Review of natural products with hepatoprotective effects

Hepatotoxic effect of DEP in zebrafish is via oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and modulation of molecular pathways

Diethyl phthalate (DEP) is a commonly used phthalate ester (PAE) plasticizer known for its excellent plasticity and flexibility. Environmental exposure to DEP may have adverse effects on human health. Currently, few studies have focused on the specific effects and mechanisms on aquatic organisms. This study investigated the effects of oxidative stress effects and genotoxicity of DEP on zebrafish liver, as well as molecular interactions with antioxidant enzymes both in vitro and in vivo. The results revealed that exposure to DEP led to changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which may be due to changes in the structure and conformation of antioxidant enzymes induced by DEP. This disruption of redox homeostasis in the liver of adult zebrafish led to oxidative stress, resulting in oxidative damage and genotoxicity in tissues. These damages did not exhibit concentration or time dependence, as indicated by integrated biomarker response (IBR) analysis for zebrafish. This study established a rapid and effective ecological risk assessment model to evaluate the biological toxicity of DEP through animal and molecular experiments, which could provide technical support for the risk management of DEP and the formulation of scientific and rational management strategies. Additionally, it may serve as a scientific reference for preventing and treating diseases caused by DEP.

Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses, Pharmacology, Nutritional Composition, and Agrotechnology of Underutilized Wild Fruit Plant Carissa carandas L

Carissa carandas L., an indigenous Indian medicinal wild fruit plant, demonstrates remarkable resilience in dry and barren environments. The plant holds significance in traditional medicinal practices among various Indian tribes and mainstream systems like Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy. In addition, distinct parts of plant are commonly processed into decoctions, utilized in treating a range of ailments such as dysentery, fever, and cold, and exhibit various other ethnopharmacological applications. The medicinal attributes of C. carandas have spurred research into its phytochemistry, revealing the presence of various secondary metabolites such as phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, and triterpenoids. These secondary metabolites play a significant role in exhibiting various pharmacological actions, including antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, cardiovascular, and anticancer properties. Owing to its noteworthy ethnopharmacological and therapeutic importance, this review seeks to briefly outline the traditional uses, phytochemistry, nutritional composition, pharmacology, and agrotechnological aspects of this less explored and underutilized plant.

The Effects of Supplementation of the Freezing Extender with Silymarin on the Quality Parameters of Frozen-Thawed Arabian Stallion Sperm: A Preliminary Evaluation

This study evaluated the effects of supplementation of the freezing extender with different concentrations of silymarin on the quality of frozen-thawed Arabian stallion spermatozoa. Semen samples from three stallions (1, 2, and 3) were suspended in the freezing extender without or with silymarin (0, 25 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, 75 μg/mL, and 100 μg/mL) and cryopreserved in 0.5 mL straws. After 1 month of storage, the frozen semen samples in straws were thawed and evaluated in terms of viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, kinematic parameters, total and progressive motility, plasma membrane integrity, lipid peroxidation, and DNA fragmentation. The findings indicated that 25-100 μg/mL of silymarin significantly improved viability and mitochondrial membrane potential while reducing the stallion sperm lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Silymarin concentrations of 75 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL significantly increased progressive motility and plasma membrane integrity (p < 0.05). Based on our findings, it can be inferred that silymarin exhibited a dose-dependent enhancement in the frozen-thawed Arabian stallion sperm quality. The most favorable outcomes were observed when 100 μg/mL silymarin was used.

Hepatoprotective activity of medicinal plants, their phytochemistry, and safety concerns: a systematic review

Medicinal plants and their derivatives represent a promising reservoir of remedies for various ailments. Especially secondary metabolites of these plants, including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, tannins, and anthraquinones, play crucial roles in hepatoprotection. Studies have identified several prominent phytoconstituents, such as silymarin, quercetin, luteolin, glycyrrhizin, curcumin, gallic acid, chebulic acid, catechin, aloin, emodin, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, cudraflavone B, and karaviloside, as effective agents for addressing hepatotoxicity. The mechanisms underlying their efficacy include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, free radical scavenging, and the ability to block oxidative stress, cytokine production, and stabilize liver cell membranes. The application of natural products derived from medicinal plants in treating liver injuries is rooted in their efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and safety profile, contributing to their popularity. Many studies, encompassing in vitro, in vivo, preclinical, and clinical investigations, have demonstrated that the extracts of medicinal plants mitigate chemical-induced liver damage using animal models. However, intensive research efforts regarding the safety, regulatory standard, and quality control issues for using medicinal plants as hepatoprotective agents remain the strong task of scholars. The primary focus of this systematic review is to analyze the current state of the literature regarding treating liver ailments using extracts from medicinal plants, examining their phytochemical composition, and addressing associated safety considerations.

Preventive Role of Cocoa-Enriched Extract Against Neuroinflammation in Mice

BACKGROUND

Chronic aberrant inflammation is a crucial step in mediating cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative pathologies, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Due to their exceptional antioxidant properties and ability to alter imbalance metabolism and reactive inflammation response, cocoa-derived flavanols are being investigated as potential bioactive substances to modulate and reverse these inflammation-associated disorders.

OBJECTIVE

The present study will focus on the possible beneficial effects of cocoa-derived extract, enhanced with other bioactive phytochemicals such as spirulina and pineapple, on selected biomarkers of the inflammatory, metabolic, and neurodegenerative processes.

METHODS

A mice model of inflammation was treated with cocoa-derived extract cocktail, and biomolecular data was obtained by performing immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis.

RESULTS

Results show that the cocoa-derived extract mitigates the neuroinflammatory processes triggered (decreased expression of macrophage CD11b) and prevents the escalade of subsequent neurodegeneration pathologies.

CONCLUSIONS

The results based on hypo-vitaminosis, neuroinflammation, and inmunoreactive analysis suggest that cocoa-derived extract is a powerful bioproduct for ameliorating neuroinflammatory processes that mediate metabolic and cerebrovascular diseases.

Natural Polyphenol-Mediated Inhibition of Ferroptosis Alleviates Oxidative Damage and Inflammation in Acute Liver Injury

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose has long been recognized as the main cause of drug-induced liver injury (DILI), characterized by glutathione (GSH) depletion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, leading to ferroptosis and inflammatory responses. There is an urgent need for liver-protective agents to combat ferroptosis, modulate oxidative stress, and ameliorate inflammation. Catechin, a well-known polyphenol compound, has been shown to have antioxidant potential. However, its protective role on APAP-induced liver injury (AILI) has not been elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the modulating effects of catechin on AILI and observed that catechin attenuated liver injury by reducing inflammation. Mechanistically, catechin alleviated hepatic oxidative stress by inhibiting ROS accumulation, malondialdehyde (MDA) production, and GSH depletion. Furthermore, catechin, as a hepatic injury reparative agent, could counteract APAP-induced hepatocyte ferroptosis by activating the xCT/GPX4 pathway, and is expected to be a novel natural inhibitor of ferroptosis. Additionally, the transcriptomic results indicated that the inhibition of Stat1 by catechin is important for the management of AILI. Inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) expression, achieved through the use of the STAT1 inhibitor fludarabine in vivo and small interfering RNA (siRNA) in vitro, was confirmed to attenuate APAP-induced ferroptosis. In conclusion, the present study identified a novel natural drug inhibitor of ferroptosis and revealed its mechanism of action to inhibit ferroptosis, regulate oxidative stress, and ameliorate inflammation in AILI. This further provides new insights into the novel natural ferroptosis inhibitors for the treatment of ROS-related inflammatory diseases.

Pinosylvin: A Multifunctional Stilbenoid with Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Potential

Stilbenoids are a category of plant compounds exhibiting notable health-related benefits. After resveratrol, perhaps the most well-known stilbenoid is pinosylvin, a major phytochemical constituent of most plants characterised by the pine spines among others. Pinosylvin and its derivatives have been found to exert potent antibacterial and antifungal effects, while their antiparasitic and antiviral properties are still a subject of ongoing research. The antioxidant properties of pinosylvin are mostly based on its scavenging of free radicals, inhibition of iNOS and protein kinase C, and promotion of HO-1 expression. Its anti-inflammatory properties are based on a variety of mechanisms, such as COX-2 inhibition, NF-κB and TRPA1 activation inhibition, and reduction in IL-6 levels. Its anticancer properties are partly associated with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, although a number of other mechanisms are described, such as apoptosis induction and matrix metalloproteinase inhibition. A couple of experiments have also suggested a neuroprotective potential. A multitude of ethnomedical and ethnobotanical effects of pinosylvin-containing plants are reported, like antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and prokinetic actions; many of these are corroborated by recent research. The advent of novel methods of artificial pinosylvin synthesis may facilitate its mass production and adoption as a medical compound. Finally, pinosylvin may be a tool in promoting environmentally friendly pesticide and insecticide policies and be used in land remediation schemes.

