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Zhou X, Wu X, Deng M, Qiu Y, Zhou S, Li Y. Levels of base excision repair proteins in CD4 + T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 47:1655-1662. [PMID: 36748375 PMCID: PMC10930274 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.210485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multi-systemic disease with the unknown pathogenic mechanism. DNA demethylation is involved in SLE pathogenesis. Growth arrest and DNA damage inducible 45 alpha (Gadd45a) takes part in the process of DNA demethylation. Gadd45a is a DNA repair-related protein. This study aims to investigate the expressions of some proteins [including activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG), and methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 4 (MBD4)] involving in base excision repair (BER) process in CD4+ T cells in patients with SLE, and to analyze the correlations between the above BER proteins and lupus disease. METHODS From January 2019 to September 2020, 12 SLE patients and 12 healthy controls were recruited from Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were separated by Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation and then CD4+ T cells were isolated via positive selection using Miltenyi beads. We measured the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expressions of AID, TDG, and MBD4 by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS In contrast to controls, in SLE CD4+ T cells, the mRNA and protein expressions of AID were elevated (P=0.003, P=0.022, respectively); TDG protein expression was increased (P=0.017); and MBD4 protein level was reduced (P<0.001). No visible distinctions was found in the mRNA expressions of either TDG or MBD4 between the 2 groups (both P>0.05). The mRNA and protein expressions of AID and the protein levels of TDG were positively correlated with SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI). And the mRNA and protein expressions of MBD4 were negatively correlated with SLEDAI. CONCLUSIONS In SLE CD4+ T cells, the increased expressions of AID and TDG and the decreased MBD4 expression may participate in SLE pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics; Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011.
| | - Xiaoqi Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Min Deng
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics; Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011
| | - Yueqi Qiu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics; Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011
| | - Shengnan Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics; Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011
| | - Yaping Li
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics; Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011.
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2
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Mulinacci G, Palermo A, Gerussi A, Asselta R, Gershwin ME, Invernizzi P. New insights on the role of human leukocyte antigen complex in primary biliary cholangitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:975115. [PMID: 36119102 PMCID: PMC9471323 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.975115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) is a rare autoimmune cholangiopathy. Genetic studies have shown that the strongest statistical association with PBC has been mapped in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus, a highly polymorphic area that mostly contribute to the genetic variance of the disease. Furthermore, PBC presents high variability throughout different population groups, which may explain the different geoepidemiology of the disease. A major role in defining HLA genetic contribution has been given by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) studies; more recently, new technologies have been developed to allow a deeper understanding. The study of the altered peptides transcribed by genetic alterations also allowed the development of novel therapeutic strategies in the context of immunotolerance. This review summarizes what is known about the immunogenetics of PBC with a focus on the HLA locus, the different distribution of HLA alleles worldwide, and how HLA modifications are associated with the pathogenesis of PBC. Novel therapeutic strategies are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Mulinacci
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Palermo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Alessio Gerussi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Merrill Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
- *Correspondence: Pietro Invernizzi,
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3
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Xie JH, Zhang Y, Loubeau M, Mangan P, Heimrich E, Tovar C, Zhou X, Madia P, Doyle M, Dudhgaonkar S, Rudra A, Subramani S, Young J, Salter-Cid L, Malek TR, Struthers M. Mouse IL-2/CD25 Fusion Protein Induces Regulatory T Cell Expansion and Immune Suppression in Preclinical Models of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:34-43. [PMID: 34108258 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with an IL-2-deficient state, with regulatory T cells (Tregs) showing diminished immune regulatory capacity. A low dose of IL-2 has shown encouraging clinical benefits in SLE patients; however, its clinical utility is limited because of the requirement of daily injections and the observation of increase in proinflammatory cytokines and in non-Tregs. We recently showed that a fusion protein of mouse IL-2 and mouse IL-2Rα (CD25), joined by a noncleavable linker, was effective in treating diabetes in NOD mice by selectively inducing Treg expansion. In this report, we show that mouse IL-2 (mIL-2)/CD25 at doses up to 0.5 mg/kg twice a week induced a robust Treg expansion without showing signs of increase in the numbers of NK, CD4+Foxp3-, or CD8+ T cells or significant increase in proinflammatory cytokines. In both NZB × NZW and MRL/lpr mice, mIL-2/CD25 at 0.2-0.4 mg/kg twice a week demonstrated efficacy in inducing Treg expansion, CD25 upregulation, and inhibiting lupus nephritis based on the levels of proteinuria, autoantibody titers, and kidney histology scores. mIL-2/CD25 was effective even when treatment was initiated at the time when NZB × NZW mice already showed signs of advanced disease. Furthermore, we show coadministration of prednisolone, which SLE patients commonly take, did not interfere with the ability of mIL-2/CD25 to expand Tregs. The prednisolone and mIL-2/CD25 combination treatment results in improvements in most of the efficacy readouts relative to either monotherapy alone. Taken together, our results support further evaluation of IL-2/CD25 in the clinic for treating immune-mediated diseases such as SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny H Xie
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ;
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Martine Loubeau
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Paul Mangan
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | | | - Christian Tovar
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Xiadi Zhou
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Priyanka Madia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Michael Doyle
- Department of Discovery Protein Science, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Shailesh Dudhgaonkar
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Syngene International Ltd., Bangalore, India; and
| | - Anjuman Rudra
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Syngene International Ltd., Bangalore, India; and
| | - Siva Subramani
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Syngene International Ltd., Bangalore, India; and
| | - James Young
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Luisa Salter-Cid
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Thomas R Malek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL
| | - Mary Struthers
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ;
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4
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Alvarez-Gonzalez J, Yasgar A, Maul RW, Rieffer AE, Crawford DJ, Salamango DJ, Dorjsuren D, Zakharov AV, Jansen DJ, Rai G, Marugan J, Simeonov A, Harris RS, Kohli RM, Gearhart PJ. Small Molecule Inhibitors of Activation-Induced Deaminase Decrease Class Switch Recombination in B Cells. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1214-1226. [PMID: 34151211 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation-induced deaminase (AID) not only mutates DNA within the immunoglobulin loci to generate antibody diversity, but it also promotes development of B cell lymphomas. To tame this mutagen, we performed a quantitative high-throughput screen of over 90 000 compounds to see if AID activity could be mitigated. The enzymatic activity was assessed in biochemical assays to detect cytosine deamination and in cellular assays to measure class switch recombination. Three compounds showed promise via inhibition of switching in a transformed B cell line and in murine splenic B cells. These compounds have similar chemical structures, which suggests a shared mechanism of action. Importantly, the inhibitors blocked AID, but not a related cytosine DNA deaminase, APOBEC3B. We further determined that AID was continually expressed for several days after B cell activation to induce switching. This first report of small molecules that inhibit AID can be used to gain regulatory control over base editors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Alvarez-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Adam Yasgar
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20816, United States
| | - Robert W Maul
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Amanda E Rieffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Daniel J Crawford
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daniel J Salamango
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Dorjbal Dorjsuren
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20816, United States
| | - Alexey V Zakharov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20816, United States
| | - Daniel J Jansen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20816, United States
| | - Ganesha Rai
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20816, United States
| | - Juan Marugan
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20816, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20816, United States
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rahul M Kohli
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Patricia J Gearhart
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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5
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Jiang C, Zhao ML, Ramos L, Dobaczewska K, Herbert R, Hobbie K, Mikulski Z, Verkoczy L, Diaz M. The Role of IgM Antibodies in T Cell Lymphoma Protection in a Novel Model Resembling Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2468-2477. [PMID: 33883189 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
MRL/lpr mice typically succumb to immune complex-mediated nephritis within the first year of life. However, MRL/lpr mice that only secrete IgM Abs because of activation-induced deaminase deficiency (AID-/-MRL/lpr mice) experienced a dramatic increase in survival. Further crossing of these mice to those incapable of making secretory IgM (μS mice) generated mice lacking any secreted Abs but with normal B cell receptors. Both strains revealed no kidney pathology, yet Ab-deficient mice still experienced high mortality. In this article, we report Ab-deficient MRL/lpr mice progressed to high-grade T cell lymphoma that can be reversed with injection of autoreactive IgM Abs or following adoptive transfer of IgM-secreting MRL/lpr B cells. Anti-nuclear Abs, particularly anti-dsDNA IgM Abs, exhibited tumor-killing activities against a murine T cell lymphoma cell line. Passive transfers of autoreactive IgM Abs into p53-deficient mice increased survival by delaying onset of T cell lymphoma. The lymphoma originated from a double-negative aberrant T cell population seen in MRL/lpr mice and most closely resembled human anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Combined, these results strongly implicate autoreactive IgM Abs in protection against T cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuancang Jiang
- Somatic Hypermutation Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Ming-Lang Zhao
- Somatic Hypermutation Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Luis Ramos
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA
| | - Katarzyna Dobaczewska
- Microscopy and Histology Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ronald Herbert
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Kristen Hobbie
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Microscopy and Histology Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Marilyn Diaz
- Somatic Hypermutation Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC .,San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA
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6
