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Sugama S, Takenouchi T, Hashimoto M, Ohata H, Takenaka Y, Kakinuma Y. Stress-induced microglial activation occurs through β-adrenergic receptor: noradrenaline as a key neurotransmitter in microglial activation. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:266. [PMID: 31847911 PMCID: PMC6916186 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The involvement of microglia in neuroinflammatory responses has been extensively demonstrated. Recent animal studies have shown that exposure to either acute or chronic stress induces robust microglial activation in the brain. In the present study, we investigated the underlying mechanism of brain microglial activation by acute stress. Methods We first looked at the spatial distribution of the noradrenaline (NA)-synthesizing enzyme, DBH (dopamine β-hydroxylase), in comparison with NA receptors—β1, β2, and β3 adrenergic receptors (β1-AR, β2-AR, and β3-AR)—after which we examined the effects of the β-blocker propranolol and α-blockers prazosin and yohimbine on stress-induced microglial activation. Finally, we compared stress-induced microglial activation between wild-type (WT) mice and double-knockout (DKO) mice lacking β1-AR and β2-AR. Results The results demonstrated that (1) microglial activation occurred in most studied brain regions, including the hippocampus (HC), thalamus (TM), and hypothalamus (HT); (2) within these three brain regions, the NA-synthesizing enzyme DBH was densely stained in the neuronal fibers; (3) β1-AR and β2-AR, but not β3-AR, are detected in the whole brain, and β1-AR and β2-AR are co-localized with microglial cells, as observed by laser scanning microscopy; (4) β-blocker treatment inhibited microglial activation in terms of morphology and count through the whole brain; α-blockers did not show such effect; (5) unlike WT mice, DKO mice exhibited substantial inhibition of stress-induced microglial activation in the brain. Conclusions We demonstrate that neurons/microglia may interact with NA via β1-AR and β2-AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuei Sugama
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan.
| | - Takato Takenouchi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Division of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-0057, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Ohata
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takenaka
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
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2
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Mice lacking interleukin-18 gene display behavioral changes in animal models of psychiatric disorders: Possible involvement of immunological mechanisms. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 314:58-66. [PMID: 29195684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical evidence suggests pro-inflammatory cytokines might play an important role in the neurobiology of schizophrenia and stress-related psychiatric disorders. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines and it is widely expressed in brain regions involved in emotional regulation. Since IL-18 involvement in the neurobiology of mental illnesses, including schizophrenia, remains unknown, this work aimed at investigating the behavior of IL-18 null mice (KO) in different preclinical models: 1. the prepulse inhibition test (PPI), which provides an operational measure of sensorimotor gating and schizophrenic-like phenotypes; 2. amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion, a model predictive of antipsychotic activity; 3. resident-intruder test, a model predictive of aggressive behavior. Furthermore, the animals were submitted to models used to assess depressive- and anxiety-like behavior. IL-18KO mice showed impaired baseline PPI response, which was attenuated by d-amphetamine at a dose that did not modify PPI response in wild-type (WT) mice, suggesting a hypodopaminergic prefrontal cortex function in those mice. d-Amphetamine, however, induced hyperlocomotion in IL-18KO mice compared to their WT counterparts, suggesting hyperdopaminergic activity in the midbrain. Moreover, IL-18KO mice presented increased basal levels of IL-1β levels in the hippocampus and TNF-α in the prefrontal cortex, suggesting an overcompensation of IL-18 absence by increased levels of other proinflammatory cytokines. Although no alteration was observed in the forced swimming or in the elevated plus maze tests in naïve IL-18KO mice, these mice presented anxiogenic-like behavior after exposure to repeated forced swimming stress. In conclusion, deletion of the IL-18 gene resembled features similar to symptoms observed in schizophrenia (positive and cognitive symptoms, aggressive behavior), in addition to increased susceptibility to stress. The IL-18KO model, therefore, could provide new insights into how changes in brain immunological homeostasis induce behavioral changes related to psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia.
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Prossin AR, Koch AE, Campbell PL, Barichello T, Zalcman SS, Zubieta JK. Acute experimental changes in mood state regulate immune function in relation to central opioid neurotransmission: a model of human CNS-peripheral inflammatory interaction. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:243-51. [PMID: 26283642 PMCID: PMC4720915 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although evidence shows depressed moods enhance risk for somatic diseases, molecular mechanisms underlying enhanced somatic susceptibility are ill-defined. Knowledge of these molecular mechanisms will inform development of treatment and prevention strategies across comorbid depressive and somatic illnesses. Existing evidence suggests that interleukin-18 (IL-18; an IL-1 family cytokine) is elevated in depression and implicated in pathophysiology underlying comorbid medical illnesses. We previously identified strong associations between baseline IL-18 and μ-opioid receptor availability in major depressive disorder (MDD) volunteers. Combined with the evidence in animal models, we hypothesized that experimental mood induction would change IL-18, the extent proportional to opioid neurotransmitter release. Using the Velten technique in a [(11)C]carfentanil positron emission tomography neuroimaging study, we examined the impact of experimentally induced mood (sad, neutral) on plasma IL-18 and relationships with concurrent changes in the central opioid neurotransmission in 28 volunteers (healthy, MDD). Results showed mood induction impacted IL-18 (F2,25=12.2, P<0.001), sadness increasing IL-18 (T27=2.6, P=0.01) and neutral mood reducing IL-18 (T27=-4.1, P<0.001). In depressed volunteers, changes in IL-18 were more pronounced (F2,25=3.6, P=0.03) and linearly proportional to sadness-induced μ-opioid activation (left ventral pallidum, bilateral anterior cingulate cortices, right hypothalamus and bilateral amygdala). These data demonstrate that dynamic changes of a pro-inflammatory IL-1 superfamily cytokine, IL-18, and its relationship to μ-opioid neurotransmission in response to experimentally induced sadness. Further testing is warranted to delineate the role of neuroimmune interactions involving IL-18 in enhancing susceptibility to medical illness (that is, diabetes, heart disease and persistent pain states) in depressed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Prossin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, BBSB #2308, Houston, TX 77054, USA. E-mail:
| | - A E Koch
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Medical Service, Veteran's Administration Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - P L Campbell
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T Barichello
- Center for Experimental Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA,Laboratório de Microbiologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - S S Zalcman
