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Kleij L, Bruder E, Raoux-Barbot D, Lejal N, Nevers Q, Deloizy C, Da Costa B, Legrand L, Barrey E, Chenal A, Pronost S, Delmas B, Dhorne-Pollet S. Genomic characterization of equine influenza A subtype H3N8 viruses by long read sequencing and functional analyses of the PB1-F2 virulence factor of A/equine/Paris/1/2018. Vet Res 2024; 55:36. [PMID: 38520035 PMCID: PMC10960481 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01289-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza virus (EIV) remains a threat to horses, despite the availability of vaccines. Strategies to monitor the virus and prevent potential vaccine failure revolve around serological assays, RT-qPCR amplification, and sequencing the viral hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes. These approaches overlook the contribution of other viral proteins in driving virulence. This study assesses the potential of long-read nanopore sequencing for fast and precise sequencing of circulating equine influenza viruses. Therefore, two French Florida Clade 1 strains, including the one circulating in winter 2018-2019 exhibiting more pronounced pathogenicity than usual, as well as the two currently OIE-recommended vaccine strains, were sequenced. Our results demonstrated the reliability of this sequencing method in generating accurate sequences. Sequence analysis of HA revealed a subtle antigenic drift in the French EIV strains, with specific substitutions, such as T163I in A/equine/Paris/1/2018 and the N188T mutation in post-2015 strains; both substitutions were in antigenic site B. Antigenic site E exhibited modifications in post-2018 strains, with the N63D substitution. Segment 2 sequencing also revealed that the A/equine/Paris/1/2018 strain encodes a longer variant of the PB1-F2 protein when compared to other Florida clade 1 strains (90 amino acids long versus 81 amino acids long). Further biological and biochemistry assays demonstrated that this PB1-F2 variant has enhanced abilities to abolish the mitochondrial membrane potential ΔΨm and permeabilize synthetic membranes. Altogether, our results highlight the interest in rapidly characterizing the complete genome of circulating strains with next-generation sequencing technologies to adapt vaccines and identify specific virulence markers of EIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Kleij
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Elise Bruder
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Dorothée Raoux-Barbot
- CNRS UMR 3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Lejal
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Quentin Nevers
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Charlotte Deloizy
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bruno Da Costa
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Loïc Legrand
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Eric Barrey
- AgroParisTech, Unité de Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- CNRS UMR 3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Bernard Delmas
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Sophie Dhorne-Pollet
- AgroParisTech, Unité de Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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2
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Hohensee L, Scheibner D, Schäfer A, Shelton H, Mettenleiter TC, Breithaupt A, Dorhoi A, Abdelwhab EM, Blohm U. The role of PB1-F2 in adaptation of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H7N7 in chickens. Vet Res 2024; 55:5. [PMID: 38173025 PMCID: PMC10765749 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) of the H7N7 subtype are enzootic in the wild bird reservoir in Europe, cause infections in poultry, and have sporadically infected humans. The non-structural protein PB1-F2 is encoded in a second open frame in the polymerase segment PB1 and its sequence varies with the host of origin. While mammalian isolates predominantly carry truncated forms, avian isolates typically express full-length PB1-F2. PB1-F2 is a virulence factor of influenza viruses in mammals. It modulates the host immune response, causing immunopathology and increases pro-inflammatory responses. The role of full-length PB1-F2 in IAV pathogenesis as well as its impact on virus adaptation and virulence in poultry remains enigmatic. Here, we characterised recombinant high pathogenicity AIV (HPAIV) H7N7 expressing or lacking PB1-F2 in vitro and in vivo in chickens. In vitro, full-length PB1-F2 modulated viability of infected chicken fibroblasts by limiting apoptosis. In chickens, PB1-F2 promoted gastrointestinal tropism, as demonstrated by enhanced viral replication in the gut and increased cloacal shedding. PB1-F2's effects on cellular immunity however were marginal. Overall, chickens infected with full-length PB1-F2 virus survived for shorter periods, indicating that PB1-F2 is also a virulence factor in bird-adapted viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Hohensee
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
- Infection Pathogenesis, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alexander Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Holly Shelton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Ash Road, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elsayed M Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
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3
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Mettier J, Prompt C, Bruder E, Da Costa B, Chevalier C, Le Goffic R. Comparison of PB1-F2 Proximity Interactomes Reveals Functional Differences between a Human and an Avian Influenza Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020328. [PMID: 36851542 PMCID: PMC9961899 DOI: 10.3390/v15020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Most influenza viruses express the PB1-F2 protein which is regarded as a virulence factor. However, PB1-F2 behaves differently in avian and mammalian hosts, suggesting that this protein may be involved in the species barrier crossings regularly observed in influenza viruses. To better understand the functions associated with this viral protein, we decided to compare the BioID2-derived proximity interactome of a human PB1-F2 from an H3N2 virus with that of an avian PB1-F2 from an H7N1 strain. The results obtained reveal that the two proteins share only a few interactors and thus common functions. The human virus protein is mainly involved in signaling by Rho GTPases while the avian virus protein is mainly involved in ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis. PB1-F2 H3N2 interactors include several members of the 14-3-3 protein family, a family of regulatory proteins involved in many signaling pathways. We then validated the interaction with 14-3-3 proteins and were able to show that the association of H3N2-PB1-F2 with YWHAH increased the activity of the antiviral sensor MDA5, while H7N1-PB1-F2 had no effect. Collectively, these results show that PB1-F2 can associate with a large range of protein complexes and exert a wide variety of functions. Furthermore, PB1-F2 interactome differs according to the avian or human origin of the protein.
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Hinay AA, Kakee S, Kageyama S, Tsuneki-Tokunaga A, Perdana WY, Akena Y, Nishiyama S, Kanai K. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Interferon-Stimulated Gene Responses Induced by Seasonal Influenza A Virus with Varying Growth Capabilities in Human Lung Epithelial Cell Lines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091507. [PMID: 36146585 PMCID: PMC9503125 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we described the diverse growth capabilities of circulating seasonal influenza A viruses (IAVs) with low to high viral copy numbers in vitro. In this study, we analyzed the cause of differences in growth capability by evaluating pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-β) and antiviral interferon-stimulated genes (ISG-15, IFIM1, and TRIM22). A549 cells (3.0 × 105 cells) were inoculated with circulating seasonal IAV strains and incubated for 6 and 24 h. In cells inoculated for 6 h, IAV production was assessed using IAV-RNA copies in the culture supernatant and cell pellets to evaluate gene expression. At 24 h post-infection, cells were collected for IFN-β and ISG-15 protein expression. A549 cells inoculated with seasonal IAV strains with a high growth capability expressed lower levels of IFN-β and ISGs than strains with low growth capabilities. Moreover, suppression of the JAK/STAT pathway enhanced the viral copies of seasonal IAV strains with a low growth capability. Our results suggest that the expression of ISG-15, IFIM1, and TRIM22 in seasonal IAV-inoculated A549 cells could influence the regulation of viral replication, indicating the existence of strains with high and low growth capability. Our results may contribute to the development of new and effective therapeutic strategies to reduce the risk of severe influenza infections.
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5
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Xia X, Cheng A, Wang M, Ou X, Sun D, Mao S, Huang J, Yang Q, Wu Y, Chen S, Zhang S, Zhu D, Jia R, Liu M, Zhao XX, Gao Q, Tian B. Functions of Viroporins in the Viral Life Cycle and Their Regulation of Host Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:890549. [PMID: 35720341 PMCID: PMC9202500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.890549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viroporins are virally encoded transmembrane proteins that are essential for viral pathogenicity and can participate in various stages of the viral life cycle, thereby promoting viral proliferation. Viroporins have multifaceted effects on host cell biological functions, including altering cell membrane permeability, triggering inflammasome formation, inducing apoptosis and autophagy, and evading immune responses, thereby ensuring that the virus completes its life cycle. Viroporins are also virulence factors, and their complete or partial deletion often reduces virion release and reduces viral pathogenicity, highlighting the important role of these proteins in the viral life cycle. Thus, viroporins represent a common drug-protein target for inhibiting drugs and the development of antiviral therapies. This article reviews current studies on the functions of viroporins in the viral life cycle and their regulation of host cell responses, with the aim of improving the understanding of this growing family of viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
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6
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Di Gennaro F, Petrosillo N. New endemic and pandemic pathologies with interhuman airborne transmission through ear, nose and throat anatomical sites. ACTA OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICA ITALICA : ORGANO UFFICIALE DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI OTORINOLARINGOLOGIA E CHIRURGIA CERVICO-FACCIALE 2022; 42:S5-S13. [PMID: 35763270 PMCID: PMC9137375 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-suppl.1-42-2022-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has once again stigmatised the importance of airborne pathogens and their clinical, social and public health impact. Respiratory viruses are transmitted between individuals when the pathogen is released from the upper airways or from the lower respiratory tract of an infected individual. Airborne transmission is defined as the inhalation of the infectious aerosol, named droplet nuclei which size is smaller than 5 mm and that can be inhaled at a distance up to 2 metres. This route of transmission is relevant for viral respiratory pathogens, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, influenza virus, human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and other respiratory virus families that differ in viral and genomic structures, susceptibility of a population to the infection, severity, transmissibility, ways of transmission and seasonal recurrence. Human respiratory viruses generally infect cells of the upper respiratory tract, eliciting respiratory signs and symptoms, sometimes without the possibility to differentiate them clinically. As seen by the current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, human respiratory viruses can substantially contribute to increased morbidity and mortality, economic losses and, eventually, social disruption. In this article, we describe the structural, clinical and transmission aspects of the main respiratory viruses responsible for endemic, epidemic and pandemic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Petrosillo
- Infection Control & Infectious Disease Service, University Hospital Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
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7
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The Influenza Virus RNA-Polymerase and the Host RNA-Polymerase II: RPB4 Is Targeted by a PB2 Domain That Is Involved in Viral Transcription. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030518. [PMID: 35336925 PMCID: PMC8950122 DOI: 10.3390/v14030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus transcription is catalyzed by the viral RNA-polymerase (FluPol) through a cap-snatching activity. The snatching of the cap of cellular mRNA by FluPol is preceded by its binding to the flexible C-terminal domain (CTD) of the RPB1 subunit of RNA-polymerase II (Pol II). To better understand how FluPol brings the 3′-end of the genomic RNAs in close proximity to the host-derived primer, we hypothesized that FluPol may recognize additional Pol II subunits/domains to ensure cap-snatching. Using binary complementation assays between the Pol II and influenza A FluPol subunits and their structural domains, we revealed an interaction between the N-third domain of PB2 and RPB4. This interaction was confirmed by a co-immunoprecipitation assay and was found to occur with the homologous domains of influenza B and C FluPols. The N-half domain of RPB4 was found to be critical in this interaction. Punctual mutants generated at conserved positions between influenza A, B, and C FluPols in the N-third domain of PB2 exhibited strong transcriptional activity defects. These results suggest that FluPol interacts with several domains of Pol II (the CTD to bind Pol II), initiating host transcription and a second transcription on RPB4 to locate FluPol at the proximity of the 5′-end of nascent host mRNA.