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Abrego-Peredo A, Romero-Ramírez H, Espinosa E, López-Herrera G, García-García F, Flores-Muñoz M, Sandoval-Montes C, Rodríguez-Alba JC. Naringenin mitigates autoimmune features in lupus-prone mice by modulation of T-cell subsets and cytokines profile. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233138. [PMID: 32421738 PMCID: PMC7233587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Naringenin is flavonoid mainly found in citrus fruits which has shown several biological properties. In this work, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of the flavonoid Naringenin. Five-month-old B6.MRL-Faslpr/J lupus-prone mice were administered daily orally with Naringenin for seven months. We showed that Naringenin treatment at 50 or 100 mg/kg inhibited the splenomegaly and decreased the levels of anti-nuclear and anti-dsDNA autoantibodies. Furthermore, a reduction in serum concentration of TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-6 was observed in the mice provided with Naringenin. Interestingly, serum levels of IL-10 increased. Naringenin decreased the frequency and absolute numbers of splenic effector memory T cells. Additionally, in order to be able to evaluate whether Naringenin prevented kidney damage, twelve-week-old MRL/MpJ-Faslpr/J mice, an accelerated lupus model, were orally administered with Naringenin at 100 mg/kg for six weeks. Surprisingly, Naringenin treatment prevented kidney damage and reduced the development of fibrosis similar to cyclophosphamide group. Moreover, Naringenin treatment increased the percentage of regulatory T cells in this aggressive model of lupus. Together, these results suggest a potential ability of Naringenin to reduce the autoimmunity in lupus-prone mice by modulation of T-cell subsets and cytokines profile that mitigate the development of important lupus clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amayrani Abrego-Peredo
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- Unidad de Citometría de Flujo, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Héctor Romero-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Enrique Espinosa
- Investigación en Inmunología Integrativa, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gabriela López-Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación en Inmunodeficiencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fabio García-García
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- Laboratorio de Biología del Sueño, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Mónica Flores-Muñoz
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Medicina Traslacional, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Claudia Sandoval-Montes
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Alba
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- Unidad de Citometría de Flujo, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
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7
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Zhu J, Hay AN, Potter AA, Richwine MW, Sproule T, LeRoith T, Wilson J, Hasham MG, Roopenian DC, Leeth CM. Abrogated AID Function Prolongs Survival and Diminishes Renal Pathology in the BXSB Mouse Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1091-1100. [PMID: 31988182 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Almost a decade has passed since the approval of belimumab, an mAb directed against B lymphocyte stimulation and the first targeted therapy approved for systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) in over 50 y. Although well tolerated, the efficacy of belimumab remains limited and is not labeled for patients suffering from nephritis, the leading cause of patient mortality. We sought to explore alternative targets of autoreactive B lymphocytes through manipulation of affinity maturation. The BXSB/MpJ mouse, a well-established model of human SLE, develops elevated antinuclear Abs and immune complex-mediated nephritis along with other manifestations of SLE-like disease. To limit interfering with critical background genetics, we used CRISPR-Cas9 to disrupt activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID; Aicda) directly in BXSB zygotes. Homozygous null mice demonstrated significantly prolonged survival compared with wild-type. Although mice continued to develop plasma cells, splenic follicular structure was restored, and renal pathology was reduced. Mice developed expanded germinal center B lymphocyte populations as in other models of AID deficiency as well as increased populations of CD73+ B lymphocytes. Treatment with the small molecule inhibitor of RAD51, 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid, resulted in minimal changes in disease markers in BXSB mice. The prolonged survival in AID-deficient BXSB mice appears attributed primarily to the reduced renal pathology, warranting further exploration, as current therapeutics targeting lupus nephritis are limited and, thus, in great demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Alayna N Hay
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Ashley A Potter
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Madison W Richwine
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | | | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - John Wilson
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609; and
| | | | | | - Caroline M Leeth
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061;
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8
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Abstract
Class switch recombination (CSR) generates isotype-switched antibodies with distinct effector functions essential for mediating effective humoral immunity. CSR is catalyzed by activation-induced deaminase (AID) that initiates DNA lesions in the evolutionarily conserved switch (S) regions at the immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) locus. AID-initiated DNA lesions are subsequently converted into DNA double stranded breaks (DSBs) in the S regions of Igh locus, repaired by non-homologous end-joining to effect CSR in mammalian B lymphocytes. While molecular mechanisms of CSR are well characterized, it remains less well understood how upstream signaling pathways regulate AID expression and CSR. B lymphocytes express multiple receptors including the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) and co-receptors (e.g., CD40). These receptors may share common signaling pathways or may use distinct signaling elements to regulate CSR. Here, we discuss how signals emanating from different receptors positively or negatively regulate AID expression and CSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangguo Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
| | - Jing H Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
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9
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Poissonnier A, Guégan JP, Nguyen HT, Best D, Levoin N, Kozlov G, Gehring K, Pineau R, Jouan F, Morere L, Martin S, Thomas M, Lazaro E, Douchet I, Ducret T, van de Weghe P, Blanco P, Jean M, Vacher P, Legembre P. Disrupting the CD95–PLCγ1 interaction prevents Th17-driven inflammation. Nat Chem Biol 2018; 14:1079-1089. [DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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de Klerk B, Emam M, Thompson-Crispi KA, Sargolzaei M, van der Poel JJ, Mallard BA. A genome-wide association study for natural antibodies measured in blood of Canadian Holstein cows. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:694. [PMID: 30241501 PMCID: PMC6150957 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural antibodies (NAb) are an important component of the innate immune system, and fight infections as a part of the first line defence. NAb are poly-reactive and can respond non-specifically to antigens. Therefore, NAb may be a key trait when evaluating an animal's potential natural disease resistance. Variation in NAb is caused by both genetic and environmental factors. In this study genetic parameters of NAb were estimated and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed to gain further understanding on the genes that are responsible for the observed genetic variation of NAb in Canadian Holsteins. RESULTS In total, blood samples of 1327 cows from 64 farms were studied. NAb binding to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) were determined via indirect ELISA. Immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes, IgG and IgM, were evaluated. From the sample population, 925 cows were genotyped for 45,187 markers and each individual marker was tested to detect genetic variation in NAb levels. The relationships among animals was accounted for with genomic relationship. Results show heritabilities of 0.27 ± 0.064 (IgG) and 0.31 ± 0.065 (IgM). In total, 23 SNPs were found to be associated with IgG, but no SNPs were associated with IgM (FDR p-value < 0.05). The significant SNPs were located on autosomal chromosomes 1, 20 and 21 of the cow genome. Functional annotation analysis of the positional candidate genes revealed two sets of genes with biologically relevant functions related to NAb. In one set, seven genes with crucial roles in the production of antibody in B cells were associated with the trafficking of vesicles inside the cells between organelles. In the second set, two genes among positional candidate genes were associated with isotype class-switching and somatic hypermutation of B cells. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the possibility of increasing NAb through selective breeding. In addition, the effects of two candidate pathways are proposed for further investigation of NAb production in Holsteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt de Klerk
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mehdi Emam
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Genetic improvement of livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Mehdi Sargolzaei
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Semex Alliance, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Johan J van der Poel
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bonnie A Mallard
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada. .,Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Genetic improvement of livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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11
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He J, Sun M, Tian S. Procyanidin B2 prevents lupus nephritis development in mice by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Innate Immun 2018; 24:307-315. [PMID: 29874961 PMCID: PMC6830913 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918780985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a multifactorial event that contributes to the long-term mortality of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome has been known to play a role in SLE pathogenesis. We evaluated the renal protection effects of procyanidin B2 (PCB2) and the involvement of NLRP3 in a mouse model involving MRL/lpr and MRL/MpJ mice. Kidney injury was evaluated by measuring the renal clinical and pathological features, renal immune complex deposition, and serum anti-double-stranded (anti-dsDNA) Abs. ELISA and Western blotting were used to detect NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β/IL-18 production. NLRP3 gene silencing was introduced into MRL/lpr mice by short hairpin RNA, and the renal damage was compared with the treatment of PCB2. PCB2 remarkably reduced renal damage in MRL/lpr mice, reflected by the reduced proteinuria, and serum levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, as well as pathological features with less renal injury. PCB2 significantly reduced renal immune complex deposition and serum anti-dsDNA levels, notably inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and reduced the renal and serum levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in MRL/lpr mice compared with those of NLRP3 gene-silenced MRL-lpr mice. PCB2 significantly suppressed LN in MRL-lpr mice by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and subsequent IL-1β and IL-18 production. This finding explores a novel mechanism by which procyanidin exerts inflammatory suppression effects and its clinical benefits in LN prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui He
- Department of Urology Surgery, Heze Municipal Hospital, China
| | - Mingchong Sun
- Department of Urology Surgery, Heze Municipal Hospital, China
| | - Sujian Tian
- Department of Urology Surgery, Heze Municipal Hospital, China
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12
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The Involvement of MicroRNAs in Modulation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Lupus Nephritis. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:4126106. [PMID: 29854836 PMCID: PMC5964414 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4126106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), represent a family of RNA molecules that do not translate into protein. Nevertheless, they have the ability to regulate gene expression and play an essential role in immune cell differentiation and function. MicroRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in various tissues, and changes in their expression have been associated with several pathological processes. Yet, their roles in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis (LN) remain to be elucidated. Both SLE and LN are characterized by a complex dysfunction of the innate and adaptive immunity. Recently, significant findings have been made in understanding SLE through the use of genetic variant identification and expression pattern analysis and mouse models, as well as epigenetic analyses. Abnormalities in immune cell responses, cytokine and chemokine production, cell activation, and apoptosis have been linked to a unique expression pattern of a number of miRNAs that have been implicated in the immune pathogenesis of this autoimmune disease. The recent evidence that significantly increased the understanding of the pathogenesis of SLE drives a renewed interest in efficient therapy targets. This review aims at providing an overview of the current state of research on the expression and role of miRNAs in the immune pathogenesis of SLE and LN.
