1
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Katz Sand I, Gnjatic S, Krammer F, Tuballes K, Carreño JM, Satyanarayan S, Filomena S, Staker E, Tcheou J, Miller A, Fabian M, Safi N, Nichols J, Patel J, Krieger S, Tankou S, Horng S, Klineova S, Beck E, Merad M, Lublin F. Evaluation of immunological responses to third COVID-19 vaccine among people treated with sphingosine receptor-1 modulators and anti-CD20 therapy. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 70:104486. [PMID: 36628884 PMCID: PMC9794520 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People living with multiple sclerosis (MS) and other disorders treated with immunomodulatory therapies remain concerned about suboptimal responses to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. Important questions persist regarding immunological response to third vaccines, particularly with respect to newer virus variants. The objective of this study is to evaluate humoral and cellular immune responses to a third COVID-19 vaccine dose in people on anti-CD20 therapy and sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulators, including Omicron-specific assays. METHODS This is an observational study evaluating immunological responses to third COVID-19 vaccine dose in participants treated with anti-CD20 agents, S1PR modulators, and healthy controls. Neutralizing antibodies against USA-WA1/2020 (WA1) and B.1.1.529 (BA.1) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were measured before and after third vaccine. Groups were compared by one-way ANOVA with Tukey multiple comparisons. Cellular responses to spike peptide pools generated from WA1 and BA.1 were evaluated. Pre-post comparisons were made by Wilcoxon paired t-tests, inter-cohort comparisons by Mann-Whitney t-test. RESULTS This cohort includes 25 participants on anti-CD20 therapy, 12 on S1PR modulators, and 14 healthy controls. Among those on anti-CD20 therapy, neutralizing antibodies to WA1 were significantly reduced compared to healthy controls (ID50% GM post-vaccination of 8.1 ± 2.8 in anti-CD20 therapy group vs 452.6 ± 8.442 healthy controls, P < 0.0001) and neutralizing antibodies to BA.1 were below the threshold of detection nearly universally. However, cellular responses, including to Omicron-specific peptides, were not significantly different from controls. Among those on S1PR modulators, neutralizing antibodies to WA1 were detected in a minority, and only 3/12 had neutralizing antibodies just at the limit of detection to BA.1. Cellular responses to Spike antigen in those on S1PR modulators were reduced by a factor of 100 compared to controls (median 0.0008% vs. 0.08%, p < 0.001) and were not significantly "boosted" by a third injection. CONCLUSIONS Participants on anti-CD20 and S1PR modulator therapies had impaired antibody neutralization capacity, particularly to BA.1, even after a third vaccine. T cell responses were not affected by anti-CD20 therapies, but were nearly abrogated by S1PR modulators. These results have clinical implications warranting further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Katz Sand
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Precision Immunology Institute, Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin Tuballes
- Precision Immunology Institute, Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sammita Satyanarayan
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Susan Filomena
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Erin Staker
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Johnstone Tcheou
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aaron Miller
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michelle Fabian
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Neha Safi
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jamie Nichols
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jasmin Patel
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Stephen Krieger
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Stephanie Tankou
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sam Horng
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sylvia Klineova
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Erin Beck
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- Precision Immunology Institute, Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Fred Lublin
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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2
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Kendal JK, Shehata MS, Lofftus SY, Crompton JG. Cancer-Associated B Cells in Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030622. [PMID: 36765578 PMCID: PMC9913500 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite being one of the first types of cancers studied that hinted at a major role of the immune system in pro- and anti-tumor biology, little is known about the immune microenvironment in sarcoma. Few types of sarcoma have shown major responses to immunotherapy, and its rarity and heterogeneity makes it challenging to study. With limited systemic treatment options, further understanding of the underlying mechanisms in sarcoma immunity may prove crucial in advancing sarcoma care. While great strides have been made in the field of immunotherapy over the last few decades, most of these efforts have focused on harnessing the T cell response, with little attention on the role B cells may play in the tumor microenvironment. A growing body of evidence suggests that B cells have both pro- and anti-tumoral effects in a large variety of cancers, and in the age of bioinformatics and multi-omic analysis, the complexity of the humoral response is just being appreciated. This review explores what is currently known about the role of B cells in sarcoma, including understanding the various B cell populations associated with sarcoma, the organization of intra-tumoral B cells in tertiary lymphoid structures, recent trials in immunotherapy in sarcoma, intra-tumoral immunoglobulin, the pro-tumor effects of B cells, and exciting future areas for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K. Kendal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90404, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Michael S. Shehata
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Serena Y. Lofftus
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joseph G. Crompton
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-310-825-2644
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3
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Sand IK, Gnjatic S, Krammer F, Tuballes K, Carreño JM, Satyanarayan S, Filomena S, Staker E, Tcheou J, Miller A, Fabian M, Safi N, Nichols J, Patel J, Krieger S, Tankou S, Horng S, Klineova S, Beck E, Merad M, Lublin F. Evaluation of immunological responses to third COVID-19 vaccine among people treated with sphingosine receptor-1 modulators and anti-CD20 therapy. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.06.10.22276253. [PMID: 35734083 PMCID: PMC9216728 DOI: 10.1101/2022.06.10.22276253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Importance People living with multiple sclerosis (MS) and other disorders treated with immunomodulatory therapies remain concerned about suboptimal responses to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. Important questions persist regarding immunological response to third vaccines, particularly with respect to newer virus variants. Objective Evaluate humoral and cellular immune responses to third COVID-19 vaccine dose in people on anti-CD20 therapy and sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulators, including Omicron-specific assays. Design Observational study evaluating immunological response to third COVID-19 vaccine dose in volunteers treated with anti-CD20 agents, S1PR modulators, and healthy controls. Neutralizing antibodies against USA-WA1/2020 (WA1) and B.1.1.529 (BA.1) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were measured before and after third vaccine. Cellular responses to spike peptide pools generated from WA1 and BA.1 were evaluated. Setting Mount Sinai Hospital. Participants People treated with anti-CD20 therapy or S1PR modulators and healthy volunteers. Exposure Treatment with anti-CD20 therapy, S1PR modulator, or neither. Main outcomes and measures Serum neutralizing antibodies and ex vivo T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Results This cohort includes 25 participants on anti-CD20 therapy, 12 on S1PR modulators, and 14 healthy controls. Among those on anti-CD20 therapy, neutralizing antibodies to WA1 were significantly reduced compared to healthy controls (ID50% GM post-vaccination of 8.1 ± 2.8 in anti-CD20 therapy group vs 452.6 ± 8.442 healthy controls, P<0.0001) and neutralizing antibodies to BA.1 were below the threshold of detection nearly universally. However, cellular responses, including to Omicron-specific peptides, were not significantly different from controls. Among those on S1PR modulators, neutralizing antibodies to WA1 were detected in a minority, and only 3/12 had neutralizing antibodies just at the limit of detection to BA.1. Cellular responses to Spike antigen in those on S1PR modulators were reduced by a factor of 100 compared to controls (median 0.0008% vs. 0.08%, p<0.001) and were not significantly "boosted" by a third injection. Conclusions and Relevance Participants on immunomodulators had impaired antibody neutralization capacity, particularly to BA.1, even after a third vaccine. T cell responses were not affected by anti-CD20 therapies, but were nearly abrogated by S1PR modulators. These results have clinical implications warranting further study.
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4
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Fridman WH, Meylan M, Petitprez F, Sun CM, Italiano A, Sautès-Fridman C. B cells and tertiary lymphoid structures as determinants of tumour immune contexture and clinical outcome. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2022; 19:441-457. [PMID: 35365796 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-022-00619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
B cells are a major component of the tumour microenvironment, where they are predominantly associated with tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). In germinal centres within mature TLS, B cell clones are selectively activated and amplified, and undergo antibody class switching and somatic hypermutation. Subsequently, these B cell clones differentiate into plasma cells that can produce IgG or IgA antibodies targeting tumour-associated antigens. In tumours without mature TLS, B cells are either scarce or differentiate into regulatory cells that produce immunosuppressive cytokines. Indeed, different tumours vary considerably in their TLS and B cell content. Notably, tumours with mature TLS, a high density of B cells and plasma cells, as well as the presence of antibodies to tumour-associated antigens are typically associated with favourable clinical outcomes and responses to immunotherapy compared with those lacking these characteristics. However, polyclonal B cell activation can also result in the formation of immune complexes that trigger the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages and neutrophils. In complement-rich tumours, IgG antibodies can also activate the complement cascade, resulting in the production of anaphylatoxins that sustain tumour-promoting inflammation and angiogenesis. Herein, we review the phenotypic heterogeneity of intratumoural B cells and the importance of TLS in their generation as well as the potential of B cells and TLS as prognostic and predictive biomarkers. We also discuss novel therapeutic approaches that are being explored with the aim of increasing mature TLS formation, B cell differentiation and anti-tumour antibody production within tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf H Fridman
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Cité, Equipe inflammation, complément et cancer, Paris, France. .,Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France.