Unlocking the therapeutic potential of unexplored phytocompounds as hepatoprotective agents through integration of network pharmacology and in-silico analysis

Liver diseases account for over two million deaths annually, amounting to 4% of mortality worldwide, underscoring the need for development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. The growing interest in natural hepatoprotective agents highlights the potential of traditional medicine for modern drug discovery, though unlocking their molecular complexity requires advanced tools. This study integrates cutting-edge computational techniques with traditional herbal knowledge to identify potential hepatoprotective compounds. Protein targets implicated in liver disorders were identified through network pharmacology and by leveraging the rich molecular diversity inherent in herbal compounds, phytocompounds were selected. The Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome data were compiled and enrichment analysis was performed using the DAVID database. Molecular docking of selected phytocompounds with top five protein targets helped identify 14 compounds which were employed for building the pharmacophore model. In virtual screening, among 1089 compounds screened, 10 compounds were identified as potential hits based on their predicted scores and alignment with pharmacophore features. The interactions of resulting hits were then analyzed through redocking studies and validated through molecular dynamics simulation and ADMET studies. Notably, (2S,5E)-2-(3,4-Dihydroxybenzyl)-6-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-5-hexenoic acid and 5'-hydroxymorin emerged as lead compounds for further investigation. Both compounds exhibited significant binding affinities with specific amino acids in selected targets, suggesting their potential to modulate key pathways involved in hepatic disorders. Our findings demonstrate the utility of this integrated approach which transits beyond traditional trial-and-error methods. This approach will accelerate the discovery of novel hepatoprotective compounds, providing deeper insights into their mechanistic pathways and action.

Hepatoprotective effects of phytochemicals and plant extracts against chemotherapy-induced liver damage in animal models: a systematic review

Chemotherapy, a cornerstone of cancer treatment, is frequently marred by its hepatotoxic effects, which can significantly impede therapeutic efficacy. This systematic review meticulously evaluates the hepatoprotective properties of phytochemicals and plant extracts against chemotherapy-induced liver damage, primarily in experimental animal models. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, an exhaustive search was conducted across databases like SCOPUS, PubMed, and Web of Science, culminating in the inclusion of 61 pertinent studies. These studies illustrate those natural compounds, spanning a diverse array of phytochemicals and plant extracts that can effectively mitigate biochemical markers of liver damage, enhance antioxidant defences, and modulate inflammatory responses in model organisms subjected to hepatotoxic chemotherapeutic agents such as cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and doxorubicin. Notably, the natural agents reviewed have demonstrated significant reductions in liver enzymes, improved histopathological outcomes, and bolstered cellular antioxidant capacities. The systematic synthesis of data underscores the potential of these natural substances to diminish liver toxicity associated with chemotherapy in preclinical settings. However, the review also highlights critical gaps in research, notably the underreporting of molecular mechanisms and inconsistent data on clinical translatability. To optimize the therapeutic utility of these compounds, future studies should focus on detailed molecular analyses and rigorous clinical trials to validate efficacy and safety, paving the way for integrated approaches in oncological care that minimize hepatic complications.

Rhoifolin: A promising flavonoid with potent cytotoxic and anticancer properties: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential

Rhoifolin is a flavonoid found in various plant species, especially within the Rutaceae family, and is considered a dietary component due to its presence in edible plants. Its bioactive properties, such as cytotoxic and anticancer activities, have gained significant attention. This review aims to highlight the general properties and diverse bioactivities of rhoifolin, with a particular focus on its cytotoxic and anticancer effects. This is based on a comprehensive literature search, focusing on the presence of rhoifolin in different plant species and its biological activities, particularly its anticancer properties. Rhoifolin is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in Citrus species. It exhibits a variety of bioactivities, including strong cytotoxic and anticancer effects. Recent studies have shown that rhoifolin can induce apoptosis and inhibit cancer cell proliferation, making it a promising candidate for anticancer therapies. Rhoifolin's diverse bioactivities, particularly its cytotoxic and anticancer properties, position it as a potential therapeutic agent. Further detailed investigations into its molecular mechanisms and well-designed clinical studies are needed to fully understand and utilize its therapeutic potential. See also the graphical abstract(Fig. 1).

Protective Effects of Curcumin against Alcoholic Fatty Liver

Alcoholism is a global health concern. Due to its role as the principal site of ethanol metabolism, the liver endures the most significant amount of tissue damage from heavy drinking. Numerous liver lesions can result from chronic and heavy alcohol use, including steatosis, hepatitis, and fibrosis/cirrhosis. Fatty liver is caused by a redox shift from the oxidized to the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) caused by the ethanol oxidation reaction. The other molecular mechanisms related to the progression of alcohol-induced liver injury are increasing sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) and decreasing PPAR-α activity, cell signaling pathway impairment, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and lipid peroxidation. Curcuma longa L. rhizomes contain a substance called curcumin, which is naturally yellow in color and is also known as turmeric yellow. Curcumin has powerful biological and pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, antitumor, and anticancer effects. It's been employed as a hepatoprotective substance. Current studies have demonstrated the ability of curcumin to prevent the activation of NF-αB in Kupffer cells via endotoxins, to suppress the expression of various cytokines, chemokines, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and iNOS, as well as to modulate immune responses. The present study has shown the vital role of curcumin in a variety of hepatotoxic procedures, and summarizes those effects, focusing on the molecular insights they provide.

Structural diversity, biological activities and biosynthetic pathways of [2 + 2] and [4 + 2] amide alkaloid dimers from Piperaceae: An updated review

The Piperaceae family is distributed widely in tropical and subtropical areas. It encompasses around 5 genera and over 3000 species. They are distinguished by the substantial chemical diversity and potential medicinal applications. Amide alkaloids, as the main secondary metabolites in the Piperaceae family, exhibit various biological activities, and the discovery of [2 + 2] and [4 + 2] amide alkaloid dimers has led to a surge in phytochemical research on Piperaceae plants. Although the identification of these dimers has been gradually increasing in recent years, there remains a lack of comprehensive and systematic evaluations of these compounds. This review aims to summarize the latest advancements in the research on natural amide alkaloid dimers, focusing on their structural diversity, biological activities and biosynthetic pathways, and the enzymatic advances of [2 + 2] and [4 + 2] cyclase enzymes. Until October 2024, research has documented 99 amide alkaloid dimers, including 37 dimers possessing [2 + 2] cyclobutanes skeletons and 62 [4 + 2] cyclohexene skeletons derived from the Piperaceae family. These compounds demonstrate a range of in vitro biological activities including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory, anti-platelet aggregation, hepatoprotective, antimalarial, antitubercular, anti-diabetic and notable interactions with CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 enzymes. A systematic review of these [2 + 2] and [4 + 2] amide alkaloid dimers in Piperaceae family can provide a critical scientific foundation and theoretical support for the discovery and development of novel pharmaceutical agents.

Natural Antimicrobial Compounds as Promising Preservatives: A Look at an Old Problem from New Perspectives

Antimicrobial compounds of natural origin are of interest because of the large number of reports regarding the harmfulness of food preservatives. These natural products can be derived from plants, animal sources, microorganisms, algae, or mushrooms. The aim of this review is to consider known antimicrobials of natural origin and the mechanisms of their action, antimicrobial photodynamic technology, and ultrasound for disinfection. Plant extracts and their active compounds, chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharide, bioactive peptides, and essential oils are highly potent preservatives. It has been experimentally proven that they possess strong antibacterial capabilities against bacteria, yeast, and fungi, indicating the possibility of their use in the future to create preservatives for the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and food industries.

