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Manglani K, Anika NN, Patel D, Jhaveri S, Avanthika C, Sudan S, Alimohamed Z, Tiwari K. Correlation of Leptin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Cureus 2024; 16:e57667. [PMID: 38707092 PMCID: PMC11070180 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The exponential increase in diabetes mellitus (DM) poses serious public health concerns. In this review, we focus on the role of leptin in type 2 DM. The peripheral actions of leptin consist of upregulating proinflammatory cytokines which play an important role in the pathogenesis of type 2 DM and insulin resistance. Moreover, leptin is known to inhibit insulin secretion and plays a significant role in insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 DM. A literature search was conducted on Medline, Cochrane, Embase, and Google Scholar for relevant articles published until December 2023. The following search strings and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH terms) were used: "Diabetes Mellitus," "Leptin," "NPY," and "Biomarker." This article aims to discuss the physiology of leptin in type 2 DM, its glucoregulatory actions, its relationship with appetite, the impact that various lifestyle modifications can have on leptin levels, and, finally, explore leptin as a potential target for various treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajol Manglani
- Internal Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, USA
| | | | - Dhriti Patel
- Medicine and Surgery, B.J. Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Sharan Jhaveri
- Medicine and Surgery, Smt. Nathiba Hargovandas Lakhmichand Municipal Medical College, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Chaithanya Avanthika
- Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Elmhurst Hospital Center, New York, USA
- Medicine and Surgery, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubballi, IND
| | - Sourav Sudan
- Internal Medicine, Government Medical College, Rajouri, Rajouri, IND
| | - Zainab Alimohamed
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, USA
| | - Kripa Tiwari
- Internal Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, New York, USA
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2
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Zeng Q, Song J, Sun X, Wang D, Liao X, Ding Y, Hu W, Jiao Y, Mai W, Aini W, Wang F, Zhou H, Xie L, Mei Y, Tang Y, Xie Z, Wu H, Liu W, Deng T. A negative feedback loop between TET2 and leptin in adipocyte regulates body weight. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2825. [PMID: 38561362 PMCID: PMC10985112 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46783-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Ten-eleven translocation (TET) 2 is an enzyme that catalyzes DNA demethylation to regulate gene expression by oxidizing 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, functioning as an essential epigenetic regulator in various biological processes. However, the regulation and function of TET2 in adipocytes during obesity are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that leptin, a key adipokine in mammalian energy homeostasis regulation, suppresses adipocyte TET2 levels via JAK2-STAT3 signaling. Adipocyte Tet2 deficiency protects against high-fat diet-induced weight gain by reducing leptin levels and further improving leptin sensitivity in obese male mice. By interacting with C/EBPα, adipocyte TET2 increases the hydroxymethylcytosine levels of the leptin gene promoter, thereby promoting leptin gene expression. A decrease in adipose TET2 is associated with obesity-related hyperleptinemia in humans. Inhibition of TET2 suppresses the production of leptin in mature human adipocytes. Our findings support the existence of a negative feedback loop between TET2 and leptin in adipocytes and reveal a compensatory mechanism for the body to counteract the metabolic dysfunction caused by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zeng
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Jianfeng Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Sun
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Xiyan Liao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yujin Ding
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Wanyu Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yayi Jiao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Wuqian Mai
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Wufuer Aini
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Fanqi Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Limin Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Ying Mei
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yuan Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Zhiguo Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biliopancreatic Surgery and Bariatric Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Tuo Deng
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
- Clinical Immunology Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
