GLC) and blood insulin (INS) levels. Immediately thereafter, the brains were surgically removed and a portion was used to prepare a homogenate in 0.1 M PBS pH 7.4, which was used for the assay of indices of oxidative stress. Diabetes raised the plasma GLC level (+313%) but lowered that of the blood INS (-76%) compared to corresponding values from nondiabetic rats. In addition it raised the brain malondialdehyde level (+59%) but lowered the reduced/disulfide glutathione ratio (-46%), and activities of catalase (-43%), glutathione peroxidase (-48%), superoxide dismutase (-65%), glutathione reductase (-50%) and glutathione S-transferase (-51%) significantly (all at p < 0.001). Except for the greater decrease in GLC (+90% vs. +22%) and increase in INS (-26% vs. -52%) levels seen in rats receiving MET than in rats receiving TAU, these compounds protected the brain against oxidative stress to significant (p ≤ 0.05%) and rather similar extents. Furthermore, the concurrent administration of MET and TAU to the diabetic rats led to brain values of indices of oxidative stress that were lower than those attained with MET alone, although generally not to a statistically significant degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Clark
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Jamaica, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Kashyap Pandya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Jamaica, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Cesar A Lau-Cam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Jamaica, NY, 11439, USA.
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Beneficial impacts of Lactobacillus plantarum and inulin on hypothalamic levels of insulin, leptin, and oxidative markers in diabetic rats. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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21
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El-Bahy AAZ, Aboulmagd YM, Zaki M. Diabetex: A novel approach for diabetic wound healing. Life Sci 2018; 207:332-339. [PMID: 29953880 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM Wound healing is an orderly complex process involving inflammation, clotting, re-epithelialization, neovascularization and wound closure. In diabetic patients, such process is impaired and delayed, posing negative economic as well as social consequences. Diabetex, (patency# EP 0877617 A1) composed of L-alanine, d-ribose, nicotinic acid and calcium ascorbate, which was initially introduced to treat cancer is thought to have anti- diabetic effects. The present study was designed to investigate the therapeutic merit of diabetex as well as the cellular mechanisms involved in such effects and its safety profile compared to metformin in wounded diabetic rats. MAIN METHODS Sixty adult male Sprague-Dawley albino rats were randomly divided into two major groups after induction of full thickness wound; control and treated groups. Liver and kidney function test, as well as cytokines (VEGF, TGF-β, PDGF and MMP2), fasting blood sugar were measured in animal sera. Histopathological studies including hematoxyline and eosin, Masson's trichrome stains were performed on wounded tissue. KEY FINDINGS Diabetex significantly improved wound healing, collagen formation, induced re-epithelialization and neovascularization. Moreover, cytokines involved in wound healing process were increased by the antidiabetic medication. Noteworthy, the drug exhibited a safe profile on liver and kidney function tests and significantly reduced fasting blood sugar. SIGNIFICANCE The present study offers a novel approach for treating diabetic resistant wounds with a possible more economic, safe strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alshaymaa Amin Zaki El-Bahy
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Yara Mohamed Aboulmagd
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohanad Zaki
- Graduate Student at Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development, Cairo, Egypt.