- Department of Psychiatry, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - J-K Zubieta
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Sugama S, Sekiyama K, Kodama T, Takamatsu Y, Takenouchi T, Hashimoto M, Bruno C, Kakinuma Y. Chronic restraint stress triggers dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurodegeneration: Possible role of chronic stress in the onset of Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 51:39-46. [PMID: 26291405 PMCID: PMC4849407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and, to a lesser extent, in the noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC). Most cases of PD are idiopathic and sporadic and are believed to be the result of both environmental and genetic factors. Here, to the best of our knowledge, we report the first evidence that chronic restraint stress (8h/day, 5days/week) substantially reduces nigral DA and LC noradrenergic neuronal cell numbers in rats. Loss of DA neurons in the SNpc was evident after 2weeks of stress and progressed in a time-dependent manner, reaching up to 61% at 16weeks. This reduction was accompanied by robust microglial activation and oxidative stress and was marked by nitrotyrosine in the SNpc and LC of the midbrain. These results indicate that chronic stress triggers DA and noradrenergic neurodegeneration by increasing oxidative stress, and that activated microglia in the substantia nigra and LC may play an important role in modulating the neurotoxic effects of oxidative stress. Taken together, these data suggest that exposure to chronic stress triggers DA and noradrenergic neurodegeneration, which is a cause of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuei Sugama
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
| | - Kazunari Sekiyama
- Division of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan
| | - Tohru Kodama
- Division of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Takamatsu
- Division of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan
| | - Takato Takenouchi
- Animal Immune and Cell Biology Research Unit, Division of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Division of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan
| | - Conti Bruno
- Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
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Zorrilla EP, Conti B. Interleukin-18 null mutation increases weight and food intake and reduces energy expenditure and lipid substrate utilization in high-fat diet fed mice. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 37:45-53. [PMID: 24316258 PMCID: PMC4219830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-18 (IL-18) putatively modulates food intake and energy metabolism, but the effects of IL-18 in high-fat diet fed animals are unknown. Whether IL-18 alters basal metabolic rate or metabolic processes of living is unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that IL-18 modulates weight gain, energy intake, whole-body energy expenditure, and utilization of lipid as a fuel substrate in high-fat diet fed mice. METHODS Food intake, whole-body metabolism, and motor activity of IL-18 knockout mice were compared to those of wildtype littermates; anorectic effects of intracerebroventricular IL-18 administration were compared between IL-18 receptor knockout, IL-18/IL-18R knockout and wildtype mice. RESULTS Chow-reared IL-18 knockout mice were overweight at 6 months of age and then gained excess weight on both low-fat and high-fat diets, ate more high-fat diet, and showed reduced whole-body energy expenditure and increased respiratory exchange ratios. Reductions in energy expenditure of IL-18 knockout mice were seen across fasting vs. feeding conditions, low- vs. high-fat diets, high vs. low levels of physical activity and times of day, suggesting actions on basal metabolic rate. The circadian amplitude of energy expenditure, but not respiratory exchange ratio, food intake, or motor activity, also was blunted in IL-18 knockout mice. Central IL-18 administration reduced high-fat diet intake in wildtype mice, but not in mice lacking the IL-18 receptor. CONCLUSION The loss-of-function results support the hypothesis that endogenous IL-18 suppresses appetite and promote energy expenditure and lipid fuel substrate utilization not only during sickness, but also in healthy adults consuming high-fat diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P. Zorrilla
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla, California, 92037, USA,Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Bruno Conti
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
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Erythroid Differentiation Regulator 1, an Interleukin 18-Regulated Gene, Acts as a Metastasis Suppressor in Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:2096-104. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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7
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Muneta Y, Minagawa Y, Nakane T, Shibahara T, Yoshikawa T, Omata Y. Interleukin-18 expression in pig salivary glands and salivary content changes during acute immobilization stress. Stress 2011; 14:549-56. [PMID: 21682650 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2011.565392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-18 (IL-18) has recently been considered a promising marker of stress responses. In this study, to evaluate IL-18 as a noninvasive stress marker in pigs, we investigated the expression of IL-18 in porcine salivary glands and its presence in saliva, and its dynamics during acute immobilization stress in pigs. IL-18 mRNA was detected robustly in the pig salivary glands by RT-PCR. Immunohistochemical staining of IL-18 protein expression revealed that the expression patterns differed among the three types of salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual gland). IL-18 was also detected in pig saliva by ELISA, and a diurnal rhythm with a peak in the afternoon was observed. The IL-18 concentration in saliva was significantly increased during a 60-min acute immobilization stress in thirteen 5-month-old pigs. These results are the first evidence of a stress-related change of IL-18 in pig saliva. Salivary IL-18 may thus become a useful noninvasive marker for the evaluation of acute stress in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Muneta
- Research Team for Advanced Biologicals, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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8
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Matsunaga H, Hokari R, Ueda T, Kurihara C, Hozumi H, Higashiyama M, Okada Y, Watanabe C, Komoto S, Nakamura M, Kawaguchi A, Nagao S, Sekiyama A, Miura S. Physiological stress exacerbates murine colitis by enhancing proinflammatory cytokine expression that is dependent on IL-18. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G555-64. [PMID: 21719737 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00482.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Psychological stress is an environmental factor considered to be a precipitating factor of inflammatory bowel disease. Interleukin (IL)-18 plays a role in stress-induced aggravation in some diseases. The aim of this study was to establish a model of murine colitis exacerbated by psychological stress and to clarify the role of IL-18 in this model. Male C57Bl/6 mice and IL-18(-/-) mice were used for this study. The mice received dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for induction of colitis. Some mice were exposed to psychological stress using a communication box. Body weight, colonic length, and histological inflammation were measured for assessment of colitis. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-18 expression in the colon and IL-18 expression in the adrenal gland were analyzed using real-time PCR. The effect of anti-IL-18 antibody was also investigated. Effects of TNF-α and IL-18 on cytokine expressions were studied using the colonic epithelial cell line LS174T. Induction of psychological stress in DSS-treated wild-type mice significantly exacerbated colitis with enhanced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and IL-18. However, induction of psychological stress in DSS-treated IL-18(-/-) mice did not aggravate colitis compared with that in the IL-18(-/-) group given only DSS treatment. Stress-induced aggravation of colitis was ameliorated significantly by anti-IL-18 antibody treatment. IL-18 did not enhance TNF-α-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 or IL-8 in LS174T. We established a model of colitis exacerbated by psychological stress. Psychological stress enhanced IL-18 expression and plays a proinflammatory role in stress-induced aggravation of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayuki Matsunaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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Sanchez-Alavez M, Alboni S, Conti B. Sex- and age-specific differences in core body temperature of C57Bl/6 mice. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 33:89-99. [PMID: 20635153 PMCID: PMC3063645 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-010-9164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Gender-specific differences in longevity are reported across species and are mediated by mechanisms not entirely understood. In C57Bl/6 mice, commonly used in aging research, males typically outlive females. Since in these animals modest but prolonged reduction of core body (Tc) increased life span, we hypothesized that differential Tc may contribute to sex-specific longevity. Here, we compared the circadian profiles of Tc and locomotor activity (LMA) of male and female C57Bl/6 mice. Since Tc and LMA normally change with age, measurements were carried out in young (3 months) as well as in old (24 months) mice. In young females, Tc was influenced by estrous but was overall higher than in males. This difference was larger in old animals after age eliminated the variations associated with estrous. Although temperature homeostasis is regulated centrally by the sexually dimorphic hypothalamic preoptic area, these differences were uniquely dependent on the gonads. In fact, bilateral gonadectomy abolished the effects of estrous and increased resting Tc in males eliminating all sex-specific differences in Tc and LMA. These effects were only partially mimicked by hormonal replacement as Tc was affected by progesterone and to a lesser extent by estrogen but not by testosterone. Thus, gonadal-dependent modulation of Tc may be one of the physiological parameters contributing to gender-specific differences in longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sanchez-Alavez
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Silvia Alboni
- Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G Campi 287, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Bruno Conti
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
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Abstract
Melanocortin peptides, derived from POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin) are produced in the ARH (arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus) neurons and the neurons in the commissural NTS (nucleus of the solitary tract) of the brainstem, in anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary, skin and a wide range of peripheral tissues, including reproductive organs. A hypothetical model for functional roles of melanocortin receptors in maintaining energy balance was proposed in 1997. Since this time, there has been an extraordinary amount of knowledge gained about POMC-derived peptides in relation to energy homoeostasis. Development of a Pomc-null mouse provided definitive proof that POMC-derived peptides are critical for the regulation of energy homoeostasis. The melanocortin system consists of endogenous agonists and antagonists, five melanocortin receptor subtypes and receptor accessory proteins. The melanocortin system, as is now known, is far more complex than most of us could have imagined in 1997, and, similarly, the importance of this system for regulating energy homoeostasis in the general human population is much greater than we would have predicted. Of the known factors that can cause human obesity, or protect against it, the melanocortin system is by far the most significant. The present review is a discussion of the current understanding of the roles and mechanism of action of POMC, melanocortin receptors and AgRP (agouti-related peptide) in obesity and Type 2 diabetes and how the central and/or peripheral melanocortin systems mediate nutrient, leptin, insulin, gut hormone and cytokine regulation of energy homoeostasis.
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Alboni S, Cervia D, Sugama S, Conti B. Interleukin 18 in the CNS. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:9. [PMID: 20113500 PMCID: PMC2830964 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-18 is a cytokine isolated as an important modulator of immune responses and subsequently shown to be pleiotropic. IL-18 and its receptors are expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) where they participate in neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative processes but also influence homeostasis and behavior. Work on IL-18 null mice, the localization of the IL-18 receptor complex in neurons and the neuronal expression of decoy isoforms of the receptor subunits are beginning to reveal the complexity and the significance of the IL-18 system in the CNS. This review summarizes current knowledge on the central role of IL-18 in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Alboni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Shini S, Kaiser P. Effects of stress, mimicked by administration of corticosterone in drinking water, on the expression of chicken cytokine and chemokine genes in lymphocytes. Stress 2009; 12:388-99. [PMID: 19006006 DOI: 10.1080/10253890802526894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we identify molecular mediators that participate in the regulation of the immune response during corticosterone-induced stress in chickens. At 7 weeks of age, 120 chickens were exposed for 1 week to corticosterone treatment. Cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression levels were evaluated in peripheral blood and splenic lymphocytes. Expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-18 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta4 mRNA were significantly up-regulated in lymphocytes 3 h after first treatment with corticosterone. TGF-beta4 and IL-18 remained elevated 1 week post-initial treatment. Compared with controls, corticosterone-treated birds showed greater expression levels of chemokine (CC) mRNA, particularly for CCLi2, CCL5 (RANTES), CCL16 and CXCLi1, in peripheral and splenic lymphocytes 3 h post-initial exposure. CCLi2 mRNA was highly expressed in splenocytes at all time-points. Administration of corticosterone significantly increased circulating corticosterone concentrations and decreased total lymphocyte counts at 3, 24 h and 1 week post-initiation of corticosterone treatment. There was a positive correlation between plasma corticosterone concentrations and CCL5 and CCL16 mRNA at 3 h post-initial administration. At 1 week post-initial treatment, corticosterone concentrations correlated positively with CCL5 and negatively with IL-18 mRNA level. Conditions associated with significant changes in corticosterone levels might therefore affect the immune response by increasing pro-inflammatory responses, leading to potential modulation of the Th1/Th2 balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shini
- School of Animal Studies, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia.
