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Abbondante S, Leal SM, Clark HL, Ratitong B, Sun Y, Ma LJ, Pearlman E. Immunity to pathogenic fungi in the eye. Semin Immunol 2023; 67:101753. [PMID: 37060806 PMCID: PMC10508057 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium, Aspergillus and Candida are important fungal pathogens that cause visual impairment and blindness in the USA and worldwide. This review will summarize the epidemiology and clinical features of corneal infections and discuss the immune and inflammatory responses that play an important role in clinical disease. In addition, we describe fungal virulence factors that are required for survival in infected corneas, and the activities of neutrophils in fungal killing, tissue damage and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Abbondante
- Department of Ophthalmology, and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sixto M Leal
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Bridget Ratitong
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute and Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Li-Jun Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology, and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Fortingo N, Melnyk S, Sutton SH, Watsky MA, Bollag WB. Innate Immune System Activation, Inflammation and Corneal Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314933. [PMID: 36499260 PMCID: PMC9740891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal wounds resulting from injury, surgeries, or other intrusions not only cause pain, but also can predispose an individual to infection. While some inflammation may be beneficial to protect against microbial infection of wounds, the inflammatory process, if excessive, may delay corneal wound healing. An examination of the literature on the effect of inflammation on corneal wound healing suggests that manipulations that result in reductions in severe or chronic inflammation lead to better outcomes in terms of corneal clarity, thickness, and healing. However, some acute inflammation is necessary to allow efficient bacterial and fungal clearance and prevent corneal infection. This inflammation can be triggered by microbial components that activate the innate immune system through toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways. In particular, TLR2 and TLR4 activation leads to pro-inflammatory nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) activation. Similarly, endogenous molecules released from disrupted cells, known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), can also activate TLR2, TLR4 and NFκB, with the resultant inflammation worsening the outcome of corneal wound healing. In sterile keratitis without infection, inflammation can occur though TLRs to impact corneal wound healing and reduce corneal transparency. This review demonstrates the need for acute inflammation to prevent pathogenic infiltration, while supporting the idea that a reduction in chronic and/or excessive inflammation will allow for improved wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyemkuna Fortingo
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30907, USA
| | - Samuel Melnyk
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30907, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30907, USA
| | - Sarah H. Sutton
- Department of Medical Illustration, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30907, USA
| | - Mitchell A. Watsky
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30907, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30907, USA
| | - Wendy B. Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30907, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30907, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30907, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-(706)-721-0698
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Fang X, Lian H, Bi S, Liu S, Yuan X, Liao C. Roles of pattern recognition receptors in response to fungal keratitis. Life Sci 2022; 307:120881. [PMID: 35963303 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, which has become an increasingly serious threat to public ocular health, but no effective treatment strategies are available now. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system are the first line of host defense against fungal infections. They could recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and trigger an array of inflammatory responses. Over the last decades, research has resulted in significant progress regarding the roles of PRRs in fungal keratitis. This review will highlight the importance of several pattern recognition receptors (C-type lectin-like receptors, Toll-like receptors, and NOD-like receptors) in regulating the innate immunity under fungal keratitis and describe the crosstalk and collaboration in PRRs contributing to disease pathology. Meanwhile, some potential therapy-based PRRs against corneal fungal infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Fang
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin 300020, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huifang Lian
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, China; Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin 300020, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Shihao Bi
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaoyong Yuan
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, China; Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin 300020, China.
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Nag P, Paul S, Shriti S, Das S. Defence response in plants and animals against a common fungal pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 3:100135. [PMID: 35909626 PMCID: PMC9325751 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) is considered one of the most devastating plant pathogen. FOSC is an emerging pathogen of immunocompromised individuals. Mycotoxins produced by FOSC predisposes the host to other pathogens. Comparative immune reactions in plant and invertebrate show that several antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and secondary metabolites maybe used as control against Fusarium infection.
Plant pathogens emerging as threat to human and animal health has been a matter of concern within the scientific community. Fusarium oxysporum, predominantly a phytopathogen, can infect both plants and animals. As a plant pathogen, F. oxysporum is one of the most economically damaging pathogen. In humans, F. oxysporum can infect immunocompromised individuals and is increasingly being considered as a problematic pathogen. Mycotoxins produced by F. oxysporum supress the innate immune pathways in both plants and animals. Hence, F. oxysporum is the perfect example for studying similarities and differences between defence strategies adopted by plants and animals. In this review we will discuss the innate immune response of plant and animal hosts for protecting against F. oxysporum infection. Such studies will be helpful for identifying genes, protein and metabolites with antifungal properties suitable for protecting humans.
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Ratitong B, Pearlman E. Pathogenic Aspergillus and Fusarium as important causes of blinding corneal infections - the role of neutrophils in fungal killing, tissue damage and cytokine production. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 63:195-203. [PMID: 34419783 PMCID: PMC10492570 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi Aspergillus and Fusarium species are major causes of visual impairment and blindness in immune competent individuals. Once conidia penetrate the corneal epithelium and enter the stroma, they undergo germination, and exposure of cell wall components induces a pronounced neutrophil-rich cellular infiltrate. In this review, we discuss Aspergillus and novel Fusarium virulence factors that are required for corneal infection, and describe the multiple functions of neutrophils in limiting hyphal growth in the cornea. This review will also discuss the role of neutrophils as an important source of cytokines in fungal keratitis, and highlight recent studies identifying unique characteristics of neutrophil secretion of IL-1α and IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Ratitong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.
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Mutoji KN, Sun M, Elliott G, Moreno IY, Hughes C, Gesteira TF, Coulson-Thomas VJ. Extracellular Matrix Deposition and Remodeling after Corneal Alkali Burn in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5708. [PMID: 34071909 PMCID: PMC8199272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal transparency relies on the precise arrangement and orientation of collagen fibrils, made of mostly Type I and V collagen fibrils and proteoglycans (PGs). PGs are essential for correct collagen fibrillogenesis and maintaining corneal homeostasis. We investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and PGs after a chemical injury. The chemical composition of chondroitin sulfate (CS)/dermatan sulfate (DS) and heparan sulfate (HS) were characterized in mouse corneas 5 and 14 days after alkali burn (AB), and compared to uninjured corneas. The expression profile and corneal distribution of CS/DSPGs and keratan sulfate (KS) PGs were also analyzed. We found a significant overall increase in CS after AB, with an increase in sulfated forms of CS and a decrease in lesser sulfated forms of CS. Expression of the CSPGs biglycan and versican was increased after AB, while decorin expression was decreased. We also found an increase in KS expression 14 days after AB, with an increase in lumican and mimecan expression, and a decrease in keratocan expression. No significant changes in HS composition were noted after AB. Taken together, our study reveals significant changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix following a corneal chemical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazadi N. Mutoji
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (K.N.M.); (M.S.); (G.E.); (I.Y.M.); (T.F.G.)
| | - Mingxia Sun
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (K.N.M.); (M.S.); (G.E.); (I.Y.M.); (T.F.G.)
| | - Garrett Elliott
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (K.N.M.); (M.S.); (G.E.); (I.Y.M.); (T.F.G.)
| | - Isabel Y. Moreno
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (K.N.M.); (M.S.); (G.E.); (I.Y.M.); (T.F.G.)
| | - Clare Hughes
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK;
| | - Tarsis F. Gesteira
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (K.N.M.); (M.S.); (G.E.); (I.Y.M.); (T.F.G.)
- Optimvia, Batavia, OH 45103, USA
| | - Vivien J. Coulson-Thomas
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (K.N.M.); (M.S.); (G.E.); (I.Y.M.); (T.F.G.)
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Zhang Q, Zhang J, Gong M, Pan R, Liu Y, Tao L, He K. Transcriptome Analysis of the Gene Expression Profiles Associated with Fungal Keratitis in Mice Based on RNA-Seq. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:32. [PMID: 32539135 PMCID: PMC7415296 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.6.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Fungal keratitis (FK) is an eye disease that can lead to blindness and has a high incidence worldwide. At present, there is no effective treatment for this disease. There are innate immune response mechanisms that protect against fungal infections. One example is C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), which can identify fungal invaders and trigger signal transduction pathways and cellular responses to eliminate pathogens. However, previous studies have focused mostly on single-receptor factors, and a systematic analysis of the genetic factors underlying the pathogenesis of FK has not been conducted. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of FK in terms of genomics and to further elucidate its pathogenesis. Methods We performed a transcriptome analysis of a mouse model of FK using RNA sequencing to obtain the relevant gene expression profiles and to identify differentially expressed genes, signaling pathways, and regulatory networks of the key genetic factors in the pathogenesis of murine FK. Results Several genes that are significantly associated with FK and serve as markers of FK, such as the inflammatory cytokine genes IL1B, IL6, IL10, IL23, and TNF, were identified. The mRNA and protein expression patterns of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the corneas of mice with FK were validated by quantitative RT-PCR and Luminex multiplex assay technology. The Wnt, cGMP–PKG, and Hippo signaling pathways were significantly enriched during fungal infection of mouse corneas. Conclusions Our study may help to elucidate the mechanisms of FK pathogenesis and to identify additional candidate drug targets for the treatment of FK.