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Li X, Qi L. Epigenetics in Precision Nutrition. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12040533. [PMID: 35455649 PMCID: PMC9027461 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12040533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision nutrition is an emerging area of nutrition research, with primary focus on the individual variability in response to dietary and lifestyle factors, which are mainly determined by an individual’s intrinsic variations, such as those in genome, epigenome, and gut microbiome. The current research on precision nutrition is heavily focused on genome and gut microbiome, while epigenome (DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and histone modification) is largely neglected. The epigenome acts as the interface between the human genome and environmental stressors, including diets and lifestyle. Increasing evidence has suggested that epigenetic modifications, particularly DNA methylation, may determine the individual variability in metabolic health and response to dietary and lifestyle factors and, therefore, hold great promise in discovering novel markers for precision nutrition and potential targets for precision interventions. This review summarized recent studies on DNA methylation with obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, with more emphasis put in the relations of DNA methylation with nutrition and diet/lifestyle interventions. We also briefly reviewed other epigenetic events, such as non-coding RNAs, in relation to human health and nutrition, and discussed the potential role of epigenetics in the precision nutrition research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-504-988-7259
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Bakshi A, Singh R, Rai U. Trajectory of leptin and leptin receptor in vertebrates: Structure, function and their regulation. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 257:110652. [PMID: 34343670 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present review provides a comparative insight into structure, function and control of leptin system in fishes, herptiles, birds and mammals. In general, leptin acts as an anorexigenic hormone since its administration results in decrease of food intake in vertebrates. Nonetheless, functional paradox arises in fishes from contradictory observations on level of leptin during fasting and re-feeding. In addition, leptin is shown to modulate metabolic functions in fishes, reptiles, birds and mammals. Leptin also regulates reproductive and immune functions though more studies are warranted in non-mammalian vertebrates. The expression of leptin and its receptor is influenced by numerous factors including sex steroids, stress and stress-induced catecholamines and glucocorticoids though their effect in non-mammalian vertebrates is hard to be generalized due to limited studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Bakshi
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Rajeev Singh
- Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110052, India
| | - Umesh Rai
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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Wilhelm J, Birkenstock A, Buchholz V, Müller A, Aly SA, Gruner-Labitzke K, Koehler H, Lichtinghagen R, Jahn K, Groh A, Kahl KG, de Zwaan M, Hillemacher T, Bleich S, Frieling H. Promoter Methylation of LEP and LEPR before and after Bariatric Surgery: A Cross-Sectional Study. Obes Facts 2021; 14:1-7. [PMID: 33530087 PMCID: PMC7983678 DOI: 10.1159/000511918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DNA methylation constitutes one important epigenetic mechanism that regulates gene expression in human cells. With regard to obesity, bariatric surgery-induced weight loss has been associated with promoter methylation changes in several genes. Hyperleptinemia is a characteristic feature of obesity. The underlying regulating mechanisms have not yet been completely elucidated. METHODS We investigated the methylation of the promoters of the leptin gene (LEP) and the leptin receptor gene (LEPR) as well as leptin expression in pre- and postbariatric surgery patients using a comparative cross-sectional design. RESULTS Our results revealed significantly higher LEP promoter methylation patterns in prebariatric surgery patients compared to postoperatively. DNA methylation of the LEPR promoter was significantly higher in the postoperative group. Moreover, we found significantly higher leptin serum levels in patients before the bariatric surgery than afterwards. DISCUSSION These findings strengthen the suggestion that there is an association between LEP expression and LEP methylation in obesity. We suggest that the epigenetic profile of LEP might be influenced by leptin serum levels in the form of a regulating feedback mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wilhelm
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Outpatient Treatment Center (ABC), Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Anna Birkenstock
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany,
| | - Vanessa Buchholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sherif Adel Aly
- Department of Surgery, Herzogin Elisabeth Hospital, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Hinrich Koehler
- Department of Surgery, Herzogin Elisabeth Hospital, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ralf Lichtinghagen
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten Jahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Adrian Groh
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai G Kahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina de Zwaan