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13
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Hao F, Tian M, Feng Y, Quan C, Chen Y, Chen S, Wei M. Abrogation of Lupus Nephritis in Somatic Hypermutation-Deficient MRL/lpr Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3905-3912. [PMID: 29728506 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease posing threats to multiple organs in the human body. As a typical manifestation of SLE, lupus nephritis is characterized by a series of pathological changes in glomerulus as well as accumulation of pathogenic autoreactive IgG with complement in the kidney that dramatically disrupts renal functions. Activation-induced deaminase (AID), which governs both somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR), has been shown to be essential for the regulation of SLE. However, the relative contributions of SHM and CSR to SLE pathology have not been determined. Based on the available AIDG23S mice, we successfully established an AIDG23S MRL/lpr mouse model, in which SHM is specifically abolished, although CSR is largely unaffected. We found that the abrogation of SHM effectively alleviated SLE-associated histopathological alterations, such as expansion of the mesangial matrix and thickening of the basement membrane of Bowman's capsule as well as infiltration of inflammatory cells. Compared with SLE mice, AIDG23S MRL/lpr mice exhibited decreased proteinuria, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine, indicating that the loss of SHM contributed to the recovery of renal functions. As a consequence, the life span of those SHM-deficient MRL/lpr mice was extended. Together, we provide direct evidence pinpointing a vital role of SHM in the control of SLE development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqi Hao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Quan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China;
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14
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Satterthwaite AB. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase, a Component of B Cell Signaling Pathways, Has Multiple Roles in the Pathogenesis of Lupus. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1986. [PMID: 29403475 PMCID: PMC5786522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the loss of adaptive immune tolerance to nucleic acid-containing antigens. The resulting autoantibodies form immune complexes that promote inflammation and tissue damage. Defining the signals that drive pathogenic autoantibody production is an important step in the development of more targeted therapeutic approaches for lupus, which is currently treated primarily with non-specific immunosuppression. Here, we review the contribution of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), a component of B and myeloid cell signaling pathways, to disease in murine lupus models. Both gain- and loss-of-function genetic studies have revealed that Btk plays multiple roles in the production of autoantibodies. These include promoting the activation, plasma cell differentiation, and class switching of autoreactive B cells. Small molecule inhibitors of Btk are effective at reducing autoantibody levels, B cell activation, and kidney damage in several lupus models. These studies suggest that Btk may promote end-organ damage both by facilitating the production of autoantibodies and by mediating the inflammatory response of myeloid cells to these immune complexes. While Btk has not been associated with SLE in GWAS studies, SLE B cells display signaling defects in components both upstream and downstream of Btk consistent with enhanced activation of Btk signaling pathways. Taken together, these observations indicate that limiting Btk activity is critical for maintaining B cell tolerance and preventing the development of autoimmune disease. Btk inhibitors, generally well-tolerated and approved to treat B cell malignancy, may thus be a useful therapeutic approach for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Satterthwaite
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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15
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Yoon JY, Lee Y, Yu SL, Yoon HK, Park HY, Joung CI, Park SR, Kwon M, Kang J. Aberrant expression of interleukin-10 and activation-induced cytidine deaminase in B cells from patients with Behçet's disease. Biomed Rep 2017; 7:520-526. [PMID: 29188055 PMCID: PMC5702955 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive studies, the pathogenesis of Behçet's disease (BD) remains unclear. In particular, the roles of B cells in patients with BD have not been elucidated. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is a critical enzyme for immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain class switching and somatic hypermutation in B cells and the abnormal expression of AID in various immune conditions has previously been studied. B10 cells, an interleukin (IL)-10-secreting subset of regulatory B cells, function to downregulate inflammation and autoimmunity. Thus, in the present study, the relevance of B cells in patients with BD was investigated. The plasma levels of IL-10 and IgA and the proportions of cluster of differentiation (CD)43+ B cells, excluding naïve B cells, were measured in 16 patients with BD and 16 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). Additionally, the mRNA levels of IL-10 and AID were assessed in B cells from fresh peripheral blood samples of the BD patients and HCs. The plasma level of IL-10 in patients with BD did not differ significantly from that in HCs. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the plasma level of IgA, although a slight increase was observed in patients with BD compared with that in HCs. There were no differences in CD43+CD19+ B cell numbers between patients with BD and HCs. However, IL-10 mRNA levels were significantly reduced (P<0.05), while AID mRNA levels were significantly increased (P<0.01) in the B cells of patients with BD compared with those in HCs. These results provide insight into the role of B cells in patients with BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Yun Yoon
- Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeojin Lee
- Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Lan Yu
- Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyung Yoon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Yan Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Il Joung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Rae Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Mihye Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeku Kang
- Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
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16
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McDonald G, Medina CO, Pilichowska M, Kearney JF, Shinkura R, Selsing E, Wortis HH, Honjo T, Imanishi-Kari T. Accelerated Systemic Autoimmunity in the Absence of Somatic Hypermutation in 564Igi: A Mouse Model of Systemic Lupus with Knocked-In Heavy and Light Chain Genes. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1094. [PMID: 28955333 PMCID: PMC5601273 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
564Igi mice have knocked-in immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) and light (L) chain genes that encode an autoantibody recognizing RNA. Previously, we showed that these mice produce pathogenic IgG autoantibodies when activation-induced deaminase (AID) is expressed in pre-B and immature B cells but not when it is expressed only in mature B cells. AID has two functions; it is necessary for somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). To determine the role of each of these functions in the generation of pathogenic autoantibodies, we generated 564Igi mice that carry a mutant AID-encoding gene, Aicda (AicdaG23S), which is capable of promoting CSR but not SHM. We found that 564Igi AicdaG23S mice secreted class-switched antibodies (Abs) at levels approximately equal to 564Igi mice. However, compared to 564Igi mice, 564Igi AicdaG23S mice had increased pathogenic IgG Abs and severe systemic lupus erythematosus-like disease, including, glomerulonephritis, and early death. We suggest that in 564Igi mice SHM by AID changes Ig receptors away from self reactivity, thereby mitigating the production of autoantibody, providing a novel mechanism of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle McDonald
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Carlos O Medina
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Monika Pilichowska
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John F Kearney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Reiko Shinkura
- Department of Immunology, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Nagahama, Japan
| | - Erik Selsing
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Henry H Wortis
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tasuku Honjo
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Thereza Imanishi-Kari
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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17
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Sindhava VJ, Oropallo MA, Moody K, Naradikian M, Higdon LE, Zhou L, Myles A, Green N, Nündel K, Stohl W, Schmidt AM, Cao W, Dorta-Estremera S, Kambayashi T, Marshak-Rothstein A, Cancro MP. A TLR9-dependent checkpoint governs B cell responses to DNA-containing antigens. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1651-1663. [PMID: 28346226 DOI: 10.1172/jci89931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature B cell pools retain a substantial proportion of polyreactive and self-reactive clonotypes, suggesting that activation checkpoints exist to reduce the initiation of autoreactive B cell responses. Here, we have described a relationship among the B cell receptor (BCR), TLR9, and cytokine signals that regulate B cell responses to DNA-containing antigens. In both mouse and human B cells, BCR ligands that deliver a TLR9 agonist induce an initial proliferative burst that is followed by apoptotic death. The latter mechanism involves p38-dependent G1 cell-cycle arrest and subsequent intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis and is shared by all preimmune murine B cell subsets and CD27- human B cells. Survival or costimulatory signals rescue B cells from this fate, but the outcome varies depending on the signals involved. B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) engenders survival and antibody secretion, whereas CD40 costimulation with IL-21 or IFN-γ promotes a T-bet+ B cell phenotype. Finally, in vivo immunization studies revealed that when protein antigens are conjugated with DNA, the humoral immune response is blunted and acquires features associated with T-bet+ B cell differentiation. We propose that this mechanism integrating BCR, TLR9, and cytokine signals provides a peripheral checkpoint for DNA-containing antigens that, if circumvented by survival and differentiative cues, yields B cells with the autoimmune-associated T-bet+ phenotype.