Green Radish Polysaccharide Prevents Alcoholic Liver Injury by Interfering with Intestinal Bacteria and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Mice

This study aimed to ascertain the potential benefits of green radish polysaccharide (GRP) in treating alcoholic liver disease (ALD) in mice and explore its mechanism of action. Using biochemical analysis, high-throughput sequencing of gut microbiota, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to measure short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces, we found that GRP intervention significantly improved lipid metabolism and hepatic function in mice subjected to excessive alcohol intake. The GRP intervention reduced malondialdehyde levels by 66% and increased total superoxide dismutase levels by 22%, thereby mitigating alcohol-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, GRP intervention in mice with alcohol consumption resulted in a reduction in tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 6, and lipopolysaccharide levels by 12%, 9%, and 25%, respectively, effectively attenuating alcoholic liver inflammation. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing demonstrated that excessive alcohol consumption markedly altered the gut microbiota composition in mice. The GRP treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the number of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group) and an increase in the proportion of harmful bacteria (Muribaculaceae and Verrucomicrobiota). The metabolomic analyses of the SCFAs demonstrated an increase in the contents of SCFAs, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid, following GRP supplementation. Furthermore, the metabolic levels of cholinergic synapses and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis were found to be modulated. In conclusion, these findings suggest that GRP may attenuate alcohol-induced oxidative damage in the liver by modulating the gut microbiota and hepatic metabolic pathways. This may position GRP as a potential functional component for ALD prevention.

A review of Ficus L. genus (Moraceae): a source of bioactive compounds for health and disease. Part 1

The Ficus L. genus, belonging to the Moraceae family, includes around 850 species that are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world; including the Eastern Mediterranean, Asia, Africa, Australia, and a large territory of America. Among the most important species are F. deltoidea, F. exasperata, F. sycomorus, F. religiosa, F. microcarpa, F. hirta Vahl, F. benghalensis, F. racemosa, F. elástica, and F. carica. Different parts of Ficus plants (root, stem bark, latex, leaves, pulp and fruits) contain bioactive compounds [flavonoids (flavanols, flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, chalcones, anthocyanins), phenolic acids (hidroxylcinnamic acids, hidroxylbenzoic acids), phytosterols, terpenes (triterpenes, tetraterpenes, diterpenes, sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes), coumarins, hydroxybenzoates, phenylpropanoids, chlorins, pheophytins, megastigmanes, chitinases, organic acids, fatty acids, amino acids, alkaloids, glycosides] which together, are currently useful to more than 30 traditional ethnomedical uses. The present manuscript is the result of scientific search processed with the main electronic databases (PubMEd, SciELO, Latindex, Redalyc, BiologyBrowser, ScienceResearch, ScienceDirect, Academic Journals, Ethnobotany, and Scopus). This first review (Part 1), compiles information from published research (in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies) on its antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-helminthic, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties; as well as its possible adverse and/or toxicological effects. Given the amount of evidence described in this review it aims to trigger a more detailed scientific research on the important pharmacological properties of all angiosperm plants of the genus Ficus L.

trans-chalcone ameliorates CCl4-induced acute liver injury by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress and inflammation

BACKGROUND

Acute liver injury serves as a crucial marker for detecting liver damage due to toxic, viral, metabolic, and autoimmune exposures. Due to the response to adverse external stimuli and various cellular homeostasis, Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), Oxidative stress, and Inflammation have great potential for treating liver injury. Trans-chalcones (TC) is a polyphenolic compound derived from a natural plant with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory abilities. Here, TC was aimed to attenuate liver injury by triggering ER stress, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. A single dose of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) 1 mL/kg was administered intraperitoneally into C57BL6 mice to construct an in vivo NAFLD model, whereas AML12 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to construct an in vitro NAFLD model. The mice used in the experiment were randomly assigned to two groups: a 12-hour set and a 24-hour set. Forty-nine mice were randomly divided into seven groups, the control group (Group I), TC group (Group II) 10 mg/kg TC, negative control group (Group III) CCl4, TC + CCl4 groups (Groups IV-VI), mice were subcutaneously treated with (5, 10, and 20) mg/kg of TC for three consecutive days before the CCl4 injection and the positive control group (Group VII) received 10 mg/kg Silymarin. After the experiment, serum transaminase, liver histological pathology, hepatic expression levels ERS, oxidative stress, and inflammation-related markers were assessed. TC pre-treatment significantly alleviates the expression of ER stress, oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis in both in vivo and in vitro models of liver injury. TC treatment significantly reduced serum transaminase levels (ALT and AST), and improved liver histopathological scores. TC administration also led to a reduction in MDA levels and the suppression of ROS generated by CCl4 in hepatic tissue, which contributed to an increase in GSH levels. The protective effect of TC on the liver injury mouse model was achieved by inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis. Moreover, TC pre-treatment dramatically decreased the protein levels of ER stress indicators such as CHOP, Bip, Ero-Lα, IRE1α, PERK, Calnexin, and PDI when compared to the CCl4-only treated group. TC exerts hepatoprotective effects against CCl4-induced acute liver injuries in mice by modulating ERS, oxidative stress, and inflammation. These results suggest that TC pre-treatment at a dose of (20 mg/kg BW) was as effective as silymarin (10 mg/kg) in preventing CCl4-induced acute liver injury. Further investigations are necessary to elucidate the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the hepatoprotective effects of TC and to explore its therapeutic potential in clinical trials.

Flavonoids in natural products for the therapy of liver diseases: progress and future opportunities

The liver is the largest, important organ and the site for essential biochemical reactions in the human body. It has the function to detoxify toxic substances and synthesize useful biomolecules. Liver diseases related complications represent a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide, creating a substantial economic burden. Oxidative stress, excessive inflammation, and dysregulated energy metabolism significantly contributed to liver diseases. Therefore, discovery of novel therapeutic drugs for the treatment of liver diseases are urgently required. For centuries, flavonoids and their preparations which have the beneficial health effects in chronic diseases have been used to treat various human illnesses. Flavonoids mainly include flavones, isoflavones, flavanols, dihydroflavones, dihydroflavonols, anthocyanins and chalcones. The primary objective of this review is to assess the efficacy and safety of flavonoids, mainly from a clinical point of view and considering clinically relevant end-points. We summarized the recent progress in the research of hepatoprotective and molecular mechanisms of different flavonoids bioactive ingredients and also outlined the networks of underlying molecular signaling pathways. Further pharmacology and toxicology research will contribute to the development of natural products in flavonoids and their derivatives as medicines with alluring prospect in the clinical application.

Investigating the hepato-protective properties of chamomile oil and olive leaves extracts against ribociclib-induced hepatotoxicity

A new approach to overcome or reduce these toxicities is by using antioxidants. Ribociclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor used in the treatment of breast cancer, has been linked to hepatotoxicity and may contribute to the development of Hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. This Study aims to assess hepatoprotective effect of chamomile oil and olive leaf extracts against ribociclib-induced Hepatotoxicity in rats. A total of 40 adult male albino rats aged 9-10 weeks were utilized in this experiment. These rats were divided into four groups, (N=10). Group A (control) comprised normal rats administered 1 ml (10 ml/kg/day) of normal saline daily. Conversely, group B rats were administered 5 mg/kg Ribociclib (n = 10), while group C was administered 5 mg/kg Ribociclib with a 500 mg/kg/day dose of chamomile oil. Group D was given 5 mg \kg Ribociclib in combination with 200 mg/kg/day of olive leaves. After the trial, the animals were sacrificed, blood samples were collected for biochemical tests, and the liver tissue was processed for histological examination. The results of histology, and biochemistry parameter analysis, indicated that co-administration of Ribociclib and chamomile oil plays a decisive role in mitigating the hepatotoxicity result from Ribociclib-induced liver injuries in rats as demonstrated by histological and biochemical parameters.The levels of cholesterol and LDL in the blood were significantly lower (P < 0.01) after administering chamomile oil compared to the control group. The results of the current study demonstrated that the simultaneous use of chamomile oil and olive leaf extract significantly reduced the liver damage caused by Ribociclib and improved the lipid profile in Albino rats. Additionally, the use of chamomile extract notably lowered urea levels (p < 0.01), indicating a protective effect on the kidneys.

