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Zeninskaya NA, Ryabko AK, Marin MA, Kombarova TI, Shkuratova MA, Rogozin MM, Silkina MV, Romanenko YO, Ivashchenko TA, Shemyakin IG, Firstova VV. Selection of Candidate Monoclonal Antibodies for Therapy of Botulinum Toxin Type A Intoxications. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:284. [PMID: 39057924 PMCID: PMC11281656 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16070284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Botulism is one of the most serious food intoxications, manifesting as prolonged paralytic conditions. This disease is usually the result of the consumption of poor quality canned or smoked foods, so the inhabitants of many countries of the world are exposed to the risk of this kind of poisoning every year. In view of the severity of poisonings caused by botulinum neurotoxins, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) show great promise because of their targeting action, lack of allergic reactions and serum sickness. The use of a cocktail of mAbs increases the "functional specificity" of their mixture, allowing them to bind to the active domains of different toxin chains and block their action. In this work, we obtained 14 murine mAbs to the catalytic and receptor-binding domain of botulinum toxin type A. The Sp2/0-Ag14 murine myeloma cell line and splenocytes from immunized mice of the BALB/c line were used as fusion partners. We have shown that the selected cocktail of three antibodies neutralizes native toxin more effectively than antibodies separately-complete neutralization is achieved at a toxin dose of 3LD50 and partial neutralization at 5LD50. We presume that this cocktail may be promising as a prototype for the creation of a therapeutic drug capable of neutralizing the toxin in the blood of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Zeninskaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal Budget Institution of Science «State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology», Territory “Kvartal A”, 24, Obolensk, u.d., 142279 Serpukhov, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alena K. Ryabko
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal Budget Institution of Science «State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology», Territory “Kvartal A”, 24, Obolensk, u.d., 142279 Serpukhov, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Maksim A. Marin
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal Budget Institution of Science «State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology», Territory “Kvartal A”, 24, Obolensk, u.d., 142279 Serpukhov, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Tatyana I. Kombarova
- Laboratory of Biological Trials, Federal Budget Institution of Science «State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology», Territory “Kvartal A”, 24, Obolensk, u.d., 142279 Serpukhov, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Maria A. Shkuratova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal Budget Institution of Science «State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology», Territory “Kvartal A”, 24, Obolensk, u.d., 142279 Serpukhov, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Methun M. Rogozin
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal Budget Institution of Science «State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology», Territory “Kvartal A”, 24, Obolensk, u.d., 142279 Serpukhov, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Marina V. Silkina
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal Budget Institution of Science «State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology», Territory “Kvartal A”, 24, Obolensk, u.d., 142279 Serpukhov, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Yana O. Romanenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal Budget Institution of Science «State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology», Territory “Kvartal A”, 24, Obolensk, u.d., 142279 Serpukhov, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Ivashchenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal Budget Institution of Science «State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology», Territory “Kvartal A”, 24, Obolensk, u.d., 142279 Serpukhov, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Igor G. Shemyakin
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal Budget Institution of Science «State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology», Territory “Kvartal A”, 24, Obolensk, u.d., 142279 Serpukhov, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Victoria V. Firstova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal Budget Institution of Science «State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology», Territory “Kvartal A”, 24, Obolensk, u.d., 142279 Serpukhov, Moscow Region, Russia
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Vance DJ, Rudolph MJ, Davis SA, Mantis NJ. Structural Basis of Antibody-Mediated Inhibition of Ricin Toxin Attachment to Host Cells. Biochemistry 2023; 62:3181-3187. [PMID: 37903428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies, JB4 and SylH3, neutralize ricin toxin (RT) by inhibiting the galactose-specific lectin activity of the B subunit of the toxin (RTB), which is required for cell attachment and entry. It is not immediately apparent how the antibodies accomplish this feat, considering that RTB consists of two globular domains (D1, D2) each divided into three homologous subdomains (α, β, γ) with the two functional galactosyl-specific carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) situated on opposite poles (subdomains 1α and 2γ). Here, we report the X-ray crystal structures of JB4 and SylH3 Fab fragments bound to RTB in the context of RT. The structures revealed that neither Fab obstructed nor induced detectable conformational alterations in subdomains 1α or 2γ. Rather, JB4 and SylH3 Fabs recognize nearly identical epitopes within an ancillary carbohydrate recognition pocket located in subdomain 1β. Despite limited amino acid sequence similarity between SylH3 and JB4 Fabs, each paratope inserts a Phe side chain from the heavy (H) chain complementarity determining region (CDR3) into the 1β CRD pocket, resulting in local aromatic stacking interactions that potentially mimic a ligand interaction. Reconciling the fact that stoichiometric amounts of SylH3 and JB4 are sufficient to disarm RTB's lectin activity without evidence of allostery, we propose that subdomain 1β functions as a "coreceptor" required to stabilize glycan interactions principally mediated by subdomains 1α and 2γ. Further investigation into subdomain 1β will yield fundamental insights into the large family of R-type lectins and open novel avenues for countermeasures aimed at preventing toxin uptake into vulnerable tissues and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Vance
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208, United States
| | - Michael J Rudolph
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Simon A Davis
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208, United States