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18
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Kang S, Fedoriw Y, Brenneman EK, Truong YK, Kikly K, Vilen BJ. BAFF Induces Tertiary Lymphoid Structures and Positions T Cells within the Glomeruli during Lupus Nephritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2602-2611. [PMID: 28235864 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-specific immune responses play an important role in the pathology of autoimmune diseases. In systemic lupus erythematosus, deposits of IgG-immune complexes and the activation of complement in the kidney have long been thought to promote inflammation and lupus nephritis. However, the events that localize cells in non-lymphoid tertiary organs and sustain tissue-specific immune responses remain undefined. In this manuscript, we show that BAFF promotes events leading to lupus nephritis. Using an inducible model of systemic lupus erythematosus, we found that passive transfer of antinucleosome IgG into AID-/-MRL/lpr mice elevated autoantibody levels and promoted lupus nephritis by inducing BAFF production in the kidneys, and the formation of renal tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). Reducing BAFF in vivo prevented the formation of TLSs and lupus nephritis; however, it did not reduce immune cell infiltrates, or the deposits of IgG and complement in the kidney. Mechanistically, lowering BAFF levels also diminished the number of T cells positioned inside the glomeruli and reduced inflammation. Thus, BAFF plays a previously unappreciated role in lupus nephritis by inducing renal TLSs and regulating the position of T cells within the glomeruli.
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Affiliation(s)
- SunAh Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Yuri Fedoriw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Ethan K Brenneman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Young K Truong
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; and
| | | | - Barbara J Vilen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599;
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19
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Wang Z, Ma Y, Liu F, Chen L, Gao R, Zhang W. Autoantibodies against mono- and tri-methylated lysine display similar but also distinctive characteristics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172166. [PMID: 28222195 PMCID: PMC5319698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies can be either harmful or beneficial to the body. The beneficial autoantibodies play important roles in immunosurveillance, clearance of body waste and maintenance of immune homeostasis. Despite their importance, however, people’s knowledge on the protective autoantibodies is still very limited. In the current study, we examined two autoantibodies that recognized epitopes with only one amino acid. One was against mono-methylated lysine (Kme) and the other was against tri-methylated lysine (Kme3). We found that the antibodies were highly specific and not polyreactive. They did not cross-react each other. Although anti-Kme antibodies were IgM only, a large proportion of the anti-Kme3 antibodies were switched to the IgG isotype. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that both of the antibodies were mainly derived from IGHV 3–7 and/or IGHV3-74 germ line genes with conserved CDR2. De novo sequencing showed that there was a mutation at either of the SS positions on the CDR1 region, which changed one of the serine residues to a basic amino acid, i.e., arginine or lysine. We also found that neither of the antibodies was expressed at birth, and their earliest appearance was approximately 5 months after birth. All healthy human beings expressed the antibodies when they reached age two and maintained the expression thereafter throughout their life. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus had lower levels of the IgM isotype antibodies. Serum levels of the two IgM antibodies were closely correlated, implying that they were produced by cells from the same B cell subset. We also found that both anti-Kme and anti-Kme3 antibodies could bind and might take part in the clearance of neutrophil extracellular traps released from activated cells. In conclusion, although anti-Kme and anti-Kme3 antibodies share many similarities in their origins, they are different antibodies and have different characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing China
| | - Younan Ma
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing China
| | - Fan Liu
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linjie Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunoloy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Ruitong Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The AID/APOBEC family enzymes convert cytosines in single-stranded DNA to uracils, causing base substitutions and strand breaks. They are induced by cytokines produced during the body's inflammatory response to infections, and they help combat infections through diverse mechanisms. AID is essential for the maturation of antibodies and causes mutations and deletions in antibody genes through somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR) processes. One member of the APOBEC family, APOBEC1, edits mRNA for a protein involved in lipid transport. Members of the APOBEC3 subfamily in humans (APOBEC3A, APOBEC3B, APOBEC3C, APOBEC3D, APOBEC3F, APOBEC3G, and APOBEC3H) inhibit infections of viruses such as HIV-1, HBV, and HCV, and retrotransposition of endogenous retroelements through mutagenic and nonmutagenic mechanisms. There is emerging consensus that these enzymes can cause mutations in the cellular genome at replication forks or within transcription bubbles depending on the physiological state of the cell and the phase of the cell cycle during which they are expressed. We describe here the state of knowledge about the structures of these enzymes, regulation of their expression, and both the advantageous and deleterious consequences of their expression, including carcinogenesis. We highlight similarities among them and present a holistic view of their regulation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachini U Siriwardena
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Mucosal Immunology Studies Team, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Ashok S Bhagwat
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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21
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Lam T, Kulp DV, Wang R, Lou Z, Taylor J, Rivera CE, Yan H, Zhang Q, Wang Z, Zan H, Ivanov DN, Zhong G, Casali P, Xu Z. Small Molecule Inhibition of Rab7 Impairs B Cell Class Switching and Plasma Cell Survival To Dampen the Autoantibody Response in Murine Lupus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3792-3805. [PMID: 27742832 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IgG autoantibodies mediate pathology in systemic lupus patients and lupus-prone mice. In this study, we showed that the class-switched IgG autoantibody response in MRL/Faslpr/lpr and C57/Sle1Sle2Sle2 mice was blocked by the CID 1067700 compound, which specifically targeted Ras-related in brain 7 (Rab7), an endosome-localized small GTPase that was upregulated in activated human and mouse lupus B cells, leading to prevention of disease development and extension of lifespan. These were associated with decreased IgG-expressing B cells and plasma cells, but unchanged numbers and functions of myeloid cells and T cells. The Rab7 inhibitor suppressed T cell-dependent and T cell-independent Ab responses, but it did not affect T cell-mediated clearance of Chlamydia infection, consistent with a B cell-specific role of Rab7. Indeed, B cells and plasma cells were inherently sensitive to Rab7 gene knockout or Rab7 activity inhibition in class switching and survival, respectively, whereas proliferation/survival of B cells and generation of plasma cells were not affected. Impairment of NF-κB activation upon Rab7 inhibition, together with the rescue of B cell class switching and plasma cell survival by enforced NF-κB activation, indicated that Rab7 mediates these processes by promoting NF-κB activation, likely through signal transduction on intracellular membrane structures. Thus, a single Rab7-inhibiting small molecule can target two stages of B cell differentiation to dampen the pathogenic autoantibody response in lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonika Lam
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Dennis V Kulp
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Zheng Lou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Julia Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Carlos E Rivera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Hong Zan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Dmitri N Ivanov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Guangming Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Paolo Casali
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Zhenming Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