| | - Maxime Meylan
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Cité, Equipe inflammation, complément et cancer, Paris, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Florent Petitprez
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cheng-Ming Sun
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Cité, Equipe inflammation, complément et cancer, Paris, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Italiano
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Medicine, Institute Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Cité, Equipe inflammation, complément et cancer, Paris, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France
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5
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Bendtsen SK, Perez-Penco M, Hübbe ML, Martinenaite E, Orebo Holmström M, Weis-Banke SE, Grønne Dahlager Jørgensen N, Jørgensen MA, Munir Ahmad S, Jensen KM, Friese C, Lundsager MT, Johansen AZ, Carretta M, Ødum N, Met Ö, Svane IM, Madsen DH, Andersen MH. Peptide vaccination activating Galectin-3-specific T cells offers a novel means to target Galectin-3-expressing cells in the tumor microenvironment. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2026020. [PMID: 35111385 PMCID: PMC8802901 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2026020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal3) can be expressed by many cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), including cancer cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, tumor-associated macrophages, and regulatory T cells (Tregs). In addition to immunosuppression, Gal3 expression has been connected to malignant cell transformation, tumor progression, and metastasis. In the present study, we found spontaneous T-cell responses against Gal3-derived peptides in PBMCs from both healthy donors and cancer patients. We isolated and expanded these Gal3-specific T cells in vitro and showed that they could directly recognize target cells that expressed Gal3. Finally, therapeutic vaccination with a long Gal3-derived peptide epitope, which induced the expansion of Gal3-specific CD8+ T cells in vivo, showed a significant tumor-growth delay in mice inoculated with EO771.LMB metastatic mammary tumor cells. This was associated with a significantly lower percentage of both Tregs and tumor-infiltrating Gal3+ cells in the non-myeloid CD45+CD11b− compartment and with an alteration of the T-cell memory populations in the spleens of Gal3-vaccinated mice. These results suggest that by activating Gal3-specific T cells by an immune-modulatory vaccination, we can target Gal3-producing cells in the TME, and thereby induce a more immune permissive TME. This indicates that Gal3 could be a novel target for therapeutic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kloch Bendtsen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Maria Perez-Penco
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mie Linder Hübbe
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Evelina Martinenaite
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Morten Orebo Holmström
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Stine Emilie Weis-Banke
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Grønne Dahlager Jørgensen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mia Aaboe Jørgensen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Shamaila Munir Ahmad
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Kasper Mølgaard Jensen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Christina Friese
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mia Thorup Lundsager
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Astrid Zedlitz Johansen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Marco Carretta
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Niels Ødum
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Özcan Met
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Daniel Hargbøl Madsen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Hald Andersen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Kinker GS, Vitiello GAF, Ferreira WAS, Chaves AS, Cordeiro de Lima VC, Medina TDS. B Cell Orchestration of Anti-tumor Immune Responses: A Matter of Cell Localization and Communication. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:678127. [PMID: 34164398 PMCID: PMC8215448 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.678127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a crucial role in cancer development either by fostering tumor growth or destroying tumor cells, which has open new avenues for cancer immunotherapy. It was only over the last decade that the role of B cells in controlling anti-tumor immune responses in the tumor milieu has begun to be appreciated. B and plasma cells can exert anti-tumor effects through antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) and activation of the complement cascade, even though their effector functions extend beyond the classical humoral immunity. In tumor tissues, B cells can be found in lymphoid aggregates, known as tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), well-organized non-encapsulated structures composed of immune and stromal cells. These structures reflect a process of lymphoid neogenesis occurring in peripheral tissues upon long-lasting exposure to inflammatory signals. The TLS provides an area of intense B cell antigen presentation that can lead to optimal T cell activation and effector functions, as well as the generation of effector B cells, which can be further differentiated in either antibody-secreting plasma cells or memory B cells. Of clinical interest, the crosstalk between B cells and antigen-experienced and exhausted CD8+ T cells within mature TLS was recently associated with improved response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in melanoma, sarcoma and lung cancer. Otherwise, B cells sparsely distributed in the tumor microenvironment or organized in immature TLSs were found to exert immune-regulatory functions, inhibiting anti-tumor immunity through the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Such phenotype might arise when B cells interact with malignant cells rather than T and dendritic cells. Differences in the spatial distribution likely underlie discrepancies between the role of B cells inferred from human samples or mouse models. Many fast-growing orthotopic tumors develop a malignant cell-rich bulk with reduced stroma and are devoid of TLSs, which highlights the importance of carefully selecting pre-clinical models. In summary, strategies that promote TLS formation in close proximity to tumor cells are likely to favor immunotherapy responses. Here, the cellular and molecular programs coordinating B cell development, activation and organization within TLSs will be reviewed, focusing on their translational relevance to cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Sarti Kinker
- Translational Immuno-oncology Group, International Research Center, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glauco Akelinghton Freire Vitiello
- Translational Immuno-oncology Group, International Research Center, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Wallax Augusto Silva Ferreira
- Translational Immuno-oncology Group, International Research Center, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Tissue Culture and Cytogenetics, Environment Section (SAMAM), Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Silva Chaves
- Translational Immuno-oncology Group, International Research Center, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tiago da Silva Medina
- Translational Immuno-oncology Group, International Research Center, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Oncogenomics and Therapeutic Innovation, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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de Jonge K, Tillé L, Lourenco J, Maby-El Hajjami H, Nassiri S, Racle J, Gfeller D, Delorenzi M, Verdeil G, Baumgaertner P, Speiser DE. Inflammatory B cells correlate with failure to checkpoint blockade in melanoma patients. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1873585. [PMID: 33643691 PMCID: PMC7872097 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1873585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the role of B cells in patients with solid tumors remains insufficient. We found that circulating B cells produced TNFα and/or IL-6, associated with unresponsiveness and poor overall survival of melanoma patients treated with anti-CTLA4 antibody. Transcriptome analysis of B cells from melanoma metastases showed enriched expression of inflammatory response genes. Publicly available single B cell data from the tumor microenvironment revealed a negative correlation between TNFα expression and response to immune checkpoint blockade. These findings suggest that B cells contribute to tumor growth via the production of inflammatory cytokines. Possibly, these B cells are different from tertiary lymphoid structure-associated B cells, which have been described to correlate with favorable clinical outcome of cancer patients. Further studies are required to identify and characterize B cell subsets and their functions promoting or counteracting tumor growth, with the aim to identify biomarkers and novel treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaat de Jonge
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Laure Tillé
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Joao Lourenco
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Sina Nassiri
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Racle
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Gfeller
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Verdeil
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Petra Baumgaertner
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Holmström MO, Mortensen REJ, Pavlidis AM, Martinenaite E, Weis-Banke SE, Aaboe-Jørgensen M, Bendtsen SK, Met Ö, Pedersen AW, Donia M, Svane IM, Andersen MH. Cytotoxic T cells isolated from healthy donors and cancer patients kill TGFβ-expressing cancer cells in a TGFβ-dependent manner. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:415-426. [PMID: 33408343 PMCID: PMC8027197 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) is a highly potent immunosuppressive cytokine. Although TGFβ is a tumor suppressor in early/premalignant cancer lesions, the cytokine has several tumor-promoting effects in advanced cancer; abrogation of the antitumor immune response is one of the most important tumor-promoting effects. As several immunoregulatory mechanisms have recently been shown to be targets of specific T cells, we hypothesized that TGFβ is targeted by naturally occurring specific T cells and thus could be a potential target for immunomodulatory cancer vaccination. Hence, we tested healthy donor and cancer patient T cells for spontaneous T-cell responses specifically targeting 38 20-mer epitopes derived from TGFβ1. We identified numerous CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses against several epitopes in TGFβ. Additionally, several ex vivo responses were identified. By enriching specific T cells from different donors, we produced highly specific cultures specific to several TGFβ-derived epitopes. Cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell clones specific for both a 20-mer epitope and a 9-mer HLA-A2 restricted killed epitope peptide were pulsed in HLA-A2+ target cells and killed the HLA-A2+ cancer cell lines THP-1 and UKE-1. Additionally, stimulation of THP-1 cancer cells with cytokines that increased TGFβ expression increased the fraction of killed cells. In conclusion, we have shown that healthy donors and cancer patients harbor CD4+ and CD8+ T cells specific for TGFβ-derived epitopes and that cytotoxic T cells with specificity toward TGFβ-derived epitopes are able to recognize and kill cancer cell lines in a TGFβ-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Orebo Holmström
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Angelos Michail Pavlidis
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Evelina Martinenaite
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- IO Biotech ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Emilie Weis-Banke
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mia Aaboe-Jørgensen
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Simone Kloch Bendtsen
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Özcan Met
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Marco Donia
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mads Hald Andersen
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.