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Xu W, Peng L, Li C, Wu T, Chen H, Zhang H, Yu H, Ye Y, Wu Y, Yuan Q, Nian S. A novel fully human recombinant antibody neutralizing the α-hemolysin of Staphylococcus aureus. APMIS 2022; 130:578-589. [PMID: 35751523 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is resistant to almost all β-lactam antibiotics. Hence, new ways to control MRSA infection, such as antibacterial antibodies, need to be explored. α-hemolysin is the most important virulence factor widely expressed in S. aureus. This study aimed to develop a new fully human antibody against α-hemolysin of S. aureus and research its neutralizing effect. RESULTS The single-chain antibody fragments(scFvs)against S. aureus were screened from a fully human scFv library using phage display technology. The selected scFvs had good binding affinities to α-hemolysin and S. aureus. The IgG-like scFv-Fc inserted into the pcDNA3.1 or pMH3 vector was expressed in HEK293F suspension cells to extend the half-life and restore Fc function. The size of purified scFv-Fc was about 55 kDa. The functions of expressed scFv-Fcs against α-hemolysin were validated. The cytotoxicity assays showed that scFv555-Fc had better protective effects on A549 cells than other scFv-Fcs. The results of anti-rabbit erythrocyte lysis and A549 cell apoptosis assay confirmed that scFv555-Fc had a significant neutralizing effect on α-hemolysin. The scFv555-Fc was used to construct the docking model of antigen-antibody complexes using Discovery Studio software. It predicted that the key binding sites of α-hemolysin were TYR28, LYS37, PHE39, ARG56, and LYS58, which might be the key toxic sites of α-hemolysin. CONCLUSION A novel fully human scFv-Fc antibody neutralizing the α-hemolysin toxin of S. aureus was successfully developed. The findings might provide a new theoretical basis and treatment method for preventing MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Xu
- Immune Mechanism and Therapy of Major Diseases of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Public Center of Experimental Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Lei Peng
- Immune Mechanism and Therapy of Major Diseases of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Public Center of Experimental Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Chun Li
- Clinical pharmacy & GCP center, the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Immune Mechanism and Therapy of Major Diseases of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Public Center of Experimental Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Han Chen
- Immune Mechanism and Therapy of Major Diseases of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Public Center of Experimental Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | | | - Hong Yu
- Immune Mechanism and Therapy of Major Diseases of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Public Center of Experimental Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yingchun Ye
- Immune Mechanism and Therapy of Major Diseases of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Public Center of Experimental Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yuchuan Wu
- Immune Mechanism and Therapy of Major Diseases of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Public Center of Experimental Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Immune Mechanism and Therapy of Major Diseases of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Public Center of Experimental Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Siji Nian
- Immune Mechanism and Therapy of Major Diseases of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Public Center of Experimental Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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Irani V, Soliman C, Raftis MA, Guy AJ, Elbourne A, Ramsland PA. Expression of monoclonal antibodies for functional and structural studies. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chen K, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Hamza T, Yu H, Saint Fleur A, Galen J, Yang Z, Feng H. A probiotic yeast-based immunotherapy against Clostridioides difficile infection. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/567/eaax4905. [PMID: 33115949 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax4905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant Clostridioides difficile is an anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium that colonizes the colon and is responsible for more than 29,000 deaths in the United States each year. Hence, C. difficile infection (CDI) poses an urgent threat to public health. Antibody-mediated neutralization of TcdA and TcdB toxins, the major virulence factors of CDI, represents an effective strategy to combat the disease without invoking antibiotic resistance. However, current antitoxin approaches are mostly based on parenteral infusion of monoclonal antibodies that are costly, narrow spectrum, and not optimized against the intestinal disease. Here, we engineered probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii to constitutively secrete a single tetra-specific antibody that potently and broadly neutralized both toxins and demonstrated protection against primary and recurrent CDI in both prophylactic and therapeutic mouse models of disease. This yeast immunotherapy is orally administered, can be used concurrently with antibiotics, and may have potential as a prophylactic against CDI risk and as a therapeutic for patients with CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yixuan Zhu
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yongrong Zhang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Therwa Hamza
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Hua Yu
- FZata Inc., Halethorpe, MD 21227, USA
| | - Ashley Saint Fleur
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - James Galen
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | - Hanping Feng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Klug B, Schnierle B, Trebesch I. [Monoclonal antibodies for anti-infective therapy]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2020; 63:1396-1402. [PMID: 33034695 PMCID: PMC7545799 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-020-03229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sera of animal origin and hyperimmunoglobulins have dominated serum therapy for a century. Although numerous monoclonal antibodies (MABs) have been developed since the end of the 1980s, particularly for the treatment of immunological and oncological diseases, it will take 20 years before the first anti-infective MAB is approved in the European Union. Interestingly, to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous MABs, which are approved in particular for immunological indications, are currently being used to treat the consequences of SARS-CoV‑2 infection, such as pneumonia or hyperimmune reactions.The approved monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of infectious diseases are presented here. In addition, an overview of the current developments, in particular in the treatment of SARS-CoV‑2 infection, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Klug
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Deutschland.
| | - Barbara Schnierle
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Deutschland
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Mooney B, Torres‐Velez FJ, Doering J, Ehrbar DJ, Mantis NJ. Sensitivity of Kupffer cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells to ricin toxin and ricin toxin-Ab complexes. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1161-1176. [PMID: 31313388 PMCID: PMC7008010 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0419-123r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin toxin is a plant-derived, ribosome-inactivating protein that is rapidly cleared from circulation by Kupffer cells (KCs) and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs)-with fatal consequences. Rather than being inactivated, ricin evades normal degradative pathways and kills both KCs and LSECs with remarkable efficiency. Uptake of ricin by these 2 specialized cell types in the liver occurs by 2 parallel routes: a "lactose-sensitive" pathway mediated by ricin's galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-specific lectin subunit (RTB), and a "mannose-sensitive" pathway mediated by the mannose receptor (MR; CD206) or other C-type lectins capable of recognizing the mannose-side chains displayed on ricin's A (RTA) and B subunits. In this report, we investigated the capacity of a collection of ricin-specific mouse MAb and camelid single-domain (VH H) antibodies to protect KCs and LSECs from ricin-induced killing. In the case of KCs, individual MAbs against RTA or RTB afforded near complete protection against ricin in ex vivo and in vivo challenge studies. In contrast, individual MAbs or VH Hs afforded little (<40%) or even no protection to LSECs against ricin-induced death. Complete protection of LSECs was only achieved with MAb or VH H cocktails, with the most effective mixtures targeting RTA and RTB simultaneously. Although the exact mechanisms of protection of LSECs remain unknown, evidence indicates that the Ab cocktails exert their effects on the mannose-sensitive uptake pathway without the need for Fcγ receptor involvement. In addition to advancing our understanding of how toxins and small immune complexes are processed by KCs and LSECs, our study has important implications for the development of Ab-based therapies designed to prevent or treat ricin exposure should the toxin be weaponized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Mooney