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22
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Lobo PI. Role of Natural Autoantibodies and Natural IgM Anti-Leucocyte Autoantibodies in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2016; 7:198. [PMID: 27375614 PMCID: PMC4893492 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We review how polyreactive natural IgM autoantibodies (IgM-NAA) protect the host from invading micro-organisms and host neo-antigens that are constantly being produced by oxidation mechanisms and cell apoptosis. Second, we discuss how IgM-NAA and IgM anti-leukocyte antibodies (IgM-ALA) inhibits autoimmune inflammation by anti-idiotypic mechanisms, enhancing removal of apoptotic cells, masking neo-antigens, and regulating the function of dendritic cells (DC) and effector cells. Third, we review how natural IgM prevents autoimmune disorders arising from pathogenic IgG autoantibodies, triggered by genetic mechanisms (e.g., SLE) or micro-organisms, as well as by autoreactive B and T cells that have escaped tolerance mechanisms. Studies in IgM knockout mice have clearly demonstrated that regulatory B and T cells require IgM to effectively regulate inflammation mediated by innate, adaptive, and autoimmune mechanisms. It is, therefore, not surprising why the host positively selects such autoreactive B1 cells that generate IgM-NAA, which are also evolutionarily conserved. Fourth, we show that IgM-ALA levels and their repertoire can vary in normal humans and disease states and this variation may partly explain the observed differences in the inflammatory response after infection, ischemic injury, or after a transplant. We also show how protective IgM-NAA can be rendered pathogenic under non-physiological conditions. We also review IgG-NAA that are more abundant than IgM-NAA in plasma. However, we need to understand if the (Fab)(2) region of IgG-NAA has physiological relevance in non-disease states, as in plasma, their functional activity is blocked by IgM-NAA having anti-idiotypic activity. Some IgG-NAA are produced by B2 cells that have escaped tolerance mechanisms and we show how such pathogenic IgG-NAA are regulated to prevent autoimmune disease. The Fc region of IgG-NAA can influence inflammation and B cell function in vivo by binding to activating and inhibitory FcγR. IgM-NAA has therapeutic potential. Polyclonal IgM infusions can be used to abrogate on-going inflammation. Additionally, inflammation arising after ischemic kidney injury, e.g., during high-risk elective cardiac surgery or after allograft transplantation, can be prevented by pre-emptively infusing polyclonal IgM or DC pretreated ex vivo with IgM or by increasing in vivo IgM with a vaccine approach. Cell therapy is appealing as less IgM will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Isaac Lobo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Center of Immunology, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia Health Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Kang S, Rogers JL, Monteith AJ, Jiang C, Schmitz J, Clarke SH, Tarrant TK, Truong YK, Diaz M, Fedoriw Y, Vilen BJ. Apoptotic Debris Accumulates on Hematopoietic Cells and Promotes Disease in Murine and Human Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4030-9. [PMID: 27059595 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic debris, autoantibody, and IgG-immune complexes (ICs) have long been implicated in the inflammation associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); however, it remains unclear whether they initiate immune-mediated events that promote disease. In this study, we show that PBMCs from SLE patients experiencing active disease, and hematopoietic cells from lupus-prone MRL/lpr and NZM2410 mice accumulate markedly elevated levels of surface-bound nuclear self-antigens. On dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (MFs), the self-antigens are part of IgG-ICs that promote FcγRI-mediated signal transduction. Accumulation of IgG-ICs is evident on ex vivo myeloid cells from MRL/lpr mice by 10 wk of age and steadily increases prior to lupus nephritis. IgG and FcγRI play a critical role in disease pathology. Passive transfer of pathogenic IgG into IgG-deficient MRL/lpr mice promotes the accumulation of IgG-ICs prior to significant B cell expansion, BAFF secretion, and lupus nephritis. In contrast, diminishing the burden IgG-ICs in MRL/lpr mice through deficiency in FcγRI markedly improves these lupus pathologies. Taken together, our findings reveal a previously unappreciated role for the cell surface accumulation of IgG-ICs in human and murine lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- SunAh Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jennifer L Rogers
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Andrew J Monteith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Chuancang Jiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - John Schmitz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; and
| | - Stephen H Clarke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Teresa K Tarrant
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Young K Truong
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Marilyn Diaz
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Yuri Fedoriw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; and
| | - Barbara J Vilen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599;
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Defects in lysosomal maturation facilitate the activation of innate sensors in systemic lupus erythematosus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2142-51. [PMID: 27035940 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1513943113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in clearing apoptotic debris disrupt tissue and immunological homeostasis, leading to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Herein, we report that macrophages from lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice have impaired lysosomal maturation, resulting in heightened ROS production and attenuated lysosomal acidification. Impaired lysosomal maturation diminishes the ability of lysosomes to degrade apoptotic debris contained within IgG-immune complexes (IgG-ICs) and promotes recycling and the accumulation of nuclear self-antigens at the membrane 72 h after internalization. Diminished degradation of IgG-ICs prolongs the intracellular residency of nucleic acids, leading to the activation of Toll-like receptors. It also promotes phagosomal membrane permeabilization, allowing dsDNA and IgG to leak into the cytosol and activate AIM2 and TRIM21. Collectively, these events promote the accumulation of nuclear antigens and activate innate sensors that drive IFNα production and heightened cell death. These data identify a previously unidentified defect in lysosomal maturation that provides a mechanism for the chronic activation of intracellular innate sensors in systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Absence of Activation-induced Cytidine Deaminase, a Regulator of Class Switch Recombination and Hypermutation in B Cells, Suppresses Aorta Allograft Vasculopathy in Mice. Transplantation 2015; 99:1598-605. [PMID: 25769064 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-mediated rejection is caused in part by increasing circulation/production of donor-specific antibody (DSA). Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is a key regulator of class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin in B cells, yet its role in antibody-mediated transplant rejection remains unclear. We show here that AID deficiency in mice enables suppression of allograft vasculopathy (AV) after aorta transplantation, a DSA-mediated process. METHODS Splenocytes from C57BL/6 J (B6) AID(−/−) mice were used for determining in vitro proliferation responses, alloreactivity, cell surface marker expression, and antibody production. BALB/c mouse aortas were transplanted into B6 AID(−/−) mice with or without FK506 treatment. Blood and aorta grafts were harvested on day 30 after transplantation and were subjected to DSA, histological, and immunohistological analyses. RESULTS The AID(−/−) splenocytes were comparable to wild type splenocytes in proliferation responses, alloreactivity, and expression of cell surface markers in vitro. However, they completely failed to produce immunoglobulin G, although they were not impaired in immunoglobulin M production relative to controls. Furthermore, BALB/c aorta grafts from B6 AID(−/−) recipient mice on day 30 after transplantation showed reduced signs of AV compared to the grafts from B6 wild type recipient mice which had severe vascular intimal hyperplasia, interstitial fibrosis, and inflammation. Treatment with FK506 produced a synergistic effect in the grafts from AID(−/−) recipients with further reduction of intimal hyperplasia and fibrosis scores. CONCLUSIONS The AID deficiency inhibits DSA-mediated AV after aorta transplantation in mice. We propose that AID could be a novel molecular target for controlling antibody-mediated rejection in organ transplantation.