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Hillemacher
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Bleich
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helge Frieling
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Asai A, Nagao M, Hayakawa K, Miyazawa T, Sugihara H, Oikawa S. Leptin production capacity determines food intake and susceptibility to obesity-induced diabetes in Oikawa-Nagao Diabetes-Prone and Diabetes-Resistant mice. Diabetologia 2020; 63:1836-1846. [PMID: 32561946 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Obesity caused by overeating plays a pivotal role in the development of type 2 diabetes. However, it remains poorly understood how individual meal size differences are determined before the development of obesity. Here, we investigated the underlying mechanisms in determining spontaneous food intake in newly established Oikawa-Nagao Diabetes-Prone (ON-DP) and Diabetes-Resistant (ON-DR) mice. METHODS Food intake and metabolic phenotypes of ON-DP and ON-DR mice under high-fat-diet feeding were compared from 5 weeks to 10 weeks of age. Differences in leptin status at 5 weeks of age were assessed between the two mouse lines. Adipose tissue explant culture was also performed to evaluate leptin production capacity in vitro. RESULTS ON-DP mice showed spontaneous overfeeding compared with ON-DR mice. Excessive body weight gain and fat accumulation in ON-DP mice were completely suppressed to the levels seen in ON-DR mice by pair-feeding with ON-DR mice. Deterioration of glucose tolerance in ON-DP mice was also ameliorated under the pair-feeding conditions. While no differences were seen in body weight and adipose tissue mass when comparing the two mouse lines at 5 weeks of age, the ON-DP mice had lower plasma leptin concentrations and adipose tissue leptin gene expression levels. In accordance with peripheral leptin status, ON-DP mice displayed lower anorexigenic leptin signalling in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus when compared with ON-DR mice without apparent leptin resistance. Explant culture studies revealed that ON-DP mice had lower leptin production capacity in adipose tissue. ON-DP mice also displayed higher DNA methylation levels in the leptin gene promoter region of adipocytes when compared with ON-DR mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The results suggest that heritable lower leptin production capacity plays a critical role in overfeeding-induced obesity and subsequent deterioration of glucose tolerance in ON-DP mice. Leptin production capacity in adipocytes, especially before the development of obesity, may have diagnostic potential for predicting individual risk of obesity caused by overeating and future onset of type 2 diabetes. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Asai
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
- Food and Health Science Research Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Mototsugu Nagao
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Hayakawa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food and Health Science Research Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sugihara
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Oikawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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The association of anthropometric parameters with markers of insulin and leptin secretion and resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/rrlm-2020-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aim: We evaluated the association between anthropometric parameters and markers of insulin and leptin secretion/resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Material and methods: This post-hoc data analysis from a cross-sectional study included 176 T2DM patients. Laboratory tests (serum leptin, soluble form of leptin receptor (sObR), C peptide, glycemic and lipid parameters) and anthropometric parameters were obtained, adiposity indexes (including body adiposity index (BAI), visceral adiposity index (VAI)), indicators of insulin resistance, β-cell function, and leptin resistance (Free Leptin Index, FLI) were calculated.
Results: The body mass index (BMI), diabetes duration, VAI and leptin correlated independently with HOMA-IR, while BMI, diabetes duration and HbA1c with HOMA-B. The total body fat mass (TBFM), C peptide, diabetes duration, BMI and BAI correlated with leptin concentrations, while the first three with FLI. VAI was an indicator of insulin resistance (β=0.166, p=0.003), while BAI of leptin secretion (β=0.260, p=0.010). TBFM strongly associated with leptin resistance and secretion (β=0.037, r=0.688, p<0.0001, and β=0.521, r=0.667, p<0.0001), and BMI correlated weakly with insulin secretion and resistance. While insulin and leptin secretion increased progressively with BMI, leptin and insulin resistance became significant only in case of obesity. The sObR was significantly associated with C peptide concentrations (β=-0.032; p=0.044), but not with HOMA-B or -IR. A strong positive correlation between the C peptide/leptin ratio and non-fat mass /TBFM ratio was noted (r=0.62 [0.52, 0.71], p<0.0001).
Conclusions: Parameters of peripheral adiposity correlated better with markers of leptin system, and those of visceral adiposity with markers of insulin secretion/resistance. The sObR correlated independently and negatively with C peptide.