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Tian R, Zou H, Wang L, Liu L, Song M, Zhang H. Analysis of differentially expressed genes in bacterial and fungal keratitis. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020; 68:39-46. [PMID: 31856463 PMCID: PMC6951210 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_65_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study was aimed at identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in bacterial and fungal keratitis. The candidate genes can be selected and quantified to distinguish between causative agents of infectious keratitis to improve therapeutic outcomes. Methods: The expression profile of bacterial or fungal infection, and normal corneal tissues were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus. The limma package in R was used to screen DEGs in bacterial and fungal keratitis. The Co-Express tool was used to calculate correlation coefficients of co-expressed genes. The “Advanced network merge” function of Cytoscape tool was applied to obtain a fusional co-expression network based on bacterial and fungal keratitis DEGs. Finally, functional enrichment analysis by DAVID software and KEGG analysis by KOBAS of DEGs in fusion network were performed. Results: In total, 451 DEGs in bacterial keratitis and 353 DEGs in fungal keratitis were screened, among which 148 DEGs were found only in bacterial keratitis and 50 DEGs only in fungal keratitis. Besides, 117 co-expressed gene pairs were identified among bacterial keratitis DEGs and 87 pairs among fungal keratitis DEGs. In total, nine biological pathways and seven KEGG pathways were screened by analyzing DEGs in the fusional co-expression network. Conclusion: TLR4 is the representative DEG specific to bacterial keratitis, and SOD2 is the representative DEG specific to fungal keratitis, both of which are promising candidate genes to distinguish between bacterial and fungal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - He Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lufei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Meijiao Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Zhou Y, Zhou XE, Gong Y, Zhu Y, Cao X, Brunzelle JS, Xu HE, Zhou M, Melcher K, Zhang F. Structural basis of Fusarium myosin I inhibition by phenamacril. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008323. [PMID: 32163521 PMCID: PMC7100991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium is a genus of filamentous fungi that includes species that cause devastating diseases in major staple crops, such as wheat, maize, rice, and barley, resulting in severe yield losses and mycotoxin contamination of infected grains. Phenamacril is a novel fungicide that is considered environmentally benign due to its exceptional specificity; it inhibits the ATPase activity of the sole class I myosin of only a subset of Fusarium species including the major plant pathogens F. graminearum, F. asiaticum and F. fujikuroi. To understand the underlying mechanisms of inhibition, species specificity, and resistance mutations, we have determined the crystal structure of phenamacril-bound F. graminearum myosin I. Phenamacril binds in the actin-binding cleft in a new allosteric pocket that contains the central residue of the regulatory Switch 2 loop and that is collapsed in the structure of a myosin with closed actin-binding cleft, suggesting that pocket occupancy blocks cleft closure. We have further identified a single, transferable phenamacril-binding residue found exclusively in phenamacril-sensitive myosins to confer phenamacril selectivity. Phenamacril is a recently identified myosin I inhibitor that is a potent and highly species-specific and myosin subtype-selective fungicide. We report the high-resolution structure of the phenamacril-bound myosin I motor domain of the major crop pathogen Fusarium graminearum, providing insight into the molecular mechanism of phenamacril action and resistance. These results are of broad significance for understanding the mode of actions of myosin-based fungicides and for designing novel myosin I inhibitors for crop protection and for treatment of human myosin dysfunction diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Center of Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - X. Edward Zhou
- Center of Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yuanping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanye Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoman Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Joseph S. Brunzelle
- Northwestern University Synchrotron Research Center, Life Sciences Collaborative Access Team, Northwestern University, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America
| | - H. Eric Xu
- Center of Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (MZ); (KM); (FZ)
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Center of Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MZ); (KM); (FZ)
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (MZ); (KM); (FZ)
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Prajna L. Commentary: Analysis of differentially expressed genes in bacterial and fungal keratitis. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020; 68:47. [PMID: 31856464 PMCID: PMC6951180 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_2180_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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de Jesus Carrion S, Abbondante S, Clark HL, Marshall ME, Mouyna I, Beauvais A, Sun Y, Taylor PR, Leal SM, Armstrong B, Carrera W, Latge JP, Pearlman E. Aspergillus fumigatus corneal infection is regulated by chitin synthases and by neutrophil-derived acidic mammalian chitinase. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:918-927. [PMID: 30903663 PMCID: PMC6999821 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is an important cause of pulmonary and systemic infections in immune compromised individuals, and of corneal ulcers and blindness in immune competent patients. To examine the role of chitin synthases in Aspergillus corneal infection, we analyzed Aspergillus mutants of chitin synthase family 1 and family 2, and found that compared with the parent strain, the quadruple mutants from both families were more readily killed by neutrophils in vitro, and that both also exhibited impaired hyphal growth in the cornea. Further, inhibition of chitin synthases using Nikkomycin Z enhanced neutrophil killing in vitro and in vivo in a murine model of A. fumigatus corneal infection. Acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) is mostly produced by macrophages in asthmatic lungs; however, we now demonstrate that neutrophils are a major source of AMCase, which inhibits hyphal growth. In A. fumigatus corneal infection, neutrophils are the major source of AMCase, and addition of AMCase inhibitors or adoptive transfer of neutrophils from AMCase-/- mice resulted in impaired hyphal killing. Together, these findings identify chitin synthases as important fungal virulence factors and neutrophil-derived AMCase as an essential mediator of host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven de Jesus Carrion
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Heather L. Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Anne Beauvais
- Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Patricia R. Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sixto M. Leal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Brittany Armstrong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - William Carrera
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, USA
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Zheng B, Yan L, Liang W, Yang Q. Paralogous Cyp51s mediate the differential sensitivity of Fusarium oxysporum to sterol demethylation inhibitors. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:396-404. [PMID: 29931739 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a soilborne fungus, Fusarium oxysporum can cause vascular wilt in numerous economically important crops. Application of antifungal drugs is the primary method for the control of F. oxysporum. Cyp51, a key enzyme of sterol biosynthesis is the main target of sterol demethylation inhibitors. RESULTS The F. oxysporum genome contains three paralogous CYP51 genes (named FoCYP51A, FoCYP51B and FoCYP51C) that putatively encode sterol 14α-demethylase enzymes. Each of the three genes was able to partially complement the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ERG11 mutant. Growth assays demonstrated that deletion mutants of FoCYP51B, but not FoCYP51A and FoCYP51C were significantly retarded in hyphal growth. Deletion of FoCYP51A (ΔFoCyp51A and ΔFoCyp51AC) led to increased sensitivity to 11 sterol demethylation inhibitors (DMIs). Interestingly, FoCYP51B deletion mutants (ΔFoCyp51B and ΔFoCyp51BC) exhibited significantly increased sensitivity to only four DMIs (two of which are in common with the 11 DMIs mentioned earlier). Deletion of FoCYP51C did not change DMI sensitivity of F. oxysporum. None of the three FoCYP51s are involved in F. oxysporum virulence. The sensitivity of F. oxysporum isolates increased significantly when subjected to a mixture of different subgroups of DMIs classified based on the different sensitivities of FoCYP51 mutants to DMIs compared to the individual components. CONCLUSIONS FoCYP51A and FoCYP51B are responsible for sensitivity to different azoles. These findings have direct implications for fungicide application strategies of plant and human diseases caused by F. oxysporum. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangxian Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Leiyan Yan
- Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Vegetables, Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Wenxing Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
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Sun Y, Abbondante S, Karmakar M, de Jesus Carrion S, Che C, Hise AG, Pearlman E. Neutrophil Caspase-11 Is Required for Cleavage of Caspase-1 and Secretion of IL-1β in Aspergillus fumigatus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2767-2775. [PMID: 30266768 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are an important source of IL-1β secretion in bacterial infections, where they infiltrate affected tissues in log-fold higher numbers than macrophages. Neutrophils also have functional NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasomes that can process pro-IL-1β to the bioactive 17-kDa form. In the current study, we examined the role of IL-1β in response to corneal infection with the filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus and found that neutrophils were the predominant source of bioactive IL-1β in the cornea. We also observed that caspase-11-/- mice exhibit the same susceptibility phenotype as IL-1β-/-, ASC-/-, NLRP3-/-, and caspase-1-/- mice, with impaired neutrophil recruitment to infected corneas and increased hyphal growth. We further demonstrate that caspase-11 is required for caspase-1 activation and IL-1β processing during infection. In vitro, we show that caspase-11 is regulated by the common type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) through JAK-STAT signaling and that caspase-11 is required for speck formation and caspase-1 activity. Aspergillus spores (conidia) stimulate IL-1β processing and secretion in neutrophils activation of Dectin-1 and signaling through the Raf1 kinase/MEKK rather than the spleen tyrosine kinase pathway. Collectively, these findings reveal unexpected regulation of IL-1β production by neutrophils in response to pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Serena Abbondante
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Mausita Karmakar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Steven de Jesus Carrion