Targeted metabolomics of muscle amino acid profles and hepatic transcriptomics analyses in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fed with broad beans

While tissue amino acid compositions reflect that of the dietary protein source, and the liver orchestrates amino acid metabolism. In this study, we investigated the muscle amino acid profiles in ordinary and crisp grass carp. The 22 amino acids were measured, and seventeen showed significant concentration differences. To understand the molecular mechanisms behind changes, we analyzed the liver transcriptome, and the 2519 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, with 1156 up-regulated and 1363 down-regulated genes. DEGs were enriched in ribosome-related biological processes. KEGG pathway analysis showed enrichment in tryptophan metabolism, lysine degradation, valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation, galactose metabolism, and glutathione metabolism with up-regulated genes, arginine and proline metabolism, arginine biosynthesis and alanine, aspartate, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, N-Glycan biosynthesis and glutamate metabolism with down-regulated genes. A protein-protein interaction network with 260 nodes and 249 edges was constructed, and 3 modules were extracted. The top 10 hub genes with close connections to other nodes were ITM1, STT3B, SEL1L, UGGT1, MLEC, IL1B, ALG5, KRTCAP2, NFKB2, and IRAK3. In summary, this study identified candidate genes and focused on amino acid and glycan metabolism pathways, providing a reference for further investigation into liver amino acid metabolism in grass carp fed with broad beans.

Acacetin, a Natural Flavone with Potential in Improving Liver Disease Based on Its Anti-Inflammation, Anti-Cancer, Anti-Infection and Other Effects

Liver disease is a global public problem, and the cost of its therapy is a large financial burden to governments. It is well known that drug therapy plays a critical role in the treatment of liver disease. However, present drugs are far from meeting clinical needs. Lots of efforts have been made to find novel agents to treat liver disease in the past several decades. Acacetin is a dihydroxy and monomethoxy flavone, named 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone, which can be found in diverse plants. It has been reported that acacetin exhibits multiple pharmacological activities, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, anti-virus, anti-obesity, and anti-oxidation. These studies indicate the therapeutic potential of acacetin in liver disease. This review discussed the comprehensive information on the pathogenesis of liver disease (cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, drug-induced liver injury, and hepatocellular carcinoma), then introduced the biological source, structural features, and pharmacological properties of acacetin, and the possible application in preventing liver disease along with the pharmacokinetic and toxicity of acacetin, and future research directions. We systemically summarized the latest research progress on the potential therapeutic effect of acacetin on liver disease and existing problems. Based on the present published information, the natural flavone acacetin is an anticipated candidate agent for the treatment of liver disease.

Antimicrobial Activity of Honey and Propolis from Alba County, Romania

Investigating the quality of bee products obtained across different geographical regions and analyzing their antimicrobial activity is of significant interest to various scientific disciplines. This study focuses on comparing the antimicrobial activity of honey and propolis samples from different areas of Alba County, Romania. The quality parameters of five samples of two types of bee products (honey and propolis) were assessed. Then, the samples were tested to comparatively determine their antimicrobial properties against 12 species of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella anatum, Salmonella choleraesuis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Listeria monocytogenes) and 7 fungal strains (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium oxysporum, and Alternaria alternata). Of the bacterial strains, the most sensitive to the action of honey samples were the two strains of Staphylococcus followed by P. fluorescens. The two strains of Pseudomonas and L. monocytogenes were the most sensitive to the activity of propolis. Of the fungal strains, F. oxysporum was the most sensitive to the actions of both honey and propolis, followed by P. chrysogenum in the case of honey samples and the two Aspergillus strains in the case of propolis. These findings indicate that bee products are rich sources of bioactive compounds exhibiting strong antimicrobial properties and significant potential for the development of new phytopharmaceutical products.

Exploring the hepatoprotective properties of citronellol: In vitro and in silico studies on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells

Citronellol (CT) is a monoterpene alcohol present in the essential oil of plants of the genus Cymbopogon and exhibits diverse pharmacological activities. The aim of the current study was to investigate the hepatoprotective potential of CT against ethanol-induced toxicity in HepG2 cell lines. Silymarin (SIL) was used as a standard drug. MTT, crystal violet assay, DAPI, and PI staining were carried out to assess the effect of ethanol and CT on cell viability. RT-PCR determined the molecular mechanisms of hepatoprotective action of CT. CT ameliorated cell viability and restricted ethanol-induced cell death. DAPI and PI staining showed distinct differences in cell number and morphology. Less cell viability was observed in the diseased group obviously from strong PI staining when compared to the CT- and SIL-treated group. Moreover, CT showed downregulation of interleukin (IL-6), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), collagen type 1 A 1 (COL1A1), matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and glutathione peroxidase-7 (GPX-7) levels. Molecular docking studies supported the biochemical findings. It is concluded that the cytoprotective activity of CT against ethanol-induced toxicity might be explained by its anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and collagen-regulating effects.

The Effects of Silymarin on Calcium Chloride-Induced Arrhythmia in Male Rat

Antioxidants play an important role in protecting cardiac arrhythmias. Silymarin, strong antioxidant, is effective in reducing the complications caused by arrhythmias. This study was conducted to determine the effect of silymarin on the prevention and treatment of calcium chloride-induced arrhythmia. In total, 48 male rats were randomly divided into six groups: the first control group for acute administration received intravenous injection of 0.2 mL of dimethylsulfoxide, a cosolvent, immediately after induction of arrhythmia; the second control group for chronic administration, daily gavage of dimethylsulfoxide for 2 weeks before induction of arrhythmia; acute silymarin group, 100 mg/kg intravenous, immediately after the occurrence of arrhythmia; chronic silymarin group, daily gavage of 50 mg/kg for 2 weeks before induction of arrhythmia; amiodarone standard treatment, 5 mg/kg intravenous, immediately after induction of arrhythmia; and quinidine standard treatment, 10 mg/kg intravenous, immediately after induction of arrhythmia. Calcium chloride (140 mg/kg, i.v.) was used to induce arrhythmia. Electrocardiogram was recorded and monitored by PowerLab™ system. The incidence rates of premature ventricular beat (PVB), ventricular tachycardia (VT), and ventricular fibrillation (VF) were calculated. The antiarrhythmic effect of silymarin was observed with a significant decrease in the incidence of premature ventricular beat (22.56 ± 1.04%, P < 0.001), ventricular tachycardia (34.150 ± 1.59%, P < 0.001), and ventricular fibrillation (24.31 ± 1.02%, P < 0.001) compared with the control group (100%). These effects were comparable to antiarrhythmic drugs such as quinidine (29.23% ± 1.24%, 52.23% ± 1.13%, 66.31% ± 1.81%) and amiodarone (22.91% ± .72%, 41.09% ± 1.66%, 61.59% ± 1.11%). Silymarin exerts a potent antioxidant effect, thereby mitigating the risk of VT, VF, and PVC.

Metabolic profiling of Verbena bonariensis L. extract by LC/MS and evaluation of the hepatoprotective potential with isoniazid- and rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

The study explored the hepatoprotective activity and metabolic profile of Verbena bonariensis L. methanol extract (VBM) and fractions using isoniazid as well as rifampicin-triggered liver toxicity in Wistar albino rats. Metabolite profiling of VBM using HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS identified 12 compounds, mainly iridoids, phenylpropanoids, and flavonoids, where verbascoside represents the major compound. Different biochemical parameters such as aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, and total protein levels were used to assess liver functions. All the evaluated samples exhibited hepatoprotective potential, but VBM exhibited maximum activity and a notable decline in ALP (p < 0.05, significant), even better than the standard drug (silymarin). VBM significantly reduced the elevated ALT, AST, ALP, and total bilirubin. It also triggered a significant elevation in total proteins compared with diseased animals. This was further consolidated by histopathological studies. Verbena bonariensis L. could serve as a potent hepatoprotective agent and may alleviate liver ailments.

Dietary patterns and the risk of tuberculosis-drug-induced liver injury: a cohort study

Background and purpose

Nutrition is associated with tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury (TBLI). How dietary patterns relate to tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury is still unknown. The objective of this study is to explore the relation between dietary patterns and the risk of tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury.

Methods

This cohort study was conducted at two hospitals in Shandong Province, China, between 2011 and 2013. A total of 605 tuberculosis patients were included in the final analysis. The blood aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase level was monitored through the 6-month tuberculosis treatment. The semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires were used to survey dietary intake in the second month of the tuberculosis treatment. The China Healthy Diet Index (CHDI), which was previously validated in the Chinese population, was used as an a priori dietary pattern. A posteriori dietary patterns were extracted by principal component analysis (PCA).