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Melo da Cunha JDS, Alfredo TM, dos Santos JM, Alves Junior VV, Rabelo LA, Lima ES, Boleti APDA, Carollo CA, dos Santos EL, de Picoli Souza K. Antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and antidiabetic activity of Apis mellifera bee tea. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197071. [PMID: 29870561 PMCID: PMC5988306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes has emerged as one of the largest global epidemics; it is estimated that by 2035, there will be 592 million diabetic people in the world. Brazilian biodiversity and the knowledge of traditional peoples have contributed to the treatment of several diseases, including diabetes. Apis mellifera bee tea is used by indigenous Brazilians to treat diabetes, and this traditional knowledge needs to be recorded and studied.The objective of this study was to record the use and to evaluate the antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and antidiabetic activity of Apis mellifera bee tea, which is used by the Guarani and Kaiowá indigenous people for the treatment of diabetes. Semi-structured interviews were performed with Guarani and Kaiowá ethnic indigenous people from the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, seeking to identify the animal species used for medicinal purposes. For the experimental procedures, tea prepared with macerated Apis mellifera bees was used. In vitro assays were performed to evaluate antioxidant activity; direct free radical scavenging, protection against oxidative hemolysis, lipid peroxidation were evaluated in human erythrocytes and potential in inhibiting the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). In vivo, normoglycemic Swiss male mice treated with Apis mellifera tea (AmT) were subjected to the oral glucose tolerance test and compared with control and metformin-treated groups. Diet-induced diabetic mice were treated for 21 days with AmT and evaluated for glycemia and malondialdehyde levels in the blood, liver, nervous system, and eyes. During interviews, the indigenous people described the use of Apis mellifera bee tea for the treatment of diabetes. In in vitro assays, AmT showed direct antioxidant activity and reduced oxidative hemolysis and malondialdehyde generation in human erythrocytes. The AmT inhibited the formation of AGEs by albumin-fructose pathways and methylglyoxal products. In vivo, after oral glucose overload, normoglycemic mice treated with AmT had reduced hyperglycemia at all times evaluated up to 180 min. AmT also reduced hyperglycemia and malondialdehyde levels in the blood, liver, nervous system, and eyes of diabetic mice to similar levels as those in metformin-treated mice and normoglycemic controls. In summary, Apis mellifera bee tea showed antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and antidiabetic activity, which provides support for the therapeutic application of Guarani and Kaiowá indigenous knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janielle da Silva Melo da Cunha
- Binational Campus Oiapoque, Federal University of Amapá—UNIFAP, Amapá, Brazil
- Research Group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting Applied to Metabolism, Federal University of Grande Dourados–UFGD, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Tamaeh Monteiro Alfredo
- Research Group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting Applied to Metabolism, Federal University of Grande Dourados–UFGD, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Maurino dos Santos
- Research Group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting Applied to Metabolism, Federal University of Grande Dourados–UFGD, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Valter Vieira Alves Junior
- School of Environmental and Biological Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados–UFGD, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Luiza Antas Rabelo
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Reactivity–LRC, Nucleus of Metabolic Syndrome, Biological Sciences and Health Institute—ICBS, Federal University of Alagoas–UFAL, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Emerson Silva Lima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula de Araújo Boleti
- Research Group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting Applied to Metabolism, Federal University of Grande Dourados–UFGD, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Carollo
- Laboratory of Natural Products am Mass Spectrometry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul–UFMS, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Edson Lucas dos Santos
- Research Group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting Applied to Metabolism, Federal University of Grande Dourados–UFGD, Dourados, Brazil
- School of Environmental and Biological Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados–UFGD, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Kely de Picoli Souza
- Research Group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting Applied to Metabolism, Federal University of Grande Dourados–UFGD, Dourados, Brazil
- School of Environmental and Biological Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados–UFGD, Dourados, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Blood Pressure of Females with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Double Blind Controlled Clinical Trial. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.55662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ben Salem M, Ben Abdallah Kolsi R, Dhouibi R, Ksouda K, Charfi S, Yaich M, Hammami S, Sahnoun Z, Zeghal KM, Jamoussi K, Affes H. Protective effects of Cynara scolymus leaves extract on metabolic disorders and oxidative stress in alloxan-diabetic rats. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:328. [PMID: 28629341 PMCID: PMC5477270 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1835-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with hyperglycemia, inflammatory disorders and abnormal lipid profiles, currently the extracts from leaves of cynara scolymus has been discovered to treat metabolic disorders and has been stated by multitudinous scientists according to a good source of polyphenols compounds. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of the ethanol leaves extract of C. scolymus in alloxan induced stress oxidant, hepatic-kidney dysfunction and histological changes in liver, kidney and pancreas of different experimental groups of rats. METHODS We determinate the antioxidant activity by ABTS .+ and antioxidant total capacity (TAC) of all extracts of C. scolymus leaves, the inhibition of α-amylase activity in vitro was also investigated. Forty male Wistar rats were induced to diabetes with a single dose intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of alloxan (150 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)). Diabetic rats were orally and daily administrated of ethanol extract from C. scolymus at two doses (200-400 mg/kg, b.w) or (12 mg/kg, b.w) with anti-diabetic reference drug, Acarbose for one month. Ethanol extract of C. scolymus effect was confirmed by biochemical analysis, antioxidant activity and histological study. RESULTS The results indicated that the ethanol extract from leaves of C. scolymus showed the highest antioxidant activity by ABTS .+ (499.43g± 39.72 Trolox/g dry extract) and (128.75 ± 8.45 mg VC /g dry extract) for TAC and endowed the powerful inhibition in vitro of α-amylase activity with IC50=72,22 ug/uL. In vivo, the results showed that ethanol extract from the leaves of C. scolymus (200-400 mg/kg) decreased significantly (p < 0.001) the α-amylase levels in serum of diabetic rats, respectively associated with significant reduction (p < 0.001) in blood glucose rate of 42,84% and 37,91% compared to diabetic groups after 28 days of treatment, a significant lowered of plasma total cholesterol (T-Ch) by 18,11% and triglyceride (TG) by 60,47%, significantly and low-density lipoproteins (LDL-C) by 37,77%, compared to diabetic rats, moreover, the administration of ethanol extract appears to exert anti-oxidative activity demonstrated by the increase of CAT, SOD and GSH activities in liver, kidney and pancreas of diabetic rats. This positive effect of the ethanol extract from C. scolymus was confirmed by histological study. CONCLUSION These observed strongly suggest that ethanol extract from the leaves of C. scolymus has anti-hyperglycemic properties, at least partly mediated by antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryem Ben Salem
- Laboratory of pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Avenue Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Raouia Dhouibi
- Laboratory of pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Avenue Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Kamilia Ksouda
- Laboratory of pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Avenue Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Slim Charfi
- Laboratory of Anatomopathology, CHU Habib Bourguiba, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mahdi Yaich
- Biochemistry Laboratory, CHU Hedi Chaker, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Serria Hammami
- Laboratory of pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Avenue Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Zouheir Sahnoun
- Laboratory of pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Avenue Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Mounir Zeghal
- Laboratory of pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Avenue Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Jamoussi
- Biochemistry Laboratory, CHU Hedi Chaker, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hanen Affes
- Laboratory of pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Avenue Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
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Miraghajani M, Zaghian N, Mirlohi M, Feizi A, Ghiasvand R. The Impact of Probiotic Soy Milk Consumption on Oxidative Stress Among Type 2 Diabetic Kidney Disease Patients: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Ren Nutr 2017; 27:317-324. [PMID: 28579313 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one the most important complications of diabetes leading to end-stage renal disease. This study aimed to determine the effects of probiotic soy milk consumption on oxidative stress biomarkers in type 2 DKD patients. METHODS Forty-eight patients were randomly assigned to consume a diet containing 200 mL/day probiotic soy milk in the intervention group or soy milk in the control condition. As determinants of oxidative stress, malondialdehyde, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α, oxidized glutathione, total antioxidant capacity, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were measured after 8 weeks of intervention according to the standard protocol. RESULTS Between groups analysis showed that DKD patients in the probiotic soy milk group had a higher mean value of GSH compared with those in the soy milk group. In the final adjusted model, this difference remained significant. Consistently, oxidized glutathione concentration was significantly reduced among patients in the probiotic soy milk group. Also, for activity levels of antioxidant enzymes including glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, significant increased levels were observed between 2 intervention groups in the final adjusted model. However, no significant reduction of the serum 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α or malondialdehyde and no induction of TAC concentrations within and between the 2 groups in the crude and adjusted models were detected. CONCLUSION Overall, the results demonstrate that probiotic soy milk consumption could improve some oxidative stress factors among DKD patients. Further longitudinal studies with consideration of individual variation should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Miraghajani
- Department of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Zaghian
- Department of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Mirlohi
- Department of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Awat Feizi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Ghiasvand
- Department of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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