- Institute for Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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9
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Zamani P, Teymouri M, Nikpoor AR, Navashenaq JG, Gholizadeh Z, Darban SA, Jaafari MR. Nanoliposomal vaccine containing long multi-epitope peptide E75-AE36 pulsed PADRE-induced effective immune response in mice TUBO model of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 2020; 129:80-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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Martinenaite E, Munir Ahmad S, Hansen M, Met Ö, Westergaard MW, Larsen SK, Klausen TW, Donia M, Svane IM, Andersen MH. CCL22-specific T Cells: Modulating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1238541. [PMID: 27999757 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1238541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating macrophages produce the chemokine CCL22, which attracts regulatory T cells (Tregs) into the tumor microenvironment, decreasing anticancer immunity. Here, we investigated the possibility of targeting CCL22-expressing cells by activating specific T cells. We analyzed the CCL22 protein signal sequence, identifying a human leukocyte antigen A2- (HLA-A2-) restricted peptide epitope, which we then used to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs) to expand populations of CCL22-specific T cells in vitro. T cells recognizing an epitope derived from the signal-peptide of CCL22 will recognize CCL22-expressing cells even though CCL22 is secreted out of the cell. CCL22-specific T cells recognized and killed CCL22-expressing cancer cells. Furthermore, CCL22-specific T cells lysed acute monocytic leukemia cells in a CCL22 expression-dependent manner. Using the Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSPOT assay, we examined peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HLA-A2+ cancer patients and healthy volunteers for reactivity against the CCL22-derived T-cell epitope. This revealed spontaneous T-cell responses against the CCL22-derived epitope in cancer patients and in healthy donors. Finally, we performed tetramer enrichment/depletion experiments to examine the impact of HLA-A2-restricted CCL22-specific T cells on CCL22 levels among PMBCs. The addition or activation of CCL22-specific T cells decreased the CCL22 level in the microenvironment. Activating CCL22-specific T cells (e.g., by vaccination) may directly target cancer cells and tumor-associated macrophages, thereby modulating Treg recruitment into the tumor environment and augmenting anticancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Martinenaite
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital , Herlev, Denmark
| | - Shamaila Munir Ahmad
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital , Herlev, Denmark
| | - Morten Hansen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital , Herlev, Denmark
| | - Özcan Met
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Marie Wulff Westergaard
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital , Herlev, Denmark
| | - Stine Kiaer Larsen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital , Herlev, Denmark
| | - Tobias Wirenfeldt Klausen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital , Herlev, Denmark
| | - Marco Donia
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mads Hald Andersen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Baumgaertner P, Costa Nunes C, Cachot A, Maby-El Hajjami H, Cagnon L, Braun M, Derré L, Rivals JP, Rimoldi D, Gnjatic S, Abed Maillard S, Marcos Mondéjar P, Protti MP, Romano E, Michielin O, Romero P, Speiser DE, Jandus C. Vaccination of stage III/IV melanoma patients with long NY-ESO-1 peptide and CpG-B elicits robust CD8 + and CD4 + T-cell responses with multiple specificities including a novel DR7-restricted epitope. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1216290. [PMID: 27853637 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1216290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Long synthetic peptides and CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides are promising components for cancer vaccines. In this phase I trial, 19 patients received a mean of 8 (range 1-12) monthly vaccines s.c. composed of the long synthetic NY-ESO-179-108 peptide and CpG-B (PF-3512676), emulsified in Montanide ISA-51. In 18/18 evaluable patients, vaccination induced antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell and antibody responses, starting early after initiation of immunotherapy and lasting at least one year. The T-cells responded antigen-specifically, with strong secretion of IFNγ and TNFα, irrespective of patients' HLAs. The most immunogenic regions of the vaccine peptide were NY-ESO-189-102 for CD8+ and NY-ESO-183-99 for CD4+ T-cells. We discovered a novel and highly immunogenic epitope (HLA-DR7/NY-ESO-187-99); 7/7 HLA-DR7+ patients generated strong CD4+ T-cell responses, as detected directly ex vivo with fluorescent multimers. Thus, vaccination with the long synthetic NY-ESO-179-108 peptide combined with the strong immune adjuvant CpG-B induced integrated, robust and functional CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses in melanoma patients, supporting the further development of this immunotherapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Baumgaertner
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - C Costa Nunes
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - A Cachot
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - H Maby-El Hajjami
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University Hospital Center (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Cagnon
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Center (CHUV) , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Braun
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - L Derré
- Urology Research Unit, Urology Department, University Hospital Center (CHUV) , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J-P Rivals
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, CHUV, University of Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - D Rimoldi
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - S Gnjatic
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, USA
| | - S Abed Maillard
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Center (CHUV) , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Marcos Mondéjar
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University Hospital Center (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M P Protti
- Tumor Immunology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - E Romano
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Center (CHUV) , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - O Michielin
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University Hospital Center (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Romero
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University Hospital Center (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D E Speiser
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University Hospital Center (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Jandus
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne , Switzerland
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12
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Ahmad SM, Borch TH, Hansen M, Andersen MH. PD-L1-specific T cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:797-804. [PMID: 26724936 PMCID: PMC11028888 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been an increased focus on the immune checkpoint protein PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 due to the discovery that blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway with monoclonal antibodies elicits striking clinical results in many different malignancies. We have described naturally occurring PD-L1-specific T cells that recognize both PD-L1-expressing immune cells and malignant cells. Thus, PD-L1-specific T cells have the ability to modulate adaptive immune reactions by reacting to regulatory cells. Thus, utilization of PD-L1-derived T cell epitopes may represent an attractive vaccination strategy for targeting the tumor microenvironment and for boosting the clinical effects of additional anticancer immunotherapy. This review summarizes present information about PD-L1 as a T cell antigen, depicts the initial findings about the function of PD-L1-specific T cells in the adjustment of immune responses, and discusses future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamaila Munir Ahmad
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Troels Holz Borch
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Morten Hansen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mads Hald Andersen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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13
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Woods K, Knights AJ, Anaka M, Schittenhelm RB, Purcell AW, Behren A, Cebon J. Mismatch in epitope specificities between IFNγ inflamed and uninflamed conditions leads to escape from T lymphocyte killing in melanoma. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:10. [PMID: 26885372 PMCID: PMC4754849 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A current focus in cancer treatment is to broaden responses to immunotherapy. One reason these therapies may prove inadequate is that T lymphocytes fail to recognize the tumor due to differences in immunogenic epitopes presented by the cancer cells under inflammatory or non-inflammatory conditions. The antigen processing machinery of the cell, the proteasome, cleaves proteins into peptide epitopes for presentation on MHC complexes. Immunoproteasomes in inflammatory melanomas, and in antigen presenting cells of the immune system, are enzymatically different to standard proteasomes expressed by tumors with no inflammation. This corresponds to alterations in protein cleavage between proteasome subtypes, and a disparate repertoire of MHC-presented epitopes. Methods We assessed steady state and IFNγ-induced immunoproteasome expression in melanoma cells. Using epitope specific T-lymphocyte clones, we studied processing and presentation of three NY-ESO-1 HLA-Cw3 restricted epitopes by melanoma cell lines. Our experimental model allowed comparison of the processing of three distinct epitopes from a single antigen presented on the same HLA complex. We further investigated processing of these epitopes by direct inhibition, or siRNA mediated knockdown, of the immunoproteasome catalytic subunit LMP7. Results Our data demonstrated a profound difference in the way in which immunogenic T-lymphocyte epitopes are presented by melanoma cells under IFNγ inflammatory versus non-inflammatory conditions. These alterations led to significant changes in the ability of T-lymphocytes to recognize and target melanoma cells. Conclusions Our results illustrate a little-studied mechanism of immune escape by tumor cells which, with appropriate understanding and treatment, may be reversible. These data have implications for the design of cancer vaccines and adoptive T cell therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40425-016-0111-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Woods
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia ; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Level 5 ONJCWC, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
| | - Ashley J Knights
- Cancer Immunobiology Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew Anaka
- Cancer Immunobiology Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ralf B Schittenhelm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Andreas Behren
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia ; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Level 5 ONJCWC, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
| | - Jonathan Cebon
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia ; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Level 5 ONJCWC, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
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14
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Becht E, Giraldo NA, Germain C, de Reyniès A, Laurent-Puig P, Zucman-Rossi J, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Sautès-Fridman C, Fridman WH. Immune Contexture, Immunoscore, and Malignant Cell Molecular Subgroups for Prognostic and Theranostic Classifications of Cancers. Adv Immunol 2016; 130:95-190. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Germain C, Gnjatic S, Dieu-Nosjean MC. Tertiary Lymphoid Structure-Associated B Cells are Key Players in Anti-Tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:67. [PMID: 25755654 PMCID: PMC4337382 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now admitted that the immune system plays a major role in tumor control. Besides the existence of tumor-specific T cells and B cells, many studies have demonstrated that high numbers of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are associated with good clinical outcome. In addition, not only the density but also the organization of tumor-infiltrating immune cells has been shown to determine patient survival. Indeed, more and more studies describe the development within the tumor microenvironment of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), whose presence has a positive impact on tumor prognosis. TLS are transient ectopic lymphoid aggregates displaying the same organization and functionality as canonical secondary lymphoid organs, with T-cell-rich and B-cell-rich areas that are sites for the differentiation of effector and memory T cells and B cells. However, factors favoring the emergence of such structures within tumors still need to be fully characterized. In this review, we survey the state of the art of what is known about the general organization, induction, and functionality of TLS during chronic inflammation, and more especially in cancer, with a particular focus on the B-cell compartment. We detail the role played by TLS B cells in anti-tumor immunity, both as antigen-presenting cells and tumor antigen-specific antibody-secreting cells, and raise the question of the capacity of chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents to induce the development of TLS within tumors. Finally, we explore how to take advantage of our knowledge on TLS B cells to develop new therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Germain
- Laboratory Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Cordeliers Research Center, INSERM UMRS1138 , Paris , France ; UMRS1138, University Pierre and Marie Curie , Paris , France ; UMRS1138, University Paris Descartes , Paris , France
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| | - Marie-Caroline Dieu-Nosjean
- Laboratory Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Cordeliers Research Center, INSERM UMRS1138 , Paris , France ; UMRS1138, University Pierre and Marie Curie , Paris , France ; UMRS1138, University Paris Descartes , Paris , France
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16
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Larsen SK, Ahmad SM, Idorn M, Met Ö, Martinenaite E, Svane IM, Straten PT, Andersen MH. Spontaneous presence of FOXO3-specific T cells in cancer patients. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e953411. [PMID: 25960934 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.953411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we describe forkhead box O3 (FOXO3)-specific, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells existent among peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of cancer patients. FOXO3 immunogenicity appears specific, as we did not detect reactivity toward FOXO3 among T cells in healthy individuals. FOXO3 may naturally serve as a target antigen for tumor-reactive T cells as it is frequently over-expressed in cancer cells. In addition, expression of FOXO3 plays a critical role in immunosuppression mediated by tumor-associated dendritic cells (TADCs). Indeed, FOXO3-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were able to specifically recognize and kill both FOXO3-expressing cancer cells as well as dendritic cells. Thus, FOXO3 was processed and presented by HLA-A2 on the cell surface of both immune cells and cancer cells. As FOXO3 programs TADCs to become tolerogenic, FOXO3 signaling thereby comprises a significant immunosuppressive mechanism, such that FOXO3 targeting by means of specific T cells is an attractive clinical therapy to boost anticancer immunity. In addition, the natural occurrence of FOXO3-specific CTLs in the periphery suggests that these T cells hold a function in the complex network of immune regulation in cancer patients.