Results

The CHDI was negatively associated with the risk of liver injury [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) per standard deviation (SD) (95% CI): 0.61 (0.40-0.94)] and liver dysfunction [aOR per SD (95% CI): 0.47 (0.35-0.64)] in the multivariate logistic model. A positive association between "Organ meat, poultry, and vegetable oil" dietary pattern scores (extracted by PCA) and the risk of liver injury [aOR (95% CI): 3.02 (1.42-6.41)] and liver dysfunction [aOR (95% CI): 1.83 (1.09-3.05)] was observed.

Conclusion

In conclusion, a high CHDI score was a protective factor for tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury, while the "Organ meat, poultry, and vegetable oil" dietary pattern, which was rich in organ meat, poultry, and vegetable oil and low in vegetables, was an independent risk factor for tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury.

Isolation of a novel quercetin derivative from Terminalia chebula and RT-PCR-assisted probing to investigate its DNA repair in hepatoma cells

Background and purpose

DNA damage can lead to carcinogenesis if replication proceeds without proper repair. This study focused on the purification of a novel quercetin derivative present in Terminalia chebula fruit and studied its protective role in hepatoma cells due to H2O2-DNA damage.

Experimental approach

The pure compound obtained from the silica gel column was subjected to structural characterization using spectroscopic techniques. MTT assay was employed to select a non-toxic concentration of the isolated compounds on HepG2 and Chang liver cells. The antigenotoxic property of the compound on HepG2 and Chang liver cells was carried out by alkaline comet assay. Analyses of expression levels of mRNA for two DNA repair enzymes, OGG1 and NEIL1, in HepG2 and Chang liver cells, were carried out using the RT-PCR method.

Findings/Results

The pure compound obtained from the fraction-5 of diethyl ether extract was identified as a novel quercetin derivative and named 7-(but-2-en-1-yloxy)-2-(4(but-2-en-1-yloxy)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-3- (hexa-2,4-dien-1-yloxy)-6-hydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one. This compound recorded modest toxicity at the highest concentration tested (percentage cell viability at 100 μg/mL was 64.71 ± 0.38 for HepG2 and 45.32 ± 0.07 for Chang liver cells). The compound has demonstrated noteworthy protection against H2O2-induced DNA damage in both cell lines. Analyses of mRNA expression levels for enzymes OGGI and NEIL1 enzymes in HepG2 and Chang liver cells asserted the protective role of the isolated compound against H2O2-induced DNA damage.

Conclusion and implication

The protective effect of a novel quercetin derivative isolated from T. chebula in the hepatoma cells is reported here for the first time.

Supplementation of Saussurea costus root alleviates sodium nitrite-induced hepatorenal toxicity by modulating metabolic profile, inflammation, and apoptosis

Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) is a widely used food ingredient, although excessive concentrations can pose potential health risks. In the present study, we evaluated the deterioration effects of NaNO2 additives on hematology, metabolic profile, liver function, and kidney function of male Wistar rats. We further explored the therapeutic potential of supplementation with S. costus root ethanolic extract (SCREE) to improve NaNO2-induced hepatorenal toxicity. In this regard, 65 adult male rats were divided into eight groups; Group 1: control, Groups 2, 3, and 4 received SCREE in 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight, respectively, Group 5: NaNO2 (6.5 mg/kg body weight), Groups 6, 7 and 8 received NaNO2 (6.5 mg/kg body weight) in combination with SCREE (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight), respectively. Our results revealed that the NaNO2-treated group shows a significant change in deterioration in body and organ weights, hematological parameters, lipid profile, and hepatorenal dysfunction, as well as immunohistochemical and histopathological alterations. Furthermore, the NaNO2-treated group demonstrated a considerable increase in the expression of TNF-α cytokine and tumor suppressor gene P53 in the kidney and liver, while a significant reduction was detected in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 and the apoptosis suppressor gene BCL-2, compared to the control group. Interestingly, SCREE administration demonstrated the ability to significantly alleviate the toxic effects of NaNO2 and improve liver function in a dose-dependent manner, including hematological parameters, lipid profile, and modulation of histopathological architecture. Additionally, SCREE exhibited the ability to modulate the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic genes in the liver and kidney. The phytochemical analysis revealed a wide set of primary metabolites in SCREE, including phenolics, flavonoids, vitamins, alkaloids, saponins and tannins, while the untargeted UPLC/T-TOF-MS/MS analysis identified 183 metabolites in both positive and negative ionization modes. Together, our findings establish the potential of SCREE in mitigating the toxic effects of NaNO2 by modulating metabolic, inflammatory, and apoptosis. Together, this study underscores the promise of SCREE as a potential natural food detoxifying additive to counteract the harmful impacts of sodium nitrite.

The Therapeutic Effects of Baicalein on the Hepatopulmonary Syndrome in the Rat Model of Chronic Common Bile Duct Ligation

Background and Aims

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is characterized by arterial oxygenation defects due to pulmonary vascular dilation in liver disease. To date, liver transplantation remains the only effective treatment for HPS. This study aimed to explore the preventative role of baicalein in HPS development.

Methods

Sixty male rats were randomly assigned to three groups: sham, common bile duct ligation (CBDL), and baicalein, receiving intraperitoneal injections of baicalein (40 mg·kg-1·d-1, diluted in saline) for 21 days. Survival rate, liver and kidney function, and bile acid metabolism levels were evaluated. Liver and lung angiogenesis and hepatic glycogen staining were assessed, and the expression of relevant proteins was evaluated by immunohistochemistry.

Results

Baicalein improved survival rates and hypoxemia in rats post-CBDL, reducing angiogenic protein levels and enhancing glucose homeostasis. Compared to the untreated group, baicalein suppressed the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, placental growth factors, matrix metalloprotease 9 and C-X-C motif chemokine 2, and it increased the expression of glycemic regulatory proteins, including dipeptidyl peptidase-4, sirtuin 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1α, and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3.

Conclusion

Baicalein significantly improves hepatic function and hypoxia in HPS rats by attenuating pathological angiogenesis in the liver and lungs, showing promise as a treatment for HPS.

Synthesis and Characterization of Naproxen Intercalated Zinc Oxide Stacked Nanosheets for Enhanced Hepatoprotective Potential

Liver diseases pose a significant global health burden, with limited therapeutic options for chronic cases. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates for hepatoprotection due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative properties. However, their potential remains hampered by insufficient drug loading and controlled release. The current study explores the intercalation of Naproxen (Nx), a potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug, within ZnO stacked nanosheets (SNSs) to address these limitations. Herein, an easy and solution-based synthesis of novel Nx intercalated ZnO SNSs was established. The obtained Nx intercalated ZnO SNSs were encapsulated with poly(vinyl acetate) (PVA) to make them biocompatible. The synthesized biocomposite was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which confirm the successful synthesis and intercalation of Nx within the ZnO SNSs. The obtained outcomes showed that the configuration of ZnO nanosheets was altered when Nx was introduced, resulting in a more organized stacking pattern. An in vivo investigation of mice liver cells unveiled that the Nx intercalated ZnO SNss had increased hepatoprotective properties. The study's results provide valuable insights into using Nx intercalated ZnO SNss for targeted drug delivery and improved treatment effectiveness, particularly for liver-related illnesses.

Effects of gossypin on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice

Liver injury from paracetamol (acetaminophen) (APAP) is common worldwide. To prevent intoxication with a drug with high poisoning, treatment can be made possible with an easily accessible and harmless substance. This study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective ef-fects of Gossypin (GOS) in mice exposed to an overdose of APAP -the possible mechanism of action. Specifically, serum [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and hepatic biochemical parameters (glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and super-oxide dismutase (SOD)] were evaluated. Protein and mRNA levels of inflammatory, apoptot-ic, and cytochrome factors, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-kB, and CYP2E1, were ana-lyzed using real-time PCR. Pretreatment with GOS significantly reduced APAP-induced he-patic injury via oxidative stress. Along with potent antioxidant activity, GOS promoted APAP hepatic detoxification by regulating AST, ALT, GSH, MDA, and SOD activities and mRNA levels of the cytochrome CYP2E1 gene. The anti-inflammatory activity of GOS in-creases its production. TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, through possible NF-kB blockade, are also responsible for its hepatoprotective effect. Taken together, GOS has the potential to be devel-oped as a preventive agent to be administered to patients suffering from APAP overdose.