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8
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Calzas C, Mao M, Turpaud M, Viboud Q, Mettier J, Figueroa T, Bessière P, Mangin A, Sedano L, Hervé PL, Volmer R, Ducatez MF, Bourgault S, Archambault D, Le Goffic R, Chevalier C. Immunogenicity and Protective Potential of Mucosal Vaccine Formulations Based on Conserved Epitopes of Influenza A Viruses Fused to an Innovative Ring Nanoplatform in Mice and Chickens. Front Immunol 2021; 12:772550. [PMID: 34868036 PMCID: PMC8632632 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.772550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current inactivated vaccines against influenza A viruses (IAV) mainly induce immune responses against highly variable epitopes across strains and are mostly delivered parenterally, limiting the development of an effective mucosal immunity. In this study, we evaluated the potential of intranasal formulations incorporating conserved IAV epitopes, namely the long alpha helix (LAH) of the stalk domain of hemagglutinin and three tandem repeats of the ectodomain of the matrix protein 2 (3M2e), as universal mucosal anti-IAV vaccines in mice and chickens. The IAV epitopes were grafted to nanorings, a novel platform technology for mucosal vaccination formed by the nucleoprotein (N) of the respiratory syncytial virus, in fusion or not with the C-terminal end of the P97 protein (P97c), a recently identified Toll-like receptor 5 agonist. Fusion of LAH to nanorings boosted the generation of LAH-specific systemic and local antibody responses as well as cellular immunity in mice, whereas the carrier effect of nanorings was less pronounced towards 3M2e. Mice vaccinated with chimeric nanorings bearing IAV epitopes in fusion with P97c presented modest LAH- or M2e-specific IgG titers in serum and were unable to generate a mucosal humoral response. In contrast, N-3M2e or N-LAH nanorings admixed with Montanide™ gel (MG) triggered strong specific humoral responses, composed of serum type 1/type 2 IgG and mucosal IgG and IgA, as well as cellular responses dominated by type 1/type 17 cytokine profiles. All mice vaccinated with the [N-3M2e + N-LAH + MG] formulation survived an H1N1 challenge and the combination of both N-3M2e and N-LAH nanorings with MG enhanced the clinical and/or virological protective potential of the preparation in comparison to individual nanorings. Chickens vaccinated parenterally or mucosally with N-LAH and N-3M2e nanorings admixed with Montanide™ adjuvants developed a specific systemic humoral response, which nonetheless failed to confer protection against heterosubtypic challenge with a highly pathogenic H5N8 strain. Thus, while the combination of N-LAH and N-3M2e nanorings with Montanide™ adjuvants shows promise as a universal mucosal anti-IAV vaccine in the mouse model, further experiments have to be conducted to extend its efficacy to poultry.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Chickens
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunity, Mucosal/drug effects
- Immunity, Mucosal/immunology
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/chemistry
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Protective Agents/administration & dosage
- Survival Analysis
- Vaccination/methods
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Calzas
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Molecular and Virology Unit VIM-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 892, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Molida Mao
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Molecular and Virology Unit VIM-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 892, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mathilde Turpaud
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Molecular and Virology Unit VIM-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 892, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Quentin Viboud
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Molecular and Virology Unit VIM-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 892, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Joelle Mettier
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Molecular and Virology Unit VIM-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 892, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Thomas Figueroa
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR1225), Interactions Hótes-Agents Pathogénes-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (IHAP-ENVT)-University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Bessière
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR1225), Interactions Hótes-Agents Pathogénes-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (IHAP-ENVT)-University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Antoine Mangin
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Molecular and Virology Unit VIM-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 892, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Sedano
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Molecular and Virology Unit VIM-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 892, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Hervé
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Molecular and Virology Unit VIM-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 892, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Romain Volmer
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR1225), Interactions Hótes-Agents Pathogénes-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (IHAP-ENVT)-University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Mariette F. Ducatez
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR1225), Interactions Hótes-Agents Pathogénes-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (IHAP-ENVT)-University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Steve Bourgault
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Denis Archambault
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ronan Le Goffic
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Molecular and Virology Unit VIM-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 892, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christophe Chevalier
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Molecular and Virology Unit VIM-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 892, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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9
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Minnaert AK, Vanluchene H, Verbeke R, Lentacker I, De Smedt SC, Raemdonck K, Sanders NN, Remaut K. Strategies for controlling the innate immune activity of conventional and self-amplifying mRNA therapeutics: Getting the message across. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113900. [PMID: 34324884 PMCID: PMC8325057 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent approval of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccines to combat the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic highlights the potential of both conventional mRNA and self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA) as a flexible immunotherapy platform to treat infectious diseases. Besides the antigen it encodes, mRNA itself has an immune-stimulating activity that can contribute to vaccine efficacy. This self-adjuvant effect, however, will interfere with mRNA translation and may influence the desired therapeutic outcome. To further exploit its potential as a versatile therapeutic platform, it will be crucial to control mRNA's innate immune-stimulating properties. In this regard, we describe the mechanisms behind the innate immune recognition of mRNA and provide an extensive overview of strategies to control its innate immune-stimulating activity. These strategies range from modifications to the mRNA backbone itself, optimization of production and purification processes to the combination with innate immune inhibitors. Furthermore, we discuss the delicate balance of the self-adjuvant effect in mRNA vaccination strategies, which can be both beneficial and detrimental to the therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Katrien Minnaert
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Helena Vanluchene
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Rein Verbeke
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ine Lentacker
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Niek N Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Katrien Remaut
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
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10
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Chevalier C, Leymarie O, Sedano L, Da Costa B, Richard CA, Maisonnasse P, Réfregiers M, Jamme F, Le Goffic R. PB1-F2 amyloid-like fibers correlate with proinflammatory signaling and respiratory distress in influenza-infected mice. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100885. [PMID: 34146545 PMCID: PMC8294585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PB1-F2 is a virulence factor of influenza A virus known to increase viral pathogenicity in mammalian hosts. PB1-F2 is an intrinsically disordered protein displaying a propensity to form amyloid-like fibers. However, the correlation between PB1-F2 structures and the resulting inflammatory response is unknown. Here, we used synchrotron-coupled Fourier transform-IR and deep UV microscopies to determine the presence of PB1-F2 fibers in influenza A virus–infected mice. In order to study the correlation between PB1-F2 structure and the inflammatory response, transgenic mice expressing luciferase under the control of an NF-κB promotor, allowing in vivo monitoring of inflammation, were intranasally instilled with monomeric, fibrillated, or truncated forms of recombinant PB1-F2. Our intravital NF-κB imaging, supported by cytokine quantification, clearly shows the proinflammatory effect of PB1-F2 fibers compared with N-terminal region of PB1-F2 unable to fibrillate. It is noteworthy that instillation of monomeric PB1-F2 of H5N1 virus induced a stronger inflammatory response when compared with prefibrillated PB1-F2 of H1N1 virus, suggesting mechanisms of virulence depending on PB1-F2 sequence. Finally, using whole-body plethysmography to measure volume changes in the lungs, we quantified the effects of the different forms of PB1-F2 on respiratory parameters. Thus, we conclude that PB1-F2–induced inflammation and respiratory distress are tightly correlated with sequence polymorphism and oligomerization status of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Leymarie
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laura Sedano
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bruno Da Costa
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | - Matthieu Réfregiers
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frédéric Jamme
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ronan Le Goffic
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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11
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Mettier J, Marc D, Sedano L, Da Costa B, Chevalier C, Le Goffic R. Study of the host specificity of PB1-F2-associated virulence. Virulence 2021; 12:1647-1660. [PMID: 34125653 PMCID: PMC8205076 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1933848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause important diseases in both human and animal. The PB1-F2 protein is a virulence factor expressed by some influenza viruses. Its deleterious action for the infected host is mostly described in mammals, while the available information is scarce in avian hosts. In this work, we compared the effects of PB1-F2 in avian and mammalian hosts by taking advantage of the zoonotic capabilities of an avian H7N1 virus. In vitro, the H7N1 virus did not behave differently when PB1-F2 was deficient while a H3N2 virus devoid of PB1-F2 was clearly less inflammatory. Likewise, when performing in vivo challenges of either chickens or embryonated eggs, with the wild-type or the PB1-F2 deficient virus, no difference could be observed in terms of mortality, host response or tropism. PB1-F2 therefore does not appear to play a major role as a virulence factor in the avian host. However, when infecting NF-κB-luciferase reporter mice with the H7N1 viruses, a massive PB1-F2-dependent inflammation was quantified, highlighting the host specificity of PB1-F2 virulence. Surprisingly, a chimeric 7:1 H3N2 virus harboring an H7N1-origin segment 2 (i.e. expressing the avian PB1-F2) induced a milder inflammatory response than its PB1-F2-deficient counterpart. This result shows that the pro-inflammatory activity of PB1-F2 is governed by complex mechanisms involving components from both the virus and its infected host. Thus, a mere exchange of segment 2 between strains is not sufficient to transmit the deleterious character of PB1-F2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Mettier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, UMR892 VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Daniel Marc
- UMR1282 Infectiologie Et Santé Publique, INRAE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Laura Sedano
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, UMR892 VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bruno Da Costa
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, UMR892 VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Ronan Le Goffic
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, UMR892 VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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12
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Pickering RJ, Booty LM. NLR in eXile: Emerging roles of NLRX1 in immunity and human disease. Immunology 2020; 162:268-280. [PMID: 33314068 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NLRX1 is a member of the NOD-like receptor family, a set of pattern recognition receptors associated with innate immunity. Interestingly, NLRX1 exists in somewhat of an exile from its NLR counterparts with unique features that mediate atypical functions compared with traditional NOD-like receptors (NLRs). Aside from a mitochondrial targeting sequence, the N-terminal region is yet to be characterized. Mitochondrially located, NLRX1 sits within a subgroup of regulatory NLRs responsible for negatively regulating cellular inflammatory signalling. As well as modulating pathogen response, emerging evidence is implicating NLRX1 as a central homeostatic gatekeeper between mitochondrial biology and immunological response. More recently, NLRX1 has been implicated in a wide range of disease, both pathogen-driven and otherwise. Emerging links of NLRX1 in cancer biology, autoimmunity and other inflammatory conditions are raising the potential of targeting NLRX1 therapeutically, with recent studies in inflammatory bowel disease showing great promise. Within this review, we address the unique features of NLRX1, its roles in innate immune signalling and its involvement in a range of inflammatory, metabolic and oncology disease indications with a focus on areas that could benefit from therapeutic targeting of NLRX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Pickering