- Division of Infectious DiseasesWadsworth CenterNew York State Department of HealthAlbanyNew YorkUSA
| | - Fernando J. Torres‐Velez
- Division of Infectious DiseasesWadsworth CenterNew York State Department of HealthAlbanyNew YorkUSA
| | - Jennifer Doering
- Division of Infectious DiseasesWadsworth CenterNew York State Department of HealthAlbanyNew YorkUSA
| | - Dylan J. Ehrbar
- Division of Infectious DiseasesWadsworth CenterNew York State Department of HealthAlbanyNew YorkUSA
| | - Nicholas J. Mantis
- Division of Infectious DiseasesWadsworth CenterNew York State Department of HealthAlbanyNew YorkUSA
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Rong Y, Torres-Velez FJ, Ehrbar D, Doering J, Song R, Mantis NJ. An intranasally administered monoclonal antibody cocktail abrogates ricin toxin-induced pulmonary tissue damage and inflammation. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:793-807. [PMID: 31589555 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1664243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ricin toxin, a plant-derived, mannosylated glycoprotein, elicits an incapacitating and potentially lethal inflammatory response in the airways following inhalation. Uptake of ricin by alveolar macrophages (AM) and other pulmonary cell types occurs via two parallel pathways: one mediated by ricin's B subunit (RTB), a galactose-specific lectin, and one mediated by the mannose receptor (MR;CD206). Ricin's A subunit (RTA) is a ribosome-inactivating protein that triggers apoptosis in mammalian cells. It was recently reported that a single monoclonal antibody (MAb), PB10, directed against an immunodominant epitope on RTA and administered intravenously, was able to rescue Rhesus macaques from lethal aerosol dose of ricin. In this study, we now demonstrate in mice that the effectiveness PB10 is significantly improved when combined with a second MAb, SylH3, against RTB. Mice treated with PB10 alone survived lethal-dose intranasal ricin challenge, but experienced significant weight loss, moderate pulmonary inflammation (e.g., elevated IL-1 and IL-6 levels, PMN influx), and apoptosis of lung macrophages. In contrast, mice treated with the PB10/SylH3 cocktail were essentially impervious to pulmonary ricin toxin exposure, as evidenced by no weight loss, no change in local IL-1 and IL-6 levels, retention of lung macrophages, and a significant dampening of PMN recruitment into the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids. The PB10/SylH3 cocktail only marginally reduced ricin binding to target cells in the BAL, suggesting that the antibody mixture neutralizes ricin by interfering with one or more steps in the RTB- and MR-dependent uptake pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Rong
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Fernando J Torres-Velez
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Dylan Ehrbar
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Doering
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Renjie Song
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA
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Zheng Y, Shang W, Peng H, Rao Y, Zhao X, Hu Z, Yang Y, Hu Q, Tan L, Xiong K, Li S, Zhu J, Hu X, Zhou R, Li M, Rao X. Virulence Determinants Are Required for Brain Abscess Formation Through Staphylococcus aureus Infection and Are Potential Targets of Antivirulence Factor Therapy. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:682. [PMID: 31024479 PMCID: PMC6460967 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial brain abscesses (BAs) are difficult to treat with conventional antibiotics. Thus, the development of alternative therapeutic strategies for BAs is of high priority. Identifying the virulence determinants that contribute to BA formation induced by Staphylococcus aureus would improve the effectiveness of interventions for this disease. In this study, RT-qPCR was performed to compare the expression levels of 42 putative virulence determinants of S. aureus strains Newman and XQ during murine BA formation, ear colonization, and bacteremia. The alterations in the expression levels of 23 genes were further confirmed through specific TaqMan RT-qPCR. Eleven S. aureus genes that persistently upregulated expression levels during BA infection were identified, and their functions in BA formation were confirmed through isogenic mutant experiments. Bacterial loads and BA volumes in mice infected with isdA, isdC, lgt, hla, or spa deletion mutants and the hla/spa double mutant strain were lower than those in mice infected with the wild-type Newman strain. The therapeutic application of monoclonal antibodies against Hla and SpA decreased bacterial loads and BA volume in mice infected with Newman. This study provides insights into the virulence determinants that contribute to staphylococcal BA formation and a paradigm for antivirulence factor therapy against S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Weilong Shang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Huagang Peng
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yifan Rao
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Hu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiwen Hu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Junmin Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaomei Hu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Renjie Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiancai Rao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
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Toxin Neutralization Using Alternative Binding Proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11010053. [PMID: 30658491 PMCID: PMC6356946 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal toxins present a major threat to human health worldwide, predominantly through snakebite envenomings, which are responsible for over 100,000 deaths each year. To date, the only available treatment against snakebite envenoming is plasma-derived antivenom. However, despite being key to limiting morbidity and mortality among snakebite victims, current antivenoms suffer from several drawbacks, such as immunogenicity and high cost of production. Consequently, avenues for improving envenoming therapy, such as the discovery of toxin-sequestering monoclonal antibodies against medically important target toxins through phage display selection, are being explored. However, alternative binding protein scaffolds that exhibit certain advantages compared to the well-known immunoglobulin G scaffold, including high stability under harsh conditions and low cost of production, may pose as possible low-cost alternatives to antibody-based therapeutics. There is now a plethora of alternative binding protein scaffolds, ranging from antibody derivatives (e.g., nanobodies), through rationally designed derivatives of other human proteins (e.g., DARPins), to derivatives of non-human proteins (e.g., affibodies), all exhibiting different biochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles. Undeniably, the high level of engineerability and potentially low cost of production, associated with many alternative protein scaffolds, present an exciting possibility for the future of snakebite therapeutics and merit thorough investigation. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the different types of binding protein scaffolds is provided together with a discussion on their relevance as potential modalities for use as next-generation antivenoms.