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Key Words
- APC, antigen presenting cell
- CTL
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- CTLA4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4
- DC, dendritic cell
- FOXO3
- FOXO3, forkhead box O3
- IDO, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- TADC, tumor-associated DCs
- TGFβ, tumor growth factor β
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- Tregs, regulatory T cell
- antigens
- immune regulation
- tumor-associated dendritic cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Kiaer Larsen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT); Department of Hematology; Copenhagen University Hospital ; Herlev ; Herlev, Denmark ; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Shamaila Munir Ahmad
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT); Department of Hematology; Copenhagen University Hospital ; Herlev ; Herlev, Denmark ; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Manja Idorn
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT); Department of Hematology; Copenhagen University Hospital ; Herlev ; Herlev, Denmark
| | - Özcan Met
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT); Department of Hematology; Copenhagen University Hospital ; Herlev ; Herlev, Denmark
| | - Evelina Martinenaite
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT); Department of Hematology; Copenhagen University Hospital ; Herlev ; Herlev, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT); Department of Hematology; Copenhagen University Hospital ; Herlev ; Herlev, Denmark
| | - Per Thor Straten
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT); Department of Hematology; Copenhagen University Hospital ; Herlev ; Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mads Hald Andersen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT); Department of Hematology; Copenhagen University Hospital ; Herlev ; Herlev, Denmark
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Siliņa K, Rulle U, Kalniņa Z, Linē A. Manipulation of tumour-infiltrating B cells and tertiary lymphoid structures: a novel anti-cancer treatment avenue? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:643-62. [PMID: 24695950 PMCID: PMC11029173 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Combining different standard therapies with immunotherapy for the treatment of solid tumours has proven to yield a greater clinical benefit than when each is applied separately; however, the percentage of complete responses is still far from optimal, and there is an urgent need for improved treatment modalities. The latest literature data suggest that tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), previously shown to correlate with the severity of autoimmune diseases or transplant rejection, are also formed in tumours, have a significant beneficial effect on survival and might reflect the generation of an effective immune response in close proximity to the tumour. Thus, the facilitation of TLS formation in tumour stroma could provide novel means to improve the efficiency of immunotherapy and other standard therapies. However, little is known about the mechanisms regulating the formation of tumour-associated TLS. Studies of chronic inflammatory diseases and transplant rejection have demonstrated that TLS formation and/or function requires the presence of B cells. Additionally, the infiltration of B cells into the tumour stroma has been demonstrated to be a significant prognostic factor for improved survival in different human tumours. This suggests that B cells could play a beneficial role in anti-tumour immune response not only in the context of antibody production, antigen presentation and Th1-promoting cytokine production, but also TLS formation. This review focuses on the latest discoveries in tumour-infiltrating B cell functions, their role in TLS formation and relevance in human tumour control, revealing novel opportunities to improve cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karīna Siliņa
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, Riga, 1067, Latvia,
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18
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Tsuji T, Sabbatini P, Jungbluth AA, Ritter E, Pan L, Ritter G, Ferran L, Spriggs D, Salazar AM, Gnjatic S. Effect of Montanide and poly-ICLC adjuvant on human self/tumor antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in phase I overlapping long peptide vaccine trial. Cancer Immunol Res 2013; 1:340-50. [PMID: 24777970 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination of patients with ovarian cancer with overlapping long peptides (OLP) from cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1 and poly-ICLC in Montanide-ISA-51 (Montanide) was found to consistently induce integrated immune responses (antibody, CD4(+), and CD8(+) T cells). Using detailed methods, we investigated the respective effects of poly-ICLC and Montanide adjuvant on pre- and postvaccine NY-ESO-1-specific CD4(+) T cells, because of their central function for induction and maintenance of both antibody and CD8(+) T cells. Polyclonal NY-ESO-1-specific CD4(+) T-cell lines were generated from 12 patients using CD154-based selection of precursors before and after vaccination with (i) OLP alone, (ii) OLP in Montanide, or (iii) OLP and poly-ICLC in Montanide. Kinetics, quantification, fine specificity, avidity, and cytokine-producing pattern were analyzed in depth and compared between vaccine cohorts. Vaccination with OLP alone did not elicit CD4(+) T-cell responses; it suppressed high-avidity CD4(+) T-cell precursors that recognized naturally processed NY-ESO-1 protein before vaccination. Emulsification of OLP in Montanide was required for the expansion of high-avidity NY-ESO-1-specific CD4(+) T-cell precursors. Poly-ICLC significantly enhanced CD4(+) Th1 responses while suppressing the induction of interleukin (IL)-4-producing Th2 and IL-9-producing Th9 cells. In summary, Montanide and poly-ICLC had distinct and cooperative effects for the induction of NY-ESO-1-specific Th1 cells and integrated immune responses by OLP vaccination. These results support the use of admixing poly-ICLC in Montanide adjuvant to rapidly induce antitumor type I immune responses by OLP from self/tumor antigens in human cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takemasa Tsuji
- Authors' Affiliations: Oncovir, Washington, District of Columbia
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19
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Goodridge JP, Lee N, Burian A, Pyo CW, Tykodi SS, Warren EH, Yee C, Riddell SR, Geraghty DE. HLA-F and MHC-I open conformers cooperate in a MHC-I antigen cross-presentation pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1567-77. [PMID: 23851683 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Peptides that are presented by MHC class I (MHC-I) are processed from two potential sources, as follows: newly synthesized endogenous proteins for direct presentation on the surface of most nucleated cells and exogenous proteins for cross-presentation typically by professional APCs. In this study, we present data that implicate the nonclassical HLA-F and open conformers of MHC-I expressed on activated cells in a pathway for the presentation of exogenous proteins by MHC-I. This pathway is distinguished from the conventional endogenous pathway by its independence from TAP and tapasin and its sensitivity to inhibitors of lysosomal enzymes, and further distinguished by its dependence on MHC-I allotype-specific epitope recognition for Ag uptake. Thus, our data from in vitro experiments collectively support a previously unrecognized model of Ag cross-presentation mediated by HLA-F and MHC-I open conformers on activated lymphocytes and monocytes, which may significantly contribute to the regulation of immune system functions and the immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie P Goodridge
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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20
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Munir S, Andersen GH, Met Ö, Donia M, Frøsig TM, Larsen SK, Klausen TW, Svane IM, Andersen MH. HLA-restricted CTL that are specific for the immune checkpoint ligand PD-L1 occur with high frequency in cancer patients. Cancer Res 2013; 73:1764-76. [PMID: 23328583 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PD-L1 (CD274) contributes to functional exhaustion of T cells and limits immune responses in patients with cancer. In this study, we report the identification of an human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted epitope from PD-L1, and we describe natural, cytolytic T-cell reactivity against PD-L1 in the peripheral blood of patients with cancer and healthy individuals. Notably, PD-L1-specific T cells were able not only to recognize and kill tumor cells but also PD-L1-expressing dendritic cells in a PD-L1-dependent manner, insofar as PD-L1 ablation rescued dendritic cells from killing. Furthermore, by incubating nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells with long peptides from PD-L1, we found that PD-L1 was rapidly internalized, processed, and cross-presented by HLA-A2 on the cell surface. Apparently, this cross-presentation was TAP-independent, as it was conducted not only by B cells but in addition by TAP-deficient T2-cells. This is intriguing, as soluble PD-L1 has been detected in the sera from patients with cancer. PD-L1-specific CTL may boost immunity by the killing of immunosuppressive tumor cells as well as regulatory cells. However, PD-L1-specific CTLs may as well suppress immunity by the elimination of normal immune cells especially PD-L1 expressing mature dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamaila Munir
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Herlev Ringvej, Herlev, Denmark
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21
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Sabbatini P, Tsuji T, Ferran L, Ritter E, Sedrak C, Tuballes K, Jungbluth AA, Ritter G, Aghajanian C, Bell-McGuinn K, Hensley ML, Konner J, Tew W, Spriggs DR, Hoffman EW, Venhaus R, Pan L, Salazar AM, Diefenbach CM, Old LJ, Gnjatic S. Phase I Trial of Overlapping Long Peptides from a Tumor Self-Antigen and Poly-ICLC Shows Rapid Induction of Integrated Immune Response in Ovarian Cancer Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:6497-508. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Nielsen JS, Sahota RA, Milne K, Kost SE, Nesslinger NJ, Watson PH, Nelson BH. CD20+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes have an atypical CD27- memory phenotype and together with CD8+ T cells promote favorable prognosis in ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:3281-92. [PMID: 22553348 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), in particular CD8(+) T cells and CD20(+) B cells, are strongly associated with survival in ovarian cancer and other carcinomas. Although CD8(+) TIL can mediate direct cytolytic activity against tumors, the role of CD20(+) TIL is poorly understood. Here, we investigate the possible contributions of CD20(+) TIL to humoral and cellular tumor immunity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tumor and serum specimens were obtained from patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer. CD8(+) and CD20(+) TIL were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Immunoglobulin molecules were evaluated by DNA sequencing. Serum autoantibody responses to the tumor antigens p53 and NY-ESO-1 were measured by ELISA. RESULTS The vast majority of CD20(+) TIL were antigen experienced, as evidenced by class-switching, somatic hypermutation, and oligoclonality, yet they failed to express the canonical memory marker CD27. CD20(+) TIL showed no correlation with serum autoantibodies to p53 or NY-ESO-1. Instead, they colocalized with activated CD8(+) TIL and expressed markers of antigen presentation, including MHC class I, MHC class II, CD40, CD80, and CD86. The presence of both CD20(+) and CD8(+) TIL correlated with increased patient survival compared with CD8(+) TIL alone. CONCLUSIONS In high-grade serous ovarian tumors, CD20(+) TIL have an antigen-experienced but atypical CD27(-) memory B-cell phenotype. They are uncoupled from serum autoantibodies, express markers of antigen-presenting cells, and colocalize with CD8(+) T cells. We propose that the association between CD20(+) TIL and patient survival may reflect a supportive role in cytolytic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie S Nielsen