- Immunology Network, Adaptive Immunity Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lee M Booty
- Immunology Network, Adaptive Immunity Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
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13
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Li K, Chen X, Zhong J, Ye H, Zhang S, Ge D, Wang X, Wu Y. The effects of the Xijiao Dihuang decoction combined with Yinqiao powder on miRNA-mRNA profiles in mice infected with influenza a virus. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:286. [PMID: 32957919 PMCID: PMC7507722 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play vital roles in acute inflammatory and antiviral responses during influenza A virus (IAV) infection. The Xijiao Dihuang decoction combined with Yinqiao powder (XDY) is applied to remedy viral pneumonia in China and its therapeutic efficacy in pneumonic mice challenged with IAV was demonstrated; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Thus, this study aimed to explore the miRNA-mRNA profiles in the lungs of IAV-infected mice and investigate the therapeutic mechanisms of XDY involving miRNAs and associated pathways. Methods We detected the cellular miRNA contents in the lungs of mice treated with XDY (23 g/kg/d) for A/FM/1/47 (H1N1) (FM1) infection at 4 days postinoculation (dpi) and 7 dpi. MiRNA and mRNA high-throughput sequencing analyses, and miRNA and mRNA qRT-PCR analyses were used to detect and verify the relevant miRNAs and mRNAs. Conjoint analysis, GO enrichment analysis, and KEGG database analysis were applied to identify the miRNA-mRNA regulatory relationships. Results The quantities of differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs were upregulated over time. The data showed that 104 miRNAs and 3485 mRNAs were differentially expressed after challenge with FM1 on day 4, while 191 miRNAs and 6126 mRNAs were differentially expressed on day 7. The GO enrichment analysis and KEGG database data showed that the differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs were mainly enriched in JNK activity, MAPK phosphatase activity, and the TLR, Jak-STAT and TNF signalling pathways after treatment of FM1 infection with XDY. Generally, the expression trends of differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs based on the qRT-PCR results exhibited good consistency with the results of the high-throughput sequencing analysis. Conclusions MiRNAs and mRNAs were differentially expressed during FM1 infection. The therapeutic mechanisms of XDY in FM1-infected mice, might be related to regulating antiviral immunity and ameliorating excessive inflammatory responses by modulating the expression of dysregulated miRNAs and mRNAs involved in the ERK/JNK-AP-1, and IFN-β/STAT signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102400, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102400, China
| | - Jing Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102400, China
| | - Hehe Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102400, China
| | - Shujing Zhang
- Center of Research and Experiments, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102400, China
| | - Dongyu Ge
- Center of Research and Experiments, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102400, China
| | - Xudan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102400, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Clinical Medicine Research Centre, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, 545001, China.
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14
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Truong AD, Hong Y, Ly VD, Nguyen HT, Nguyen CT, Vu HT, Chu NT, Van Hoang T, Thanh Tran HT, Dang HV, Hong YH. Interleukin-dependent modulation of the expression of MHC class I and MHC class II genes in chicken HD11 cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 110:103729. [PMID: 32387556 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interleukins (ILs) regulate cell surface antigens known as activation markers, which have distinct functional roles. However, the regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, MHC class II, and related genes by cytokines in chickens is not well understood. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of certain recently discovered chicken interleukins-i.e., IL-11, IL-12B, IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-26, and IL-34-on the expression and regulation of genes related to MHC class I, MHC class II, and the associated proteins in an HD11 chicken macrophage cell line. We used quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunocytochemical, and flow cytometric analyses to assess dose- and time-dependent expression in the HD11 cell line and found that the ILs induced MHC class I, MHC class II, and associated protein. As NF-κB is actively involved in cell activation and is constitutively activated in many immune cells, we also determined whether NF-κB regulates MHC class I, MHC class II, and related gene expression in the HD11 cell line. The NF-κB inhibitor sulfasalazine (Sz) dose-dependently inhibited MHC class I and MHC class II in the HD11 cell line. Sz also downregulated the expression of MHC class I, MHC class II, and the associated proteins in the IL-induced HD11 cell line. The expression of MHC class I, MHC class II, and associated genes was accompanied by the Sz-sensitive degradation of the p65 (RelA) and p50 subunits of NF-κB and IκBα. Our results indicate that the different effects of each IL on the expression of genes related to MHC class I, MHC class II, and the associated proteins are involved with the regulation of the dose and duration of antigenic peptide presentation and, thus, also influence Th1, Th2, and Th17 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Duc Truong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Yeojin Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Viet Duc Ly
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Huyen Thi Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Chinh Thi Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Hao Thi Vu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Nhu Thi Chu
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Tuan Van Hoang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Ha Thi Thanh Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Hoang Vu Dang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Yeong Ho Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Influenza A virus PB1‐F2 protein: An ambivalent innate immune modulator and virulence factor. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:763-771. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0320-206r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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16
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Xiao Y, Evseev D, Stevens CA, Moghrabi A, Miranzo-Navarro D, Fleming-Canepa X, Tetrault DG, Magor KE. Influenza PB1-F2 Inhibits Avian MAVS Signaling. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040409. [PMID: 32272772 PMCID: PMC7232376 DOI: 10.3390/v12040409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RIG-I plays an essential role in the duck innate immune response to influenza infection. RIG-I engages the critical adaptor protein mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) to activate the downstream signaling pathway. The influenza A virus non-structural protein PB1-F2 interacts with MAVS in human cells to inhibit interferon production. As duck and human MAVS share only 28% amino acid similarity, it is not known whether the influenza virus can similarly inhibit MAVS signaling in avian cells. Using confocal microscopy we show that MAVS and the constitutively active N-terminal end of duck RIG-I (2CARD) co-localize in DF-1 cells, and duck MAVS is pulled down with GST-2CARD. We establish that either GST-2CARD, or duck MAVS can initiate innate signaling in chicken cells and their co-transfection augments interferon-beta promoter activity. Demonstrating the limits of cross-species interactions, duck RIG-I 2CARD initiates MAVS signaling in chicken cells, but works poorly in human cells. The D122A mutation of human 2CARD abrogates signaling by affecting MAVS engagement, and the reciprocal A120D mutation in duck 2CARD improves signaling in human cells. We show mitochondrial localization of PB1-F2 from influenza A virus strain A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1; PR8), and its co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation with duck MAVS. PB1-F2 inhibits interferon-beta promoter activity induced by overexpression of either duck RIG-I 2CARD, full-length duck RIG-I, or duck MAVS. Finally, we show that the effect of PB1-F2 on mitochondria abrogates TRIM25-mediated ubiquitination of RIG-I CARD in both human and avian cells, while an NS1 variant from the PR8 influenza virus strain does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Xiao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (D.E.); (C.A.S.); (A.M.); (D.M.-N.); (X.F.-C.); (D.G.T.)
| | - Danyel Evseev
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (D.E.); (C.A.S.); (A.M.); (D.M.-N.); (X.F.-C.); (D.G.T.)
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Chase A. Stevens
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (D.E.); (C.A.S.); (A.M.); (D.M.-N.); (X.F.-C.); (D.G.T.)
| | - Adam Moghrabi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (D.E.); (C.A.S.); (A.M.); (D.M.-N.); (X.F.-C.); (D.G.T.)
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Domingo Miranzo-Navarro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (D.E.); (C.A.S.); (A.M.); (D.M.-N.); (X.F.-C.); (D.G.T.)
| | - Ximena Fleming-Canepa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (D.E.); (C.A.S.); (A.M.); (D.M.-N.); (X.F.-C.); (D.G.T.)
| | - David G. Tetrault
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (D.E.); (C.A.S.); (A.M.); (D.M.-N.); (X.F.-C.); (D.G.T.)
| | - Katharine E. Magor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (D.E.); (C.A.S.); (A.M.); (D.M.-N.); (X.F.-C.); (D.G.T.)
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-492-5498
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17
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Wang R, Zhu Y, Ren C, Yang S, Tian S, Chen H, Jin M, Zhou H. Influenza A virus protein PB1-F2 impairs innate immunity by inducing mitophagy. Autophagy 2020; 17:496-511. [PMID: 32013669 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1725375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection induces mitophagy, which is essential for the clearance of damaged mitochondria. Dysfunctional mitochondria can be selectively targeted by PINK1, which recruits PRKN/PARK2 and leads to subsequent mitochondrial sequestration within autophagosomes. The IAV PB1-F2 protein translocates to mitochondria, accelerates the mitochondrial fragmentation and impairs the innate immunity. However, whether PB1-F2 mediates IAV-induced mitophagy and the relation between mitophagy and PB1-F2-attenuated innate immunity remain obscure. Here, we showed that PB1-F2 translocated to mitochondria by interacting and colocalizing with TUFM (Tu translation elongation factor, mitochondrial). Further studies revealed that PB1-F2 induced complete mitophagy, which required the interactions of PB1-F2 with both TUFM and MAP1LC3B/LC3B that mediated the autophagosome formation. PB1-F2-induced mitophagy was critical for the MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein) degradation and led to its suppression of the type I IFN production. Importantly, the C-terminal LIR motif of PB1-F2 protein was demonstrated to be essential for its mitophagy induction and attenuated innate immunity. In conclusion, PB1-F2-induced mitophagy strongly correlates with impaired cellular innate immunity, revealing it is a potential therapeutic target.Abbreviations: BCL2L13: BCL2 like 13; BECN1: beclin 1; BNIP3L/Nix: BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; CQ: chloroquine; DDX58: DExD/H-box helicase 58; eGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; hpi: hours post infection; IAV: influenza A virus; IFN: interferon; IP: immunoprecipitation; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAVS: mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential; MOI, multiplicity of infection; mRFP: monomeric red fluorescent protein; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; NC: negative control; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; PRKN/PARK2: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; RLR: RIG-I-like-receptor; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SEV: sendai virus; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; TM: transmembrane; TOMM20/40: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20/40; TUFM: Tu translation elongation factor, mitochondrial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinxing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenwei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuaike Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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18
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Inventory of molecular markers affecting biological characteristics of avian influenza A viruses. Virus Genes 2019; 55:739-768. [PMID: 31428925 PMCID: PMC6831541 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01700-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally, spilling over into domestic poultry and causing zoonotic infections in humans. Fortunately, AIVs are not yet capable of causing sustained human-to-human infection; however, AIVs are still a high risk as future pandemic strains, especially if they acquire further mutations that facilitate human infection and/or increase pathogenesis. Molecular characterization of sequencing data for known genetic markers associated with AIV adaptation, transmission, and antiviral resistance allows for fast, efficient assessment of AIV risk. Here we summarize and update the current knowledge on experimentally verified molecular markers involved in AIV pathogenicity, receptor binding, replicative capacity, and transmission in both poultry and mammals with a broad focus to include data available on other AIV subtypes outside of A/H5N1 and A/H7N9.