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Chengye Che
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China 266000
| | - Amy G Hise
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; and.,Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; .,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
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14
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Clark HL, Minns MS, Sun Y, de Jesus T, Ghannoum MG, Pearlman E. Atovaquone Impairs Growth of Aspergillus and Fusarium Keratitis Isolates by Modulating Mitochondrial Function and Zinc Homeostasis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:1589-1598. [PMID: 29625485 PMCID: PMC5863689 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Aspergillus and Fusarium molds cause blinding corneal infections as a consequence of ocular trauma and in association with contact lens wear. As these fungi require zinc for fungal growth, we examined the effect of atovaquone, a ubiquinone analog that disrupts zinc homeostasis, on fungal growth in vitro and in vivo. Methods In vitro: Aspergillus and Fusarium germinating conidia were incubated overnight with atovaquone, and hyphal growth was measured by fluorimetry. In vivo: C57BL/6 mouse corneas were infected with Aspergillus or Fusarium conidia. Atovaquone was added topically and corneal opacification and fungal growth were quantified. Results Atovaquone has antifungal activity against Aspergillus and Fusarium clinical isolates, with Fusarium species being more sensitive to atovaquone than Aspergillus species. Atovaquone also reduced labile intracellular zinc levels and increased the sensitivity of Aspergillus to metal shock. Atovaquone reduced vacuolar acidification, which regulates storage of intracellular free zinc, and also acted synergistically with voriconazole and itraconazole to kill hyphae. Furthermore, mitochondrial potential and ATP production were reduced in both Aspergillus and Fusarium following atovaquone treatment. Finally, topical application of atovaquone to the ocular surface significantly inhibited fungal growth and corneal opacification in murine models of fungal keratitis. Conclusions These studies demonstrate that atovaquone has pronounced in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity against filamentous fungi by disrupting both metal homeostasis and mitochondrial function, and therefore has potential as a novel antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Martin S Minns
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Tristan de Jesus
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Mahmoud G Ghannoum
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
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15
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Clark HL, Abbondante S, Minns MS, Greenberg EN, Sun Y, Pearlman E. Protein Deiminase 4 and CR3 Regulate Aspergillus fumigatus and β-Glucan-Induced Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation, but Hyphal Killing Is Dependent Only on CR3. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1182. [PMID: 29896200 PMCID: PMC5986955 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation requires chromatin decondensation before nuclear swelling and eventual extracellular release of DNA, which occurs together with nuclear and cytoplasmic antimicrobial proteins. A key mediator of chromatin decondensation is protein deiminase 4 (PAD4), which catalyzes histone citrullination. In the current study, we examined the role of PAD4 and NETosis following activation of neutrophils by A. fumigatus hyphal extract or cell wall β-glucan (curdlan) and found that both induced NET release by human and murine neutrophils. Also, using blocking antibodies to CR3 and Dectin-1 together with CR3-deficient CD18-/- and Dectin-1-/- murine neutrophils, we found that the β-glucan receptor CR3, but not Dectin-1, was required for NET formation. NETosis was also dependent on NADPH oxidase production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using an antibody to citrullinated histone 3 (H3Cit) as an indicator of PAD4 activity, we show that β-glucan stimulated NETosis occurs in neutrophils from C57BL/6, but not PAD4-/- mice. Similarly, a small molecule PAD4 inhibitor (GSK484) blocked NET formation by human neutrophils. Despite these observations, the ability of PAD4-/- neutrophils to release calprotectin and kill A. fumigatus hyphae was not significantly different from C57BL/6 neutrophils, whereas CD18-/- neutrophils exhibited an impaired ability to perform both functions. We also detected H3Cit in A. fumigatus infected C57BL/6, but not PAD4-/- corneas; however, we found no difference between C57BL/6 and PAD4-/- mice in either corneal disease or hyphal killing. Taken together, these findings lead us to conclude that although PAD4 together with CR3-mediated ROS production is required for NET formation in response to A. fumigatus, PAD4-dependent NETosis is not required for A. fumigatus killing either in vitro or during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Serena Abbondante
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Martin S. Minns
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Elyse N. Greenberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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16
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Application of image recognition-based automatic hyphae detection in fungal keratitis. AUSTRALASIAN PHYSICAL & ENGINEERING SCIENCES IN MEDICINE 2017; 41:95-103. [DOI: 10.1007/s13246-017-0613-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Liang L, Shi WY. The effects of FK506 combined with natamycin in the treatment of experimental fungal keratitis by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation. EUR J INFLAMM 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x17740305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of combination treatment with FK506 and natamycin on alleviating damage of the cornea in mouse model of fungal keratitis. In this study, the mouse model of fungal keratitis was created by intrastromal injection with Fusarium solani or Aspergillus flavus. The mice received 5% natamycin eye drops 6–8 times a day, or the mice received 0.05% FK506 eye drops 2 times per day for 21 consecutive days. Corneal damage was evaluated by H&E staining. The protein expression levels of NLRP3 were detected by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, the markers of inflammasome activation including NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 were detected by western blot. Histopathological results showed increased corneal thickening, dense inflammatory cell infiltration, and loss of epithelial continuity in the corneas after fungal infection. In addition, NLRP3 positive signals were observed to be obviously increased in the corneas after A. flavus or F. solani infection compared to the control group. Furthermore, the NLRP3 inflammasome is induced by fungal infection, as evidenced by increased protein expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, and downstream cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. However, the corneal damage was alleviated and the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome was significantly inhibited by drug treatment. Besides, the treatment outcomes were better in combined treatment group than that in single-agent treatment group. In conclusion, FK506 combined with natamycin alleviate fungi-induced corneal damage by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liang
- Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wei-Yun Shi
- Shandong Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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18
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Ruban VV, Archana PT, Sundararajan M, Geraldine P, Thomas PA. Inflammation and oxidative stress in corneal tissue in experimental keratitis due to Fusarium solani: Amelioration following topical therapy with voriconazole and epigallocatechin gallate. Mycoses 2017; 61:159-171. [PMID: 29064157 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Combined antifungal and antioxidant therapy may help to reduce oxidative stress in fungal keratitis. Experimental Fusarium solani keratitis was induced by application of F. solani conidia to scarified cornea (right eye) of 16 rabbits (another four rabbits were negative controls [Group I]). Five days later, F. solani-infected animals began receiving hourly topical saline alone (Group II), voriconazole (10 mg/mL) alone (Group III), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG, 10 mg/mL) alone (Group IV) or voriconazole and EGCG (Group V). Twenty days post-inoculation, corneal lesions were graded. After animal sacrifice, excised corneas underwent histopathological and microbiological investigations. Corneal tissue levels/activities of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) gene mRNA transcripts, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and 9 proteins, malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were also measured. Clinical and histopathological scores (severity of corneal lesions; [P < .05]) and mean levels (P < .05) of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA transcripts, MMP 2, MMP 9 and MDA were Group II > Groups IV and III > Groups V and I. Mean SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH levels (P < .05) were Group II < Groups IV and III < Groups V and I. Topical voriconazole with EGCG apparently reduces inflammation in experimental F. solani keratitis, as manifested by improved clinical, histological, microbiological and molecular parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanthakumar V Ruban
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Philip T Archana
- Thomas Diagnostic and Research Centre, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalingam Sundararajan
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pitchairaj Geraldine
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Philip A Thomas
- Thomas Diagnostic and Research Centre, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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19
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Kolar SS, Baidouri H, McDermott AM. Role of Pattern Recognition Receptors in the Modulation of Antimicrobial Peptide Expression in the Corneal Epithelial Innate Response to F. solani. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:2463-2472. [PMID: 28460048 PMCID: PMC5413214 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Fusarium solani (F. solani) keratitis is a potentially sight-threatening fungal infection of the cornea. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), such as human β-defensins (hBDs) and cathelicidins, essential components of the immune system, likely have a protective role against F. solani keratitis. We examined the role of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), Dectin-1, and TLR2 in F. solani–induced modulation of AMP expression in vitro. Methods Human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were exposed to heat-inactivated F. solani or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of F. solani (Zymosan or Zymosan Depleted) for 6, 12, or 24 hours following which AMP mRNA and protein levels were determined. Involvement of TLR2 and Dectin-1 was confirmed by using siRNA knock-down (TLR2 and Dectin-1) or chemical inhibitor BAY 61-3606 (Dectin-1). The functional significance of AMP upregulation was tested using culture supernatant from F. solani or PAMP-treated HCECs against F. solani in the presence of hBD2 or LL37 neutralizing antibody. Results We confirm that HCECs express Dectin-1 and TLR2. HCECs demonstrated upregulation of AMPs hBD2 and cathelicidin LL37 following exposure to heat-inactivated F. solani or PAMPs. TLR2 and Dectin-1 knockdown and BAY 61-3606 treatment decreased AMP mRNA upregulation confirming PRR involvement. The culture supernatant from F. solani or PAMP-treated HCECs showed substantial killing of F. solani and hBD2 or LL37 neutralizing antibody significantly decreased this effect implicating involvement of these AMPs. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that Dectin-1 and TLR2 have an important role in regulating F. solani-induced AMP expression in corneal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Sree Kolar