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
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23
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Klein O, Schmidt C, Knights A, Davis ID, Chen W, Cebon J. Melanoma vaccines: developments over the past 10 years. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 10:853-73. [PMID: 21692705 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Decades of preclinical evaluation and clinical trials into melanoma vaccines have yielded spectacular progress in our understanding of melanoma antigens and the immune mechanisms of tumor rejection. Key insights and the results of their clinical evaluation are reviewed in this article. Unfortunately, durable clinical benefit following vaccination remains uncommon. Two recent clinical advances that will impact on melanoma vaccine development are trials with inhibitors of CTLA-4 and oncogenic BRAF. Long-term therapeutic control of melanoma will require integration of specific active immunotherapy with these emerging successful therapies from the disparate fields of immune regulation and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Klein
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin Branch, Austin Hospital, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
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24
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Huang XL, Fan Z, Borowski L, Mailliard RB, Rolland M, Mullins JI, Day RD, Rinaldo CR. Dendritic cells reveal a broad range of MHC class I epitopes for HIV-1 in persons with suppressed viral load on antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12936. [PMID: 20886040 PMCID: PMC2944894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 remains sequestered during antiretroviral therapy (ART) and can resume high-level replication upon cessation of ART or development of drug resistance. Reactivity of memory CD8+ T lymphocytes to HIV-1 could potentially inhibit this residual viral replication, but is largely muted by ART in relation to suppression of viral antigen burden. Dendritic cells (DC) are important for MHC class I processing and presentation of peptide epitopes to memory CD8+ T cells, and could potentially be targeted to activate memory CD8+ T cells to a broad array of HIV-1 epitopes during ART. Principal Findings We show for the first time that HIV-1 peptide-loaded, CD40L-matured DC from HIV-1 infected persons on ART induce IFN gamma production by CD8+ T cells specific for a much broader range and magnitude of Gag and Nef epitopes than do peptides without DC. The DC also reveal novel, MHC class I restricted, Gag and Nef epitopes that are able to induce polyfunctional T cells producing various combinations of IFN gamma, interleukin 2, tumor necrosis factor alpha, macrophage inhibitory protein 1 beta and the cytotoxic de-granulation molecule CD107a. Significance There is an underlying, broad antigenic spectrum of anti-HIV-1, memory CD8+ T cell reactivity in persons on ART that is revealed by DC. This supports the use of DC-based immunotherapy for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zheng Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - LuAnn Borowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robbie B. Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Morgane Rolland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James I. Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Day
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Charles R. Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Hambach L, Aghai Z, Pool J, Kröger N, Goulmy E. Peptide length extension skews the minor HA-1 antigen presentation toward activated dendritic cells but reduces its presentation efficiency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4582-9. [PMID: 20855877 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Minor histocompatibility Ags (mHags) are important targets of the graft-versus-leukemia effect after HLA-matched allogeneic stem cell transplantation. mHags are HLA-restricted polymorphic peptides expressed on normal and leukemia cells. Vaccination with hematopoiesis-restricted mHag peptides, such as HA-1, may boost the graft-versus-leukemia effect. However, some animal studies indicate that peptides exactly reflecting immunogenic T cell epitopes (short peptides [SPs]) induce tolerance that is potentially due to systemic Ag spreading. Peptide length extension (long peptides [LPs]) may optimize immune responses by restricting and prolonging Ag presentation on dendritic cells (DCs). In this study, we compared the in vitro characteristics and T cell-stimulatory capacities of a human 30-mer HA-1 LP with the 9-mer HA-1 SP. DCs presented the HA-1 LP and SP and expanded HA-1-specific cytotoxic T cell lines. As hypothesized, HA-1 LP presentation, but not SP presentation, was largely restricted to activated DCs and was nearly absent on other hematopoietic cells. However, DCs presented the HA-1 LP 2-3 log levels less efficiently than the SP. Finally, the decay of HA-1 LP and SP presentation on DCs was comparable. We conclude that HA-1 LP and SP differ in their in vitro characteristics and that only comparative clinical studies after allogeneic stem cell transplantation may reveal the optimal HA-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Hambach
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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26
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Cheung YK, Cheng SCS, Ke Y, Xie Y. Two novel HLA-A*0201 T-cell epitopes in avian H5N1 viral nucleoprotein induced specific immune responses in HHD mice. Vet Res 2009; 41:24. [PMID: 19941812 PMCID: PMC2820229 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2009071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) is an attractive target for avian flu vaccine development because of its high conversancy in the evolutionary chain of the virus. Here we identified two novel HLA-A*0201 restricted NP epitopes, named H5N1 NP373-381 AMDSNTLEL (NP373) and NP458-466 FQGRGVFEL (NP458), using computational bioinformatic analysis. The NP peptides showed a high binding affinity to HLA-A*0201 on T2 cells, and were able to induce the activation of the cytotoxic T cells in the human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We examined the potential of using NP373 and NP458 peptide sequences supplemented with a single-chain trimer as potential DNA vaccine candidates in an HHD transgenic mouse model. A gene gun delivery system was used for administrating the vaccine candidates into the animals. The results from cytotoxicity and ELISPOT assays indicated that a significant amount of IFN-γ was secreted by the T cells of the vaccinated mice, and the T cells were able to eliminate the corresponding peptide-loaded T2 cells. The discovery of these novel immunogenic NP peptides provides valuable information for avian flu vaccine design and construction.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biolistics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- HLA-A Antigens/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolism
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27
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Abstract
Our understanding of the importance of CD4+ T cells in orchestrating immune responses has grown dramatically over the past decade. This lymphocyte family consists of diverse subsets ranging from interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-producing T-helper 1 (Th1) cells to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-secreting T-regulatory cells, which have opposite roles in modulating immune responses to pathogens, tumor cells, and self-antigens. This review briefly addresses the various T-cell subsets within the CD4+ T-cell family and discusses recent research efforts aimed at elucidating the nature of the 'T-cell help' that has been shown to be essential for optimal immune function. Particular attention is paid to the role of Th cells in tumor immunotherapy. We review some of our own work in the field describing how CD4+ Th cells can enhance anti-tumor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses by enhancing clonal expansion at the tumor site, preventing activation-induced cell death and functioning as antigen-presenting cells for CTLs to preferentially generate immune memory cells. These unconventional roles for Th lymphocytes, which require direct cell-to-cell communication with CTLs, are clear examples of how versatile these immunoregulatory cells are.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kennedy
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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28