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Yuan Y, Liu Z. Isoflurane attenuates murine lupus nephritis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:17730-17738. [PMID: 26770363 PMCID: PMC4694263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The NOD-like receptor family-pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is an essential factor in enhancing inflammation and autoimmunity. Anesthetic isoflurane (ISO) exerts a novel pharmacological action in anti-inflammation. However, whether ISO hinders the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis (LN) by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation remains unclear. In this study, 12-week-old MRL/lpr and C57BL/6 mice were treated with and without 1.4% ISO for eight weeks. ISO administration significantly reduced mortality, serum anti-dsDNA level, renal immune complex deposition, and the ratio of Th17 to Treg cells in MRL/lpr mice. ISO treatment remarkably reduced the levels of blood urea nitrogen, proteinuria, interleukin (IL)-17, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α, as well as the infiltration of macrophages. ISO also abrogated renal NLRP3 inflammasome formation and activation. These results suggest that ISO may be a promising therapeutic agent for LN partly because it restricts NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Department of Nephrology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou UniversityLuoyang 471009, Henan, China
| | - Zhangsuo Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
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Yung S, Chan TM. Mechanisms of Kidney Injury in Lupus Nephritis - the Role of Anti-dsDNA Antibodies. Front Immunol 2015; 6:475. [PMID: 26441980 PMCID: PMC4569852 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a breakdown of self-tolerance, production of auto-antibodies and immune-mediated injury, resulting in damage accrual in multiple organs. Kidney involvement, termed lupus nephritis, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality that affects over half of the SLE population during the course of disease. The etiology of lupus nephritis is multifactorial and remains to be fully elucidated. Accumulating evidence suggests that in addition to forming immune complexes and triggering complement activation, anti-dsDNA antibodies contribute to the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis through binding, either directly or indirectly, to cross-reactive antigens or chromatin materials, respectively, to resident renal cells and/or extracellular matrix components, thereby triggering downstream cellular activation and proliferation as well as inflammatory and fibrotic processes. Several cross-reactive antigens that mediate anti-dsDNA antibody binding have been identified, such as annexin II and alpha-actinin. This review discusses the mechanisms through which anti-dsDNA antibodies contribute to immunopathogenesis in lupus nephritis. Corticosteroids combined with either mycophenolic acid (MPA) or cyclophosphamide is the current standard of care immunosuppressive therapy for severe lupus nephritis. This review also discusses recent data showing distinct effects of MPA and cyclophosphamide on inflammatory and fibrotic processes in resident renal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yung
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Tak Mao Chan
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
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Montamat-Sicotte D, Liztler LC, Abreu C, Safavi S, Zahn A, Orthwein A, Muschen M, Oppezzo P, Muñoz DP, Di Noia JM. HSP90 inhibitors decrease AID levels and activity in mice and in human cells. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2365-76. [PMID: 25912253 PMCID: PMC4536124 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Activation induced deaminase (AID) initiates somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination of the Ig genes in antigen-activated B cells, underpinning antibody affinity maturation and isotype switching. AID can also be pathogenic by contributing to autoimmune diseases and oncogenic mutations. Moreover, AID can exert noncanonical functions when aberrantly expressed in epithelial cells. The lack of specific inhibitors prevents therapeutic applications to modulate AID functions. Here, we have exploited our previous finding that the HSP90 molecular chaperoning pathway stabilizes AID in B cells, to test whether HSP90 inhibitors could target AID in vivo. We demonstrate that chronic administration of HSP90 inhibitors decreases AID protein levels and isotype switching in immunized mice. HSP90 inhibitors also reduce disease severity in a mouse model of acute B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia in which AID accelerates disease progression. We further show that human AID protein levels are sensitive to HSP90 inhibition in normal and leukemic B cells, and that HSP90 inhibition prevents AID-dependent epithelial to mesenchymal transition in a human breast cancer cell line in vitro. Thus, we provide proof-of-concept that HSP90 inhibitors indirectly target AID in vivo and that endogenous human AID is widely sensitive to them, which could have therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ludivine C Liztler
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cecilia Abreu
- Research Laboratory on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Shiva Safavi
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Astrid Zahn
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Markus Muschen
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco,USA
| | - Pablo Oppezzo
- Research Laboratory on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Denise P Muñoz
- UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital and Research Institute at Oakland, Oakland, USA
| | - Javier M Di Noia
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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Kaga H, Komatsuda A, Omokawa A, Ito M, Teshima K, Tagawa H, Sawada K, Wakui H. Downregulated expression of miR-155, miR-17, and miR-181b, and upregulated expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase and interferon-α in PBMCs from patients with SLE. Mod Rheumatol 2015; 25:865-70. [DOI: 10.3109/14397595.2015.1030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hagime Kaga
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Atsushi Komatsuda
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Ayumi Omokawa
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Ito
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Teshima
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tagawa
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sawada
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hideki Wakui
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
- Department of Life Science, Akita University Graduate School of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita, Japan
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Detanico T, Guo W, Wysocki LJ. Predominant role for activation-induced cytidine deaminase in generating IgG anti-nucleosomal antibodies of murine SLE. J Autoimmun 2015; 58:67-77. [PMID: 25634361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Serum IgG anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) directed to complexes of DNA and histones are a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and reflect a failure in lymphocyte self-tolerance. A prior study utilizing spontaneously autoimmune B6.Nba2 mice deficient in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) and with heterozygous deficiencies in Jh and Igk loci underscored the importance of somatic hypermutation (SHM) as a major generator of SLE-associated ANA. This interpretation had to be qualified because of severely limited opportunities for receptor editing and restricted VHCDR3 diversity. Therefore, we performed the converse study using mice that carried functional Tdt genes and wild type Jh and Igk loci but that could not undergo SHM. Analyses of ANA and ANA-producing hybridomas from B6.Nba2 Aicda(-/-) mice revealed that few animals produced high titers of the prototypical ANA directed to complexes of histones and DNA, that this response was delayed and that those cells that did produce such antibody exhibited limited clonal expansion, unusual Jk use and only infrequent dual receptor expression. This, together with the additional finding of an intrinsic propensity for SHM to generate Arg codons selectively in CDRs, reinforce the view that most IgG autoimmune clones producing prototypical anti-nucleosome antibodies in wild type mice are created by SHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Detanico
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Wenzhong Guo
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Lawrence J Wysocki
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA.
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White CA, Pone EJ, Lam T, Tat C, Hayama KL, Li G, Zan H, Casali P. Histone deacetylase inhibitors upregulate B cell microRNAs that silence AID and Blimp-1 expression for epigenetic modulation of antibody and autoantibody responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5933-50. [PMID: 25392531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Class-switch DNA recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM), which require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), and plasma cell differentiation, which requires B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1), are critical for the generation of class-switched and hypermutated (mature) Ab and autoantibody responses. We show that histone deacetylase inhibitors valproic acid and butyrate dampened AICDA/Aicda (AID) and PRDM1/Prdm1 (Blimp-1) mRNAs by upregulating miR-155, miR-181b, and miR-361 to silence AICDA/Aicda, and miR-23b, miR-30a, and miR-125b to silence PRDM1/Prdm1, in human and mouse B cells. This led to downregulation of AID, Blimp-1, and X-box binding protein 1, thereby inhibiting CSR, SHM, and plasma cell differentiation without altering B cell viability or proliferation. The selectivity of histone deacetylase inhibitor-mediated silencing of AICDA/Aicda and PRDM1/Prdm1 was emphasized by unchanged expression of HoxC4 and Irf4 (important inducers/modulators of AICDA/Aicda), Rev1 and Ung (central elements for CSR/SHM), and Bcl6, Bach2, or Pax5 (repressors of PRDM1/Prdm1 expression), as well as unchanged expression of miR-19a/b, miR-20a, and miR-25, which are not known to regulate AICDA/Aicda or PRDM1/Prdm1. Through these B cell-intrinsic epigenetic mechanisms, valproic acid blunted class-switched and hypermutated T-dependent and T-independent Ab responses in C57BL/6 mice. In addition, it decreased class-switched and hypermutated autoantibodies, ameliorated disease, and extended survival in lupus MRL/Fas(lpr/lpr) mice. Our findings outline epigenetic mechanisms that modulate expression of an enzyme (AID) and transcription factors (Blimp-1 and X-box binding protein 1) that are critical to the B cell differentiation processes that underpin Ab and autoantibody responses. They also provide therapeutic proof-of-principle in autoantibody-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton A White
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Egest J Pone
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Tonika Lam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Connie Tat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Ken L Hayama
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Guideng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Hong Zan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Paolo Casali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
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Pawar RD, Goilav B, Xia Y, Zhuang H, Herlitz L, Reeves WH, Putterman C. Serum autoantibodies in pristane induced lupus are regulated by neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin. Clin Immunol 2014; 154:49-65. [PMID: 24971701 PMCID: PMC4119527 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The onset of autoantibodies in systemic autoimmunity can be the result of a breakdown in tolerance at multiple checkpoints. Genetic, hormonal, and immunological factors can combine with environmental influences to accelerate the onset of disease and aggravate disease outcome. Here, we describe a novel mechanism relating to the regulatory role of Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) in modulating the levels of autoantibodies in pristane induced lupus. Following a single injection of pristane intraperitoneally, NGAL expression was induced in both the serum and spleen. Furthermore, NGAL deficient mice were more susceptible to the induction of pristane stimulated autoimmunity, and displayed higher numbers of autoantibody secreting cells and increased expression of activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and other inflammatory mediators in the spleen. In contrast, kidney damage was milder in NGAL deficient mice, indicating that NGAL was detrimental in autoantibody mediated kidney disease. These studies indicate that NGAL plays differential roles in different tissues in the context of lupus, and suggest a previously unrecognized role for NGAL in adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul D Pawar
- The Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Beatrice Goilav
- The Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yumin Xia
- The Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Haoyang Zhuang
- The Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Leal Herlitz
- The Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, NY 10032, USA
| | - Westley H Reeves
- The Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Chaim Putterman