- The Ocular Surface Institute, University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Hasna Baidouri
- The Ocular Surface Institute, University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Alison M McDermott
- The Ocular Surface Institute, University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, Texas, United States
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20
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Zhou X, Ramke M, Chintakuntlawar AV, Lee JY, Rajaiya J, Chodosh J. Role of MyD88 in adenovirus keratitis. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:108-116. [PMID: 27528076 PMCID: PMC5791738 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are critical to the early detection and innate immune responses to pathogens. In particular, the TLR system and its associated adaptor proteins play essential roles in early host responses to infection. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, caused by the human adenovirus, is a severe ocular surface infection associated with corneal inflammation (stromal keratitis). We previously showed that adenovirus capsid was a key molecular pattern in adenovirus keratitis, with viral DNA playing a lesser role. We have now investigated the role of the adaptor molecule MyD88 in a mouse model of adenovirus keratitis in which there is no viral replication. In MyD88−/− mice infected with human adenovirus type 37, clinical keratitis was markedly reduced, along with infiltration of CD45+ cells, and expression of inflammatory cytokines. Reduction of inflammatory cytokines was also observed in infected primary human corneal fibroblasts pretreated with a MyD88 inhibitory peptide. Keratitis similar to wild type mice was observed in TLR2, TLR9, and IL-1R knockout mice, but was reduced in TLR2/9 double knockout mice, consistent with synergy of TLR2 and TLR9 in the response to adenovirus infection. MyD88 co-immunoprecipitated with Src kinase in mice corneas and in human corneal fibroblasts infected with adenovirus, and MyD88 inhibitory peptide reduced Src phosphorylation, linking MyD88 activation to inflammatory gene expression through a signaling cascade previously shown to be directed by Src. Our findings reveal a critical role for the PRRs TLR2 and 9, and their adaptor protein MyD88, in corneal inflammation upon adenovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Zhou
- Howe Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mirja Ramke
- Howe Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashish V Chintakuntlawar
- Howe Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeong Yoon Lee
- Howe Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaya Rajaiya
- Howe Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Chodosh
- Howe Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Taylor PR, Roy S, Meszaros EC, Sun Y, Howell SJ, Malemud CJ, Pearlman E. JAK/STAT regulation of Aspergillus fumigatus corneal infections and IL-6/23-stimulated neutrophil, IL-17, elastase, and MMP9 activity. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:213-22. [PMID: 27034404 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a1015-483r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-6 and IL-23 (IL-6/23) induce IL-17A (IL-17) production by a subpopulation of murine and human neutrophils, resulting in autocrine IL-17 activation, enhanced production of reactive oxygen species, and increased fungal killing. As IL-6 and IL-23 receptors trigger JAK1, -3/STAT3 and JAK2/STAT3 phosphorylation, respectively, we examined the role of this pathway in a murine model of fungal keratitis and also examined neutrophil elastase and gelatinase (matrix metalloproteinase 9) activity by IL-6/23-stimulated human neutrophils in vitro. We found that STAT3 phosphorylation of neutrophils in Aspergillus fumigatus-infected corne as was inhibited by the JAK/STAT inhibitor Ruxolitinib, resulting in impaired fungal killing and decreased matrix metalloproteinase 9 activity. In vitro, we showed that fungal killing by IL-6/23-stimulated human peripheral blood neutrophils was impaired by JAK/STAT inhibitors Ruxolitinib and Stattic, and by the retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt inhibitor SR1001. This was also associated with decreased reactive oxygen species, IL-17A production, and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt translocation to the nucleus. We also demonstrate that IL-6/23-activated neutrophils exhibit increased elastase and gelatinase (matrix metalloproteinase 9) activity, which is inhibited by Ruxolitinib and Stattic but not by SR1001. Taken together, these observations indicate that the regulation of activity of IL-17-producing neutrophils by JAK/STAT inhibitors impairs reactive oxygen species production and fungal killing activity but also blocks elastase and gelatinase activity that can cause tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia R Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and
| | - Sanhita Roy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and
| | - Evan C Meszaros
- School of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and
| | - Scott J Howell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and
| | - Charles J Malemud
- School of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and
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22
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Clark HL, Jhingran A, Sun Y, Vareechon C, de Jesus Carrion S, Skaar EP, Chazin WJ, Calera JA, Hohl TM, Pearlman E. Zinc and Manganese Chelation by Neutrophil S100A8/A9 (Calprotectin) Limits Extracellular Aspergillus fumigatus Hyphal Growth and Corneal Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:336-44. [PMID: 26582948 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Calprotectin, a heterodimer of S100A8 and S100A9, is an abundant neutrophil protein that possesses antimicrobial activity primarily because of its ability to chelate zinc and manganese. In the current study, we showed that neutrophils from calprotectin-deficient S100A9(-/-) mice have an impaired ability to inhibit Aspergillus fumigatus hyphal growth in vitro and in infected corneas in a murine model of fungal keratitis; however, the ability to inhibit hyphal growth was restored in S100A9(-/-) mice by injecting recombinant calprotectin. Furthermore, using recombinant calprotectin with mutations in either the Zn and Mn binding sites or the Mn binding site alone, we show that both zinc and manganese binding are necessary for calprotectin's antihyphal activity. In contrast to hyphae, we found no role for neutrophil calprotectin in uptake or killing of intracellular A. fumigatus conidia either in vitro or in a murine model of pulmonary aspergillosis. We also found that an A. fumigatus ∆zafA mutant, which demonstrates deficient zinc transport, exhibits impaired growth in infected corneas and following incubation with neutrophils or calprotectin in vitro as compared with wild-type. Collectively, these studies demonstrate a novel stage-specific susceptibility of A. fumigatus to zinc and manganese chelation by neutrophil-derived calprotectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Anupam Jhingran
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Chairut Vareechon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Steven de Jesus Carrion
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Walter J Chazin
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - José Antonio Calera
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Centro Mixto del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Salamanca, 37002 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Tobias M Hohl
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697;
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23
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Kaur A, Kumar V, Singh S, Singh J, Upadhyay N, Datta S, Singla S, Kumar V. Toll-like receptor-associated keratitis and strategies for its management. 3 Biotech 2015; 5:611-619. [PMID: 28324534 PMCID: PMC4569616 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-015-0280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratitis is an inflammatory condition, characterized by involvement of corneal tissues. Most recurrent challenge of keratitis is infection. Bacteria, virus, fungus and parasitic organism have potential to cause infection. TLR are an important class of protein which has a major role in innate immune response to combat with pathogens. In last past years, extensive research efforts have provided considerable abundance information regarding the role of TLR in various types of keratitis. This paper focuses to review the recent literature illustrating amoebic, bacterial, fungal and viral keratitis associated with Toll-like receptor molecules and summarize existing thoughts on pathogenesis and treatment besides future probabilities for prevention against TLR-associated keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Simranjeet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Niraj Upadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Shivika Datta
- Department of Zoology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Sourav Singla
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Virender Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
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Jiang N, Zhao G, Lin J, Hu L, Che C, Li C, Wang Q, Xu Q, Peng X. Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Is Involved in the Inflammation Response of Corneal Epithelial Cells to Aspergillus fumigatus Infections. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137423. [PMID: 26361229 PMCID: PMC4567309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which is mainly expressed in activated dendritic cells, is known as a regulator of immune responses. However, the role of IDO in immune responses against fungal corneal infection has not been investigated. To evaluate the regulatory mechanisms of IDO in fungal inflammation, we resorted to human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs), known as the first barrier of cornea against pathogenic microorganisms. We found that IDO was significantly up-regulated in corneal epithelium infected with Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) and HCECs incubated with spores of A. fumigatus. Furthermore, IDO inhibitor (1-methyltryptophan, 1-MT) enhanced inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 expression which were up-regulated by A. fumigatus spores infection. Dectin-1, as one of the important C-type lectin receptors, can identify β-glucan, and mediate fungal innate immune responses. In the present study, pre-treatment with curdlan, a Dectin-1 agonist, further enhanced IDO expression compared with A. fumigatus stimulation. While laminarin, the Dectin-1 specific inhibitor, partially inhibited IDO expression stimulated by A. fumigatus. Further studies demonstrated inhibition of IDO activity amplified the expressions of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 induced by activation of Dectin-1. These results suggested that IDO was involved in the immune responses of fungal keratitis. The activation of Dectin-1 may contribute to A. fumigatus spores-induced up-regulation of IDO.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aspergillus fumigatus/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epithelium, Corneal/metabolism