Clerodendrum Glandulosum Lindl.: A Review of Ethnopharmacology, Pharmacological Potentials, and their Mechanism of Action

Clerodendrum glandulosum Lindl. is popularly known for its traditional herbal remedies and therapeutic properties among the people of Northeast Indian communities, as well as Chinese traditional medicine. For the myriad pharmacological properties, viz., anti-hypertensive, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective, planting this species in kitchen gardens is a common practice to treat various ailments, especially hypertension, diabetes, and other metabolic complications. Different phytochemicals, representing the diverse classes of secondary metabolites comprising physiological and phytopharmaceutical significance, have been reported from C. glandulosum. Compounds with terpenoids, steroids, and phenolics are in demand in the pharmaceutical industry. An overview of the mechanism of action of the prominent compounds has also been collated for future research on C. glandulosum-based therapeutics. Current information focuses on this important medicinal plant's ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, associated mechanisms, and toxicology. This review will help explore this potential medicinal plant, which can pave the path for its application in the pharmaceutical industry.

Embryonic growth and effect of embryonic age on quantitative and functional characteristics of duck primary hepatocytes

Primary hepatocytes (PH) have been widely used in metabolic and disease-resistance mechanism research. However, hepatocyte isolation (HI) remains challenging in ducks. This study aimed to explore embryonic growth and the effect of embryonic age (EA) on the quantitative and functional characteristics of PH in ducks. For embryonic growth, the size and weight of the embryo and liver were determined from 6 to 28 EA (E6-E28, similar below). As EA increased, the corresponding size and weight grew significantly. Specifically, embryonic length varied from 12.5 mm to 133.0 mm, and liver width varied from 2.0 mm to 26.2 mm. Embryonic weight ranged from 0.259 g to 53.58 g, and liver weight ranged from 0.007 g to 1.765 g. Liver index initially decreased and then increased with a ratio ranging from 1.06 to 3.29%. For quantitative and functional characteristics, they were determined from E6 to E22, as there were no obvious liver features before E6 and few cells obtained after E22. The number of cells isolated in liver increased from E6 to E16 and then sharply decreased from E16 to E22. The viability remained relatively stable from E6 to E10 and then decreased from E12 to E22. The comprehensive intensity of hepatic glycogen was stronger at E8 and E14. Albumin expression increased markedly from E6 to E18 by qPCR, and the overall albumin expression was stronger at E8 and E14 by immunofluorescence assay. Hepatocyte purity exceeded 90% except for E20 and E22. During culture, cell clusters appeared after 24-h culture, which were identified as nonhepatocytes. The growth curve showed an initial increase in cell quantity followed by a decrease, another increase, and then remaining stable. In conclusion, EA had a significant effect on the quantitative and functional characteristics of PH, and the suitable EA for HI were E8 and E14. Considering better operability and quantity, E14 was the optimal EA, laying a solid foundation for further hepatocyte purification, nutrient metabolism, and disease-resistance mechanism explorations in ducks.

The protective effect of Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide on alcoholic liver injury in C57BL/6 mice

An alcohol-induced liver injury model was induced in C57BL/6 mice to assess the protective efficacy of Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharides (EP) against liver damage. Histological alterations in the liver were examined following hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Biochemical assay kits and ELISA kits were employed to analyze serum and liver biochemical parameters, as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes and alcohol metabolism-related enzymes. The presence of oxidative stress-related proteins in the liver was detected using western blotting. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to profile serum metabolites in mice. The findings demonstrated that EP-H (100 mg/Kg) reduced serum ALT and AST activity by 2.31-fold and 2.32-fold, respectively, when compared to the alcohol-induced liver injury group. H&E staining revealed a significant attenuation of microvesicular steatosis and ballooning pathology in the EP-H group compared to the model group. EP administration was found to enhance alcohol metabolism by regulating metabolite-related enzymes (ADH and ALDH) and decreasing CYP2E1 expression. EP also modulated the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway to bolster hepatic antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, EP restored the levels of lipid metabolites (Glycine, Butanoyl-CoA, and Acetyl-CoA) to normalcy. In summary, EP confers protection to the liver through the regulation of antioxidant activity and lipid metabolites in the murine liver.

Medicinal herbs and their metabolites with biological potential to protect and combat liver toxicity and its disorders: A review

The liver is an essential organ that helps the body with immunity, metabolism, and detoxification, among other functions. Worldwide, liver illnesses are a leading cause of mortality and disability. There are few effective treatment choices, but they frequently have unfavorable side effects. Investigating the potential of medicinal plants and their bioactive phytoconstituents in the prevention and treatment of liver disorders has gained more attention in recent years. An assessment of the hepatoprotective potential of medicinal plants and their bioactive secondary metabolites is the goal of this thorough review paper. To determine their hepatoprotective activity, these plants were tested against liver toxicity artificially induced in rats, mice and rabbits by chemical agents such as carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), paracetamol (PCM), thioacetamide (TAA), N-nitrosodiethylamine, d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide, antitubercular medicines (rifampin, isoniazid) and alcohol. To find pertinent research publications published between 1989 and 2022, a comprehensive search of electronic bibliographic databases (including Web of Science, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and others) was carried out. The investigation comprised 203 plant species from 81 families in total. A thorough discussion was mentioned regarding the hepatoprotective qualities of plants belonging to several families, such as Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. The plant groups Asteraceae and Fabaceae were the most frequently shown to have hepatoprotective properties. The phytochemical constituents namely flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids exhibited the highest frequency of hepatoprotective action. Also, some possible mechanism of action of some active constituents from medicinal plants was discussed in brief which were found in some studies. In summary, the information on medicinal plants and their potentially hepatoprotective bioactive phytoconstituents has been consolidated in this review which emphasizes the importance of further research to explore the efficacy and safety of these natural remedies for various liver ailments.

Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity of Vitis vinifera Extracts in Breast Cell Lines

Vitis vinifera extracts have been shown to possess antioxidant activity because of their polyphenol content. In addition, their therapeutic potential against several diseases, including cancer, has been reported. In this study, we produced twelve extracts from the seeds, fruit, leaves, and wood of the Vitis vinifera Airen variety using different extraction methodologies and measured their total polyphenol content (TPC). We also determined their antioxidant and antiproliferative effects against normal cells and evaluated the most potent extract against a panel of breast cancer cell lines. We found that the extracts produced by the seeds of Vitis vinifera had a higher TPC compared to the other parts of the plant. Most extracts produced from seeds had antioxidant activity and did not show cytotoxicity against normal breast cells. The extract produced from whole organic seeds of white grape showed the best correlation between the dose and the ROS inhibition at all time points compared to the other seed extracts and also had antiproliferative properties in estrogen-receptor-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Its mechanism of action involves inhibition of proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and survivin, and induction of apoptosis. Further investigation of the constituents and activity of Vitis vinifera extracts may reveal potential pharmacological applications of this plant.

Baccharis anomala DC. extract reduces inflammation and attenuates hepatic fibrosis in vivo by decreasing NF-kB and extracellular matrix compounds

Baccharis anomala DC. (BA) is a plant species found in the tropical regions of South America and is widely used for its hepatoprotective effects, as well as for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Studies have recently reported its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. BA extract can reverse the activated phenotype of hepatic stellate cells (HSC), which plays a central role in extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in the development of liver fibrosis. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of the treatment with BA extract on liver fibrosis in a CCl4-induced liver fibrosis model in BALB/c mice. Methanolic extract was obtained from BA leaves, a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to detect the compounds present was performed, and then administered by intraperitoneal injection in Balb/C mice at a concentration of 50 and 100 mg/kg together with the administration of CCl4 for inducing liver fibrosis. After 10 weeks, blood analysis, histopathology, oxidative stress, as well as protein and gene expression in the hepatic tissue were performed. Treatment with BA extract was able to reduce profibrotic markers by reducing the expression of α-SMA and Col-1 proteins, as well as reducing the formation of free radicals and lipid peroxidation. (BA extract showed anti-inflammatory effects in the liver by suppressing NF-kB activation and reducing gene expression of signaling targets (IL-6 and iNOS). The data obtained showed that BA extract has antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects.