- The Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Biermann MHC, Veissi S, Maueröder C, Chaurio R, Berens C, Herrmann M, Munoz LE. The role of dead cell clearance in the etiology and pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus: dendritic cells as potential targets. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:1151-64. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.944162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Honjo K, Kubagawa Y, Suzuki Y, Takagi M, Ohno H, Bucy RP, Izui S, Kubagawa H. Enhanced auto-antibody production and Mott cell formation in FcμR-deficient autoimmune mice. Int Immunol 2014; 26:659-72. [PMID: 24994818 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The IgM-Fc receptor (FcμR) is involved in IgM homeostasis as evidenced by increased pre-immune serum IgM and natural auto-antibodies of both IgM and IgG isotypes in Fcmr-deficient C57BL/6 (B6) mice. To determine the impact of Fcmr-ablation on autoimmunity, we introduced the Fcmr null mutation onto the Fas-deficient autoimmune-prone B6.MRL Fas (lpr/lpr) mouse background (B6/lpr). Both IgM and IgG auto-antibodies against dsDNA or chromatin appeared earlier in FcμR(-) B6/lpr than FcμR(+) B6/lpr mice, but this difference became less pronounced with age. Splenic B2 cells, which were 2-fold elevated in FcμR(+) B6/lpr mice, were reduced to normal B6 levels in FcμR(-) B6/lpr mice, whereas splenic B1 cells were comparable in both groups of B6/lpr mice. By contrast, marginal zone (MZ) B cells were markedly reduced in FcμR(-) B6/lpr mice compared with either FcμR(+) B6/lpr or wild type (WT) B6 mice. This reduction appeared to result from rapid differentiation of MZ B cells into plasma cells in the absence of FcμR, as IgM antibody to a Smith (Sm) antigen, to which MZ B cells are known to preferentially respond, was greatly increased in both groups (B6/lpr and B6) of FcμR(-) mice compared with FcμR(+) B6/lpr or B6 mice. Mott cells, aberrant plasma cells with intra-cytoplasmic inclusions, were also increased in the absence of FcμR. Despite these abnormalities, the severity of renal pathology and function and survival were all indistinguishable between FcμR(-) and FcμR(+) B6/lpr mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that FcμR plays important roles in the regulation of auto-antibody production, Mott cell formation and the differentiation of MZ B cells into plasma cells in B6.MRL Fas (lpr/lpr) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Honjo
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yoshiki Kubagawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Miyuki Takagi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - R Pat Bucy
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Shozo Izui
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Hiromi Kubagawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Yan S, Yim LY, Lu L, Lau CS, Chan VSF. MicroRNA Regulation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Pathogenesis. Immune Netw 2014; 14:138-48. [PMID: 24999310 PMCID: PMC4079820 DOI: 10.4110/in.2014.14.3.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small RNA molecules best known for their function in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Immunologically, miRNA regulates the differentiation and function of immune cells and its malfunction contributes to the development of various autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Over the last decade, accumulating researches provide evidence for the connection between dysregulated miRNA network and autoimmunity. Interruption of miRNA biogenesis machinery contributes to the abnormal T and B cell development and particularly a reduced suppressive function of regulatory T cells, leading to systemic autoimmune diseases. Additionally, multiple factors under autoimmune conditions interfere with miRNA generation via key miRNA processing enzymes, thus further skewing the miRNA expression profile. Indeed, several independent miRNA profiling studies reported significant differences between SLE patients and healthy controls. Despite the lack of a consistent expression pattern on individual dysregulated miRNAs in SLE among these studies, the aberrant expression of distinct groups of miRNAs causes overlapping functional outcomes including perturbed type I interferon signalling cascade, DNA hypomethylation and hyperactivation of T and B cells. The impact of specific miRNA-mediated regulation on function of major immune cells in lupus is also discussed. Although research on the clinical application of miRNAs is still immature, through an integrated approach with advances in next generation sequencing, novel tools in bioinformatics database analysis and new in vitro and in vivo models for functional evaluation, the diagnostic and therapeutic potentials of miRNAs may bring to fruition in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yan
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lok Yan Yim
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chak Sing Lau
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Vera Sau-Fong Chan
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Xie JH, Yamniuk AP, Borowski V, Kuhn R, Susulic V, Rex-Rabe S, Yang X, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Gillooly K, Brosius R, Ravishankar R, Waggie K, Mink K, Price L, Rehfuss R, Tamura J, An Y, Cheng L, Abramczyk B, Ignatovich O, Drew P, Grant S, Bryson JW, Suchard S, Salter-Cid L, Nadler S, Suri A. Engineering of a Novel Anti-CD40L Domain Antibody for Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4083-92. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Samuelson EM, Laird RM, Papillion AM, Tatum AH, Princiotta MF, Hayes SM. Reduced B lymphoid kinase (Blk) expression enhances proinflammatory cytokine production and induces nephrosis in C57BL/6-lpr/lpr mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92054. [PMID: 24637841 PMCID: PMC3956874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BLK, which encodes B lymphoid kinase, was recently identified in genome wide association studies as a susceptibility gene for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and risk alleles mapping to the BLK locus result in reduced gene expression. To determine whether BLK is indeed a bona fide susceptibility gene, we developed an experimental mouse model, namely the Blk+/−.lpr/lpr (Blk+/−.lpr) mouse, in which Blk expression levels are reduced to levels comparable to those in individuals carrying a risk allele. Here, we report that Blk is expressed not only in B cells, but also in IL-17-producing γδ and DN αβ T cells and in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Moreover, we found that solely reducing Blk expression in C57BL/6-lpr/lpr mice enhanced proinflammatory cytokine production and accelerated the onset of lymphoproliferation, proteinuria, and kidney disease. Together, these findings suggest that BLK risk alleles confer susceptibility to SLE through the dysregulation of a proinflammatory cytokine network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Samuelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Renee M. Laird
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Amber M. Papillion
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Arthur H. Tatum
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Princiotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Sandra M. Hayes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhao J, Wang H, Dai C, Wang H, Zhang H, Huang Y, Wang S, Gaskin F, Yang N, Fu SM. P2X7 blockade attenuates murine lupus nephritis by inhibiting activation of the NLRP3/ASC/caspase 1 pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 65:3176-85. [PMID: 24022661 DOI: 10.1002/art.38174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The NLRP3 inflammasome plays key roles in inflammation and autoimmunity, and purinergic receptor P2X7 has been proposed to be upstream of NLRP3 activation. The aim of the present study, using murine models, was to investigate whether the P2X7 /NLRP3 inflammasome pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis (LN). METHODS MRL/lpr mice were treated with the selective P2X7 antagonist brilliant blue G (BBG) for 8 weeks. Following treatment, the severity of renal lesions, production of anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies, rate of survival, activation of the NLRP3/ASC/caspase 1 inflammasome pathway, and ratio of Th17 cells to Treg cells were evaluated. P2X7 -targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) was also used for in vivo intervention. Similar evaluations were carried out in NZM2328 mice, a model of LN in which the disease was accelerated by administration of adenovirus-expressing interferon-α (AdIFNα). RESULTS Significant up-regulation of P2X7 /NLRP3 inflammasome signaling molecules was detected in the kidneys of MLR/lpr mice as compared with normal control mice. Blockade of P2X7 activation by BBG suppressed NLRP3/ASC/caspase 1 assembly and the subsequent release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), resulting in a significant reduction in the severity of nephritis and circulating anti-dsDNA antibodies. The lifespan of the treated mice was significantly prolonged. BBG treatment reduced the serum levels of IL-1β and IL-17 and the Th17:Treg cell ratio. Similar results were obtained by specific siRNA silencing of P2X7 in vivo. The effectiveness of BBG treatment in modulating LN was confirmed in NZM2328 mice with AdIFNα-accelerated disease. CONCLUSION Activation of the P2X7 signaling pathway accelerates murine LN by activating the NLRP3/ASC/caspase 1 inflammasome, resulting in increased IL-1β production and enhanced Th17 cell polarization. Thus, targeting of the P2X7 /NLRP3 pathway should be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy in patients with lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijun Zhao
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Frasca D, Andrisani G, Diaz A, Felice C, Guidi L, Blomberg BB. AID in aging and autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity 2013. [PMID: 23190037 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.750300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of B cell responses in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and healthy individuals of different ages, vaccinated with the pandemic (p)2009 influenza vaccine. The in vivo response was measured by the hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay, which represents the most established correlate with vaccine protectiveness. The in vitro response was measured by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in cultures of vaccine-stimulated PBMC. Both responses are somewhat impaired in IBD patients undergoing anti-TNF-α treatment but these are much more decreased in IBD patients undergoing treatment with anti-TNF-α and immunosuppressive (IS) drugs. These latter patients had in vivo and in vitro B cell responses similar to those of elderly individuals. Moreover, as we have previously demonstrated in healthy subjects, the in vitro response to the polyclonal stimulus CpG may be used as a biomarker for subsequent vaccine response and AID activation is correlated with the serum response in IBD patients, as it is in healthy individuals. These results altogether indicate that IBD patients on anti-TNF-α and IS have significantly impaired in vivo and in vitro B cell responses, as compared to those on monotherapy. This is the first report to demonstrate that B cell defects, as measured by the autonomous AID reporter, in IBD patients contribute to reduced humoral responses to the influenza vaccine, as we have previously shown for elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 016960, USA
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Systemic lupus erythematosus patients contain significantly less igm against mono-methylated lysine than healthy subjects. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68520. [PMID: 23874652 PMCID: PMC3713014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications on proteins are important in biological processes but may create neo-epitopes that induce autoimmune responses. In this study, we measured the serum IgG and IgM response to a set of non-modified or acetyl- and methyl-modified peptides corresponding to residues 1–19 of the histone 3 N-terminal tail in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and healthy subjects. Our results indicated that the SLE patients and healthy subjects produced antibodies (Abs) to the peptides, but the two groups had different Ab isotype and epitope preferences. Abs to the non-modified form, H31–19, were of the IgG isotype and produced by SLE patients. They could not recognize the scrambled H31–19, which contained the same amino acid composition but a different sequence as H31–19. In comparison, healthy subjects in general did not produce IgG against H31–19. However, about 70% of the healthy subjects produced IgM Abs against mono-methylated K9 of H31–19 (H31–19K9me). Our further studies revealed that ε-amine mono-methylated lysine could completely inhibit the IgM binding to H31–19K9me, but lysine had no inhibitory effect. In addition, the IgM Abs could bind peptides containing a mono-methylated lysine residue but with totally different sequences. Thus, mono-methylated lysine was the sole epitope for the IgM. Interestingly, SLE patients had much lower levels of this type of IgM. There was no obvious correlation between the IgM levels and disease activity and the decreased IgM was unlikely caused by medical treatments.We also found that the IgM Abs were not polyreactive to dsDNA, ssDNA, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or insulin and they did not exist in umbilical cord serum, implying that they were not natural Abs. The IgM Abs against mono-methylated lysine are present in healthy subjects but are significantly lower in SLE patients, suggesting a distinct origin of production and special physiological functions.