- Epithelium, Corneal/microbiology
- Epithelium, Corneal/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Keratitis/diagnosis
- Keratitis/metabolism
- Keratitis/microbiology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Mice
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- beta-Glucans/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Liting Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chengye Che
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
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25
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Taube MA, del Mar Cendra M, Elsahn A, Christodoulides M, Hossain P. Pattern recognition receptors in microbial keratitis. Eye (Lond) 2015; 29:1399-415. [PMID: 26160532 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2015.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial keratitis is a significant cause of global visual impairment and blindness. Corneal infection can be caused by a wide variety of pathogens, each of which exhibits a range of mechanisms by which the immune system is activated. The complexity of the immune response to corneal infection is only now beginning to be elucidated. Crucial to the cornea's defences are the pattern-recognition receptors: Toll-like and Nod-like receptors and the subsequent activation of inflammatory pathways. These inflammatory pathways include the inflammasome and can lead to significant tissue destruction and corneal damage, with the potential for resultant blindness. Understanding the immune mechanisms behind this tissue destruction may enable improved identification of therapeutic targets to aid development of more specific therapies for reducing corneal damage in infectious keratitis. This review summarises current knowledge of pattern-recognition receptors and their downstream pathways in response to the major keratitis-causing organisms and alludes to potential therapeutic approaches that could alleviate corneal blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-A Taube
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - M del Mar Cendra
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - A Elsahn
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - M Christodoulides
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - P Hossain
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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26
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Hong J, Pan X, Zhao X, Yu X, Sang X, Sheng L, Wang X, Gui S, Sun Q, Wang L, Hong F. Molecular mechanism of oxidative damage of lung in mice following exposure to lanthanum chloride. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:357-365. [PMID: 24142884 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to lanthanoids (Ln) elicits an adverse response such as oxidative injury of lung in animals and human. The molecular targets of Ln remain unclear. In the present study, the function and signal pathway of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) in LaCl3 -induced oxidative stress in mouse lung were investigated. Mice were exposed to 2, 5, and 10 mg/kg body weight by nasal administration for 6 consecutive months. With increased doses, La was markedly accumulated and promoted the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the lung, which in turn resulted in peroxidation of lipids, proteins and DNA, and severe pulmonary damages. Furthermore, LaCl3 exposure could significantly increase levels of Nrf2, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) expressions in the LaCl3 -exposed lung. These findings imply that the induction of Nrf2 expression is an adaptive intracellular response to LaCl3 -induced oxidative stress in mouse lung, and that Nrf2 may regulate the LaCl3 -induced pulmonary damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hong
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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27
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28
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Vacher G, Ciarlo E, Savova-Bianchi D, Le Roy D, Hantier G, Niculita-Hirzel H, Roger T. Innate Immune Sensing of Fusarium culmorum by Mouse Dendritic Cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:871-885. [PMID: 26167753 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1051201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inhalation of grain dust is associated with asthma and chronic bronchitis in grain worker populations. Exposure to fungal particles was postulated to be an important etiologic agent of these pathologies. Fusarium species frequently colonize grain and straw and produce a wide array of mycotoxins that impact human health, necessitating an evaluation of risk exposure by inhalation of Fusarium and its consequences on immune responses. Data showed that Fusarium culmorum is a frequent constituent of aerosols sampled during wheat harvesting in the Vaud region of Switzerland. The aim of this study was to examine cytokine/chemokine responses and innate immune sensing of F. culmorum in bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells and macrophages. Overall, dendritic cells and macrophages responded to F. culmorum spores but not to its secreted components (i.e., mycotoxins) by releasing large amounts of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, RANTES, and interleukin (IL)-12p40, intermediate amounts of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-33, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and interferon gamma-induced protein (IP-10), but no detectable amounts of IL-4 and IL-10, a pattern of mediators compatible with generation of Th1 or Th17 antifungal protective immune responses rather than with Th2-dependent allergic responses. The sensing of F. culmorum spores by dendritic cells required dectin-1, the main pattern recognition receptor involved in β-glucans detection, but likely not MyD88 and TRIF-dependent Toll-like receptors. Taken together, our results indicate that F. culmorum stimulates potently innate immune cells in a dectin-1-dependent manner, suggesting that inhalation of F. culmorum from grain dust may promote immune-related airway diseases in exposed worker populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Vacher
- a Service of Occupational Hygiene , Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne and Geneva , Epalinges-Lausanne , Switzerland
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29
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Suryawanshi A, Cao Z, Sampson JF, Panjwani N. IL-17A-mediated protection against Acanthamoeba keratitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:650-63. [PMID: 25505284 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a very painful and vision-impairing infection of the cornea that is difficult to treat. Although past studies have indicated a critical role of neutrophils and macrophages in AK, the relative contribution of the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-17A, that is essential for migration, activation, and function of these cells into the cornea is poorly defined. Moreover, the role of the adaptive immune response, particularly the contribution of CD4(+) T cell subsets, Th17 and regulatory T cells , in AK is yet to be understood. In this report, using a mouse corneal intrastromal injection-induced AK model, we show that Acanthamoeba infection induces a strong CD4(+) T effector and regulatory T cell response in the cornea and local draining lymph nodes. We also demonstrate that corneal Acanthamoeba infection induces IL-17A expression and that IL-17A is critical for host protection against severe AK pathology. Accordingly, IL-17A neutralization in Acanthamoeba-infected wild-type mice or Acanthamoeba infection of mice lacking IL-17A resulted in a significantly increased corneal AK pathology, increased migration of inflammatory cells at the site of inflammation, and a significant increase in the effector CD4(+) T cell response in draining lymph nodes. Thus, in sharp contrast with other corneal infections such as herpes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis where IL-17A exacerbates corneal pathology and inflammation, the findings presented in this article suggest that IL-17A production after Acanthamoeba infection plays an important role in host protection against invading parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Suryawanshi
- New England Eye Center, Boston, MA 02111; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111; and
| | - Zhiyi Cao
- New England Eye Center, Boston, MA 02111; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111; and
| | - James F Sampson
- New England Eye Center, Boston, MA 02111; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111; and
| | - Noorjahan Panjwani
- New England Eye Center, Boston, MA 02111; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111; and Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
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30
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Zhao X, Sheng L, Wang L, Hong J, Yu X, Sang X, Sun Q, Ze Y, Hong F. Mechanisms of nanosized titanium dioxide-induced testicular oxidative stress and apoptosis in male mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:47. [PMID: 25209749 PMCID: PMC4354283 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the increased application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) in the food industry and daily life, their potential toxic effects in humans and animals have been investigated. However, very few studies have focused on testicular oxidative stress and/or apoptosis. Methods In order to understand the possible molecular mechanisms of testicular lesions following exposure to TiO2 NPs, male mice were exposed to 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg body weight TiO2 NPs for 90 consecutive days. Testicular oxidative stress and apoptosis were then evaluated, and the testicular mRNA expression of several genes and their proteins involved in oxidative stress and/or apoptosis was investigated. Results TiO2 NPs entered Sertoli cells and caused severe testicular oxidative damage and/or apoptosis, accompanied by excessive production of reactive oxygen species and peroxidation of lipids, proteins and DNA as well as a significant reduction in antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, exposure to TiO2 NPs resulted in the up-regulation of caspase-3, Nrbp2, and cytochrome c expression, and caused down-regulation of SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, GR, Cyp1b1, Car3, Bcl-2, Acaa2, and Axud1 expression in mouse testis. Conclusions TiO2 NPs entered Sertoli cells via the blood-testis barrier and were deposited in mouse seminiferous cord and/or Sertoli cells, causing oxidative damage and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhao
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Lei Sheng
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Ling Wang
- Library of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Jie Hong
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Xiaohong Yu
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Xuezi Sang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Qingqing Sun
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Yuguan Ze
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Fashui Hong
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China. .,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215007, China. .,Cultivation base of State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biomaterials built together by Ministry of Science and Technology and Jiangsu Province, Suzhou, 215007, China.