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Vaccination With a Recombinant Protein Encoding the Tumor-specific Antigen NY-ESO-1 Elicits an A2/157-165-specific CTL Repertoire Structurally Distinct and of Reduced Tumor Reactivity Than That Elicited by Spontaneous Immune Responses to NY-ESO-1-expressing Tumors. J Immunother 2009; 32:161-8. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31819302f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Krishnan A, Wang Z, Srivastava T, Rawal R, Manchanda P, Diamond DJ, La Rosa C. A novel approach to evaluate the immunogenicity of viral antigens of clinical importance in HLA transgenic murine models. Immunol Lett 2008; 120:108-16. [PMID: 18706443 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Revised: 07/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic (Tg) mice expressing HLA class I alleles and lacking murine MHC class I represent a useful model for the pre-clinical evaluation of human vaccines, which focus on induction of CD8(+) T-cell responses. We have developed a platform to be used in Tg mice for exploring the immunogenicity of T-cell targets, whose immunologic epitopes have yet to be defined. To test the attributes of the evaluation system in the context of an important human pathogen, we have explored multiple antigens from cytomegalovirus (CMV). A panel of recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vectors, expressing various CMV proteins (CMV-MVA) was used to immunize HLA-A*0201, B*0702 and A*1101 Tg mice. Immune splenocytes were in vitro stimulated (IVS) either using syngeneic lipo-polysaccharide activated lymphoblasts or Tg HLA-I matched human EBV-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cells (LCL), both loaded with peptide libraries, encompassing the CMV protein under investigation. IVS performed with peptide library loaded lymphoblasts failed to provide a reliable stimulation. In contrast, the usage of LCL as antigen presenting cells (APC) of CMV peptide libraries resulted in a consistent and specific amplification of the Tg T-cell response in animals immunized with CMV-MVAs. The LCL IVS method reliably allowed defining the immunogenicity and immunodominant CD8(+) T-cell regions of uncharacterized CMV antigens. The combination of CMV-MVA vectors, unbiased pools of CMV-specific peptide libraries presented by Tg HLA-I matched LCL constitutes a valid tool for the pre-clinical evaluation of model candidate vaccines. This convenient method could find application to investigate the immunogenicity profile of cancer antigens or proteins from infectious human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Krishnan
- Laboratory of Vaccine Research, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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30
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Booster vaccination of cancer patients with MAGE-A3 protein reveals long-term immunological memory or tolerance depending on priming. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:1650-5. [PMID: 18216244 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707140104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported results of a phase II trial in which recombinant MAGE-A3 protein was administered with or without adjuvant AS02B to 18 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients after tumor resection. We found that the presence of adjuvant was essential for the development of humoral and cellular responses against selected MAGE-A3 epitopes. In our current study, 14 patients that still had no evidence of disease up to 3 years after vaccination with MAGE-A3 protein with or without adjuvant received an additional four doses of MAGE-A3 protein with adjuvant AS02B. After just one boost injection, six of seven patients originally vaccinated with MAGE-A3 protein plus adjuvant reached again their peak antibody titers against MAGE-A3 attained during the first vaccination. All seven patients subsequently developed even stronger antibody responses. Furthermore, booster vaccination widened the spectrum of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells against various new and known MAGE-A3 epitopes. In contrast, only two of seven patients originally vaccinated with MAGE-A3 protein alone developed high-titer antibodies to MAGE-A3, and all these patients showed very limited CD4(+) and no CD8(+) T cell reactivity, despite now receiving antigen in the presence of adjuvant. Our results underscore the importance of appropriate antigen priming using an adjuvant for generating persistent B and T cell memory and allowing typical booster responses with reimmunization. In contrast, absence of adjuvant at priming compromises further immunization attempts. These data provide an immunological rationale for vaccine design in light of recently reported favorable clinical responses in NSCLC patients after vaccination with MAGE-A3 protein plus adjuvant AS02B.
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31
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Cheung YK, Cheng SCS, Sin FWY, Chan KT, Xie Y. Induction of T-cell response by a DNA vaccine encoding a novel HLA-A*0201 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus epitope. Vaccine 2007; 25:6070-7. [PMID: 17629360 PMCID: PMC7115375 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein (SARS-CoV N) is one of the major targets for SARS vaccine due to its high potency in triggering immune responses. In this study, we have identified a novel HLA-A*0201 restricted epitope, N220 (LALLLLDRL), of the SARS-CoV N-protein through bioinformatics analysis. The N-protein peptide N220 shows a high binding affinity towards human MHC class I in T2-cells, and is capable of activating cytotoxic T-cells in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The application of using the N220 peptide sequence with a single-chain-trimer (SCT) approach to produce a potential DNA vaccine candidate was investigated in HLA-A2.1K(b) transgenic mice. Cytotoxicity assay clearly showed that the T-cells obtained from the vaccinated animals were able to kill the N-protein expressing cells with a cytotoxicity level of 86% in an effector cells/target cells ratio of 81:1 one week after the last vaccination, which is significantly higher than other N-protein peptides previously described. The novel immunogenic N-protein peptide revealed in the present study provides valuable information for therapeutic SARS vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yong Xie
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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32
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Odunsi K, Qian F, Matsuzaki J, Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Andrews C, Hoffman EW, Pan L, Ritter G, Villella J, Thomas B, Rodabaugh K, Lele S, Shrikant P, Old LJ, Gnjatic S. Vaccination with an NY-ESO-1 peptide of HLA class I/II specificities induces integrated humoral and T cell responses in ovarian cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:12837-42. [PMID: 17652518 PMCID: PMC1937553 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703342104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NY-ESO-1 is a "cancer-testis" antigen expressed in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and is among the most immunogenic tumor antigens defined to date. The NY-ESO-1 peptide epitope, ESO(157-170), is recognized by HLA-DP4-restricted CD4+ T cells and HLA-A2- and A24-restricted CD8+ T cells. To test whether providing cognate helper CD4+ T cells would enhance the antitumor immune response, we conducted a phase I clinical trial of immunization with ESO(157-170) mixed with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (Montanide ISA51) in 18 HLA-DP4+ EOC patients with minimal disease burden. NY-ESO-1-specific Ab responses and/or specific HLA-A2-restricted CD8+ and HLA-DP4-restricted CD4+ T cell responses were induced by a course of at least five vaccinations at three weekly intervals in a high proportion of patients. There were no serious vaccine-related adverse events. Vaccine-induced CD8+ and CD4+ T cell clones were shown to recognize NY-ESO-1-expressing tumor targets. T cell receptor analysis indicated that tumor-recognizing CD4+ T cell clones were structurally distinct from non-tumor-recognizing clones. Long-lived and functional vaccine-elicited CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were detectable in some patients up to 12 months after immunization. These results confirm the paradigm that the provision of cognate CD4+ T cell help is important for cancer vaccine design and provides the rationale for a phase II study design using ESO(157-170) epitope or the full-length NY-ESO-1 protein for immunotherapy in patients with EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunle Odunsi
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology
- Immunology
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Feng Qian
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology
- Immunology
| | | | | | - Christopher Andrews
- Clinical Biostatistics, Cancer Prevention, and Population Science, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263; and
| | - Eric W. Hoffman
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
| | - Linda Pan
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
| | - Gerd Ritter
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lloyd J. Old
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
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33
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Bongfen SE, Torgler R, Romero JF, Renia L, Corradin G. Plasmodium berghei-infected primary hepatocytes process and present the circumsporozoite protein to specific CD8+ T cells in vitro. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:7054-63. [PMID: 17513754 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.7054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A substantial and protective response against malaria liver stages is directed against the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and involves induction of CD8(+) T cells and production of IFN-gamma. CSP-derived peptides have been shown to be presented on the surface of infected hepatocytes in the context of MHC class I molecules. However, little is known about how the CSP and other sporozoite Ags are processed and presented to CD8(+) T cells. We investigated how primary hepatocytes from BALB/c mice process the CSP of Plasmodium berghei after live sporozoite infection and present CSP-derived peptides to specific H-2K(d)-restricted CD8(+) T cells in vitro. Using both wild-type and spect(-/-) P. berghei sporozoites, we show that both infected and traversed primary hepatocytes process and present the CSP. The processing and presentation pathway was found to involve the proteasome, Ag transport through a postendoplasmic reticulum compartment, and aspartic proteases. Thus, it can be hypothesized that infected hepatocytes can contribute in vivo to the elicitation and expansion of a T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silayuv E Bongfen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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34
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Pang PHS, Chan KT, Tse LYW, Chan RCF, Cheung YK, Sin FWY, Guo ZH, Xie Y. Induction of cytotoxic T cell response against HCA661 positive cancer cells through activation with novel HLA-A *0201 restricted epitopes. Cancer Lett 2007; 256:178-85. [PMID: 17624664 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HCA661 is a cancer-testis (CT) antigen frequently expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To search for immunogenic peptides of HCA661, bioinformatics analysis and CD8(+) T cell IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay were employed, and two HLA-A *0201 restricted peptides, H110 and H246, were identified. These two HCA661 peptides are naturally processed in dendritic cells (DCs) and when used for DCs loading, they are sufficient to prime autologous CD8(+) T cells to elicit cytotoxic response against HCA661(+) human cancer cells. The HCA661 peptides, H110 and H246, are hence attractive candidates for human cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ha-Sang Pang
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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35