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19
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Lee J, Henningson J, Ma J, Duff M, Lang Y, Li Y, Li Y, Nagy A, Sunwoo S, Bawa B, Yang J, Bai D, Richt JA, Ma W. Effects of PB1-F2 on the pathogenicity of H1N1 swine influenza virus in mice and pigs. J Gen Virol 2018; 98:31-42. [PMID: 28008819 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several studies have exploited the effects of PB1-F2 in swine influenza viruses, its contribution to the pathogenicity of swine influenza viruses remains unclear. Herein, we investigated the effects of PB1-F2 on the pathogenicity of influenza virus using a virulent H1N1 A/swine/Kansas/77778/2007 (KS07) virus, which expresses a full-length PB1-F2, in mice and pigs. Using reverse genetics, we generated the wild-type KS07 (KS07_WT), a PB1-F2 knockout mutant (KS07_K/O) and its N66S variant (KS07_N66S). KS07_K/O showed similar pathogenicity in mice to the KS07_WT, whereas KS07_N66S displayed enhanced virulence when compared to the other two viruses. KS07_WT exhibited more efficient replication in lungs and nasal shedding in infected pigs than the other two viruses. Pigs infected with the KS07_WT had higher pulmonary levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-8 at 3 and 5 days post-infection, as well as lower levels of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-12 at 1 day post-infection compared to those infected with the KS07_K/O. These results indicate that PB1-F2 modulates KS07 H1N1 virus replication, pathogenicity and innate immune responses in pigs and the single substitution at position 66 (N/S) in the PB1-F2 plays a critical role in virulence in mice. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the effects of PB1-F2 on the virulence of influenza virus in swine and support PB1-F2 as a virulence factor of influenza A virus in a strain- and host-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhwa Lee
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jamie Henningson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jingjiao Ma
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Michael Duff
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Yuekun Lang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Yonghai Li
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Yuhao Li
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Abdou Nagy
- Present address: Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Sunyoung Sunwoo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Bhupinder Bawa
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jianmei Yang
- Innovation Team for Pathogen Ecology Research on Animal Influenza Virus, Department of Avian Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Dingping Bai
- School of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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20
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Zobel S, Lorenz M, Frascaroli G, Böhnke J, Bilz NC, Stanifer ML, Boulant S, Bergs S, Liebert UG, Claus C. Rubella Virus Strain-Associated Differences in the Induction of Oxidative Stress Are Independent of Their Interferon Activation. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100540. [PMID: 30282907 PMCID: PMC6213305 DOI: 10.3390/v10100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Rubella virus (RV) infection impacts cellular metabolic activity in a complex manner with strain-specific nutritional requirements. Here we addressed whether this differential metabolic influence was associated with differences in oxidative stress induction and subsequently with innate immune response activation. The low passaged clinical isolates of RV examined in this study induced oxidative stress as validated through generation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) cytoplasmic hydrogen peroxide and mitochondrial superoxide. The addition of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ROS scavengers N-acetyl-l-cysteine and MitoTEMPO, respectively, reduced RV-associated cytopathogenicity and caspase activation. While the degree of oxidative stress induction varied among RV clinical isolates, the level of innate immune response and interferon-stimulated gene activation was comparable. The type III IFNs were highly upregulated in all cell culture systems tested. However, only pre-stimulation with IFN β slightly reduced RV replication indicating that RV appears to have evolved the ability to counteract innate immune response mechanisms. Through the data presented, we showed that the ability of RV to induce oxidative stress was independent of its capacity to stimulate and counteract the intrinsic innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zobel
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Mechthild Lorenz
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Giada Frascaroli
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Heinrich Pette Institute, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Janik Böhnke
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nicole C Bilz
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Megan L Stanifer
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Research Group "Cellular Polarity and Viral Infection" (F140), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sandra Bergs
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Uwe G Liebert
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Claudia Claus
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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21
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Fujikura D, Miyazaki T. Programmed Cell Death in the Pathogenesis of Influenza. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072065. [PMID: 30012970 PMCID: PMC6073994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a respiratory disease induced by infection by the influenza virus, which is a member of Orthomyxoviridae family. This infectious disease has serious impacts on public health systems and results in considerable mortality and economic costs throughout the world. Based on several experimental studies, massive host immune reaction is associated with the disease severity of influenza. Programmed cell death is typically induced during virus infection as a consequence of host immune reaction to limit virus spread by eliminating niches for virus propagation without causing inflammation. However, in some viral infectious diseases, such as influenza, in the process of immune reaction, aberrant induction of programmed cell death disturbs the maintenance of organ function. Current reports show that there are different types of programmed cell death that vary in terms of molecular mechanisms and/or associations with inflammation. In addition, these novel types of programmed cell death are associated with pathogenesis rather than suppressing virus propagation in the disease course. Here, we review our current understanding of mechanisms of programmed cell death in the pathogenesis of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Fujikura
- Center for Advanced Research and Education (CARE), Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Tadaaki Miyazaki
- Department of Probiotics Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, North-15, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.
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22
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Hu J, Ma C, Liu X. PA-X: a key regulator of influenza A virus pathogenicity and host immune responses. Med Microbiol Immunol 2018; 207:255-269. [PMID: 29974232 PMCID: PMC7086933 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-018-0548-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PA-X, a fusion protein belonging to influenza A viruses (IAVs), integrating the N-terminal 191 amino acids of PA gene and the ribosomal frame-shifting product that lengthens out to 41 or 61 amino acids. Since its discovery in 2012, multiple functions have been attributed to this small protein, including a process, where wide-spread protein synthesis in infected host cells is shut down (called host shutoff), and viral replication, polymerase activity, viral-induced cell apoptosis, PA nuclear localization, and virulence are modulated. However, many of its proposed functions may be specific to strain, subtype, host, or cell line. In this review, we start by describing the well-defined global host-shutoff ability of PA-X and the potential mechanisms underlying it. We move on to the role played by PA-X in modulating innate and acquired immune responses in the host. We then systematically discuss the role played by PA-X in modulating the virulence of influenza viruses of different subtypes and host origins, and finish with a general overview of the research advances made in identifying the host cell partners that interact with PA-X. To uncover possible clues about the differential effects of PA-X in modulating viral virulence, we focus on systemically evaluating polymorphisms in PA-X from various viral subtypes and hosts, including avian and human H5N1, H5N6, H9N2, and H7N9 viruses. Finally, we conclude with a proposition regarding the possible future research directions for this important protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chunxi Ma
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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23
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Avian Influenza Virus PB1 Gene in H3N2 Viruses Evolved in Humans To Reduce Interferon Inhibition by Skewing Codon Usage toward Interferon-Altered tRNA Pools. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01222-18. [PMID: 29970470 PMCID: PMC6030557 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01222-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause an annual contagious respiratory disease in humans and are responsible for periodic high-mortality human pandemics. Pandemic influenza A viruses usually result from the reassortment of gene segments between human and avian influenza viruses. These avian influenza virus gene segments need to adapt to humans. Here we focus on the human adaptation of the synonymous codons of the avian influenza virus PB1 gene of the 1968 H3N2 pandemic virus. We generated recombinant H3N2 viruses differing only in codon usage of PB1 mRNA and demonstrated that codon usage of the PB1 mRNA of recent H3N2 virus isolates enhances replication in interferon (IFN)-treated human cells without affecting replication in untreated cells, thereby partially alleviating the interferon-induced antiviral state. High-throughput sequencing of tRNA pools explains the reduced inhibition of replication by interferon: the levels of some tRNAs differ between interferon-treated and untreated human cells, and evolution of the codon usage of H3N2 PB1 mRNA is skewed toward interferon-altered human tRNA pools. Consequently, the avian influenza virus-derived PB1 mRNAs of modern H3N2 viruses have acquired codon usages that better reflect tRNA availabilities in IFN-treated cells. Our results indicate that the change in tRNA availabilities resulting from interferon treatment is a previously unknown aspect of the antiviral action of interferon, which has been partially overcome by human-adapted H3N2 viruses. Pandemic influenza A viruses that cause high human mortality usually result from reassortment of gene segments between human and avian influenza viruses. These avian influenza virus gene segments need to adapt to humans. Here we focus on the human adaptation of the avian influenza virus PB1 gene that was incorporated into the 1968 H3N2 pandemic virus. We demonstrate that the coding sequence of the PB1 mRNA of modern H3N2 viruses enhances replication in human cells in which interferon has activated a potent antiviral state. Reduced interferon inhibition results from evolution of PB1 mRNA codons skewed toward the pools of tRNAs in interferon-treated human cells, which, as shown here, differ significantly from the tRNA pools in untreated human cells. Consequently, avian influenza virus-derived PB1 mRNAs of modern H3N2 viruses have acquired codon usages that better reflect tRNA availabilities in IFN-treated cells and are translated more efficiently.