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31
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Liu X, Gao N, Dong C, Zhou L, Mi QS, Standiford TJ, Yu FSX. Flagellin-induced expression of CXCL10 mediates direct fungal killing and recruitment of NK cells to the cornea in response to Candida albicans infection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2667-79. [PMID: 24965580 PMCID: PMC4165733 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that topical flagellin induces profound mucosal innate protection in the cornea against microbial infection, a response involving multiple genes and cell types. In this study, we used a Candida albicans (CA)-C57BL/6 mouse keratitis model to delineate the contribution of CXCL10- and CXCR3-expressing cells in flagellin-induced protection. Flagellin pretreatment markedly enhanced CXCL10 expression at 6 h post CA infection (hpi), but significantly dampened CXCL10 expression at 24 hpi. At the cellular level, CXCL10 was expressed in the epithelia at 6 hpi in flagellin-pretreated corneas, and concentrated at lesion sites 24 hpi. CXCR3-expressing cells were detected in great numbers at 24 hpi, organized within clusters at the lesion sites in CA-infected corneas. CXCL10 or CXCR3 neutralization increased keratitis severity and dampened flagellin-induced protection. CXCR3-positive cells were identified as NK cells, the depletion of which resulted in severe CA keratitis. Contributions from NK T-cells were excluded by finding no change in flagellin-induced protection in Rag1 KO mice. Recombinant CXCL10 inhibited CA growth in vitro and accelerated fungal clearance and inflammation resolution in vivo. Taken together, our data indicate that epithelium-expressed CXCL10 plays a critical role in fungal clearance and that CXCR3-expressing NK cells contribute to CA eradication in mouse corneas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Liu
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Gao
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chen Dong
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Li Zhou
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Department of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Department of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Theodore J. Standiford
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fu-Shin X. Yu
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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32
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Hong J, Yu X, Pan X, Zhao X, Sheng L, Sang X, Lin A, Zhang C, Zhao Y, Gui S, Sun Q, Wang L, Hong F. Pulmonary toxicity in mice following exposure to cerium chloride. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 159:269-77. [PMID: 24736977 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-9953-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The widespread application of lanthanoids (Lns) in manufacturing industries has raised occupational and environmental health concerns about the possible increased health risks to humans exposed to Lns in their working and living environments. Numerous studies have shown that exposures to Ln cause pulmonary injury in animals, but very little is known about the molecular mechanisms of the pulmonary inflammation caused by cerium chloride (CeCl3) exposure. In this study, we evaluated the oxidative stress and molecular mechanism underlying with the pulmonary inflammation associated with chronic lung toxicity in mice treated with nasally instilled CeCl3 for 90 consecutive days. Our findings suggest that significant cerium accumulated in the lung, leading the obvious increase of the lung indices, significant increases in inflammatory cells and levels of lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphate, and total protein, overproduction of reactive oxygen species and peroxidation of lipids, reduced antioxidant capacity, and pulmonary inflammation. CeCl3 exposure also activated nuclear factor κB, increased the expression of tumor necrosis factor α, cyclooxygenase-2, heme oxygenase 1, interleukin 2, interleukin 4, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, interleukin 10, interleukin 18, interleukin 1β, and CYP1A1. However, CeCl3 reduced the expression of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-inhibiting factor and heat shock protein 70. These findings suggest that the pulmonary inflammation caused by CeCl3 in mice is closely associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hong
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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33
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Hohl TM. Overview of vertebrate animal models of fungal infection. J Immunol Methods 2014; 410:100-12. [PMID: 24709390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fungi represent emerging infectious threats to human populations worldwide. Mice and other laboratory animals have proved invaluable in modeling clinical syndromes associated with superficial and life-threatening invasive mycoses. This review outlines salient features of common vertebrate animal model systems to study fungal pathogenesis, host antifungal immune responses, and antifungal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M Hohl
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 9, New York, NY 10075, United States.
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Taylor PR, Leal SM, Sun Y, Pearlman E. Aspergillus and Fusarium corneal infections are regulated by Th17 cells and IL-17-producing neutrophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3319-27. [PMID: 24591369 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium and Aspergillus species of mold are major causes of corneal infections in the United States and worldwide, resulting in severe visual impairment and blindness. As there is evidence for T cell responses to these pathogenic fungi in infected individuals, we examined the role of IL-17A (IL-17) and IFN-γ in murine models of fungal keratitis. We found that C57BL/6 mice given intratracheal or s.c. immunization of conidia prior to corneal infection exhibited enhanced fungal killing and lower corneal opacity compared with unimmunized mice. Protective immunity was associated with temporal recruitment of IL-17-producing neutrophils and Th17 and Th1 cells and dependent on production of IL-17 but not IFN-γ. Protection was also impaired in neutrophil-depleted and Rag2(-/-) mice. Together, the results of these studies identify an essential role for IL-17-producing neutrophils and Th17 cells in regulating the growth of fungal hyphae and the severity of corneal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia R Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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Bachmaier K, Toya S, Malik AB. Therapeutic administration of the chemokine CXCL1/KC abrogates autoimmune inflammatory heart disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89647. [PMID: 24586934 PMCID: PMC3937330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis, often due to an aberrant immune response to infection, is a major cause of dilated cardiomyopathy. Microbial pattern recognition receptors, such as TLRs, orchestrate the cytokine and chemokine responses that augment or limit the severity of myocarditis. Using the mouse model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM), in which disease is induced by immunization with a heart-specific self peptide and the agonist to multiple TLRs, complete Freund's adjuvant, we found that increased serum concentrations of the chemokine CXCL1/KC correlated directly with decreased severity of myocarditis. To directly test whether CXCL1/KC caused the amelioration of myocarditis, we treated mice, after challenge with heart-specific self peptide, with exogenous recombinant CXCL1/KC. We found that the administration of recombinant mouse CXCL1/KC completely abrogated heart inflammatory infiltration and cardiomyocyte damage. Moreover, we show that TLR4 signaling is required to increase serum protein concentrations of CXCL1/KC in EAM, and we demonstrate that the administration of the TLR4 agonist LPS significantly decreased severity and prevalence of EAM and reduced the number of heart-specific self peptide reactive effector T cells. These findings reveal a novel function of CXCL1/KC in the context of organ-specific autoimmune disease that may prove useful for the treatment of inflammatory conditions that underlie human heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Bachmaier
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sophie Toya
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Asrar B. Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Cheng J, Cheng Z, Hu R, Cui Y, Cai J, Li N, Gui S, Sang X, Sun Q, Wang L, Hong F. Immune dysfunction and liver damage of mice following exposure to lanthanoids. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:64-73. [PMID: 21928445 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to investigate the effects of exposure to lanthanoids (Ln) on the immune response and liver function, mice were orally exposed to LaCl3 , CeCl3 , and NdCl3 at 2, 10, and 20 mg/kg doses for 30 days, respectively; lymphocyte counts, serum IgM level, hematological indices, biochemical parameters of liver functions, and histopathological changes in Ln(3+) -treated mice were assessed. Indeed, 20 mg/kg Ln(3+) significantly inhibited mice growth and reduced the counts of white blood cells, platelets, and reticulocyte in mice blood. Specifically, in these Ln(3+) -treated mice, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+ and NK cells, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio as well as serum IgM level were decreased. Furthermore, liver function was disrupted, as evidenced by the increased alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, total bile acid and triglycerides, and the decreased glucose and ratio of albumin to globulin. The cytoarchitecture damage and fatty degeneration in liver caused by Ln(3+) at 20 mg/kg dose were also observed. Our findings showed that exposure to Ln affected the cell and humoral immunity and disturbed liver function in mice. In addition, Ce(3+) was found to exhibit higher toxicity than La(3+) and Nd(3+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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37