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Altered pathways in methylome and transcriptome longitudinal analysis of normal weight and bariatric surgery women. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6515. [PMID: 32296077 PMCID: PMC7160100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60814-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation could provide a link between environmental, genetic factors and weight control and can modify gene expression pattern. This study aimed to identify genes, which are differentially expressed and methylated depending on adiposity state by evaluating normal weight women and obese women before and after bariatric surgery (BS). We enrolled 24 normal weight (BMI: 22.5 ± 1.6 kg/m2) and 24 obese women (BMI: 43.3 ± 5.7 kg/m2) submitted to BS. Genome-wide methylation analysis was conducted using Infinium Human Methylation 450 BeadChip (threshold for significant CpG sites based on delta methylation level with a minimum value of 5%, a false discovery rate correction (FDR) of q < 0.05 was applied). Expression levels were measured using HumanHT-12v4 Expression BeadChip (cutoff of p ≤ 0.05 and fold change ≥2.0 was used to detect differentially expressed probes). The integrative analysis of both array data identified four genes (i.e. TPP2, PSMG6, ARL6IP1 and FAM49B) with higher methylation and lower expression level in pre-surgery women compared to normal weight women: and two genes (i.e. ZFP36L1 and USP32) that were differentially methylated after BS. These methylation changes were in promoter region and gene body. All genes are related to MAPK cascade, NIK/NF-kappaB signaling, cellular response to insulin stimulus, proteolysis and others. Integrating analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression evidenced that there is a set of genes relevant to obesity that changed after BS. A gene ontology analysis showed that these genes were enriched in biological functions related to adipogenesis, orexigenic, oxidative stress and insulin metabolism pathways. Also, our results suggest that although methylation plays a role in gene silencing, the majority of effects were not correlated.
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ElGendy K, Malcomson FC, Bradburn DM, Mathers JC. Effects of bariatric surgery on DNA methylation in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2019; 16:128-136. [PMID: 31708383 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2019.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism through which environmental factors, including obesity, influence health. Obesity is a major modifiable risk factor for many common diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Obesity-induced metabolic stress and inflammation are key mechanisms that affect disease risk and that may result from changes in methylation of metabolic and inflammatory genes. OBJECTIVES This review aims to report the effects of weight loss induced by bariatric surgery (BS) on DNA methylation in adults with obesity focusing on changes in metabolic and inflammatory genes. METHODS A systematic review was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus, to identify studies in adult humans that reported DNA methylation after BS. RESULTS Of 15,996 screened titles, 15 intervention studies were identified, all of which reported significantly lower body mass index postsurgery. DNA methylation was assessed in 5 different tissues (blood = 7 studies, adipose tissues = 4, skeletal muscle = 2, liver, and spermatozoa). Twelve studies reported significant changes in DNA methylation after BS. Meta-analysis showed that BS increased methylation of PDK4 loci in skeletal muscle and blood in 2 studies, while the effects of BS on IL6 methylation levels in blood were inconsistent. BS had no overall effect on LINE1 or PPARGC1 methylation. CONCLUSION The current evidence supports the reversibility of DNA methylation at specific loci in response to BS-induced weight loss. These changes are consistent with improved metabolic and inflammatory profiles of patients after BS. However, the evidence regarding the effects of BS on DNA methylation in humans is limited and inconsistent, which makes it difficult to combine and compare data across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil ElGendy
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Surgery Department, Northumbria NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Fiona C Malcomson
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - D Michael Bradburn
- Surgery Department, Northumbria NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John C Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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10