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24
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H5N1 Influenza A Virus PB1-F2 Relieves HAX-1-Mediated Restriction of Avian Virus Polymerase PA in Human Lung Cells. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00425-18. [PMID: 29563290 PMCID: PMC5952157 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00425-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic influenza A viruses (IAV) from avian hosts were first reported to directly infect humans 20 years ago. However, such infections are rare events, and our understanding of factors promoting or restricting zoonotic transmission is still limited. One accessory protein of IAV, PB1-F2, was associated with pathogenicity of pandemic and zoonotic IAV. This short (90-amino-acid) peptide does not harbor an enzymatic function. We thus identified host factors interacting with H5N1 PB1-F2, which could explain its importance for virulence. PB1-F2 binds to HCLS1-associated protein X1 (HAX-1), a recently identified host restriction factor of the PA subunit of IAV polymerase complexes. We demonstrate that the PA of a mammal-adapted H1N1 IAV is resistant to HAX-1 imposed restriction, while the PA of an avian-origin H5N1 IAV remains sensitive. We also showed HAX-1 sensitivity for PAs of A/Brevig Mission/1/1918 (H1N1) and A/Shanghai/1/2013 (H7N9), two avian-origin zoonotic IAV. Inhibition of H5N1 polymerase by HAX-1 can be alleviated by its PB1-F2 through direct competition. Accordingly, replication of PB1-F2-deficient H5N1 IAV is attenuated in the presence of large amounts of HAX-1. Mammal-adapted H1N1 and H3N2 viruses do not display this dependence on PB1-F2 for efficient replication in the presence of HAX-1. We propose that PB1-F2 plays a key role in zoonotic transmission of avian H5N1 IAV into humans. IMPORTANCE Aquatic and shore birds are the natural reservoir of influenza A viruses from which the virus can jump into a variety of bird and mammal host species, including humans. H5N1 influenza viruses are a good model for this process. They pose an ongoing threat to human and animal health due to their high mortality rates. However, it is currently unclear what restricts these interspecies jumps on the host side or what promotes them on the virus side. Here we show that a short viral peptide, PB1-F2, helps H5N1 bird influenza viruses to overcome a human restriction factor of the viral polymerase complex HAX-1. Interestingly, we found that human influenza A virus polymerase complexes are already adapted to HAX-1 and do not require this function of PB1-F2. We thus propose that a functional full-length PB1-F2 supports direct transmission of bird viruses into humans.
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25
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Virulent PB1-F2 residues: effects on fitness of H1N1 influenza A virus in mice and changes during evolution of human influenza A viruses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7474. [PMID: 29749408 PMCID: PMC5945659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific residues of influenza A virus (IAV) PB1-F2 proteins may enhance inflammation or cytotoxicity. In a series of studies, we evaluated the function of these virulence-associated residues in the context of different IAV subtypes in mice. Here, we demonstrate that, as with the previously assessed pandemic 1968 (H3N2) IAV, PB1-F2 inflammatory residues increase the virulence of H1N1 IAV, suggesting that this effect might be a universal feature. Combining both inflammatory and cytotoxic residues in PB1-F2 enhanced virulence further, compared to either motif alone. Residues from these virulent motifs have been present in natural isolates from human seasonal IAV of all subtypes, but there has been a trend toward a gradual reduction in the number of virulent residues over time. However, human IAV of swine and avian origin tend to have more virulent residues than do the human-adapted seasonal strains, raising the possibility that donation of PB1 segments from these zoonotic viruses may increase the severity of some seasonal human strains. Our data suggest the value of surveillance of virulent residues in both human and animal IAV to predict the severity of influenza season.
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26
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Critical Role of HAX-1 in Promoting Avian Influenza Virus Replication in Lung Epithelial Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:3586132. [PMID: 29576744 PMCID: PMC5822872 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3586132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The PB1-F2 protein of influenza A virus has been considered a virulence factor, but its function in inducing apoptosis may be of disadvantage to viral replication. Host mechanisms to regulate PB1-F2-induced apoptosis remain unknown. We generated a PB1-F2-deficient avian influenza virus (AIV) H9N2 and found that the mutant virus replicated less efficiently in human lung epithelial cells. The PB1-F2-deficient virus produced less apoptotic cells, indicating that PB1-F2 of the H9N2 virus promotes apoptosis, occurring at the early stage of infection, in the lung epithelial cells. To understand how host cells regulate PB1-F2-induced apoptosis, we explored to identify cellular proteins interacting with PB1-F2 and found that HCLS1-associated protein X-1 (HAX-1), located mainly in the mitochondria as an apoptotic inhibitor, interacted with PB1-F2. Increased procaspase-9 activations, induced by PB1-F2, could be suppressed by HAX-1. In HAX-1 knockdown A549 cells, the replication of AIV H9N2 was suppressed in parallel to the activation of caspase-3 activation, which increased at the early stage of infection. We hypothesize that HAX-1 promotes AIV replication by interacting with PB1-F2, resulting in the suppression of apoptosis, prolonged cell survival, and enhancement of viral replication. Our data suggest that HAX-1 may be a promoting factor for AIV H9N2 replication through desensitizing PB1-F2 from its apoptotic induction in human lung epithelial cells.
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27
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Kamal RP, Alymova IV, York IA. Evolution and Virulence of Influenza A Virus Protein PB1-F2. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:E96. [PMID: 29286299 PMCID: PMC5796046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PB1-F2 is an accessory protein of most human, avian, swine, equine, and canine influenza A viruses (IAVs). Although it is dispensable for virus replication and growth, it plays significant roles in pathogenesis by interfering with the host innate immune response, inducing death in immune and epithelial cells, altering inflammatory responses, and promoting secondary bacterial pneumonia. The effects of PB1-F2 differ between virus strains and host species. This can at least partially be explained by the presence of multiple PB1-F2 sequence variants, including premature stop codons that lead to the expression of truncated PB1-F2 proteins of different lengths and specific virulence-associated residues that enhance susceptibility to bacterial superinfection. Although there has been a tendency for human seasonal IAV to gradually reduce the number of virulence-associated residues, zoonotic IAVs contain a reservoir of PB1-F2 proteins with full length, virulence-associated sequences. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which PB1-F2 may affect influenza virulence, and factors associated with the evolution and selection of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram P Kamal
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Irina V Alymova
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Ian A York
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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28
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Sarvestani ST, McAuley JL. The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in regulation of antiviral responses to influenza A virus infection. Antiviral Res 2017; 148:32-42. [PMID: 29097227 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system provides the host with both a dynamic barrier to prevent infection and a means to which rapid anti-microbial responses can be mounted. The inflammasome pathway is a critical host early response mechanism that enables detection of pathogens and initiates production of inflammatory cytokines, inducing recruitment of effector cells to the site of infection. The complete mechanism of inflammasome activation requires two signals: an initial priming step upon detection of pathogen, followed by activation of intracellular pattern recognition receptors critical to the formation of the inflammasome complex. The inflammasome complex is made of intracellular multiprotein oligomers which includes a sensor protein such as the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) like receptor proteins (NLRP), and an adapter protein, ASC, which critically activates pro-caspase-1. The mature caspase-1 then proteolytically cleaves cytosolic pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18, which are then secreted as inflammatory cytokines that activate the inflammatory arm of the immune response to infection. Active caspase-1 also results in pyroptosis, which is a form of cell death triggered by inflammation. The induction and activation of IL-1β and IL-18 are considered critical signatures for inflammasome activation. With focus upon influenza A virus infection, this review will address present knowledge on the mechanisms of inflammasome complex activation, particularly how the viral components modulate activation of the cytosolic NOD-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3)-dependent inflammasome complex. We also discuss potential therapeutic strategies that target the inflammasome to ameliorate illness, as well as novel methods of vaccination that target inflammasome stimulation with the aim to increase efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush T Sarvestani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Julie L McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.
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29
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30
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Host Response Comparison of H1N1- and H5N1-Infected Mice Identifies Two Potential Death Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081631. [PMID: 28749409 PMCID: PMC5578021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic influenza A viruses (IAV) infections represent a serious threat to humans due to their considerable morbidity and mortality capacities. A good understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the acute lung injury observed during this kind of infection is essential to design adapted therapies. In the current study, using an unbiased transcriptomic approach, we compared the host-responses of mice infected with two different subtypes of IAV: H1N1 vs. H5N1. The host-response comparison demonstrated a clear difference between the transcriptomic profiles of H1N1- and H5N1-infected mice despite identical survival kinetics and similar viral replications. The ontological analysis of the two transcriptomes showed two probable causes of death: induction of an immunopathological state of the lung for the H1N1 strain vs. development of respiratory dysfunction in the case of the H5N1 IAV. Finally, a clear signature responsible for lung edema was specifically associated with the H5N1 infection. We propose a potential mechanism of edema development based on predictive bioinformatics tools.