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de Jesus Carrion S, Leal SM, Ghannoum MA, Pearlman E. The RodA hydrophobin on Aspergillus fumigatus spores masks dectin-1- and dectin-2-dependent responses and enhances fungal survival in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:2581-8. [PMID: 23926321 PMCID: PMC4020118 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus and Fusarium species are important causes of fungal infections worldwide. Airborne spores (conidia) of these filamentous fungi express a surface protein that confers hydrophobicity (hydrophobin) and covers cell wall components that would otherwise induce a host immune cell response. Using a mutant Aspergillus fumigatus strain (ΔrodA) that does not express the RodA hydrophobin, and Aspergillus and Fusarium conidia from clinical isolates that were treated with hydrofluoric acid (which removes the A. fumigatus RodA protein), we observed increased surface exposure of β1,3-glucan and α-mannose on Aspergillus and Fusarium conidia. We also found that ΔrodA and hydrofluoric acid-treated conidia stimulate significantly higher NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation and cytokine production by macrophages from C57BL/6, but not from Dectin-1(-/-) or Dectin-2(-/-) mice. Using a murine model of A. fumigatus corneal infection, we showed that ΔrodA conidia induced significantly higher cytokine production, neutrophil infiltration, and more rapid fungal clearance from C57BL/6 corneas compared with the parent G10 strain, which was dependent on Dectin-1 and Dectin-2. Together, these findings identify the hydrophobin RodA as a virulence factor that masks Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 recognition of conidia, resulting in impaired neutrophil recruitment to the cornea and increased fungal survival and clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven de Jesus Carrion
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sixto M. Leal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mahmoud A. Ghannoum
- Center for Medical Mycology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Zhang H, Li H, Li Y, Zou Y, Dong X, Song W, Jia C, Li S, Xi H, Liu D, Wang Y. IL-17 plays a central role in initiating experimental Candida albicans infection in mouse corneas. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2671-82. [PMID: 23843112 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of fungal infection in the cornea remains largely unclear. To understand how the immune system influences the progression of fungal infection in corneas, we inoculated immunocompetent BALB/c mice, neutrophil- or CD4⁺ T-cell-depleted BALB/c mice, and nude mice with Candida albicans. We found that only immunocompetent BALB/c mice developed typical Candida keratitis (CaK), while the other mouse strains lacked obvious clinical manifestations. Furthermore, CaK development was blocked in immunocompetent mice treated with anti-IL-17A or anti-IL-23p19 to neutralize IL-17 activity. However, no significant effects were observed when Treg cells, γδ T cells, or IFN-γ were immunodepleted. Upon infection, the corneas of BALB/c mice were infiltrated with IL-17-producing leukocytes, including neutrophils and, to a lesser degree, CD4⁺ T cells. In contrast, leukocyte recruitment to corneas was significantly diminished in nude mice. Indeed, nude mice produced much less chemokines (e.g. CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL10, CXCL12, CCL2, and IL-6) in response to inoculation. Remarkably, addition of CXCL2 during inoculation restored CaK induction in nude mice. In contrast to its therapeutic effect on CaK, neutralization of IL-17 exacerbated Candida-induced dermatitis in skin. We conclude that IL-17, mainly produced by neutrophils and CD4⁺ T cells in the corneas, is essential in the pathogenesis of CaK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China
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Protective role of murine β-defensins 3 and 4 and cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide in Fusarium solani keratitis. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2669-77. [PMID: 23670560 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00179-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), such as β-defensins and cathelicidins, are essential components of innate and adaptive immunity owing to their extensive multifunctional activities. However, their role in fungal infection in vivo remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of murine β-defensin 3 (mBD3), mBD4, and the cathelicidin cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) in a murine model of Fusarium solani keratitis. C57BL/6 mice showed significant corneal disease 1 and 3 days after infection, which was accompanied by enhanced expression of β-defensins and CRAMP. Disease severity was significantly improved 7 days after infection, at which time AMP expression was returning to baseline. Mice deficient in mBD3 (genetic knockout), mBD4 (short interfering RNA knockdown), or CRAMP (genetic knockout) exhibited enhanced disease severity and progression, increased neutrophil recruitment, and delayed pathogen elimination compared to controls. Taken together, these data suggest a vital role for AMPs in defense against F. solani keratitis, a potentially blinding corneal disease.
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Sun Q, Tan D, Ze Y, Sang X, Liu X, Gui S, Cheng Z, Cheng J, Hu R, Gao G, Liu G, Zhu M, Zhao X, Sheng L, Wang L, Tang M, Hong F. Pulmotoxicological effects caused by long-term titanium dioxide nanoparticles exposure in mice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 235-236:47-53. [PMID: 22898172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO(2) NPs) has been demonstrated to result in pulmonary inflammation in animals; however, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms of pulmonary injury due to TiO(2) NPs exposure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress and molecular mechanism associated with pulmonary inflammation in chronic lung toxicity caused by the intratracheal instillation of TiO(2) NPs for 90 consecutive days in mice. Our findings suggest that TiO(2) NPs are significantly accumulated in the lung, leading to an obvious increase in lung indices, inflammation and bleeding in the lung. Exposure to TiO(2) NPs significantly increased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and the level of lipid peroxidation, and decreased antioxidant capacity in the lung. Furthermore, TiO(2) NPs exposure activated nuclear factor-κB, increased the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, cyclooxygenase-2, heme oxygenase-1, interleukin-2, interleukin-4, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, interleukin-18, interleukin-1β, and CYP1A1 expression. However, TiO(2) NPs exposure decreased NF-κB-inhibiting factor and heat shock protein 70 expression. Our results suggest that the generation of pulmonary inflammation caused by TiO(2) NPs in mice is closely related to oxidative stress and the expression of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Sun
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Mukherjee PK, Chandra J, Yu C, Sun Y, Pearlman E, Ghannoum MA. Characterization of fusarium keratitis outbreak isolates: contribution of biofilms to antimicrobial resistance and pathogenesis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:4450-7. [PMID: 22669723 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-9848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Fusarium is a major cause of microbial keratitis, and its ability to form biofilms was suggested as a contributing factor in recent outbreaks. We investigated the ability of outbreak Fusarium isolates (F. solani species complex [FSSC] and F. oxysporum species complex [FOSC]) to form biofilms in vitro and in vivo, and evaluated their antifungal susceptibilities. METHODS Biofilm formation was assessed using our in vitro contact lens model and in vivo murine model. Biofilm architecture was assessed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Susceptibility against amphotericin B (AmB), voriconazole (VCZ), and natamycin (NAT) was determined using the CLSI-M38-A2 method and XTT metabolic assay. RESULTS FSSC strains formed more biofilms than FOSC, in a strain- and clade-dependent manner. CLSM analyses revealed that "high biofilm forming" (HBF) strains had denser and thicker biofilms than "low biofilm forming" (LBF) strains of both species (thickness 51 vs. 41 μm for FSSC and 61 vs. 45 μm for FOSC strains, P < 0.05 for both comparisons). Fusarium biofilms exhibited species-dependent antifungal susceptibilities (e.g., FSSC biofilms AmB minimal inhibitory concentrations [MIC] ≥16 μg/mL, while NAT or VCZ MICs were 2-8 μg/mL). FSSC-infected mice had severe corneal opacification independent of biofilm thickness, while FOSC infection resulted in moderate corneal opacification. Corneal fungal burden of mice infected with HBF strains was higher than those of the LBF strains. In contrast, the reference ATCC isolate was unable to cause infection. CONCLUSIONS The ability to form biofilms is a key pathogenicity determinant of Fusarium, irrespective of the thickness of these biofilms. Further studies are warranted to explore this association in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranab K Mukherjee
- Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Leal SM, Vareechon C, Cowden S, Cobb BA, Latgé JP, Momany M, Pearlman E. Fungal antioxidant pathways promote survival against neutrophils during infection. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2482-98. [PMID: 22706306 DOI: 10.1172/jci63239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are a common cause of blindness and visual impairment worldwide. Using both murine model systems and in vitro human neutrophils, we found that NADPH oxidase produced by neutrophils was essential to control the growth of Aspergillus and Fusarium fungi in the cornea. We demonstrated that neutrophil oxidant production and antifungal activity are dependent on CD18, but not on the β-glucan receptor dectin-1. We used mutant A. fumigatus strains to show that the reactive oxygen species-sensing transcription factor Yap1, superoxide dismutases, and the Yap1-regulated thioredoxin antioxidant pathway are each required for protection against neutrophil-mediated oxidation of hyphae as well as optimal survival of fungal hyphae in vivo. We also demonstrated that thioredoxin inhibition using the anticancer drug PX-12 increased the sensitivity of fungal hyphae to both H2O2- and neutrophil-mediated killing in vitro. Additionally, topical application of PX-12 significantly enhanced neutrophil-mediated fungal killing in infected mouse corneas. Cumulatively, our data reveal critical host oxidative and fungal anti-oxidative mediators that regulate hyphal survival during infection. Further, these findings also indicate that targeting fungal anti-oxidative defenses via PX-12 may represent an efficacious strategy for treating fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixto M Leal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate sentinels required for clearance of bacterial and fungal infections of the cornea, but their role in viral immunity is currently unknown. We report that TLR signaling is expendable in herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 containment as depicted by plaque assays of knockout mice (MyD88(-/-), Trif(-/-) and MyD88(-/-) Trif(-/-) double knockout) resembling wild-type controls. To identify the key sentinel in viral recognition of the cornea, in vivo knockdown of the DNA sensor IFI-16/p204 in the corneal epithelium was performed and resulted in a loss of IFN-regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) nuclear translocation, interferon-α production, and viral containment. The sensor seems to have a similar function in other HSV clinically relevant sites such as the vaginal mucosa in which a loss of p204/IFI-16 results in significantly more HSV-2 shedding. Thus, we have identified an IRF-3-dependent, IRF-7- and TLR-independent innate sensor responsible for HSV containment at the site of acute infection.