Supplemental impact of silymarin in growing pig diet on the growth performance, total tract digestibility, faecal microflora, faecal noxious gas emission and absorption rate in blood

The research was done to examine the impact of dietary silymarin on growth performance, total tract digestibility, faecal microbial, faecal gas emission and absorption rate in blood of growing pigs. Experiment 1: a total of 140 growing pigs (24.47 ± 2.49 kg) were used in a 6-week trial. There were four dietary treatment groups (seven replicate pens/treatment, five pigs/pen) and treatment diets composed of corn, soybean meal (SBM), distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and rapeseed meal-based basal diets with 0%, 0.025%, 0.050% and 0.10% of micelle silymarin respectively. Experiment 2: A total of 18 pigs were divided into six treatment groups. Treatment diets: TRT1, TRT2 and TRT3 were basal diets with 30, 150 and 300 g powdered silymarin respectively; and TRT4, TRT5 and TRT6 were basal diets with 30, 150 and 300 g micelle-type silymarin respectively. Average daily gain (ADG) tended to increase (p < 0.10) at Week 3 and overall experiment after silymarin addition. Overall ADG and average daily feed intake are also intended to improve (p < 0.10) linearly in this study. During Week 6, growing pigs fed silymarin showed linearly increased (p < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, nitrogen and energy. Dietary silymarin supplementation increased (p < 0.10) linearly the faecal Lactobacillus count at Week 3 while Escherichia coli count was linearly decreased at both the 3rd week (p < 0.05) and 6th week (p < 0.10). Silymarin supplementation showed no effect on faecal gas emissions. A higher (p < 0.05) absorption rate in the blood was found in micelle-type silymarin compared to powdered silymarin after the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 8th, 12th and 24th h of feeding. Results suggest that silymarin in a corn-SBM-DDGS-rapeseed meal-based diet may help to improve ADG, FI, ATTD and faecal microflora in growing pigs. And absorption rate in the blood of pig is higher in micelle-type silymarin.

Medicinal Plant-derived Phytochemicals in Detoxification

The average worldwide human life expectancy is 70 years, with a significantly higher value in Western societies. Many modern diseases are not associated with premature mortality but with a decreased quality of life in aged patients and an excessive accumulation of various toxic compounds in the human body during life. Today, scientists are especially interested in finding compounds that can help increase a healthy lifespan by detoxifying the body. Phytotherapy with specific approaches is used in alternative medicine to remove toxins from the body. Worldwide, research is conducted to identify medicinal plant-derived molecules that, with few or no side effects, may protect the liver and other organs. This review provides updated information about the detoxification process, the traditional and modern use of the most effective medicinal plants, their active metabolites as detoxifying agents, and the mechanisms and pathways involved in the detoxification process. Among medicinal plants with substantial detoxifying properties, a major part belongs to the Asteraceae family (Silybum marianum, Cynara scolymus, Arctium lappa, Helichrysum species, Inula helenium, and Taraxacum officinale). The most widely used hepatoprotective phytocomponent is silymarin, a standardized extract from the Silybum marianum seeds containing a mixture of flavonolignans. Many polysaccharides, polyphenols, and terpenoids have a detoxifying effect. Overall, scientific data on medicinal plants used in phytotherapeutic practice worldwide provides an understanding and awareness of their efficacy in detoxification.

Hepatoprotective effects of natural drugs: Current trends, scope, relevance and future perspectives

BACKGROUND

The liver is a well-known player in the metabolism and removal of drugs. Drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver detoxify drugs and xenobiotics, ultimately leading to the acquisition of homeostasis. However, liver toxicity and cell damage are not only related to the nature and dosage of a particular drug but are also influenced by other factors such as aging, immune status, environmental contaminants, microbial metabolites, gender, obesity, and expression of individual genes Furthermore, factors such as drugs, alcohol, and environmental contaminants could induce oxidative stress, thereby impairing the regenerative potential of the liver and causing several diseases. Persons suffering from other ailments and those with comorbidities are found to be more prone to drug-induced toxicities. Moreover, drug composition and drug-drug interactions could further aggravate the risk of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. A plethora of mechanisms are responsible for initiating liver cell damage and further aggravating liver cell injury, followed by impairment of homeostasis, ultimately leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species, immune-suppression, and oxidative stress.

OBJECTIVE

To summarize the potential of phytochemicals and natural bioactive compounds to treat hepatotoxicity and other liver diseases.

STUDY DESIGN

A deductive qualitative content analysis approach was employed to assess the overall outcomes of the research and review articles pertaining to hepatoprotection induced by natural drugs, along with analysis of the interventions.

METHODS

An extensive literature search of bibliographic databases, including Web of Science, PUBMED, SCOPUS, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, etc., was carried out to understand the role of hepatoprotective effects of natural drugs.

RESULTS

Bioactive natural products, including curcumin, resveratrol, etc., have been seen as neutralizing agents against the side effects induced by the drugs. Moreover, these natural products are dietary and are readily available; thus, could be supplemented along with drugs to reduce toxicity to cells. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics have shown promise of improving overall liver functioning, and these should be evaluated more extensively for their hepatoprotective potential. Therefore, selecting an appropriate natural product or a bioactive compound that is free of toxicity and offers a reliable solution for drug-induced liver toxicity is quintessential.

CONCLUSIONS

The current review highlights the role of natural bioactive products in neutralizing drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Efforts have been made to delineate the possible underlying mechanism associated with the neutralization process.

Protective potential of naringenin and its nanoformulations in redox mechanisms of injury and disease

Increasing evidence suggests that elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a significant role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Increased intracellular levels of ROS can lead to the oxidation of lipids, DNA, and proteins, contributing to cellular damage. Hence, the maintenance of redox hemostasis is essential. Naringenin (NAR) is a flavonoid included in the flavanones subcategory. Various pharmacological actions have been ascribable to this phytochemical composition, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, antiadipogenic, neuro-, and cardio-protective activities. This review focused on the underlying mechanism responsible for the antioxidative stress properties of NAR and its' nanoformulations. Several lines of in vitro and in vivo investigations suggest the effects of NAR and its nanoformulation on their target cells via modulating signaling pathways. These nanoformulations include nanoemulsion, nanocarriers, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), and nanomicelle. This review also highlights several beneficial health effects of NAR nanoformulations on human diseases including brain disorders, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and small intestine injuries. Employing nanoformulation can improve the pharmacokinetic properties of NAR and consequently efficiency by reducing its limitations, such as low bioavailability. The protective effects of NAR and its' nanoformulations against oxidative stress may be linked to the modulation of Nrf2-heme oxygenase-1, NO/cGMP/potassium channel, COX-2, NF-κB, AMPK/SIRT3, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, BDNF, NOX, and LOX-1 pathways. Understanding the mechanism behind the protective effects of NAR can facilitate drug development for the treatment of oxidative stress-related disorders.

The protective effects of nerol to prevent the toxicity of carbon tetrachloride to the liver in Sprague-Dawley rats

Introduction

Carbon-tetrachloride (CCl4) is well-known to cause liver damage due to severe oxidative stress. Nerol, on the other hand, is a monoterpene that is antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anxiolytic. This study set out to determine if nerol may be used as a prophylactic measure against the oxidative stress mediated hepatic injury caused by CCl4.

Materials and methods

For the aim of this experiment, 35 male Sprague-Dawley rats ranging in body weight (BW) from 140 to 180 g were split into five separate groups. With the exception of vehicle control group 1, all experimental rats were subjected to carbon tetrachloride exposure through intra-peritoneal injection at a 0.7 mL/kg body weight dose once a week for 4 weeks (28 days). The treatment groups 3 and 4 received oral administration of nerol at 50 and 100 mg/kg BW for 28 days. In the same time period, the standard control group received 100 mg/kg BW silymarin.

Results

Serum hepatic markers, lipid profiles, albumin, globulin, bilirubin, and total protein were all substantially improved in nerol-treated rats in a dose-dependent manner that had been exposed to CCl4 compared to the only CCl4-treated group. Carbon tetrachloride-exposed rats had lower glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels and higher thio-barbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels than normal rats. In contrast, administration of nerol shown a significant augmentation in the concentrations of these antioxidant compounds, while concurrently inducing a decline in the levels of TBARS in the hepatic tissue. In a similar vein, the histo-pathological examination yielded further evidence indicating that nerol offered protection to the hepatocyte against damage generated by CCl4.