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Leymarie O, Meyer L, Tafforeau L, Lotteau V, Costa BD, Delmas B, Chevalier C, Le Goffic R. Influenza virus protein PB1-F2 interacts with CALCOCO2 (NDP52) to modulate innate immune response. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1196-1208. [PMID: 28613140 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PB1-F2 is a viral protein encoded by influenza A viruses (IAVs). PB1-F2 is implicated in virulence by triggering immune cell apoptosis and enhancing inflammation. To obtain an insight into the molecular mechanisms of PB1-F2-mediated virulence, we used the yeast two-hybrid approach to find new PB1-F2 cellular interactors. This allowed us to identify calcium-binding and coiled-coil domain 2 (CALCOCO2, also known as NDP52) as a binding partner of PB1-F2. Binding of PB1-F2 to CALCOCO2 was confirmed by pull-down. Surface plasmon resonance binding experiments enabled us to estimate the dissociation constant (Kd) of the two partners to be around 20 nM. Using bioinformatics tools, we designed a CALCOCO2 interaction map based on previous knowledge and showed a strong connection between this protein and the type I interferon production pathways and the I-κB kinase/NF-κB signalling pathway. NF-κB reporter assays in which CALCOCO2, MAVS and PB1-F2 were co-expressed showed a cooperation of these three proteins to increase the inflammatory response. By contrast, PB1-F2 inhibits the TBK1-dependent activation of an ISRE reporter plasmid. We also demonstrated that the signal transducer TRAF6 is implicated in the enhancement of NF-κB activity mediated by PB1-F2/CALCOCO2 binding. Altogether, this report provides evidence of an interaction link between PB1-F2 and human proteins, and allows a better understanding of the involvement of PB1-F2 in the pathologic process mediated by IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Leymarie
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Léa Meyer
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Lionel Tafforeau
- IMAP Team, Inserm Unit 851, 21, Av. T. Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France.,Present address: Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons-UMONS, Belgium
| | - Vincent Lotteau
- INSERM U1111, Lyon, France.,CIRI, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, France
| | - Bruno Da Costa
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bernard Delmas
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Ronan Le Goffic
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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32
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Meyer L, Leymarie O, Chevalier C, Esnault E, Moroldo M, Da Costa B, Georgeault S, Roingeard P, Delmas B, Quéré P, Le Goffic R. Transcriptomic profiling of a chicken lung epithelial cell line (CLEC213) reveals a mitochondrial respiratory chain activity boost during influenza virus infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176355. [PMID: 28441462 PMCID: PMC5404788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian Influenza virus (AIV) is a major concern for the global poultry industry. Since 2012, several countries have reported AIV outbreaks among domestic poultry. These outbreaks had tremendous impact on poultry production and socio-economic repercussion on farmers. In addition, the constant emergence of highly pathogenic AIV also poses a significant risk to human health. In this study, we used a chicken lung epithelial cell line (CLEC213) to gain a better understanding of the molecular consequences of low pathogenic AIV infection in their natural host. Using a transcriptome profiling approach based on microarrays, we identified a cluster of mitochondrial genes highly induced during the infection. Interestingly, most of the regulated genes are encoded by the mitochondrial genome and are involved in the oxidative phosphorylation metabolic pathway. The biological consequences of this transcriptomic induction result in a 2.5- to 4-fold increase of the ATP concentration within the infected cells. PB1-F2, a viral protein that targets the mitochondria was not found associated to the boost of activity of the respiratory chain. We next explored the possibility that ATP may act as a host-derived danger signal (through production of extracellular ATP) or as a boost to increase AIV replication. We observed that, despite the activation of the P2X7 purinergic receptor pathway, a 1mM ATP addition in the cell culture medium had no effect on the virus replication in our epithelial cell model. Finally, we found that oligomycin, a drug that inhibits the oxidative phosphorylation process, drastically reduced the AIV replication in CLEC213 cells, without apparent cellular toxicity. Collectively, our results suggest that AIV is able to boost the metabolic capacities of its avian host in order to provide the important energy needs required to produce progeny virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Meyer
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | - Evelyne Esnault
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, Nouzilly, France
| | - Marco Moroldo
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques pour la Génomique des Animaux Domestiques et d'Intérêt Economique, CRB GADIE INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bruno Da Costa
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sonia Georgeault
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université François Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université François Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,INSERM U966, Université François Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Bernard Delmas
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pascale Quéré
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, Nouzilly, France
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33
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Vidy A, Maisonnasse P, Da Costa B, Delmas B, Chevalier C, Le Goffic R. The Influenza Virus Protein PB1-F2 Increases Viral Pathogenesis through Neutrophil Recruitment and NK Cells Inhibition. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165361. [PMID: 27798704 PMCID: PMC5087861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus (IAV) PB1-F2 protein is a virulence factor contributing to the pathogenesis observed during IAV infections in mammals. In this study, using a mouse model, we compared the host response associated with PB1-F2 with an early transcriptomic signature that was previously associated with neutrophils and consecutively fatal IAV infections. This allowed us to show that PB1-F2 is partly involved in neutrophil-related mechanisms leading to death. Using neutropenic mice, we confirmed that the harmful effect of PB1-F2 is due to an excessive inflammation mediated by an increased neutrophil mobilization. We identified the downstream effects of this PB1-F2-exacerbated neutrophil recruitment. PB1-F2 had no impact on the lymphocyte recruitment in the airways at day 8 pi. However, functional genomics analysis and flow cytometry in broncho-alveolar lavages at 4 days pi revealed that PB1-F2 induced a NK cells deficiency. Thus, our results identify PB1-F2 as an important immune disruptive factor during the IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Vidy
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Bruno Da Costa
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bernard Delmas
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Ronan Le Goffic
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
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34
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James J, Howard W, Iqbal M, Nair VK, Barclay WS, Shelton H. Influenza A virus PB1-F2 protein prolongs viral shedding in chickens lengthening the transmission window. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2516-2527. [PMID: 27558742 PMCID: PMC5078828 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza is a significant economic burden on the poultry industry in geographical regions where it is enzootic. It also poses a public health concern when avian influenza subtypes infect humans, often with high mortality. Understanding viral genetic factors which positively contribute to influenza A virus (IAV) fitness – infectivity, spread and pathogenesis – is of great importance both for human and livestock health. PB1-F2 is a small accessory protein encoded by IAV and in mammalian hosts has been implicated in a wide range of functions that contribute to increased pathogenesis. In the avian host, the protein has been understudied despite high-level full-length conservation in avian IAV isolates, which is in contrast to the truncations of the PB1-F2 length frequently found in mammalian host isolates. Here we report that the presence of a full-length PB1-F2 protein, from a low pathogenicity H9N2 avian influenza virus, prolongs infectious virus shedding from directly inoculated chickens, thereby enhancing transmission of the virus by lengthening the transmission window to contact birds. As well as extending transmission, the presence of a full-length PB1-F2 suppresses pathogenicity evidenced by an increased minimum lethal dose in embryonated chicken eggs and increasing survival in directly infected birds when compared to a virus lacking an ORF for PB1-F2. We propose that there is a positive pressure to maintain a full-length functional PB1-F2 protein upon infection of avian hosts as it contributes to the effective transmission of IAV in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe James
- Avian Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK.,Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - Wendy Howard
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - Munir Iqbal
- Avian Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
| | - Venugopal K Nair
- Avian Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - Holly Shelton
- Avian Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
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Chevalier C, Le Goffic R, Jamme F, Leymarie O, Réfrégiers M, Delmas B. Synchrotron Infrared and Deep UV Fluorescent Microspectroscopy Study of PB1-F2 β-Aggregated Structures in Influenza A Virus-infected Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9060-72. [PMID: 26896002 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.710533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PB1-F2 is a virulence factor of influenza A virus (IAV) whose functions remain misunderstood. The different roles of PB1-F2 may be linked to its structural polymorphism and to its propensity to assemble into oligomers and amyloid fibers in the vicinity of the membrane of IAV-infected cells. Here, we monitored the impact of PB1-F2 on the biochemical composition and protein structures of human epithelial pulmonary cells (A549) and monocytic cells (U937) upon IAV infection using synchrotron Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and deep UV (DUV) microscopies at the single-cell level. Cells were infected with a wild-type IAV and its PB1-F2 knock-out mutant for analyses at different times post-infection. IR spectra were recorded in each condition and processed to evaluate the change in the component band of the spectra corresponding to the amide I (secondary structure) and the CH stretching region (membrane). The IR spectra analysis revealed that expression of PB1-F2 in U937 cells, but not in A549 cells, results in the presence of a specific β-aggregate signature. Furthermore, the lipid membrane composition of U937 cells expressing PB1-F2 was also altered in a cell type-dependent manner. Using DUV microscopy and taking advantage of the high content of tryptophan residues in the sequence of PB1-F2 (5/90 aa), we showed that the increase of the autofluorescent signal recorded in monocytic cells could be correlated with the IR detection of β-aggregates. Altogether, our results constitute an important step forward in the understanding of the cell type-dependent function of PB1-F2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronan Le Goffic
- From the VIM, UR892, INRA, Université PARIS-SACLAY, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas and
| | - Frédéric Jamme
- the DISCO and SMIS Beamlines, Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, 91190 Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Leymarie
- From the VIM, UR892, INRA, Université PARIS-SACLAY, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas and
| | - Matthieu Réfrégiers
- the DISCO and SMIS Beamlines, Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, 91190 Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur Yvette, France
| | - Bernard Delmas
- From the VIM, UR892, INRA, Université PARIS-SACLAY, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas and
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36
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Nonstructural protein p39 of feline calicivirus suppresses host innate immune response by preventing IRF-3 activation. Vet Microbiol 2016; 185:62-7. [PMID: 26931393 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is an important veterinary pathogen that causes acute upper respiratory tract diseases and, occasionally, highly contagious febrile hemorrhagic syndrome in cats. Many viruses have adopted mechanisms for evading IFN-α/β signaling, particularly by directly or indirectly suppressing activation of IRF-3. In this study, we investigated whether nonstructural proteins of FCV possess these mechanisms. When p39, a nonstructural protein of FCV, was transiently expressed in 293T cells, it suppressed IFN-β and ISG15 mRNA production induced by dsRNA. Expression of p39 also suppressed phosphorylation and dimerization of IRF-3 induced by dsRNA. These results suggest that p39 suppresses type 1 IFN production by preventing IRF-3 activation. This may become an important factor in understanding the pathogenesis and virulence of FCV.
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37
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Codon Deletions in the Influenza A Virus PA Gene Generate Temperature-Sensitive Viruses. J Virol 2016; 90:3684-93. [PMID: 26792748 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03101-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The influenza virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which is composed of three subunits, PB1, PB2, and PA, catalyzes genome replication and transcription within the cell nucleus. The PA linker (residues 197 to 256) can be altered by nucleotide substitutions to engineer temperature-sensitive (ts), attenuated mutants that display a defect in the transport of the PA-PB1 complex to the nucleus at a restrictive temperature. In this study, we investigated the ability of the PA linker to tolerate deletion mutations for further in vitro and in vivo characterization. Four viable mutants with single-codon deletions were generated; all of them exhibited a ts phenotype that was associated with the reduced efficiency of replication/transcription of a pseudoviral reporter RNA in a minireplicon assay. Using fluorescently tagged PB1, we observed that the deletion mutants did not efficiently recruit PB1 to reach the nucleus at a restrictive temperature (39.5°C). Mouse infections showed that the four mutants were attenuated and induced antibodies that were able to protect mice from challenge with a lethal homologous wild-type virus. Serial in vitro passages of two deletion mutants at 39.5°C and 37°C did not allow the restoration of a wild-type phenotype among virus progeny. Thus, our results identify codons that can be deleted in the PA gene to engineer genetically stable ts mutants that could be used to design novel attenuated vaccines. IMPORTANCE In order to generate genetically stable live influenza A virus vaccines, we constructed viruses with single-codon deletions in a discrete domain of the RNA polymerase PA gene. The four rescued viruses exhibited a temperature-sensitive phenotype that we found was associated with a defect in the transport of the PA-PB1 dimer to the nucleus, where viral replication occurs. These ts deletion mutants were shown to be attenuated and to be able to produce antibodies in mice and to protect them from a lethal challenge. Assays to select revertants that were able to grow efficiently at a restrictive temperature failed, showing that these deletion mutants are genetically more stable than conventional substitution mutants. These results are of interest for the design of genetically stable live influenza virus vaccines.