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Leal SM, Pearlman E. The role of cytokines and pathogen recognition molecules in fungal keratitis - Insights from human disease and animal models. Cytokine 2012; 58:107-11. [PMID: 22280957 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections of the cornea are an important cause of blindness and visual impairment worldwide, with contact lens wear being the main risk factor in the USA and other industrialized countries, and traumatic injury being the main risk factor in developing countries. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the understanding of the host response to Aspergillus and Fusarium species in infected human corneal tissue and in mouse models of fungal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixto M Leal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Gui S, Zhang Z, Zheng L, Cui Y, Liu X, Li N, Sang X, Sun Q, Gao G, Cheng Z, Cheng J, Wang L, Tang M, Hong F. Molecular mechanism of kidney injury of mice caused by exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 195:365-370. [PMID: 21907489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that damage of kidney of mice can be caused by exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO(2) NPs). However, the molecular mechanism of TiO(2) NPs-induced nephric injury remains unclear. In this study, the mechanism of nephric injury in mice induced by an intragastric administration of TiO(2) NPs was investigated. The results showed that TiO(2) NPs were accumulated in the kidney, resulting in nephric inflammation, cell necrosis and dysfunction. Nucleic factor-κB was activated by TiO(2) NPs exposure, promoting the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, interleukin-2, interleukin-4, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, interleukin-18, interleukin-1β, cross-reaction protein, transforming growth factor-β, interferon-γ and CYP1A1, while heat shock protein 70 expression was inhibited. These findings implied that TiO(2) NPs-induced nephric injury of mice might be associated with alteration of inflammatory cytokine expression and reduction of detoxification of TiO(2) NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suxing Gui
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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Karthikeyan RS, Leal SM, Prajna NV, Dharmalingam K, Geiser DM, Pearlman E, Lalitha P. Expression of innate and adaptive immune mediators in human corneal tissue infected with Aspergillus or fusarium. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:942-50. [PMID: 21828275 PMCID: PMC3156922 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filamentous fungi of the genera Aspergillus and Fusarium are major causes of corneal ulcers in the United States and in the developing world and result in significant visual impairment and blindness. METHODS RNA was extracted from 110 patients with corneal ulcers in southern India within 1 week of infection with either Fusarium solani or Aspergillus flavus, and gene expression was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Posttransplant corneas from later stage disease (>2 weeks after infection) were also examined. RESULTS Expression of Dectin-1, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4, TLR9, and NOD-like receptor protein (NLRP)3 messenger RNA was elevated >1000-fold compared with uninfected donor corneas, whereas Dectin-2 was constitutively expressed in uninfected corneas. Furthermore, interleukin 1β (IL-1β) expression was elevated >1000-fold, whereas IL-1α expression was not increased. Expression of IL-8, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor α was also elevated. CD3(+)and CD4(+) T cells were detected in infected posttransplant corneas. Expression of IL-17 and interferon γ was elevated but not that of IL-4. There were no significant differences in the host response between Aspergillus- and Fusarium-infected corneas at any time point. CONCLUSIONS There is a common innate and adaptive immune response to these filamentous fungi, which includes the generation of T-helper 1 and T-helper 17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sixto M. Leal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | - David M. Geiser
- Department of Plant Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Prajna Lalitha
- Dr G. Venkatasamy Eye Research Institute, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, and
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Zhang H, Jia C, Xi H, Li S, Yang L, Wang Y. Specific inhibition of Candida albicans growth in vitro by antibodies from experimental Candida keratitis mice. Exp Eye Res 2011; 93:50-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gao N, Kumar A, Guo H, Wu X, Wheater M, Yu FSX. Topical flagellin-mediated innate defense against Candida albicans keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:3074-82. [PMID: 21310913 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to investigate whether flagellin, the sole ligand of Toll-like receptor-5 (TLR5), induces an innate defense that is sufficient to protect injured corneas from Candida albicans. METHODS Scarified corneas of adult B6, TLR5(-/-), Camp(-/-) (cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide), or PMN-depleted mice were pretreated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagellin or a mutant and then were inoculated with C. albicans. The corneas were compared for disease progression, cytokine and Camp expression, and PMN infiltration before and after C. albicans infection. Disease progress was recorded by digital photography and clinical scoring, cytokine levels were determined by ELISA, the levels of Camp gene product were assessed by Western blot, and PMN infiltration was measured by MPO determination and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Topical application of flagellin induced profound protection against Candida keratitis in a TLR5-dependent manner. The improved disease outcome including reduced tissue inflammation and rapid functional recovery can be attributed to a marked decrease in fungal burden at the early stage of C. albicans infection in flagellin-exposed B6 mouse corneas. Although both PMN infiltration and Camp upregulation contributed to corneal innate defense against fungal infection, Camp ablation totally, and PMN depletion partially, abrogated flagellin-induced fungal clearance in B6 mouse corneas. CONCLUSIONS Flagellin induces a strong innate defense and promotes robust resistance to C. albicans infection in the cornea. Topical flagellin or its mimetic may become a new prophylactic agent for preventing contact lens or trauma/injury-associated microbial keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Abstract
The ocular surface is the first line of defence in the eye against environmental microbes. The ocular innate immune system consists of a combination of anatomical, mechanical and immunological defence mechanisms. TLRs (Toll-like receptors), widely expressed by the ocular surface, are able to recognize microbial pathogens and to trigger the earliest immune response leading to inflammation. Increasing evidence highlights the crucial role of TLRs in regulating innate immune responses during ocular surface infective and non-infective inflammatory conditions. In addition, recent observations have shown that TLRs modulate the adaptive immune response, also playing an important role in ocular autoimmune and allergic diseases. One of the main goals of ocular surface treatment is to control the inflammatory reaction in order to preserve corneal integrity and transparency. Recent experimental evidence has shown that specific modulation of TLR pathways induces an improvement in several ocular inflammatory conditions, such as allergic conjunctivitis, suggesting new therapeutic anti-inflammatory strategies. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge of TLRs at the ocular surface and to propose them as potential targets of therapy for ocular inflammatory conditions.
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