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Raggatt LJ, Qin L, Tamasi J, Jefcoat SC, Shimizu E, Selvamurugan N, Liew FY, Bevelock L, Feyen JHM, Partridge NC. Interleukin-18 is regulated by parathyroid hormone and is required for its bone anabolic actions. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:6790-8. [PMID: 18165223 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709909200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-18 (IL-18) can regulate osteoblast and osteoclast function. We have identified, using cDNA microarray technology, that IL-18 expression is increased in UMR 106-01 rat osteoblastic cells in response to parathyroid hormone (PTH) treatment. Confirmation of these data using real-time reverse transcription-PCR showed that steady-state levels of IL-18 mRNA increased by 2 h (3-fold), peaked by 4 h (10-fold), and had diminished after 12 h (4.4-fold) and that this regulation was via the protein kinase A signaling pathway and did not involve activation of the PKC signal cascade. PTH regulation of IL-18 was confirmed at the protein level, and analysis of differentiating primary rat calvarial osteoblasts verified that both IL-18 mRNA and protein are regulated by PTH in primary rat osteoblasts. Promoter reporter assays revealed that PTH regulated the upstream IL-18 promoter and induced the exon 1 containing 1.1-kb IL-18 mRNA transcript in primary osteoblast cells. The in vivo physiological role of IL-18 in the anabolic actions of PTH on bone was then assessed using IL-18 knock-out mice. Female IL-18 null mice and wild-type littermate controls were injected with vehicle or 8 microg/100 g of human 1-38 PTH for 4 weeks. In IL-18 knock-out animals the anabolic effect of PTH (determined by bone mineral density changes in the proximal tibia) was abolished in trabecular bone but not in the cortical component. These data characterize the PTH regulation of IL-18 expression in osteoblastic cells and suggest that this cytokine is involved in the anabolic actions of PTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza J Raggatt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Sugama S, Conti B. Interleukin-18 and stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 58:85-95. [PMID: 18295340 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine believed to play a role in a variety of conditions and diseases including infections, autoimmunity, cancer, diabetes and atherosclerosis. IL-18 is also a possible contributor to the sickness syndrome by inducing anorexia and sleep. Originally recognized to be produced by cells of the immune system, IL-18 is also found in endocrine tissues, including the adrenal and the pituitary glands, and in the central nervous system where it is produced by microglial and ependymal cells as well as by neurons of the medial habenular nucleus. IL-18 is produced constitutively and its levels can increase during infection but also during stress in the absence of an exogenous stimulus. IL-18 levels are elevated by activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in a tissue specific way via differential promoter and splicing usage, and may be down-regulated by the activation of the para-sympathetic system. This suggested the possibility that IL-18 may participate in the regulation of the HPA axis or that it may have a role in mediating the CNS dependent effects on the susceptibility to or the progression of diseases. This review summarizes the evidence linking stress and IL-18 and discusses the possible implication of the neuro-immuno-modulatory action of IL-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuei Sugama
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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15
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Zorrilla EP, Sanchez-Alavez M, Sugama S, Brennan M, Fernandez R, Bartfai T, Conti B. Interleukin-18 controls energy homeostasis by suppressing appetite and feed efficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:11097-102. [PMID: 17578927 PMCID: PMC1904154 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611523104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating levels of the cytokine interleukin 18 (IL-18) are elevated in obesity. Here, we show that administration of IL-18 suppresses appetite, feed efficiency, and weight regain in food-deprived male and female C57BL/6J mice. Intraperitoneal vs. intracerebroventricular routes of IL-18 administration had similar potency and did not promote formation of a conditioned taste aversion (malaise-like behavior). Mice partially (Il18(+/-)) or totally (Il18(-/-)) deficient in IL-18 were hyperphagic by young adulthood, with null mutants then becoming overweight by the fifth month of life. Adult Il18(-/-) mice gained 2- to 3-fold more weight than WT mice per unit energy consumed of low- or high-fat diet. Indirect calorimetry revealed reduced energy expenditure in female Il18(-/-) mice and increased respiratory exchange ratios [volume of carbon dioxide production (VCO(2))/volume of oxygen consumption (VO(2))] in mutants of both sexes. Hyperphagia continued in maturity, with overeating greatest during the mid- to late-dark cycle. Relative white fat-pad mass of Il18(-/-) mice was approximately 2- to 3-fold greater than that of WT, with gonadal, mesenteric, and inguinal depots growing most. The data suggest that endogenous IL-18 signaling modulates food intake, metabolism, and adiposity during adulthood and might be a central or peripheral pharmacological target for controlling energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P. Zorrilla
- *Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Manuel Sanchez-Alavez
- *Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Shuei Sugama
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Molly Brennan
- *Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, and
| | - Rosette Fernandez
- *Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Tamas Bartfai
- *Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Bruno Conti
- *Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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Park HJ, Kim HJ, Lee JY, Cho BK, Gallo RL, Cho DH. Adrenocorticotropin Hormone Stimulates Interleukin-18 Expression in Human HaCaT Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1210-6. [PMID: 17235324 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is activated by stress. This involves the production of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) with the subsequent release of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) peptides, of which adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) is most important. Although the skin has the capacity to produce CRH and POMC peptides, the immunomodulatory roles of ACTH in skin are yet unknown. IL-18 has been known to affect cells involved in the inflammatory response. In this study, we aimed to identify the regulatory effect of ACTH on IL-18 expression of skin keratinocytes. Exposure of HaCaT cells to ACTH stimulated formation of IL-18 mRNA transcript and its protein products in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we suggest that ACTH-induced IL-18 production is via the caspase-1 activation pathway, as IL-18 production induced by ACTH could be suppressed by caspase-1 inhibitor, and ACTH could increase caspase-1 activity. The effect of ACTH on IL-18 production was blocked by specific inhibitors of p38 kinase (SB203580) or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) (PD98059). In addition, ACTH-induced rapid phosphorylation of p38 kinase and ERK, and ACTH signaling occurred via melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R) and receptor 2 (MC2R). These results suggest that ACTH stimulates IL-18 expression in human keratinocytes, which provides an insight into the interaction between ACTH and inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jeong Park