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Vidic J, Richard CA, Péchoux C, Da Costa B, Bertho N, Mazerat S, Delmas B, Chevalier C. Amyloid Assemblies of Influenza A Virus PB1-F2 Protein Damage Membrane and Induce Cytotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:739-51. [PMID: 26601953 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.652917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PB1-F2 is a small accessory protein encoded by an alternative open reading frame in PB1 segments of most influenza A virus. PB1-F2 is involved in virulence by inducing mitochondria-mediated immune cells apoptosis, increasing inflammation, and enhancing predisposition to secondary bacterial infections. Using biophysical approaches we characterized membrane disruptive activity of the full-length PB1-F2 (90 amino acids), its N-terminal domain (52 amino acids), expressed by currently circulating H1N1 viruses, and its C-terminal domain (38 amino acids). Both full-length and N-terminal domain of PB1-F2 are soluble at pH values ≤6, whereas the C-terminal fragment was found soluble only at pH ≤ 3. All three peptides are intrinsically disordered. At pH ≥ 7, the C-terminal part of PB1-F2 spontaneously switches to amyloid oligomers, whereas full-length and the N-terminal domain of PB1-F2 aggregate to amorphous structures. When incubated with anionic liposomes at pH 5, full-length and the C-terminal part of PB1-F2 assemble into amyloid structures and disrupt membrane at nanomolar concentrations. PB1-F2 and its C-terminal exhibit no significant antimicrobial activity. When added in the culture medium of mammalian cells, PB1-F2 amorphous aggregates show no cytotoxicity, whereas PB1-F2 pre-assembled into amyloid oligomers or fragmented nanoscaled fibrils was highly cytotoxic. Furthermore, the formation of PB1-F2 amyloid oligomers in infected cells was directly reflected by membrane disruption and cell death as observed in U937 and A549 cells. Altogether our results demonstrate that membrane-lytic activity of PB1-F2 is closely linked to supramolecular organization of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Vidic
- From the Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, UR892, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy en Josas,
| | - Charles-Adrien Richard
- From the Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, UR892, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy en Josas
| | - Christine Péchoux
- the Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, INRA, UMR1313, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy en Josas, and
| | - Bruno Da Costa
- From the Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, UR892, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy en Josas
| | - Nicolas Bertho
- From the Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, UR892, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy en Josas
| | - Sandra Mazerat
- the Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, UMR 8182, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Bernard Delmas
- From the Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, UR892, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy en Josas
| | - Christophe Chevalier
- From the Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, UR892, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy en Josas
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39
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Neumann G. H5N1 influenza virulence, pathogenicity and transmissibility: what do we know? Future Virol 2015; 10:971-980. [PMID: 26617665 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype have infected more than 600 people since 1997, resulting in the deaths of approximately 60% of those infected. Multiple studies have established the viral hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein as the major determinant of H5N1 virulence. HA mediates host-specific virus binding to cells, and mutations that allow efficient binding to viral receptors on mammalian cells are critical (although not sufficient) for H5N1 transmissibility among mammals. The viral polymerase PB2 protein is also a critical virulence determinant, and adaptive mutations in this protein are crucial for efficient H5N1 virus replication in mammals. Additionally, viral proteins (such as NS1 and PB1-F2) with roles in innate immune responses also affect the virulence of highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 575 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA; Tel.: +1 608 890 2907; ;
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40
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Košík I, Práznovská M, Košíková M, Bobišová Z, Hollý J, Varečková E, Kostolanský F, Russ G. The ubiquitination of the influenza A virus PB1-F2 protein is crucial for its biological function. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118477. [PMID: 25866881 PMCID: PMC4395099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify what influences the short half-life of the influenza A virus PB1-F2 protein and whether a prolonged half-life affects the properties of this molecule. We hypothesized that the short half-life of PB1-F2 could conceal the phenotype of the protein. Because proteasome degradation might be involved in PB1-F2 degradation, we focused on ubiquitination, a common label for proteasome targeting. A cluster of lysine residues was demonstrated as an ubiquitination acceptor site in evolutionary and functionally distinct proteins. The PB1-F2 sequence alignment revealed a cluster of lysines on the carboxy terminal end of PB1-F2 in almost all of the GenBank sequences available to date. Using a proximity ligation assay, we identified ubiquitination as a novel posttranslational modification of PB1-F2. Changing the lysines at positions 73, 78, and 85 to arginines suppressed the ubiquitination of A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1)-derived PB1-F2. The mutation of the C-terminal lysine residue cluster positively affected the overall expression levels of avian A/Honk Kong/156/1997 (H5N1)- and mammalian A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1)-derived PB1-F2. Moreover, increased PB1-F2 copy numbers strengthened the functions of this virus in the infected cells. The results of a minigenome luciferase reporter assay revealed an enhancement of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity in the presence of stabilized PB1-F2, regardless of viral origin. IFNβ antagonism was enhanced in 293T cells transfected with a plasmid expressing stabilized K→R mutant variants of PB1-F2. Compared with PB1-F2 wt, the loss of ubiquitination enhanced the antibody response after DNA vaccination. In summary, we revealed that PB1-F2 is an ubiquitinated IAV protein, and this posttranslational modification plays a central role in the regulation of the biological functions of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Košík
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Margaréta Práznovská
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Martina Košíková
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Bobišová
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaroslav Hollý
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Varečková
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - František Kostolanský
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Gustáv Russ
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Temperature-Sensitive Mutants in the Influenza A Virus RNA Polymerase: Alterations in the PA Linker Reduce Nuclear Targeting of the PB1-PA Dimer and Result in Viral Attenuation. J Virol 2015; 89:6376-90. [PMID: 25855727 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00589-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The influenza virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes genome replication and transcription within the cell nucleus. Efficient nuclear import and assembly of the polymerase subunits PB1, PB2, and PA are critical steps in the virus life cycle. We investigated the structure and function of the PA linker (residues 197 to 256), located between its N-terminal endonuclease domain and its C-terminal structured domain that binds PB1, the polymerase core. Circular dichroism experiments revealed that the PA linker by itself is structurally disordered. A large series of PA linker mutants exhibited a temperature-sensitive (ts) phenotype (reduced viral growth at 39.5°C versus 37°C/33°C), suggesting an alteration of folding kinetic parameters. The ts phenotype was associated with a reduced efficiency of replication/transcription of a pseudoviral reporter RNA in a minireplicon assay. Using a fluorescent-tagged PB1, we observed that ts and lethal PA mutants did not efficiently recruit PB1 to reach the nucleus at 39.5°C. A protein complementation assay using PA mutants, PB1, and β-importin IPO5 tagged with fragments of the Gaussia princeps luciferase showed that increasing the temperature negatively modulated the PA-PB1 and the PA-PB1-IPO5 interactions or complex stability. The selection of revertant viruses allowed the identification of different types of compensatory mutations located in one or the other of the three polymerase subunits. Two ts mutants were shown to be attenuated and able to induce antibodies in mice. Taken together, our results identify a PA domain critical for PB1-PA nuclear import and that is a "hot spot" to engineer ts mutants that could be used to design novel attenuated vaccines. IMPORTANCE By targeting a discrete domain of the PA polymerase subunit of influenza virus, we were able to identify a series of 9 amino acid positions that are appropriate to engineer temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants. This is the first time that a large number of ts mutations were engineered in such a short domain, demonstrating that rational design of ts mutants can be achieved. We were able to associate this phenotype with a defect of transport of the PA-PB1 complex into the nucleus. Reversion substitutions restored the ability of the complex to move to the nucleus. Two of these ts mutants were shown to be attenuated and able to produce antibodies in mice. These results are of high interest for the design of novel attenuated vaccines and to develop new antiviral drugs.
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Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus PB1-F2 Variants and Their Virulence in BALB/c Mice. J Virol 2015; 89:5835-46. [PMID: 25787281 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03137-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza A viruses (IAVs) express the PB1-F2 protein from an alternate reading frame within the PB1 gene segment. The roles of PB1-F2 are not well understood but appear to involve modulation of host cell responses. As shown in previous studies, we find that PB1-F2 proteins of mammalian IAVs frequently have premature stop codons that are expected to cause truncations of the protein, whereas avian IAVs usually express a full-length 90-amino-acid PB1-F2. However, in contrast to other avian IAVs, recent isolates of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses had a high proportion of PB1-F2 truncations (15% since 2010; 61% of isolates in 2013) due to several independent mutations that have persisted and expanded in circulating viruses. One natural H5N1 IAV containing a mutated PB1-F2 start codon (i.e., lacking ATG) was 1,000-fold more virulent for BALB/c mice than a closely related H5N1 containing intact PB1-F2. In vitro, we detected expression of an in-frame protein (C-terminal PB1-F2) from downstream ATGs in PB1-F2 plasmids lacking the well-conserved ATG start codon. Transient expression of full-length PB1-F2, truncated (24-amino-acid) PB1-F2, and PB1-F2 lacking the initiating ATG in mammalian and avian cells had no effect on cell apoptosis or interferon expression in human lung epithelial cells. Full-length and C-terminal PB1-F2 mutants colocalized with mitochondria in A549 cells. Close monitoring of alterations of PB1-F2 and their frequency in contemporary avian H5N1 viruses should continue, as such changes may be markers for mammalian virulence. IMPORTANCE Although most avian influenza viruses are harmless for humans, some (such as highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses) are capable of infecting humans and causing severe disease with a high mortality rate. A number of risk factors potentially associated with adaptation to mammalian infection have been noted. Here we demonstrate that the protein PB1-F2 is frequently truncated in recent isolates of highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses. Truncation of PB1-F2 has been proposed to act as an adaptation to mammalian infection. We show that some forms of truncation of PB1-F2 may be associated with increased virulence in mammals. Our data support the assessment of PB1-F2 truncations for genomic surveillance of influenza viruses.