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Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is expressed in a B cell differentiation stage-specific fashion and is essential for immunoglobulin (Ig) gene class switch DNA recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM). CSR and SHM play a central role in the maturation of antibody and autoantibody responses. AID displays a mutagenic activity by catalyzing targeted deamination of deoxycytidine (dC) residues in DNA resulting in dU:dG mismatches, which are processed into point-mutations in SHM or double-strand breaks (DSBs) in CSR. Although AID specifically targets the Ig gene loci (IgH, Igκ and Igλ), it can also home into a wide array of non-Ig genes in B-and non-B-cell backgrounds. Aberrant expression of AID is associated with multiple diseases such as allergy, inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer. In autoimmune systemic lupus erythematosus, dysregulated AID expression underpins increased CSR, SHM and autoantibody production. As a potent mutator, AID is under stringent transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation. AID is also regulated in its targeting and enzymatic function. In resting naïve or memory B cells, AID transcripts and protein are undetectable. These, however, are readily and significantly up-regulated in B cells induced to undergo CSR and/or SHM. Transcription factors, such as HoxC4 and NF-κB, which are up-regulated in a B cell lineage-and/or differentiation stage-specific manner, regulate the induction of AID. HoxC4 induces AID expression by directly binding to the AID gene promoter through an evolutionarily conserved 5'-ATTT-3' motif. HoxC4 is induced by the same stimuli that induce AID and CSR. It is further up-regulated by estrogen through three estrogen responsive elements in its promoter region. The targeting of AID to switch (S) regions is mediated by 14-3-3 adaptor proteins, which specifically bind to 5'-AGCT-3' repeats that are exist at high frequency in S region cores. Like HoxC4, 14-3-3 adaptors are induced by the same stimuli that induce AID. These include "primary" inducing stimuli, that is, those that play a major role in inducing AID, i.e., engagement of CD40 by CD154, engagement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and cross-linking of the BCR, as synergized by "secondary" inducing stimuli, that is, those that synergize for AID induction and specify CSR to different isotypes, i.e., switch-directing cytokines IL-4, TGF-β or IFN-γ. In this review, we focus on the multi-levels regulation of AID expression and activity. We also discuss the dysregulation or misexpression of AID in autoimmunity and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zan
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA.
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Sun Y, Peng I, Senger K, Hamidzadeh K, Reichelt M, Baca M, Yeh R, Lorenzo MN, Sebrell A, Dela Cruz C, Tam L, Corpuz R, Wu J, Sai T, Roose-Girma M, Warming S, Balazs M, Gonzalez LC, Caplazi P, Martin F, Devoss J, Zarrin AA. Critical role of activation induced cytidine deaminase in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Autoimmunity 2013; 46:157-67. [PMID: 23167594 PMCID: PMC3581050 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.750301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disorder caused by chronic inflammation and demyelination within the central nervous system (CNS). Clinical studies in MS patients have demonstrated efficacy with B cell targeted therapies such as anti-CD20. However, the exact role that B cells play in the disease process is unclear. Activation Induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is an essential enzyme for the processes of antibody affinity maturation and isotype switching. To evaluate the impact of affinity maturation and isotype switching, we have interrogated the effect of AID-deficiency in an animal model of MS. Here, we show that the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by the extracellular domain of human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG1-125) is significantly reduced in Aicda deficient mice, which, unlike wild-type mice, lack serum IgG to myelin associated antigens. MOG specific T cell responses are comparable between wild-type and Aicda knockout mice suggesting an active role for antigen experienced B cells. Thus affinity maturation and/or class switching are critical processes in the pathogenesis of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglian Sun
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Detanico T, St Clair JB, Aviszus K, Kirchenbaum G, Guo W, Wysocki LJ. Somatic mutagenesis in autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 2013; 46:102-14. [PMID: 23249093 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.757597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory investigates systemic autoimmune disease in the context of mouse models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). SLE is associated with high titers of serum autoantibodies of the IgG class that are predominantly directed against nuclear antigens, with pathological manifestations that are considered by many to be characteristic of an immune-complex mediated disease. In this review, we focus on the known and potential roles of somatic mutagenesis in SLE. We will argue that anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) arise predominantly from nonautoreactive B cells that are transformed into autoreactive cells by the process of somatic hypermutation (SHM), which is normally associated with affinity maturation during the germinal center reaction. We will also discuss the role of SHM in creating antigenic peptides in the V region of the B cell receptor (BCR) and its potential to open an avenue of unregulated T cell help to autoreactive B cells. Finally, we will end this review with new experimental evidence suggesting that spontaneous somatic mutagenesis of genes that regulate B cell survival and activation is a rate-limiting causative factor in the development of ANA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Detanico
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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46
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Mannoor K, Xu Y, Chen C. Natural autoantibodies and associated B cells in immunity and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.748753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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47
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Incorvaia E, Sicouri L, Petersen-Mahrt SK, Schmitz KM. Hormones and AID: Balancing immunity and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.748752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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48
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Abstract
High affinity autoreactive IgG antibodies have been implicated in the development of lupus nephritis and other autoimmune disorders. With the discovery of activation-induced deaminase (AID), this question could be finally tested by examining the impact of AID deficiency in autoimmune-prone mice like the MLR/lpr strain. We have recently shown that AID-deficient MRL/lpr mice experienced a complete abrogation of lupus nephritis, and increased survival despite a dramatic increase in autoreactive IgM. Subsequent studies demonstrated that anti-dsDNA IgM is not pathogenic and in fact protects MRL/lpr from glomerulonephritis. AID-deficiency is also associated with decreased antibody-independent B cell-mediated autoimmunity likely through the loss of high affinity receptors through somatic hypermutation. Combined these results directly implicate AID in the development of B cell mediated autoimmunity. However, studies with hyper IgM AID-deficient patients indicate an increase in the incidence of certain autoimmunities. These results, likely the result of the immunodeficiency associated with AID deficiency, suggest caution in therapeutic approaches based in AID inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Diaz
- Somatic Hypermutation Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Durandy A, Cantaert T, Kracker S, Meffre E. Potential roles of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in promotion or prevention of autoimmunity in humans. Autoimmunity 2013; 46:148-56. [PMID: 23215867 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.750299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune manifestations are paradoxical and frequent complications of primary immunodeficiencies, including T and/or B cell defects. Among pure B cell defects, the Activation-induced cytidine Deaminase (AID)-deficiency, characterized by a complete lack of immunoglobulin class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation, is especially complicated by autoimmune disorders. We summarized in this review the different autoimmune and inflammatory manifestations present in 13 patients out of a cohort of 45 patients. Moreover, we also review the impact of AID mutations on B-cell tolerance and discuss hypotheses that may explain why central and peripheral B-cell tolerance was abnormal in the absence of functional AID. Hence, AID plays an essential role in controlling autoreactive B cells in humans and prevents the development of autoimmune syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Durandy
- INSERM, Unité U768, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France.
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Schroeder K, Herrmann M, Winkler TH. The role of somatic hypermutation in the generation of pathogenic antibodies in SLE. Autoimmunity 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.748751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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