- Department of Dermatology, St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
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Sugama S, Fujita M, Hashimoto M, Conti B. Stress induced morphological microglial activation in the rodent brain: involvement of interleukin-18. Neuroscience 2007; 146:1388-99. [PMID: 17433555 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the possibility that acute stress might activate microglial cells. Wistar rats were exposed to 2 h period of restraint combined with water immersion stress prior to brain analysis by immunohistochemistry with OX-42, a marker of complement receptor CR3. A single session of stress provoked robust morphological microglial activation in the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, substantia nigra and central gray. These effects appeared as early as at 1 h of exposure and were further intensified at 2 h. Morphological activation was not accompanied with changes in markers of functional activation or of inflammation including interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Similar results were obtained with mice where the effects of stress were compared in animals null for interleukin-18 (IL-18 KO), a cytokine previously demonstrated to be modulated by stress and to contribute to microglia activation. The results demonstrated significant reduction of stress-induced microglial activation in IL-18 KO mice. The present study reports evidence that physical/emotional stress may induce morphological microglial activation in the brain and this activation is in part mediated by interleukin-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sugama
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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18
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Kusumoto K, Murakami Y, Otsuki M, Kanayama M, Takeuchi S, Takahashi S. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) mRNA expression and localization of IL-18 mRNA-expressing cells in the mouse uterus. Zoolog Sci 2006; 22:1003-10. [PMID: 16219981 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.22.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-18 (IL-18) belongs to the interleukin-1 family and was identified as an interferon-gamma inducing factor. We investigated IL-18 mRNA-expressing cells in the mouse uterus. By RNase protection assay, IL-18 mRNA and alpha subunit of IL-18 receptor mRNA were detected in the uterus. In the uterus, IL-18 mRNA levels increased during sexual maturation. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrated IL-18 mRNA-expressing cells in the mouse uterus of different ages. At 21 days of age, IL-18 mRNA-expressing cells were detected in the luminal epithelial cells and stromal cells although the IL-18 mRNA signal was weak. At 42 days of age, IL-18 mRNA signal was mainly detected in the stromal cells located near the myometrium, and in some of the luminal and glandular epithelial cells. In the uterus of 63-day-old adult mice, a strong hybridization signal for IL-18 mRNA was detected at estrus, but was weak at diestrus. IL-18 mRNA was mainly detected in the glandular epithelial cells and stromal cells. The effect of estradiol-17beta (E(2)) on IL-18 mRNA-expressing cells in the uterus was examined in ovariectomized mice. In oil-treated mice IL-18 mRNA signal was localized in luminal epithelial cells and stromal cells, while in E(2)-treated mice IL-18 mRNA signal was localized in stromal cells alone. These results suggest that the mouse uterus has an IL-18 system, and IL-18 exerts a physiological role within the uterus in a paracrine manner, and that IL-18 gene expression is regulated by estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kusumoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Japan
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19
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Wang N, Sugama S, Conti B, Teramoto A, Shibasaki T. Interleukin-18 mRNA expression in the rat pituitary gland. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 173:117-25. [PMID: 16460811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Revised: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the expression of IL-18 mRNA under several stimuli, and molecular structures of IL-18 mRNA of the rat pituitary. Real-time PCR demonstrated that IL-18 mRNA, highly expressed in anterior pituitary, significantly increased following stress and adrenalectomy. In situ hybridization combined with immunohistochemistry demonstrated that corticotrope cells expressed IL-18 mRNA. RACE and sequence analysis demonstrated that pituitary IL-18 mRNA possesses five new exons at the upstream of exon 1 and between exon 1 and exon 2, indicating the preferential usage of promoter 1. The present study suggests that IL-18 in the corticotrope cells may play some roles in stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
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20
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Sekiyama A, Ueda H, Kashiwamura SI, Nishida K, Kawai K, Teshima-kondo S, Rokutan K, Okamura H. IL-18; a cytokine translates a stress into medical science. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2006; 52 Suppl:236-9. [PMID: 16366505 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.52.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Psychological/physical stresses have been reported to exacerbate auto-immune and inflammatory diseases. To clarify a mechanism by which non-inflammatory stresses disrupt host defenses, responses to immobilization stress in mice were investigated, focusing on the role of a multifunctional cytokine, interleukin-18 (IL-18). In the adrenal cortex, the stress induced IL-18 precursor proteins (pro-IL-18) via ACTH and a superoxide-mediated caspase-1 activation pathway, resulting in conversion of pro-IL-18 to the mature form which was released into plasma. Inhibitors of caspase-1, reactive oxygen species and P38 MAPK prevented stress-induced accumulation of plasma IL-18. These inhibitors also blocked stress-induced IL-6 expression. This, together with the observation that IL-6 was not induced in stressed-IL-18 deficient mice, showed that IL-6 induction by stress is dependent on IL-18. In stressed organisms, IL-18 may influence pathological and physiological processes. Controlling the caspase-1 activating pathway to suppress IL-18 levels may provide preventative means against stress-related disruption of host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Sekiyama