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Corthésy B, Monnerat J, Lötscher M, Vonarburg C, Schaub A, Bioley G. Oral Passive Immunization With Plasma-Derived Polyreactive Secretory-Like IgA/M Partially Protects Mice Against Experimental Salmonellosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2970. [PMID: 30619327 PMCID: PMC6305475 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulins have a critical role in defense of the gastrointestinal tract and are known to act by preventing bacterial acquisition. A stringent murine model of bacterial infection with Salmonella enterica Typhimurium was used to examine protection mediated by oral passive immunization with human plasma-derived polyreactive IgA and IgM antibodies (Abs) reconstituted as secretory-like immunoglobulins (SCIgA/M). This reagent has been shown to trigger Salmonella agglutination and to limit the entry of bacterium into intestinal Peyer's patches via immune exclusion. We now demonstrate that upon administration into ligated intestinal loops, SCIgA/M properly anchors in the mucus and is protected from degradation to a better extent that IgA/M or IgG. Moreover, prophylactic oral administration of SCIgA/M before intragastric infection of mice with a virulent strain of S. enterica Typhimurium allows to protect infected animals, as reflected by reduced colonization of both mucosal and systemic compartments, and conserved integrity of intestinal tissues. In comparison with IgA/M or IgG administration, SCIgA/M provided the highest degree of protection. Moreover, such protective efficacy is also observed after therapeutic oral delivery of SCIgA/M. Either prophylactic or therapeutic treatment with passively delivered SCIgA/M ensured survival of up to 50% of infected mice, while untreated animals all died. Our findings unravel the potential of oral passive immunization with plasma-derived polyreactive SCIgA/M Abs to fight gastrointestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Corthésy
- R&D Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Justine Monnerat
- R&D Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Épalinges, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Gilles Bioley
- R&D Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Épalinges, Switzerland
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12
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RBC Adherence of Immune Complexes Containing Botulinum Toxin Improves Neutralization and Macrophage Uptake. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9050173. [PMID: 28534855 PMCID: PMC5450721 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9050173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the paralytic disease botulism, the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) passes through the bloodstream to reach and inactivate neuromuscular junctions. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) may be useful BoNT countermeasures, as mAb combinations can rapidly clear BoNT from the blood circulation. We have previously shown that the BoNT-neutralizing potency of mAbs can be improved through red blood cell (RBC) immunoadherence. For example, a fusion protein (FP) that adheres biotinylated mAbs to the RBC surface enabled a pair of mAbs to neutralize 5000 LD50 BoNT/A in the mouse protection assay. Here, we added two mAbs to that combination, creating a 4-mAb:FP complex that neutralized 40,000 LD50 BoNT/A in vivo, and analyzed functional correlates of neutralization. The FP enhanced potency of BoNT/A immune complexes, providing the greatest magnitude of benefit to the 4-mAb combination. RBC binding of a BoNT/A complexed with 4-mAb:FP exhibited a bi-phasic clearance process in vivo. Most of the complexes were cleared within five minutes; the rest were cleared gradually over many hours. Peritoneal macrophages showed better uptake of the 4-mAb complex than the 3-mAb complex, and this was not affected by the presence of the FP. However, the addition of RBCs to the 4-mAb:FP BoNT/A doubled macrophage uptake of the complexes. Lastly, the 4-mAb:FP BoNT/A complex synergistically induced M2 macrophage polarization, as indicated by IL-10 expression, whether or not RBCs were present. RBC-targeted immunoadherence through the FP is a potent enhancer of mAb-mediated BoNT/A neutralization in vivo, and can have positive effects on BoNT/A sequestration, immune complex uptake, and macrophage activation.
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Maskus DJ, Królik M, Bethke S, Spiegel H, Kapelski S, Seidel M, Addai-Mensah O, Reimann A, Klockenbring T, Barth S, Fischer R, Fendel R. Characterization of a novel inhibitory human monoclonal antibody directed against Plasmodium falciparum Apical Membrane Antigen 1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39462. [PMID: 28000709 PMCID: PMC5175200 DOI: 10.1038/srep39462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major challenge to global health causing extensive morbidity and mortality. Yet, there is no efficient vaccine and the immune response remains incompletely understood. Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA1), a leading vaccine candidate, plays a key role during merozoite invasion into erythrocytes by interacting with Rhoptry Neck Protein 2 (RON2). We generated a human anti-AMA1-antibody (humAbAMA1) by EBV-transformation of sorted B-lymphocytes from a Ghanaian donor and subsequent rescue of antibody variable regions. The antibody was expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and in HEK239-6E, characterized for binding specificity and epitope, and analyzed for its inhibitory effect on Plasmodium falciparum. The generated humAbAMA1 shows an affinity of 106-135 pM. It inhibits the parasite strain 3D7A growth in vitro with an expression system-independent IC50-value of 35 μg/ml (95% confidence interval: 33 μg/ml-37 μg/ml), which is three to eight times lower than the IC50-values of inhibitory antibodies 4G2 and 1F9. The epitope was mapped to the close proximity of the RON2-peptide binding groove. Competition for binding between the RON2-peptide and humAbAMA1 was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy measurements. The particularly advantageous inhibitory activity of this fully human antibody might provide a basis for future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika J. Maskus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michał Królik
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Susanne Bethke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Holger Spiegel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kapelski
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Melanie Seidel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Otchere Addai-Mensah
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Andreas Reimann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Torsten Klockenbring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Barth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Applied Medical Engineering at RWTH Aachen University and Hospital, Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rolf Fendel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Applied Medical Engineering at RWTH Aachen University and Hospital, Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Aachen, Germany
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14
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Chen JB, James LK, Davies AM, Wu YCB, Rimmer J, Lund VJ, Chen JH, McDonnell JM, Chan YC, Hutchins GH, Chang TW, Sutton BJ, Kariyawasam HH, Gould HJ. Antibodies and superantibodies in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:1195-1204.e11. [PMID: 27658758 PMCID: PMC5380656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps is associated with local immunoglobulin hyperproduction and the presence of IgE antibodies against Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins (SAEs). Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease is a severe form of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in which nearly all patients express anti-SAEs. Objectives We aimed to understand antibodies reactive to SAEs and determine whether they recognize SAEs through their complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) or framework regions. Methods Labeled staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) A, SED, and SEE were used to isolate single SAE-specific B cells from the nasal polyps of 3 patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease by using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Recombinant antibodies with “matched” heavy and light chains were cloned as IgG1, and those of high affinity for specific SAEs, assayed by means of ELISA and surface plasmon resonance, were recloned as IgE and antigen-binding fragments. IgE activities were tested in basophil degranulation assays. Results Thirty-seven SAE-specific, IgG- or IgA-expressing B cells were isolated and yielded 6 anti-SAE clones, 2 each for SEA, SED, and SEE. Competition binding assays revealed that the anti-SEE antibodies recognize nonoverlapping epitopes in SEE. Unexpectedly, each anti-SEE mediated SEE-induced basophil degranulation, and IgG1 or antigen-binding fragments of each anti-SEE enhanced degranulation by the other anti-SEE. Conclusions SEEs can activate basophils by simultaneously binding as antigens in the conventional manner to CDRs and as superantigens to framework regions of anti-SEE IgE in anti-SEE IgE-FcεRI complexes. Anti-SEE IgG1s can enhance the activity of anti-SEE IgEs as conventional antibodies through CDRs or simultaneously as conventional antibodies and as “superantibodies” through CDRs and framework regions to SEEs in SEE–anti-SEE IgE-FcεRI complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Bo Chen
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Louisa K James
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Davies
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Chang Bryan Wu
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Rimmer
- Allergy and Rhinology, Royal National Throat Nose Ear Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie J Lund
- Allergy and Rhinology, Royal National Throat Nose Ear Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jou-Han Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - James M McDonnell
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yih-Chih Chan
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - George H Hutchins
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tse Wen Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Brian J Sutton
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harsha H Kariyawasam
- Allergy and Rhinology, Royal National Throat Nose Ear Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah J Gould
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom.