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Bekkering I, Leeuwerke M, Tanis JC, Schoots MH, Verkaik-Schakel RN, Plösch T, Bilardo CM, Eijsink JJH, Bos AF, Scherjon SA. Differential placental DNA methylation of VEGFA and LEP in small-for-gestational age fetuses with an abnormal cerebroplacental ratio. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221972. [PMID: 31469872 PMCID: PMC6716778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Fetal Growth Restriction ‘fetal programming’ may take place via DNA methylation, which has implications for short-term and long-term health outcomes. Small-for-gestational age fetuses are considered fetal growth restricted, characterized by brain-sparing when fetal Doppler hemodynamics are abnormal, expressed as a cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) <1. We aimed to determine whether brain-sparing is associated with altered DNA methylation of selected genes. Methods We compared DNA methylation of six genes in 41 small-for-gestational age placentas with a normal or abnormal CPR. We selected EPO, HIF1A, VEGFA, LEP, PHLDA2, and DHCR24 for their role in angiogenesis, immunomodulation, and placental and fetal growth. DNA methylation was analyzed by pyrosequencing. Results Growth restricted fetuses with an abnormal CPR showed hypermethylation of the VEGFA gene at one CpG (VEGFA-309, p = .001) and an overall hypomethylation of the LEP gene, being significant at two CpGs (LEP-123, p = .049; LEP-51, p = .020). No differences in methylation were observed for the other genes. Conclusions VEGFA and LEP genes are differentially methylated in placentas of small-for-gestational age fetuses with brain-sparing. Hypermethylation of VEGFA-309 in abnormal CPR-placentas could indicate successful compensatory mechanisms. Methylation of LEP-51 is known to suppress LEP expression. Hypomethylation in small-for-gestational age placentas with abnormal CPR may result in hyperleptinemia and predispose to leptin-resistance later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Bekkering
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neonatology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Mariëtte Leeuwerke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jozien C. Tanis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neonatology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirthe H. Schoots
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rikst Nynke Verkaik-Schakel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Caterina M. Bilardo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper J. H. Eijsink
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arend F. Bos
- Department of Neonatology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sicco A. Scherjon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Wróblewski A, Strycharz J, Świderska E, Drewniak K, Drzewoski J, Szemraj J, Kasznicki J, Śliwińska A. Molecular Insight into the Interaction between Epigenetics and Leptin in Metabolic Disorders. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081872. [PMID: 31408957 PMCID: PMC6723573 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, it is well-known that the deregulation of epigenetic machinery is a common biological event leading to the development and progression of metabolic disorders. Moreover, the expression level and actions of leptin, a vast adipocytokine regulating energy metabolism, appear to be strongly associated with epigenetics. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the current knowledge of the epigenetic regulation of leptin as well as the leptin-induced epigenetic modifications in metabolic disorders and associated phenomena. The collected data indicated that the deregulation of leptin expression and secretion that occurs during the course of metabolic diseases is underlain by a variation in the level of promoter methylation, the occurrence of histone modifications, along with miRNA interference. Furthermore, leptin was proven to epigenetically regulate several miRNAs and affect the activity of the histone deacetylases. These epigenetic modifications were observed in obesity, gestational diabetes, metabolic syndrome and concerned various molecular processes like glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, liver fibrosis, obesity-related carcinogenesis, adipogenesis or fetal/early postnatal programming. Moreover, the circulating miRNA profiles were associated with the plasma leptin level in metabolic syndrome, and miRNAs were found to be involved in hypothalamic leptin sensitivity. In summary, the evidence suggests that leptin is both a target and a mediator of epigenetic changes that develop in numerous tissues during metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Wróblewski
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Str., 92-215 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Justyna Strycharz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Str., 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Świderska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Str., 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Drewniak
- Student Scientific Society of the Civilization Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska Str., 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Józef Drzewoski
- Central Teaching Hospital of the Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska Str., 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Str., 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Kasznicki
- Department of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska Str., 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Śliwińska
- Department of Nucleic Acid Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska Str., 92-213 Lodz, Poland.