- Department of stress science, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Japan
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21
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Sugama S, Wang N, Shimokawa N, Koibuchi N, Fujita M, Hashimoto M, Dhabhar FS, Conti B. The adrenal gland is a source of stress-induced circulating IL-18. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 172:59-65. [PMID: 16359733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study compared plasma IL-18 levels between sham-operated and adrenalectomized mice following stress to investigate whether the adrenal gland contributes to the elevation of circulating IL-18 during stress. Two hours of stress provoked a robust, stressor-dependent, elevation of IL-18 mRNA and peptide in the adrenal gland in sham-operated mice. Consistently, levels of circulating mature IL-18 increased during stress and remained elevated for up to 6 h after stress. The stress-induced increase in circulating IL-18 was abolished by adrenalectomy. These findings demonstrate that the adrenal gland is required to achieve elevation of circulating IL-18 during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuei Sugama
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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22
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Sekiyama A, Ueda H, Kashiwamura SI, Nishida K, Yamaguchi S, Sasaki H, Kuwano Y, Kawai K, Teshima-Kondo S, Rokutan K, Okamura H. A role of the adrenal gland in stress-induced up-regulation of cytokines in plasma. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 171:38-44. [PMID: 16253346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To reveal a pathway by which psychological/physical stresses influence host defense capability, responses to immobilization stress in mice were investigated, focusing on a multifunctional cytokine, interleukin-18 (IL-18). Immobilization stress induced interleukin-18 accumulation in plasma and in the adrenal gland. Inhibition on ACTH resulted in suppressed levels of IL-18 both in plasma and the adrenal gland. In hemi-adrenalectomized mice, plasma IL-18 levels after stress were lower than in sham-operated mice. This, together with the observation in stressed hemi-adrenalectomized mice that IL-6 levels in plasma were suppressed but up-regulated by recombinant IL-18, showed that the adrenal gland plays a crucial role in stress-related elevation of IL-6 in plasma via IL-18. Adrenal gland is highlighted as an organ connecting the psychological, endocrine, and immune systems. Controlling the secretion of IL-18 from the adrenal gland may serve as a possible preventative means against a stress-related disruption of host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Sekiyama
- Department of stress science, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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23
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SILVERMAN MARNIN, PEARCE BRADD, BIRON CHRISTINEA, MILLER ANDREWH. Immune modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during viral infection. Viral Immunol 2005; 18:41-78. [PMID: 15802953 PMCID: PMC1224723 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2005.18.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling data has been amassed indicating that soluble factors, or cytokines, emanating from the immune system can have profound effects on the neuroendocrine system, in particular the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. HPA activation by cytokines (via the release of glucocorticoids), in turn, has been found to play a critical role in restraining and shaping immune responses. Thus, cytokine-HPA interactions represent a fundamental consideration regarding the maintenance of homeostasis and the development of disease during viral infection. Although reviews exist that focus on the bi-directional communication between the immune system and the HPA axis during viral infection (188,235), others have focused on the immunomodulatory effects of glucocorticoids during viral infection (14,225). This review, however, concentrates on the other side of the bi-directional loop of neuroendocrine-immune interactions, namely, the characterization of HPA axis activity during viral infection and the mechanisms employed by cytokines to stimulate glucocorticoid release.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARNI N. SILVERMAN
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - BRAD D. PEARCE
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - CHRISTINE A. BIRON
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - ANDREW H. MILLER
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Address reprint requests to: Dr. Andrew H. Miller, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMRB Suite 4000, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, E-mail:
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Sekiyama A, Ueda H, Kashiwamura SI, Sekiyama R, Takeda M, Rokutan K, Okamura H. A Stress-Induced, Superoxide-Mediated Caspase-1 Activation Pathway Causes Plasma IL-18 Upregulation. Immunity 2005; 22:669-77. [PMID: 15963782 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2004] [Revised: 03/29/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Psychological/physical stresses are known to cause relapses of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. To reveal a mechanism by which noninflammatory stresses affect host defenses, responses to immobilization stress in mice were investigated, focusing on the role of a multifunctional cytokine, interleukin-18 (IL-18). In the adrenal cortex, the stress induced IL-18 precursor proteins (pro-IL-18) via adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and a superoxide-mediated caspase-1 activation pathway, resulting in conversion of pro-IL-18 to the mature form, which was released into plasma. Inhibitors of caspase-1, reactive oxygen species, and P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) suppressed stress-induced accumulation of plasma IL-18. These inhibitors also blocked stress-induced IL-6 expression. This, together with the observation that IL-6 was not induced in IL-18-deficient mice, showed that IL-6 induction by stress is dependent on IL-18. In stressed organisms, IL-18 may influence pathological and physiological processes. Controlling the caspase-1 activating pathway to suppress IL-18 levels may provide preventative means against stress-related disruption of host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Sekiyama
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.