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15
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Qiu H, Cassan R, Johnstone D, Han X, Joyee AG, McQuoid M, Masi A, Merluza J, Hrehorak B, Reid R, Kennedy K, Tighe B, Rak C, Leonhardt M, Dupas B, Saward L, Berry JD, Nykiforuk CL. Novel Clostridium difficile Anti-Toxin (TcdA and TcdB) Humanized Monoclonal Antibodies Demonstrate In Vitro Neutralization across a Broad Spectrum of Clinical Strains and In Vivo Potency in a Hamster Spore Challenge Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157970. [PMID: 27336843 PMCID: PMC4919053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) infection (CDI) is the main cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated colitis and increased incidence of community-associated diarrhea in industrialized countries. At present, the primary treatment of CDI is antibiotic administration, which is effective but often associated with recurrence, especially in the elderly. Pathogenic strains produce enterotoxin, toxin A (TcdA), and cytotoxin, toxin B (TcdB), which are necessary for C. difficile induced diarrhea and gut pathological changes. Administration of anti-toxin antibodies provides an alternative approach to treat CDI, and has shown promising results in preclinical and clinical studies. In the current study, several humanized anti-TcdA and anti-TcdB monoclonal antibodies were generated and their protective potency was characterized in a hamster infection model. The humanized anti-TcdA (CANmAbA4) and anti-TcdB (CANmAbB4 and CANmAbB1) antibodies showed broad spectrum in vitro neutralization of toxins from clinical strains and neutralization in a mouse toxin challenge model. Moreover, co-administration of humanized antibodies (CANmAbA4 and CANmAbB4 cocktail) provided a high level of protection in a dose dependent manner (85% versus 57% survival at day 22 for 50 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg doses, respectively) in a hamster gastrointestinal infection (GI) model. This study describes the protective effects conferred by novel neutralizing anti-toxin monoclonal antibodies against C. difficile toxins and their potential as therapeutic agents in treating CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Qiu
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Robyn Cassan
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Darrell Johnstone
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Xiaobing Han
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Antony George Joyee
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Monica McQuoid
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Andrea Masi
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - John Merluza
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Bryce Hrehorak
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Ross Reid
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Kieron Kennedy
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Bonnie Tighe
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Carla Rak
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Melanie Leonhardt
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Brian Dupas
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Laura Saward
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Jody D. Berry
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Cory L. Nykiforuk
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
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16
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Kulshreshtha P, Tiwari A, Priyanka, Joon S, Sinha S, Bhatnagar R. Investigation of a panel of monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal sera against anthrax toxins resulted in identification of an anti-lethal factor antibody with disease-enhancing characteristics. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:185-93. [PMID: 26364143 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hybridomas were created using spleen of mice that were actively immunized with rLFn (recombinant N-terminal domain of lethal factor). Later on, separate group of mice were immunized with rLFn to obtain a polyclonal control for passive immunization studies of monoclonal antibodies. This led to the identification of one cohort of rLFn-immnized mice that harboured disease-enhancing polyclonal antibodies. At the same time, the monoclonal antibodies secreted by all the hybridomas were being tested. Two hybridomas secreted monoclonal antibodies (H10 and H8) that were cross-reactive with EF (edema factor) and LF (lethal factor), while the other two hybridomas secreted LF-specific antibodies (H7 and H11). Single chain variable fragment (LETscFv) was derived from H10 hybridoma. H11 was found to have disease-enhancing property. Combination of H11 with protective monoclonal antibodies (H8 and H10) reduced its disease enhancing nature. This in vitro abrogation of disease-enhancement provides the proof of concept that in polyclonal sera the disease enhancing character of a fraction of antibodies is overshadowed by the protective nature of the rest of the antibodies generated on active immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Kulshreshtha
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ashutosh Tiwari
- Present address: Centre for Biodesign, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon, India
| | - Priyanka
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shikha Joon
- Structural and Computational Biology Laboratory, Department Of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110078, India
| | | | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B is one of the most potent bacterial superantigens that exerts profound toxic effects upon the immune system, leading to stimulation of cytokine release and inflammation. It is associated with food poisoning, nonmenstrual toxic shock, atopic dermatitis, asthma, and nasal polyps in humans. Currently, there is no treatment or vaccine available. Passive immunotherapy using monoclonal antibodies made in several different species has shown significant inhibition in in vitro studies and reduction in staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced lethal shock in in vivo studies. This should encourage future endeavors to develop these antibodies as therapeutic reagents.
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18
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Diamant E, Torgeman A, Ozeri E, Zichel R. Monoclonal Antibody Combinations that Present Synergistic Neutralizing Activity: A Platform for Next-Generation Anti-Toxin Drugs. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1854-81. [PMID: 26035486 PMCID: PMC4488679 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7061854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are among the fastest-growing therapeutics and are being developed for a broad range of indications, including the neutralization of toxins, bacteria and viruses. Nevertheless, MAbs potency is still relatively low when compared to conventional polyclonal Ab preparations. Moreover, the efficacy of an individual neutralizing MAb may significantly be hampered by the potential absence or modification of its target epitope in a mutant or subtype of the infectious agent. These limitations of individual neutralizing MAbs can be overcome by using oligoclonal combinations of several MAbs with different specificities to the target antigen. Studies conducted in our lab and by others show that such combined MAb preparation may present substantial synergy in its potency over the calculated additive potency of its individual MAb components. Moreover, oligoclonal preparation is expected to be better suited to compensating for reduced efficacy due to epitope variation. In this review, the synergistic neutralization properties of combined oligoclonal Ab preparations are described. The effect of Ab affinity, autologous Fc fraction, and targeting a critical number of epitopes, as well as the unexpected contribution of non-neutralizing clones to the synergistic neutralizing effect are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Diamant
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel.
| | - Amram Torgeman
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel.
| | - Eyal Ozeri
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel.
| | - Ran Zichel
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel.