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Torikai H, Akatsuka Y, Miyauchi H, Terakura S, Onizuka M, Tsujimura K, Miyamura K, Morishima Y, Kodera Y, Kuzushima K, Takahashi T. The HLA-A*0201-restricted minor histocompatibility antigen HA-1H peptide can also be presented by another HLA-A2 subtype, A*0206. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007; 40:165-74. [PMID: 17530010 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
HA-1(H) is one of the most attractive minor histocompatibility antigens (mHA) as a target for immunotherapy of hematopoietic malignancies, but HLA-A*0201 and HLA-B60 molecules capable of presenting HA-1(H)-derived peptides are less common in eastern Asian populations when compared with Caucasian populations. Therefore, an attempt was made to search for novel epitopes presented by HLA alleles other than those previously reported by generating CTL lines from patients undergoing HLA-identical, HA-1 disparate hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hematopoietic SCT) by stimulation with a 29-mer HA-1(H) peptide spanning a central polymorphic histidine (His). Two CTL clones established were found to be restricted by HLA-A*0206, which is the second or third most common HLA-A2 subtype worldwide. Epitope mapping revealed that the clones recognized the same nonameric peptide as A*0201-restricted HA-1(H), VLHDDLLEA. This epitope was unexpected, since it does not contain any preferred anchor motifs for HLA-A*0206. However, an HLA peptide binding assay revealed stronger binding of this peptide to A*0206 than to A*0201. Interestingly, HLA-A*0206-restricted CTL clones could lyse both HLA-A*0206(+) and HLA-A*0201(+) targets (including leukemic blasts) that express HA-1(H) peptide endogenously, whereas an HLA-A*0201-restricted, HA-1(H)-specific CTL clone failed to lyse HLA-A*0206(+) targets. This finding will expand the patient population who can benefit from HA-1(H)-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Torikai
- Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
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36
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Sharma P, Shen Y, Wen S, Yamada S, Jungbluth AA, Gnjatic S, Bajorin DF, Reuter VE, Herr H, Old LJ, Sato E. CD8 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are predictive of survival in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:3967-72. [PMID: 17360461 PMCID: PMC1820692 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611618104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (TILs), including CD8 TILs, have been associated with favorable clinical outcomes in multiple tumor types. Tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression in urothelial carcinoma (UC) have not been previously reported. Most immune responses are mediated by local cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8 T cells), which can eradicate tumor cells by recognizing tumor-associated antigens presented by MHC class I molecules. Here we analyzed the presence of intratumoral CD8 T cells, the expression of MHC class I antigen, and the expression of the NY-ESO-1 tumor antigen in UC samples and correlated our findings with clinical outcome. Immunohistochemical staining for intratumoral CD8 T cells in tissue samples from 69 patients with UC showed that patients with advanced UC (pT2, pT3, or pT4) and higher numbers of CD8 TILs within the tumor (> or =8) had better disease-free survival (P < 0.001) and overall survival (P = 0.018) than did patients with similar-staged UC and fewer intratumoral CD8 TILs. We conclude that the extent of intratumoral CD8 TILs is an important prognostic indicator in advanced UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmanee Sharma
- Departments of Genitourinary Medical Oncology
- Immunology, and
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Yu Shen
- Biostatistics and Applied Mathematics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Sijin Wen
- Biostatistics and Applied Mathematics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Sachiko Yamada
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku 160-8402, Japan; and
| | | | | | - Dean F. Bajorin
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Genitourinary Medical Oncology
| | | | - Harry Herr
- Urology, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
| | | | - Eiichi Sato
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku 160-8402, Japan; and
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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Gnjatic S, Nishikawa H, Jungbluth AA, Güre AO, Ritter G, Jäger E, Knuth A, Chen YT, Old LJ. NY-ESO-1: review of an immunogenic tumor antigen. Adv Cancer Res 2006; 95:1-30. [PMID: 16860654 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(06)95001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In the 9 years since its discovery, cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1 has made one of the fastest transitions from molecular, cellular, and immunological description to vaccine and immunotherapy candidate, already tested in various formulations in more than 30 clinical trials worldwide. Its main characteristic resides in its capacity to elicit spontaneous antibody and T-cell responses in a proportion of cancer patients. An overview of immunological findings and immunotherapeutic approaches with NY-ESO-1, as well the role of regulation in NY-ESO-1 immunogenicity, is presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Gnjatic
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York Branch at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10021, USA
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38
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Jiang S, Song R, Popov S, Mirshahidi S, Ruprecht RM. Overlapping synthetic peptides as vaccines. Vaccine 2006; 24:6356-65. [PMID: 16793181 PMCID: PMC7127786 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Several vaccine strategies aim to generate cell-mediated immunity (CMI) against microorganisms or tumors. While epitope-based vaccines offer advantages, knowledge of specific epitopes and frequency of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles is required. Here we show that using promiscuous overlapping synthetic peptides (OSP) as immunogens generated peptide-specific CMI in all vaccinated outbred mice and in different strains of inbred mice; CMI responses also recognized viral proteins. OSP immunogens also induced CMI ex vivo in dendritic cell/T-cell cocultures involving cells from individuals with different HLA haplotypes. Thus, broad CMI was induced by OSP in different experimental settings, using different immunogens, without identifying either epitopes or MHC backgrounds of the vaccinees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shisong Jiang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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39
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Prato S, Fleming J, Schmidt CW, Corradin G, Lopez JA. Cross-presentation of a human malaria CTL epitope is conformation dependent. Mol Immunol 2006; 43:2031-6. [PMID: 16469384 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 12/23/2005] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the role of conformation on the antigen processing by antigen presenting cells. Using a well-defined antigen containing two disulfide bridges, the synthetic C-terminal fragment 282-383 derived from Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCS 282-383), we show that the reduced form is presented in vitro more efficiently than its oxidized counterpart, inducing stronger CTL recognition. In addition, only the reduced form can be presented by the TAP independent T2 cell line. Thus, the reduced form is processed by TAP dependent and independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prato
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, Qld 4029, Australia
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40
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Karbach J, Pauligk C, Bender A, Gnjatic S, Franzmann K, Wahle C, Jäger D, Knuth A, Old LJ, Jäger E. Identification of new NY-ESO-1 epitopes recognized by CD4+ T cells and presented by HLA-DQ B1 03011. Int J Cancer 2005; 118:668-74. [PMID: 16152624 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
NY-ESO-1 is one of the most immunogenic cancer antigens eliciting strong humoral and cellular immune responses in patients with NY-ESO-1-expressing malignancies. Since CD4+ T cells play a critical role in generating and maintaining antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses, we searched for new NY-ESO-1 epitopes presented by MHC class II molecules. CD4+ T cells of patients with NY-ESO-1-expressing cancer were presensitized with 18-mer overlapping synthetic peptides spanning the entire sequence of NY-ESO-1. Two partly overlapping NY-ESO-1 epitopes p49-66 and p55-72 were identified as targets for NY-ESO-1-specific CD4+ T cells. Peptide-specific CD4+ T-cell clones were generated by repetitive stimulation with NY-ESO-1 p49-66 and p55-72. Further experiments confirmed distinct specificities for the CD4+ T-cell clones indicating that at least 2 different CD4+ T-cell epitopes are located in the region p49-72 of the NY-ESO-1 sequence. Using a set of partially histocompatible EBV-B cell lines and MHC class II-specific antibodies, we found that both CD4+ T-cell epitopes were presented in the context of HLA-DQ B1 03011(DQ7). Natural processing and presentation of these epitopes was demonstrated by recognition of an HLA-DQ B1 03011- and NY-ESO-1-expressing lymphoma cell line and by recognition of dendritic cells (DC) exogenously loaded with NY-ESO-1 protein or infected with recombinant NY-ESO-1 adenoviral constructs. The specific production of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha suggests that the NY-ESO-1-specific CD4+ T-cell clones belong to the Th1 subtype. The characterization of the new HLA-DQ B1 03011-restricted NY-ESO-1 peptides broadens the repertoire of epitopes that can be used to monitor NY-ESO-1-specific spontaneous and vaccine-induced T-cell responses in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Karbach
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Hämatologie-Onkologie, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany
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41
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Prato S, Maxwell T, Pinzón-Charry A, Schmidt CW, Corradin G, López JA. MHC class I-restricted exogenous presentation of a synthetic 102-mer malaria vaccine polypeptide. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:681-9. [PMID: 15688345 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The circumsporozoite (CS) is the most abundant surface protein of the Plasmodium sporozoite, and is also present early in the liver stage of the infection. Following successful protective experiments in mice and monkeys, the synthetic 102-mer malaria vaccine polypeptide representing the C-terminal region of the CS of Plasmodium falciparum was tested in a clinical trial with healthy human volunteers. This vaccine induced strong CD8(+), CD4(+) T lymphocyte and antibody responses specific for the immunizing peptide. CD8(+) T lymphocyte responses elicited in HLA-A*0201 volunteers recognized two well-defined cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes within the CS. Here, we show that both monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DC) and Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cells (LCL) can present a cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope contained within the 102-mer synthetic peptide. Paraformaldehyde and low temperature inhibited presentation, indicating that cellular processing was required. Using specific inhibitors, we show that, in both cell types, processing requires the proteasome and the MHC class I pathway, while the endosomal compartment appears to be critical only for the presentation by Mo-DC. Antigen uptake is associated with actin polymerization in both cell types. These in vitro results demonstrate the likely pathway of antigen presentation achieved via vaccination with this synthetic peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Prato