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25
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Tringali G, Pozzoli G, Vairano M, Mores N, Preziosi P, Navarra P. Interleukin-18 displays effects opposite to those of interleukin-1 in the regulation of neuroendocrine stress axis. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 160:61-7. [PMID: 15710458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Revised: 10/29/2004] [Accepted: 10/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of interleukin-18 (IL-18), a putative member of the IL-1 family, were investigated on basal and stimulated release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and prostanoids from rat hypothalamic explants and glial cells in vitro. We found that IL-18 decreases basal and KCl-stimulated CRH release from the hypothalamus. IL-18 also reduced CRH gene expression after 1- and 3-h incubation. The cytokine did not modify basal PGE2 production by hypothalamic explants but abolished production stimulated by IL-1beta. Similar effects were also observed on cultured glial cells. The present findings show that IL-18 possesses a profile of in vitro neuroendocrine activities opposing to, and even antagonizing, those of IL-1beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Tringali
- Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University School Medicine, Largo Francesco Vito 1-00168, Rome, Italy
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26
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Abstract
Cytokines interfere with steroidogenesis at the level of the adrenals, testes, and ovaries. Within the adrenal, macrophages, and lymphocytes, physiologically widely infiltrating the adrenal cortex, and adrenocortical, and chromaffin cells produce cytokines, as IL-1, IL-6, TNFalpha, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and IL-18 which have a key role in the immune-adreno-cortical communication. In addition to cytokines interacting with adrenal function, cytokine independent mechanisms are responsible for a cell to cell-mediated immune regulation of the adrenal. The importance of this immune-endocrine cross-talk becomes evident in the case of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases being necessary for an adequate adrenal stress response. Secretory products of macrophages are involved in the regulation of steroidogenesis, Sertoli cell activity, and germ cell survival in the human testes. In rats, IL-1 is involved in the paracrine regulation of Leydig cell steroidogenesis. IL-6 has been suggested to exert adverse effects on the male reproductive function, inducing persistent testicular resistance to luteinizing hormone (LH) action and/or suppression of Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Cytokines such as IL-8 and MCP-1 (monocyte chemotactic protein-1) are involved in follicular development and atresia, ovulation, steroidogenesis, and corpus luteum function. In undifferentiated ovarian cells TNF and IL-1 inhibit steroidogenesis, whereas in differentiated ovaries these cytokines stimulate progesterone synthesis. Some ovarian cancer cells secrete TNF and IL-1 which stimulate growth of these cells. In conclusion, cytokines interact with steroidogenesis in a systemic and complex manner, influencing development, function, and hormone production of the adrenals, testes, and ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Bornstein
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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27
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Shimizu Y, Sugama S, Degiorgio LA, Cho BP, Joh TH. Cell-type specific signal transduction and gene regulation via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in catecholaminergic neurons by restraint stress. Neuroscience 2004; 129:831-9. [PMID: 15541904 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene is easily regulated in the CNS as well as peripheral nervous systems by stressful conditions. The stimuli, such as stress or reserpine administration, significantly increased the TH gene in noradrenergic neurons in the locus ceruleus (LC), but not in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). To explore the molecular mechanisms governing differential TH gene regulation in catecholaminergic cells, the present study investigated the regulation of immediate early gene (c-Fos), transcription factors (pCREB, CREB binding protein [CBP]), mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (phospho-extra-cellular regulated kinase [pERK]1/2, phospho-p38 MAP kinase [p-p38 MAPK], phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase [pJNK]) in the LC and SN in control conditions and in response to 2 h restraint stress (RS). Significant induction of c-Fos expression was observed in the LC, but not in the SN. In addition, pERK1/2 significantly increased following 2 h RS specifically in the LC, but not in the SN. No significant change was observed in p-p38 MAPK and pJNK. The expression of c-Fos and pERK1/2 preceded the upregulation of TH in the LC. Furthermore, pCREB and CBP also increased in the LC in response to 2 h RS. The induction of c-Fos prior to TH, in conjunction with the upregulation of pCREB and CBP in the LC, suggests that activator protein 1 and CRE transcription sites in the TH gene may be involved in the cell-type specific activation in the stress response, at least, by pERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, The Burke Medical Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
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28
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Garcia GE, Xia Y, Ku G, Johnson RJ, Wilson CB, Feng L. IL-18 translational inhibition restricts IFN-gamma expression in crescentic glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2003; 64:160-9. [PMID: 12787406 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-18 (IL-18), a potent inducer of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) production, is a cytokine involved in the cell-mediated immune response that is expressed during inflammatory and pathologic conditions. IFN-gamma plays a role in the development of some models of glomerulonephritis (GN); however, the role of IL-18 in the production of IFN-gamma during these pathologies has not been studied. METHODS Rat IL-18 cDNA was isolated and the regulation of IL-18 gene expression was studied. IFN-gamma and IL-18 expression were determined in anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibody (Ab)-induced GN. Recombinant active IL-18 (rIL-18) was used to further identify its effect on IFN-gamma production during this GN. Glomerular injury and levels of IFN-gamma were assayed in Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats with anti-GBM GN in the presence or absence of rIL-18. RESULTS Rat IL-18, similar to the mouse clone, requires processing by the IL-1beta converting enzyme to become activated. A rat IL-18 5'-untranslated region (UTR) translational inhibitor was identified that strongly inhibited the synthesis of IL-18. This translational inhibitor with different lengths (180 and 130 bp) was highly expressed during GN and correlated with minimal IFN-gamma mRNA expression. Injection of recombinant active IL-18 in WKY rats with anti-GBM GN was associated with an increase of glomerular IFN-gamma levels, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-ED1+ cells, and PCNA-CD8+ cells, with worsening of glomerular injury. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the translational control of IL-18 expression by its 5'-UTR limits the production of IL-18, resulting in restricted expression of mRNA and protein IFN-gamma in this model of GN. Furthermore, it was suggested that possible IL-18/IFN-gamma induction of local proliferation of macrophages and CD8+ cells might be an important mechanism for amplifying CD8+-mediated macrophage-dependent GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela E Garcia