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12
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Abstract
The twin epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are a serious health, social, and economic issue. The dysregulation of adipose tissue biology is central to the development of these two metabolic disorders, as adipose tissue plays a pivotal role in regulating whole-body metabolism and energy homeostasis (1). Accumulating evidence indicates that multiple aspects of adipose biology are regulated, in part, by epigenetic mechanisms. The precise and comprehensive understanding of the epigenetic control of adipose tissue biology is crucial to identifying novel therapeutic interventions that target epigenetic issues. Here, we review the recent findings on DNA methylation events and machinery in regulating the developmental processes and metabolic function of adipocytes. We highlight the following points: 1) DNA methylation is a key epigenetic regulator of adipose development and gene regulation, 2) emerging evidence suggests that DNA methylation is involved in the transgenerational passage of obesity and other metabolic disorders, 3) DNA methylation is involved in regulating the altered transcriptional landscape of dysfunctional adipose tissue, 4) genome-wide studies reveal specific DNA methylation events that associate with obesity and T2D, and 5) the enzymatic effectors of DNA methylation have physiological functions in adipose development and metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ma
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Sona Kang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
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13
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Nogues P, Dos Santos E, Jammes H, Berveiller P, Arnould L, Vialard F, Dieudonné MN. Maternal obesity influences expression and DNA methylation of the adiponectin and leptin systems in human third-trimester placenta. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:20. [PMID: 30732639 PMCID: PMC6367801 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that obesity is associated with dysregulation of the ratio between the two major adipokines leptin and adiponectin. Furthermore, it was recently reported that maternal obesity has a significant impact on placental development. Leptin and adiponectin are present at the fetal-maternal interface and are involved in the development of a functional placenta. However, less is known about leptin and adiponectin's involvement in the placental alterations described in obese women. Hence, the objective of the present study was to characterize the placental expression and DNA methylation of these two adipokine systems (ligands and receptors) in obese women. RESULTS Biopsies were collected from the fetal and maternal sides of third-trimester placenta in obese and non-obese (control) women. In both groups, leptin levels were higher on the fetal side than the maternal side, suggesting that this cytokine has a pivotal role in fetal growth. Secondly, maternal obesity (in the absence of gestational diabetes) was associated with (i) elevated DNA methylation of the leptin promoter on fetal side only, (ii) hypomethylation of the adiponectin promoter on the maternal side only, (iii) significantly low levels of leptin receptor protein (albeit in the absence of differences in mRNA levels and promoter DNA methylation), (iv) significantly low levels of adiponectin receptor 1 mRNA expression on the maternal side only, and (v) elevated DNA methylation of the adiponectin receptor 2 promoter on the maternal side only. CONCLUSION Our present results showed that maternal obesity is associated with the downregulation of both leptin/adiponectin systems in term placenta, and thus a loss of the beneficial effects of these two adipokines on placental development. Maternal obesity was also associated with epigenetic changes in leptin and adiponectin systems; this highlighted the molecular mechanisms involved in the placenta's adaptation to a harmful maternal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Nogues
- GIG-EA 7404, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, 2 avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, F-78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Esther Dos Santos
- GIG-EA 7404, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, 2 avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, F-78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.,Service de Biologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Poissy, France
| | - Hélène Jammes
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Paul Berveiller
- GIG-EA 7404, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, 2 avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, F-78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.,Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Centre Hospitalier de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Poissy, France
| | - Lucie Arnould
- GIG-EA 7404, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, 2 avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, F-78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - François Vialard
- GIG-EA 7404, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, 2 avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, F-78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.,Département de Biologie de la Reproduction, Cytogénétique, Centre Hospitalier de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Poissy, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Dieudonné
- GIG-EA 7404, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, 2 avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, F-78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.