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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42
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Huang XL, Fan Z, Colleton BA, Buchli R, Li H, Hildebrand WH, Rinaldo CR. Processing and presentation of exogenous HLA class I peptides by dendritic cells from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected persons. J Virol 2005; 79:3052-62. [PMID: 15709025 PMCID: PMC548465 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.5.3052-3062.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with viral peptides are a potential form of immunotherapy of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. We show that DCs derived from blood monocytes of subjects with chronic HIV-1 infection on combination antiretroviral drug therapy have increases in expression of HLA, T-cell coreceptor, and T-cell activation molecules in response to the DC maturation factor CD40L comparable to those from uninfected persons. Mature DCs (mDCs) loaded with HLA A*0201-restricted viral peptides of the optimal length (9-mer) were more efficient at activating antiviral CD8(+) T cells than were immature DCs or peptide alone. Optimal presentation of these exogenous peptides required uptake and vesicular trafficking and was comparable in DCs derived from HIV-1-infected and uninfected persons. Furthermore, DCs from HIV-1-infected and uninfected persons had similar capacities to process viral peptides with C-terminal and N-terminal extensions through their proteasomal and cytosolic pathways, respectively. We conclude that DCs derived from HIV-1-infected persons have similar abilities to process exogenous peptides for presentation to CD8(+) T cells as those from uninfected persons. This conclusion supports the use of DCs loaded with synthetic peptides in immunotherapy of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Huang
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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43
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Kennedy R, Undale AH, Kieper WC, Block MS, Pease LR, Celis E. Direct Cross-Priming by Th Lymphocytes Generates Memory Cytotoxic T Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:3967-77. [PMID: 15778353 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.7.3967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Under optimal Ag stimulation, CTL become functional effector and memory T cells. Professional APCs (pAPC) are considered essential for the activation of CTL, due to their unique capacity to provide costimulation and present exogenous Ags through MHC class I molecules. In this study, we report a novel means by which Th lymphocytes acquire and present MHC class I determinants to naive CTL. Although previous studies have looked at T cell Ag presentation to activated T cells, this study presents the first example of Ag presentation by Th cells to naive CTL. We report that activated Th cells can function as effective pAPC for CTL. Our results show that: 1) In addition to acquisition of cell surface molecules, including MHC class I/peptide complexes, from pAPC, Th cells can acquire and present MHC class I-binding peptides through TCR-MHC class II interactions with pAPC; 2) the acquired Ag can be functionally presented to CTL; and 3) Ag presentation by Th cells induces naive CTL to proliferate and preferentially differentiate into cells that phenotypically and functionally resemble central memory T cells. These findings suggest a novel role of Th cells as pAPC for the development of memory immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kennedy
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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44
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Wang YD, Sin WYF, Xu GB, Yang HH, Wong TY, Pang XW, He XY, Zhang HG, Ng JNL, Cheng CSS, Yu J, Meng L, Yang RF, Lai ST, Guo ZH, Xie Y, Chen WF, Yang HH. T-cell epitopes in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus spike protein elicit a specific T-cell immune response in patients who recover from SARS. J Virol 2004; 78:5612-8. [PMID: 15140958 PMCID: PMC415819 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.11.5612-5618.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunogenicity of HLA-A2-restricted T-cell epitopes in the S protein of the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and of human coronavirus strain 229e (HCoV-229e) was analyzed for the elicitation of a T-cell immune response in donors who had fully recovered from SARS-CoV infection. We employed online database analysis to compare the differences in the amino acid sequences of the homologous T epitopes of HCoV-229e and SARS-CoV. The identified T-cell epitope peptides were synthesized, and their binding affinities for HLA-A2 were validated and compared in the T2 cell system. The immunogenicity of all these peptides was assessed by using T cells obtained from donors who had fully recovered from SARS-CoV infection and from healthy donors with no history of SARS-CoV infection. HLA-A2 typing by indirect immunofluorescent antibody staining showed that 51.6% of SARS-CoV-infected patients were HLA-A2 positive. Online database analysis and the T2 cell binding test disclosed that the number of HLA-A2-restricted immunogenic epitopes of the S protein of SARS-CoV was decreased or even lost in comparison with the homologous sequences of the S protein of HCoV-229e. Among the peptides used in the study, the affinity of peptides from HCoV-229e (H77 and H881) and peptides from SARS-CoV (S978 and S1203) for binding to HLA-A2 was higher than that of other sequences. The gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) release Elispot assay revealed that only SARS-CoV-specific peptides S1203 and S978 induced a high frequency of IFN-gamma-secreting T-cell response in HLA-A2(+) donors who had fully recovered from SARS-CoV infection; such a T-cell epitope-specific response was not observed in HLA-A2(+) healthy donors or in HLA-A2(-) donors who had been infected with SARS-CoV after full recovery. Thus, T-cell epitopes S1203 and S978 are immunogenic and elicit an overt specific T-cell response in HLA-A2(+) SARS-CoV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Dan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Centre, 38, Xueyuanlu, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
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45
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Slager EH, van der Minne CE, Goudsmit J, van Oers JMM, Kostense S, Havenga MJE, Osanto S, Griffioen M. Induction of CAMEL/NY-ESO-ORF2-specific CD8+ T cells upon stimulation with dendritic cells infected with a modified Ad5 vector expressing a chimeric Ad5/35 fiber. Cancer Gene Ther 2004; 11:227-36. [PMID: 14726960 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of the full-length tumor antigen might be more successful in immunotherapy than single peptides and has the advantage that patients no longer need to be selected for their HLA type. In this study, we tested the in vitro induction of CAMEL/NY-ESO-ORF2-specific T cells by dendritic cells infected with an adenovirus (Ad) type 5 vector containing the fiber shaft and knob of human serotype Ad35 (Ad5F35 vector). Our data show induction of CD8(+) T cells specific for the known HLA-A(*)0201-binding CAMEL/NY-ESO-ORF2(1-11) epitope by DC infected with Ad5F35-CAMEL, but not by DC pulsed with the recombinant CAMEL protein. In one healthy donor, even CD8(+) T cells specific for a new HLA-B7-binding CAMEL/NY-ESO-ORF2(46-54) epitope were raised. In conclusion, the in vitro induction of CAMEL/NY-ESO-ORF2-specific CD8(+) T cells in healthy donors by DC infected with Ad5F35-CAMEL strongly supports further investigation of the Ad5F35 vector as a vehicle for gene transfer into DC for the generation of tumor antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth H Slager
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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46
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Cunto-Amesty G, Monzavi-Karbassi B, Luo P, Jousheghany F, Kieber-Emmons T. Strategies in cancer vaccines development. Int J Parasitol 2003; 33:597-613. [PMID: 12782058 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The recent definition of tumour-specific immunity in cancer patients and the identification of tumour-associated antigens have generated renewed enthusiasm for the application of immune-based therapies for the treatment of malignancies. Recent developments in cancer vaccines have also been based on an improved understanding of the cellular interactions required to induce a specific anti-tumour immune response. Consequently, a number of cancer vaccines have entered clinical trials. Targeting broad-spectrum tumour-associated antigens has emerged as a strategy to lower the risk of tumour escape due to the loss of specific nominal antigen. Amongst the most challenging of tumour-associated antigens to which to target in active specific immunotherapy applications are carbohydrate antigens. As carbohydrates are intrinsically T-cell-independent antigens, more novel approaches are perhaps needed to drive specific-T-cell-dependent immune responses to carbohydrate antigens. In this context peptide mimetics of core structures of tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens might be developed to augment immune responses to these broad-spectrum antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Cunto-Amesty
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
A novel approach to vaccination against cancer is to exploit dendritic cells (DCs) as "nature's adjuvants" and actively immunize cancer patients with a sample of their own DCs primed with tumor antigens. DC vaccination is, however, still at an early stage, slowed in part by the need to carry out research in humans. Nevertheless, valuable proofs of concept have been obtained with respect to the capacity of DCs to expand cancer-directed immune responses. The methods for preparing DCs are being improved continuously, and there are many opportunities to improve efficacy at the level of DC biology. An increased number of Phase I, II and III studies will drive this new area of human research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerold Schuler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Hartmannstrasse 14, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany.
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