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Sugama S, Cho BP, Baker H, Joh TH, Lucero J, Conti B. Neurons of the superior nucleus of the medial habenula and ependymal cells express IL-18 in rat CNS. Brain Res 2002; 958:1-9. [PMID: 12468024 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The habenular-interpeduncular pathway is involved in the modulation of several functions including neuroendocrine and stress responses. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine predominantly studied as a modulator of immune functions and also produced in the adrenal cortex following activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In the central nervous system, IL-18 was demonstrated to induce sleep and to influence long-term potentiation and was proposed to mediate local inflammatory reactions. The present study investigated the localization of IL-18 and its expression following either acute or chronic restraint stress in the brain of adult male Wistar rats. Using immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization we report the unprecedented localization of IL-18 in the neurons of the superior part of the medial habenula (MHbS), their projections to the interpenducular nucleus and its expression in the ependymal cells surrounding the third and the lateral ventricles. In addition, acute (2 h) or chronic (6 h/day for 3 weeks) restraint stress induced a strong elevation of IL-18 immunostaining in the MHbS but not in ependymal cells. The present data suggest that IL-18 may participate in the modulation of stress responses in the MHbS. They also suggest that ependymal cells may be the source of IL-18 previously reported in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The role of IL-18 in the ependyma and the CSF remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuei Sugama
- Harold L Dorris Neurological Research Center, Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SR307, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Abstract
The interactions between the immune system and HPA axis may be characterized by a circuit which includes; (i) activation of the HPA axis and initiation of the stress response which, in term, has immunomodulating properties; (ii) a feedback mechanism derived from the immune system which regulates the HPA axis. Over the past few years, it has become evident that the adrenal gland, itself, as the main effector organ of the HPA axis, is a major site for both the synthesis and action of numerous cytokines. In addition to the cytokine mediated activation of adrenal regulation there are cytokine independent cell-cell mediated immune-adrenal interactions. The nature of this immune-endocrine crosstalk is implicated in adrenal dysfunction and disease. During inflammatory and autoimmune disorders including sepsis, inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis, the immune-adrenal crosstalk becomes more critical in maintaining an adequate adrenal stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Bornstein
- Department of Endocrinology, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5 Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany.
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Kokai M, Kashiwamura SI, Okamura H, Ohara K, Morita Y. Plasma interleukin-18 levels in patients with psychiatric disorders. J Immunother 2002; 25 Suppl 1:S68-71. [PMID: 12048354 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200203001-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There are an increasing number of reports on an association between the alteration of circulating cytokine levels and pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL)-18 were measured in 13 nonmedicated patients with psychiatric disorders. There was a significant elevation of IL-18 levels in patients with major depression (n = 8) and panic disorder (n = 5), compared with normal controls. The mean IL-18 value of our psychiatric patients was comparable with that of various somatic disorders reported. We suggest that the elevation of plasma IL-18 levels reflects the increased production and release of IL-18 in the central nervous system under stressful settings. We propose that the measurement of IL-18 plasma levels may provide a useful index for the involvement of immune system in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kokai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Institute for Advanced Medical Science, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Zhang LH, Pan JP, Yao HP, Sun WJ, Xia DJ, Wang QQ, He L, Wang J, Cao X. Intrasplenic transplantation of IL-18 gene-modified hepatocytes: an effective approach to reverse hepatic fibrosis in schistosomiasis through induction of dominant Th1 response. Gene Ther 2001; 8:1333-42. [PMID: 11571570 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2001] [Accepted: 06/11/2001] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a common outcome of chronic liver diseases. In schistosomiasis, chronic parasite egg-induced granuloma formation can lead to fibrosis, which is immunologically characterized by the dominant Th2 response. Recently, it has been shown that gene therapy is an attractive approach for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis. To investigate the antifibrotic effects of IL-18 gene transfer, a normal murine liver cell line BNL.CL2 was transfected with recombinant adenovirus encoding mouse IL-18, and then intrasplenically transplanted into mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum). Our data show that IL-18 gene-modified hepatocytes intrasplenically transplanted into mice can effectively express IL-18 in the liver and in peripheral blood. Intrasplenic transplantation of IL-18 gene-modified hepatocytes into S. japonicum-infected mice could result in a significantly increased IFN-gamma and IL-2 but decreased IL-4 and IL-10 concentration both in the liver and in the serum, suggesting that the dominant Th2 response in mice with schistosomiasis could be reversed by this intervention. Consistent with the changes in Th1 and Th2 cytokine production, mice intrasplenically transplanted with IL-18 gene-modified hepatocytes developed much less hepatic fibrosis at 20 weeks after infection, which was evaluated by liver content of hydroxyproline, collagens, and hepatic mRNA expression of procollagens. These data indicate that intrasplenic transplantation of IL-18 gene-modified hepatocytes can be a candidate for therapeutic intervention in hepatic fibrosis through induction of a dominant Th1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University, 353 Yan'an Road, Hangzhou 310031, PR China
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Abstract
Although the neuroendocrine system has immunomodulating potential, studies examining the relationship between stress, immunity and infection have, until recently, largely been the preserve of behavioural psychologists. Over the last decade, however, immunologists have begun to increasingly appreciate that neuroendocrine-immune interactions hold the key to understanding the complex behaviour of the immune system in vivo. The nervous, endocrine and immune systems communicate bidirectionally via shared messenger molecules variously called neurotransmitters, cytokines or hormones. Their classification as neurotransmitters, cytokines or hormones is more serendipity than a true reflection of their sphere of influence. Rather than these systems being discrete entities we would propose that they constitute, in reality, a single higher-order entity. This paper reviews current knowledge of neuroendocrine-immune interaction and uses the example of T-cell subset differentiation to show the previously under-appreciated importance of neuroendocrine influences in the regulation of immune function and, in particular, Th1/Th2 balance and diurnal variation there of.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Petrovsky
- Autoimmunity Research Unit, Canberra Clinical School, University of Sydney and Division of Science and Design, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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