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19
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Loukianov EV, Zacharova LA, Khasanova OS, Khasanov FK, Kozlov YV. Immunization with non-toxic variants of Shiga toxin type 2 (Stx2) generates high titers of protective antibodies. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2015; 460:23-5. [PMID: 25772984 DOI: 10.1134/s160767291501007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E V Loukianov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 32, Moscow, 119991, Russia,
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20
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Szu SC, Ahmed A. Clinical Studies of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Conjugate Vaccines in Adults and Young Children. Microbiol Spectr 2014; 2. [PMID: 26104443 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ehec-0016-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric immunization has been the most effective measure to prevent and reduce the burden of infectious diseases in children. The recent inclusion of pneumococcal and meningococcal polysaccharide conjugates in infant immunization further reinforces their importance. Currently there is no human vaccine against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infections. This review focuses on the human EHEC vaccine that has been studied clinically, in particular, the polysaccharide conjugate against E. coli O157. The surface polysaccharide antigen, O-specific polysaccharide, was linked to rEPA, recombinant exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In adults and children 2 to 5 years old, O157-rEPA conjugates, shown to be safe, induced high levels of antilipopolysaccharide immunoglobulin G with bactericidal activities against E. coli O157, a functional bioassay that mimics the killing of inoculum in vivo. A similar construct using the B subunit of Shiga toxin (Stx) 1 as the carrier protein elicited both bactericidal and toxin-neutralizing antibodies in mice. So far there is no clinical study of Stx-based human vaccine. Passive immunization of Stx-specific antibodies with humanized, chimeric, or human monoclonal antibodies, produced in transgenic mice, showed promising data in animal models and offered high prospects. Demonstrations of their safety and effectiveness in treating hemolytic-uremic syndrome or patients with EHEC infections are under way, and results are much anticipated. For future development, other virulence factors such as the nontoxic Stx B subunit or intimin should be included, either as carrier protein in conjugates or as independent components. The additional antigens from O157 may provide broader coverage to non-O157 Stx-producing E. coli and facilitate both preventive and therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shousun Chen Szu
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Amina Ahmed
- Levine Children's Specialty Center-Pediatric Infectious Disease, Carolina Medical Centers, Charlotte, NC 28203
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21
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Preparation and evaluation of human-murine chimeric antibody against protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:18496-507. [PMID: 25318053 PMCID: PMC4227228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151018496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research is to develop a human/murine chimeric Fab antibody which neutralizes the anthrax toxin, protective antigen (PA). The chimeric Fab was constructed using variable regions of murine anti-PA monoclonal antibody in combination with constant regions of human IgG. The chimeric PA6-Fab was expressed in E. coli. BL21 and evaluated by ELISA and co-immunoprecipitation- mass spectra. The potency of PA6-Fab to neutralize LeTx was examined in J774A.1 cell viability in vitro and in Fisher 344 rats in vivo. The PA6-Fab did not have domain similarity corresponding to the current anti PA mAbs, but specifically bound to anthrax PA at an affinity of 1.76 nM, and was able to neutralize LeTx in vitro and protected 56.9% cells at 20 μg/mL against anthrax LeTx. One hundred μg PA6-Fab could neutralize 300 μg LeTx in vivo. The PA6-Fab has potential as a therapeutic mAb for treatment of anthrax.
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22
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Garcia JP, Beingesser J, Bohorov O, Bohorova N, Goodman C, Kim D, Pauly M, Velasco J, Whaley K, Zeitlin L, Roy CJ, Uzal FA. Prevention and treatment of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin intoxication in mice with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (c4D7) produced in Nicotiana benthamiana. Toxicon 2014; 88:93-8. [PMID: 24950050 PMCID: PMC4119486 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epsilon toxin (ETX), produced by Clostridium perfringens types B and D, is among the most lethal toxins known. ETX is a potential bioterrorism threat that was listed as a Category B agent by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control until 2012 and it still remains a toxin of interest for several government agencies. We produced a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against ETX (ETX MAb c4D7) in Nicotiana benthamiana and characterized its preventive and therapeutic efficacy in mice. The ETX preparation used was highly lethal for mice (LD50 = 1.6 μg/kg) and resulted in a mean time from inoculation to death of 18 and 180 min when administered intravenously or intraperitoneally, respectively. High lethal challenge resulted in dramatic increases of a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum, while lower, but still lethal doses, did not elicit such responses. ETX MAb c4D7 was highly effective prophylactically (ED50 = 0.3 mg/kg; ED100 = 0.8 mg/kg) and also provided protection when delivered 15-30 min post-ETX intoxication. These data suggest that ETX MAb c4D7 may have use as a pre- and post-exposure treatment for ETX intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Garcia
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, San Bernardino, CA 92408, USA
| | - J Beingesser
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, San Bernardino, CA 92408, USA
| | - O Bohorov
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - N Bohorova
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - C Goodman
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - D Kim
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - M Pauly
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J Velasco
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - K Whaley
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - L Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - C J Roy
- Microbiology Division, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - F A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, San Bernardino, CA 92408, USA.