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Kamal RP, Katz JM, York IA. Molecular determinants of influenza virus pathogenesis in mice. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 385:243-74. [PMID: 25038937 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mice are widely used for studying influenza virus pathogenesis and immunology because of their low cost, the wide availability of mouse-specific reagents, and the large number of mouse strains available, including knockout and transgenic strains. However, mice do not fully recapitulate the signs of influenza infection of humans: transmission of influenza between mice is much less efficient than in humans, and influenza viruses often require adaptation before they are able to efficiently replicate in mice. In the process of mouse adaptation, influenza viruses acquire mutations that enhance their ability to attach to mouse cells, replicate within the cells, and suppress immunity, among other functions. Many such mouse-adaptive mutations have been identified, covering all 8 genomic segments of the virus. Identification and analysis of these mutations have provided insight into the molecular determinants of influenza virulence and pathogenesis, not only in mice but also in humans and other species. In particular, several mouse-adaptive mutations of avian influenza viruses have proved to be general mammalian-adaptive changes that are potential markers of pre-pandemic viruses. As well as evaluating influenza pathogenesis, mice have also been used as models for evaluation of novel vaccines and anti-viral therapies. Mice can be a useful animal model for studying influenza biology as long as differences between human and mice infections are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram P Kamal
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA,
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Wang J, Peng Y, Zhao L, Cao M, Hung T, Deng T. Influenza A virus utilizes a suboptimal Kozak sequence to fine-tune virus replication and host response. J Gen Virol 2014; 96:756-766. [PMID: 25519170 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The segment-specific non-coding regions (NCRs) of influenza A virus RNA genome play important roles in controlling viral RNA transcription, replication and genome packaging. In this report, we present, for the first time to our knowledge, a full view of the segment-specific NCRs of all influenza A viruses by bioinformatics analysis. Our systematic functional analysis revealed that the eight segment-specific NCRs identified could differentially regulate viral RNA synthesis and protein expression at both transcription and translation levels. Interestingly, a highly conserved suboptimal nucleotide at -3 position of the Kozak sequence, which downregulated protein expression at the translation level, was only present in the segment-specific NCR of PB1. By reverse genetics, we demonstrate that recombinant viruses with an optimized Kozak sequence at the -3 position in PB1 resulted in a significant multiple-cycle replication reduction that was independent of PB1-F2 expression. Our detailed dynamic analysis of virus infection revealed that the mutant virus displays slightly altered dynamics from the wild-type virus on both viral RNA synthesis and protein production. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the level of PB1 expression is involved in regulating type I IFN production. Together, these data reveal a novel strategy exploited by influenza A virus to fine-tune virus replication dynamics and host antiviral response through regulating PB1 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfeng Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Yousong Peng
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Lili Zhao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Cao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Tao Hung
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Tao Deng
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
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Sensing of immature particles produced by dengue virus infected cells induces an antiviral response by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004434. [PMID: 25340500 PMCID: PMC4207819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is the leading cause of mosquito-borne viral illness and death in humans. Like many viruses, DENV has evolved potent mechanisms that abolish the antiviral response within infected cells. Nevertheless, several in vivo studies have demonstrated a key role of the innate immune response in controlling DENV infection and disease progression. Here, we report that sensing of DENV infected cells by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) triggers a robust TLR7-dependent production of IFNα, concomitant with additional antiviral responses, including inflammatory cytokine secretion and pDC maturation. We demonstrate that unlike the efficient cell-free transmission of viral infectivity, pDC activation depends on cell-to-cell contact, a feature observed for various cell types and primary cells infected by DENV, as well as West Nile virus, another member of the Flavivirus genus. We show that the sensing of DENV infected cells by pDCs requires viral envelope protein-dependent secretion and transmission of viral RNA. Consistently with the cell-to-cell sensing-dependent pDC activation, we found that DENV structural components are clustered at the interface between pDCs and infected cells. The actin cytoskeleton is pivotal for both this clustering at the contacts and pDC activation, suggesting that this structural network likely contributes to the transmission of viral components to the pDCs. Due to an evolutionarily conserved suboptimal cleavage of the precursor membrane protein (prM), DENV infected cells release uncleaved prM containing-immature particles, which are deficient for membrane fusion function. We demonstrate that cells releasing immature particles trigger pDC IFN response more potently than cells producing fusion-competent mature virus. Altogether, our results imply that immature particles, as a carrier to endolysosome-localized TLR7 sensor, may contribute to regulate the progression of dengue disease by eliciting a strong innate response.
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Miodek A, Sauriat-Dorizon H, Chevalier C, Delmas B, Vidic J, Korri-Youssoufi H. Direct electrochemical detection of PB1-F2 protein of influenza A virus in infected cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 59:6-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Miodek A, Vidic J, Sauriat-Dorizon H, Richard CA, Le Goffic R, Korri-Youssoufi H, Chevalier C. Electrochemical Detection of the Oligomerization of PB1-F2 Influenza A Virus Protein in Infected Cells. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9098-105. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5018056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Miodek
- CNRS UMR-8182,
Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et de Matériaux d’Orsay,
Equipe de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, Bâtiment 420, 91405 Orsay, France
- INRA, Unité
de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, UR892, Domaine de Vilvert, F-78350 Centre de Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jasmina Vidic
- INRA, Unité
de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, UR892, Domaine de Vilvert, F-78350 Centre de Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Helene Sauriat-Dorizon
- CNRS UMR-8182,
Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et de Matériaux d’Orsay,
Equipe de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, Bâtiment 420, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Charles-Adrien Richard
- INRA, Unité
de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, UR892, Domaine de Vilvert, F-78350 Centre de Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ronan Le Goffic
- INRA, Unité
de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, UR892, Domaine de Vilvert, F-78350 Centre de Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Hafsa Korri-Youssoufi
- CNRS UMR-8182,
Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et de Matériaux d’Orsay,
Equipe de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, Bâtiment 420, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Christophe Chevalier
- INRA, Unité
de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, UR892, Domaine de Vilvert, F-78350 Centre de Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Compans RW, Oldstone MBA. Secondary bacterial infections in influenza virus infection pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 385:327-56. [PMID: 25027822 PMCID: PMC7122299 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is often complicated by bacterial pathogens that colonize the nasopharynx and invade the middle ear and/or lung epithelium. Incidence and pathogenicity of influenza-bacterial coinfections are multifactorial processes that involve various pathogenic virulence factors and host responses with distinct site- and strain-specific differences. Animal models and kinetic models have improved our understanding of how influenza viruses interact with their bacterial co-pathogens and the accompanying immune responses. Data from these models indicate that considerable alterations in epithelial surfaces and aberrant immune responses lead to severe inflammation, a key driver of bacterial acquisition and infection severity following influenza. However, further experimental and analytical studies are essential to determining the full mechanistic spectrum of different viral and bacterial strains and species and to finding new ways to prevent and treat influenza-associated bacterial coinfections. Here, we review recent advances regarding transmission and disease potential of influenza-associated bacterial infections and discuss the current gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W. Compans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia USA
| | - Michael B. A. Oldstone
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California USA
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PB1-F2 attenuates virulence of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus in chickens. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100679. [PMID: 24959667 PMCID: PMC4069075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is a permanent threat due to its capacity to cross species barriers and generate severe infections and high mortality in humans. Recent findings have highlighted the potential role of PB1-F2, a small accessory influenza protein, in the pathogenesis process mediated by HPAIV in mammals. In this study, using a recombinant H5N1 HPAIV (wt) and its PB1-F2-deleted mutant (ΔF2), we studied the effects of PB1-F2 in a chicken model. Unexpectedly, when using low inoculation dose we observed that the wt-infected chickens had a higher survival rate than the ΔF2-infected chickens, a feature that contrasts with what is usually observed in mammals. High inoculation dose had similar mortality rate for both viruses, and comparison of the bio-distribution of the two viruses indicated that the expression of PB1-F2 allows a better spreading of the virus within chicken embryos. Transcriptomic profiles of lungs and blood cells were characterized at two days post-infection in chickens inoculated with the wild type (wt) or the ΔF2 mutant viruses. In lungs, the expression of PB1-F2 during the infection induced pathways related to calcium signaling and repressed a large panel of immunological functions. In blood cells, PB1-F2 was associated with a gene signature specific for mitochondrial dysfunction and down-modulated leucocytes activation. Finally we compared the effect of PB1-F2 in lungs of chickens and mice. We identified that gene signature associated to tissue damages is a PB1-F2 feature shared by the two species; by contrast, the early inhibition of immune response mediated by PB1-F2 observed in chickens is not seen in mice. In summary, our data suggest that PB1-F2 expression deeply affect the immune response in chickens in a way that may attenuate pathogenicity at low infection dose, a feature differing from what was previously observed in mammal species.
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NLRX1 prevents mitochondrial induced apoptosis and enhances macrophage antiviral immunity by interacting with influenza virus PB1-F2 protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E2110-9. [PMID: 24799673 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1322118111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To subvert host immunity, influenza A virus (IAV) induces early apoptosis in innate immune cells by disrupting mitochondria membrane potential via its polymerase basic protein 1-frame 2 (PB1-F2) accessory protein. Whether immune cells have mechanisms to counteract PB1-F2-mediated apoptosis is currently unknown. Herein, we define that the host mitochondrial protein nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR)X1 binds to viral protein PB1-F2, preventing IAV-induced macrophage apoptosis and promoting both macrophage survival and type I IFN signaling. We initially observed that Nlrx1-deficient mice infected with IAV exhibited increased pulmonary viral replication, as well as enhanced inflammatory-associated pulmonary dysfunction and morbidity. Analysis of the lungs of IAV-infected mice revealed markedly enhanced leukocyte recruitment but impaired production of type I IFN in Nlrx1(-/-) mice. Impaired type I IFN production and enhanced viral replication was recapitulated in Nlrx1(-/-) macrophages and was associated with increased mitochondrial mediated apoptosis. Through gain- and loss-of-function strategies for protein interaction, we identified that NLRX1 directly bound PB1-F2 in the mitochondria of macrophages. Using a recombinant virus lacking PB1-F2, we confirmed that deletion of PB1-F2 abrogated NLRX1-dependent macrophage type I IFN production and apoptosis. Thus, our results demonstrate that NLRX1 acts as a mitochondrial sentinel protecting macrophages from PB1-F2-induced apoptosis and preserving their antiviral function. We further propose that NLRX1 is critical for macrophage immunity against IAV infection by sensing the extent of viral replication and maintaining a protective balance between antiviral immunity and excessive inflammation within the lungs.
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