Conclusion

According to the findings of our investigation, nerol has potential as a functional element to shield the liver from harm brought on by ROS that are caused by CCL4.

Layer-by-layer reinforced-mediated sustained-release nanoantioxidants for long-lasting prevention against drug-induced liver injury

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a commonly encountered and diagnostically complex etiology of acute liver failure, characterized by early indications of hepatic oxidative stress. The most economical approach for DILI treatment is effective and durable oxidative stress prevention. Herein, we propose a long-lasting nanoantioxidant called PDA-Zn-BAI NPs characterized by sustained-release of baicalein (a natural antioxidant) for the long-lasting prevention of DILI. It is constructed using dopamine as an intermediate and layer-by-layer reinforcement strategy based on Zn2+-mediated coordination bonding, π-π stacking, and steric hindrance made of polydopamine network. Optimized PDA-Zn-BAI NPs performed a satisfactory sustained-release effect (36.67% ± 6.67 in normal condition and 60.32% ± 3.19 in acid condition of cumulative release within 5 days). Furthermore, it's been found that PDA-Zn-BAI NPs could continuously be accumulated in the liver with negligible hepatotoxicity and were activated to effectively scavenge reactive oxygen species to break off the damage of acetaminophen to the liver within 5 days (ALT as an indicator, > 70% prevention effect lasts for 5 days), which was vital for the long-lasting prevention of DILI. The long-lasting detoxification by PDA-Zn-BAI NPs in patients with DILI suggested a potential clinical application, especially for those patients who need prolonged administration of hepatotoxic drugs.

Chlorogenic acids: A pharmacological systematic review on their hepatoprotective effects

BACKGROUND

Liver diseases have a negative impact on global health and are a leading cause of death worldwide. Chlorogenic acids (CGAs), a family of esters formed between certain trans-cinnamic acids and quinic acid, are natural polyphenols abundant in coffee, tea, and a variety of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). They are reported to have good hepatoprotective effects against various liver diseases.

PURPOSE

This review aims to analyze the available literature on the hepatoprotective effect of CGAs, with particular emphasis on their mechanisms.

METHODS

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. PubMed and Web of Science databases were adopted to retrieve all relevant literature on CGAs for liver disease from 2013 to March 2023.

RESULTS

Research has indicated that CGAs play a crucial role in improving different types of liver diseases, including drug-induced liver injury (DILI), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), cholestatic liver disease (CLD), liver fibrosis, and liver cancer. CGAs display remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by activating erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and inhibiting toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Some important molecules such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), and other key physiological processes like intestinal barrier and gut microbiota have also been discovered to participate in CGAs-provided amelioration on various liver diseases.

CONCLUSION

In this review, different studies indicate that CGAs have an excellent protective effect against various liver diseases associated with various signaling pathways.

The Preventive Mechanism of Anserine on Tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide-Induced Liver Injury in L-02 Cells via Regulating the Keap1-Nrf2 and JNK-Caspase-3 Signaling Pathways

Anserine is a naturally occurring histidine dipeptide with significant antioxidant activities. This study aimed to investigate the preventive mechanism of anserine on tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-induced liver damage in a normal human liver cell line (L-02 cells). The L-02 cells were pretreated with anserine (10, 20, and 40 mmol/L) and then induced with 400 μmol/L of TBHP for 4 h. The results showed that the survival rates of L-02 cells and the contents of GSH were significantly increased with the pretreatment of anserine; the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the extracellular fluid were sharply decreased; and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nuclear fragmentation, and apoptosis were significantly inhibited. In addition, anserine could bind to the Kelch domain of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) with a binding force of -7.2 kcal/mol; the protein expressions of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and Bcl-2 were upregulated by anserine in TBHP-induced L-02 cells, with the downregulation of p-JNK and caspase-3. In conclusion, anserine might alleviated liver injury in L-02 cells via regulating related proteins in the Keap1-Nrf2 and JNK-Caspase-3 signaling pathways.

Dietary regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in metabolic syndrome

BACKGROUND

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a class of ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors, members of the type nuclear receptor superfamily, with three subtypes, namely PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ, which play a key role in the metabolic syndrome. In the past decades, a large number of studies have shown that natural products can act by regulating metabolic pathways mediated by PPARs.

PURPOSE

This work summarizes the physiological importance and clinical significance of PPARs and reviews the experimental evidence that natural products mediate metabolic syndrome via PPARs.

METHODS

This study reviews relevant literature on clinical trials, epidemiology, animals, and cell cultures published in NCBI PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and other databases from 2001 to October 2022. Search keywords were "natural product" OR "botanical" OR "phytochemical" AND "PPAR" as well as free text words.

RESULTS

The modulatory involvement of PPARs in the metabolic syndrome has been supported by prior research. It has been observed that many natural products can treat metabolic syndrome by altering PPARs. The majority of currently described natural compounds are mild PPAR-selective agonists with therapeutic effects that are equivalent to synthetic medicines but less harmful adverse effects.

CONCLUSION

PPAR agonists can be combined with natural products to treat and prevent metabolic syndrome. Further human investigations are required because it is unknown how natural products cause harm and how they might have negative impacts.

American Cranberry (Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Ait.) Pursh) Leaves Extract and Its Amino-Acids Preparation: The Phytochemical and Pharmacological Study

The liver is an organ with several important biofunctions, for which there are very few effective and safe preparations that promote the functioning, protection, and regeneration of cells. Sufficiently safe preparations with hepatoprotective activity can be found in plants. The aim of our study was to investigate the chemical composition of an extract made from American cranberry (Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Ait.) Pursh) leaves and its amino-acids preparations as well as their possible hepatoprotective activity. Using the UPLC-MS/MS method, we identified 19 phenolic compounds (8 flavonoids (flavones and flavonols), 4 anthocyanins, 3 hydroxycinnamic acids, and 2 catechins). The prophylactic and therapeutic administration of the American cranberry-leaves extracts led to a decrease in the lipid-peroxidation process during a study of tetrachloromethane acute toxic damage in the liver of rats. As a result of animal studies, the most effective hepatoprotective activity was found in the extract preparations with valine and arginine.

Evaluation of egg white hydrolysates on the hepatoprotective effect in vitro and in vivo

The small molecule characteristics and nutritional value of egg white hydrolysates have been widely used. In the present study, in vitro and in vivo models were used to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of egg protein hydrolysate (EWH) by regulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes. The in vitro experiment results showed that 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL of EWH enhanced antioxidant activity in HepG2 cells by increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. The in vivo experiment results showed that EWH (L) (38.5 mg/kg BW) and EWH (H) (385 mg/kg BW) alleviated carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in SD rats through reduced levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lipid peroxidation products malondialdehyde (MDA). In addition, EWH also ameliorates CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in SD rats by increasing the antioxidant activity of GSH levels with a decrease in oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels. Besides, EWH ameliorates liver tissue injuries by CCl4-induction. EWH has the highest glutamic acid in free amino acid composition, the second highest was aspartic acid, and the third was cystine, 204, 141, and 125 mg/100 g, respectively. These results suggest EWH has hepatoprotective potential through reduced lipid peroxidation products and enhanced antioxidant activity.

Insights into the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of apigenin in liver injuries and diseases

Background

Liver diseases are a spectrum of diseases that include hepatic steatosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatic cancer. These diseases not only severely decrease the quality of life for patients, but also cause financial burden. Although apigenin (APG) has recently become the primary treatment for liver injuries and diseases (LIADs), there has been no systematic review of its use.

Purpose

To review the existing literature and put forward novel strategies for future APG research on LIADs.

Methods

A search was conducted in PubMed, Science Direct, Research Gate, Web of Science, VIP, Wanfang, and CNKI, and 809 articles were obtained. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 135 articles were included.

Results

APG is promising in treating LIADs via various mechanisms arising from its anti-inflammation, anti-proliferation, anti-infection, anti-oxidation, and anti-cancer properties.

Conclusion

This review summarizes the evidence supporting the use of APG as a treatment for LIADs and provides an insight into the intestinal microbiota, which may have important implications in its future clinical use.