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Yang Y, Ma Y, Li H, Wang S, Zhuang Z. Preparation and identification of monoclonal antibodies against ω-conotoxin MVIIA. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2014; 33:254-60. [PMID: 25171005 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2014.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ω-Conotoxins MVIIA (ω-CTX MVIIA) is a peptide with 25 amino acid residues. It is a selective and reversible N-type voltage-gated calcium channel blocker, which could be used as an analgesic for pain. To date, there are no monoclonal antibodies (MAb) for immunoassay against ω-conotoxin MVIIA. In this study, an MAb against ω-conotoxin MVIIA was prepared. The conotoxin-coding DNA sequence was chemically synthesized and cloned into expression vector pGEX-6p-1 and pET32a (+), respectively. The fusion protein GST-CTX was expressed and purified, and was used to immunize BALB/c mice for preparing the anti-CTX antibody. The spleen cells were fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells after the titer of antiserum was detected and qualified. After being screened by indirect ELISA and cloned by limiting dilution, a hybridoma named 4A12, which produces monoclonal antibody specifically against ω-CTX MVIIA, was successfully obtained. It was found that there are 102 chromosomes in the 4A12 cell, and the subclass for the MAb is IgM. The MAb affinity against ω-CTX MVIIA was 7.33×10(9) L/mol, and the cross-reaction test showed that the MAb specifically bound ω-CTX MVIIA. The MAb could be used as a specific antagonist for ω-CTX MVIIA in the physiological study on the CaV channels in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou, China
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24
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Lo AWH, Moonens K, De Kerpel M, Brys L, Pardon E, Remaut H, De Greve H. The molecular mechanism of Shiga toxin Stx2e neutralization by a single-domain antibody targeting the cell receptor-binding domain. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25374-81. [PMID: 25053417 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.566257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin Stx2e is the major known agent that causes edema disease in newly weaned pigs. This severe disease is characterized by neurological disorders, hemorrhagic lesions, and frequent fatal outcomes. Stx2e consists of an enzymatically active A subunit and five B subunits that bind to a specific glycolipid receptor on host cells. It is evident that antibodies binding to the A subunit or the B subunits of Shiga toxin variants may have the capability to inhibit their cytotoxicity. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of a VHH single domain antibody (nanobody) isolated from a llama phage display library that confers potent neutralizing capacity against Stx2e toxin. We further present the crystal structure of the complex formed between the nanobody (NbStx2e1) and the Stx2e toxoid, determined at 2.8 Å resolution. Structural analysis revealed that for each B subunit of Stx2e, one NbStx2e1 is interacting in a head-to-head orientation and directly competing with the glycolipid receptor binding site on the surface of the B subunit. The neutralizing NbStx2e1 can in the future be used to prevent or treat edema disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin W H Lo
- From Structural and Molecular Microbiology, Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Structural Biology Brussels, and
| | - Kristof Moonens
- From Structural and Molecular Microbiology, Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Structural Biology Brussels, and
| | - Maia De Kerpel
- From Structural and Molecular Microbiology, Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Structural Biology Brussels, and
| | - Lea Brys
- the Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Pardon
- From Structural and Molecular Microbiology, Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Structural Biology Brussels, and
| | - Han Remaut
- From Structural and Molecular Microbiology, Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Structural Biology Brussels, and
| | - Henri De Greve
- From Structural and Molecular Microbiology, Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Structural Biology Brussels, and
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25
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Role of Fc in antibody-mediated protection from ricin toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1512-25. [PMID: 24811206 PMCID: PMC4052250 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6051512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the role of the antibody (Ab) Fc region in mediating protection from ricin toxicity. We compared the in vitro and in vivo effects of intact Ig and of Fab fragments derived from two different neutralizing Ab preparations, one monoclonal, the other polyclonal. Consistent results were obtained from each, showing little difference between Ig and Fab in terms of antigen binding and in vitro neutralization, but with relatively large differences in protection of animals. We also studied whether importing Ab into the cell by Fc receptors enhanced the intracellular neutralization of ricin toxin. We found that the imported Ab was found in the ER and Golgi, a compartment traversed by ricin, as it traffics through the cell, but intracellular Ab did not contribute to the neutralization of ricin. These results indicate that the Fc region of antibody is important for in vivo protection, although the mechanism of enhanced protection by intact Ig does not appear to operate at the single cell level. When using xenogeneic antibodies, the diminished immunogenicity of Fab/F(ab’)2 preparations should be balanced against possible loss of protective efficacy.
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26
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Antibodies for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:913-23. [PMID: 24789799 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00116-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) have been demonstrated to be effective in the research and clinical environments. Early uncertainties about molecular and treatment modalities now appear to have converged upon the systemic dosing of mixtures of human IgG1. Although multiple examples of high-potency monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) exist, significant difficulties were initially encountered in their discovery. This minireview describes historical and contemporary MAbs and highlights differences between the most potent MAbs, which may offer insight into the pathogenesis and treatment of CDI.
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27
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Chow SK, Smith C, MacCarthy T, Pohl MA, Bergman A, Casadevall A. Disease-enhancing antibodies improve the efficacy of bacterial toxin-neutralizing antibodies. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 13:417-28. [PMID: 23601104 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During infection, humoral immunity produces a polyclonal response with various immunoglobulins recognizing different epitopes within the microbe or toxin. Despite this diverse response, the biological activity of an antibody (Ab) is usually assessed by the action of a monoclonal population. We demonstrate that a combination of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that are individually disease enhancing or neutralizing to Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA), a component of anthrax toxin, results in significantly augmented protection against the toxin. This boosted protection is Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) dependent and involves the formation of stoichiometrically defined mAb-PA complexes that requires immunoglobulin bivalence and simultaneous interaction between PA and the two mAbs. The formation of these mAb-PA complexes inhibits PA oligomerization, resulting in protection. These data suggest that functional assessments of single Abs may inaccurately predict how the same Abs will operate in polyclonal preparations and imply that potentially therapeutic mAbs may be overlooked in single Ab screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu-Kei Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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28
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Diamant E, Lachmi BE, Keren A, Barnea A, Marcus H, Cohen S, David AB, Zichel R. Evaluating the synergistic neutralizing effect of anti-botulinum oligoclonal antibody preparations. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87089. [PMID: 24475231 PMCID: PMC3903612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are considered some of the most lethal known substances. There are seven botulinum serotypes, of which types A, B and E cause most human botulism cases. Anti-botulinum polyclonal antibodies (PAbs) are currently used for both detection and treatment of the disease. However, significant improvements in immunoassay specificity and treatment safety may be made using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). In this study, we present an approach for the simultaneous generation of highly specific and neutralizing MAbs against botulinum serotypes A, B, and E in a single process. The approach relies on immunization of mice with a trivalent mixture of recombinant C-terminal fragment (Hc) of each of the three neurotoxins, followed by a parallel differential robotic hybridoma screening. This strategy enabled the cloning of seven to nine MAbs against each serotype. The majority of the MAbs possessed higher anti-botulinum ELISA titers than anti-botulinum PAbs and had up to five orders of magnitude greater specificity. When tested for their potency in mice, neutralizing MAbs were obtained for all three serotypes and protected against toxin doses of 10 MsLD50-500 MsLD50. A strong synergistic effect of up to 400-fold enhancement in the neutralizing activity was observed when serotype-specific MAbs were combined. Furthermore, the highly protective oligoclonal combinations were as potent as a horse-derived PAb pharmaceutical preparation. Interestingly, MAbs that failed to demonstrate individual neutralizing activity were observed to make a significant contribution to the synergistic effect in the oligoclonal preparation. Together, the trivalent immunization strategy and differential screening approach enabled us to generate highly specific MAbs against each of the A, B, and E BoNTs. These new MAbs may possess diagnostic and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Diamant
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Bat-El Lachmi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Adi Keren
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Ada Barnea
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hadar Marcus
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shoshana Cohen
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Alon Ben David
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Ran Zichel
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
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29
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Wangroongsarb P, Kohda T, Jittaprasartsin C, Suthivarakom K, Kamthalang T, Umeda K, Sawanpanyalert P, Kozaki S, Ikuta K. Molecular characterization of Clostridium botulinum isolates from foodborne outbreaks in Thailand, 2010. PLoS One 2014; 9:e77792. [PMID: 24475015 PMCID: PMC3903786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thailand has had several foodborne outbreaks of botulism, one of the biggest being in 2006 when laboratory investigations identified the etiologic agent as Clostridium botulinum type A. Identification of the etiologic agent from outbreak samples is laborious using conventional microbiological methods and the neurotoxin mouse bioassay. Advances in molecular techniques have added enormous information regarding the etiology of outbreaks and characterization of isolates. We applied these methods in three outbreaks of botulism in Thailand in 2010. Methodology/Principal Findings A total of 19 cases were involved (seven each in Lampang and Saraburi and five in Maehongson provinces). The first outbreak in Lampang province in April 2010 was associated with C. botulinum type F, which was detected by conventional methods. Outbreaks in Saraburi and Maehongson provinces occurred in May and December were due to C. botulinum type A1(B) and B that were identified by conventional methods and molecular techniques, respectively. The result of phylogenetic sequence analysis showed that C. botulinum type A1(B) strain Saraburi 2010 was close to strain Iwate 2007. Molecular analysis of the third outbreak in Maehongson province showed C. botulinum type B8, which was different from B1–B7 subtype. The nontoxic component genes of strain Maehongson 2010 revealed that ha33, ha17 and botR genes were close to strain Okra (B1) while ha70 and ntnh genes were close to strain 111 (B2). Conclusion/Significance This study demonstrates the utility of molecular genotyping of C. botulinum and how it contributes to our understanding the epidemiology and variation of boNT gene. Thus, the recent botulism outbreaks in Thailand were induced by various C. botulinum types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyada Wangroongsarb
- Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Tomoko Kohda
- Department of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Karun Suthivarakom
- Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Thanitchi Kamthalang
- Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Kaoru Umeda
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Shunji Kozaki
- Department of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Ikuta
- Department of Virology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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30
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A single VHH-based toxin-neutralizing agent and an effector antibody protect mice against challenge with Shiga toxins 1 and 2. Infect Immun 2013; 81:4592-603. [PMID: 24082082 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01033-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a major cause of severe food-borne disease worldwide, and two Shiga toxins, Stx1 and Stx2, are primarily responsible for the serious disease consequence, hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Here we report identification of a panel of heavy-chain-only antibody (Ab) V(H) (VHH) domains that neutralize Stx1 and/or Stx2 in cell-based assays. VHH heterodimer toxin-neutralizing agents containing two linked Stx1-neutralizing VHHs or two Stx2-neutralizing VHHs were generally much more potent at Stx neutralization than a pool of the two-component monomers tested in cell-based assays and in vivo mouse models. We recently reported that clearance of toxins can be promoted by coadministering a VHH-based toxin-neutralizing agent with an antitag monoclonal antibody (MAb), called the "effector Ab," that indirectly decorates each toxin molecule with four Ab molecules. Decoration occurs because the Ab binds to a common epitopic tag present at two sites on each of the two VHH heterodimer molecules that bind to each toxin molecule. Here we show that coadministration of effector Ab substantially improved the efficacy of Stx toxin-neutralizing agents to prevent death or kidney damage in mice following challenge with Stx1 or Stx2. A single toxin-neutralizing agent consisting of a double-tagged VHH heterotrimer--one Stx1-specific VHH, one Stx2-specific VHH, and one Stx1/Stx2 cross-specific VHH--was effective in preventing all symptoms of intoxication from Stx1 and Stx2 when coadministered with effector Ab. Overall, the availability of simple, defined, recombinant proteins that provide cost-effective protection against HUS opens up new therapeutic approaches to managing disease.
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31
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Combinations of monoclonal antibodies to anthrax toxin manifest new properties in neutralization assays. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1880-8. [PMID: 23509144 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01328-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are potential therapeutic agents against Bacillus anthracis toxins, since there is no current treatment to counteract the detrimental effects of toxemia. In hopes of isolating new protective MAbs to the toxin component lethal factor (LF), we used a strain of mice (C57BL/6) that had not been used in previous studies, generating MAbs to LF. Six LF-binding MAbs were obtained, representing 3 IgG isotypes and one IgM. One MAb (20C1) provided protection from lethal toxin (LeTx) in an in vitro mouse macrophage system but did not provide significant protection in vivo. However, the combination of two MAbs to LF (17F1 and 20C1) provided synergistic increases in protection both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, when these MAbs were mixed with MAbs to protective antigen (PA) previously generated in our laboratory, these MAb combinations produced synergistic toxin neutralization in vitro. But when 17F1 was combined with another MAb to LF, 19C9, the combination resulted in enhanced lethal toxicity. While no single MAb to LF provided significant toxin neutralization, LF-immunized mice were completely protected from infection with B. anthracis strain Sterne, which suggested that a polyclonal response is required for effective toxin neutralization. In total, these studies show that while a single MAb against LeTx may not be effective, combinations of multiple MAbs may provide the most effective form of passive immunotherapy, with the caveat that these may demonstrate emergent properties with regard to protective efficacy.
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