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14
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Neyazi A, Buchholz V, Burkert A, Hillemacher T, de Zwaan M, Herzog W, Jahn K, Giel K, Herpertz S, Buchholz CA, Dinkel A, Burgmer M, Zeeck A, Bleich S, Zipfel S, Frieling H. Association of Leptin Gene DNA Methylation With Diagnosis and Treatment Outcome of Anorexia Nervosa. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:197. [PMID: 31031654 PMCID: PMC6470249 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations are increasingly implicated in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa (AN) but are as yet poorly understood. We investigated possible associations between the leptin gene (LEP) and the leptin receptor gene (LEPR) DNA promoter methylation and (1) a diagnosis of AN and (2) outcome after a 10 months psychotherapeutic outpatient treatment. 129 (LEPR: n = 135) patients with AN were investigated during the large scale psychotherapeutic Anorexia Nervosa Treatment Outpatient Study (ANTOP) trial, compared to 117 (LEPR: n = 119) age and height matched, normal-weight healthy controls. Blood samples were taken at baseline, the end of therapy (40 weeks) and the 12-months follow-up and compared to controls. Methylation was measured in whole blood via bisulfite sequencing. Within the promoter region 32 (LEP) and 39 CpG sites (LEPR) were analyzed. Two key findings were observed. First, LEP and LEPR methylation at baseline were lower in patients compared to controls (LEP: [%] AN: 30.94 ± 13.2 vs. controls: 34.53 ± 14.6); LEPR ([%] AN: 3.73 ± 5.4 vs. controls: 5.22 ± 8.3, mixed linear models: both P < 0.001). Second, lower DNA methylation of the LEP promoter, with a dynamic upregulation during treatment, was associated with a full recovery in AN patients (% change from baseline to follow-up in full recovery patients: +35.13% (SD: 47.56); mixed linear model: P < 0.0001). To test for potential predictive properties of mean LEP DNA methylation a LEP DNA methylation cut-off (31.25% DNA methylation) was calculated, which significantly discriminated full recovery vs. full syndrome AN patients. This cut-off was then tested in a group of previously unclassified patients (missing follow-up data of the Structured Interview for Anorexic and Bulimic disorders; n = 33). Patients below the cut-off (31.25% LEP DNA methylation) showed an increase in BMI over time, while those above the cut-off had a decrease in BMI (ANOVA at the 12-months follow-up: P = 0.0142). To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating epigenetic alterations in AN over time. Our findings indicate that LEP DNA methylation might be involved in the disease course of AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Neyazi
- Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Buchholz
- Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra Burkert
- Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Hillemacher
- Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität Nürnberg, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Martina de Zwaan
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herzog
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Jahn
- Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Katrin Giel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Herpertz
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL University Clinic Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian A Buchholz
- Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Dinkel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Burgmer
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Almut Zeeck
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Disorders, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Bleich
- Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Helge Frieling
- Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
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15
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Abstract
The hypothalamus is the brain region responsible for the maintenance of energetic homeostasis. The regulation of this process arises from the ability of the hypothalamus to orchestrate complex physiological responses such as food intake and energy expenditure, circadian rhythm, stress response, and fertility. Metabolic alterations such as obesity can compromise these hypothalamic regulatory functions. Alterations in circadian rhythm, stress response, and fertility further contribute to aggravate the metabolic dysfunction of obesity and contribute to the development of chronic disorders such as depression and infertility.At cellular level, obesity caused by overnutrition can damage the hypothalamus promoting inflammation and impairing hypothalamic neurogenesis. Furthermore, hypothalamic neurons suffer apoptosis and impairment in synaptic plasticity that can compromise the proper functioning of the hypothalamus. Several factors contribute to these phenomena such as ER stress, oxidative stress, and impairments in autophagy. All these observations occur at the same time and it is still difficult to discern whether inflammatory processes are the main drivers of these cellular dysfunctions or if the hypothalamic hormone resistance (insulin, leptin, and ghrelin) can be pinpointed as the source of several of these events.Understanding the mechanisms that underlie the pathophysiology of obesity in the hypothalamus is crucial for the development of strategies that can prevent or attenuate the deleterious effects of obesity.
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16
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El Sayed S, Khairy E, Basheer AR, Zaki WS, Ahmad GF, Kassim SK. Evaluation of leptin and MMP2 genes methylation in childhood obesity. GENE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Aronica L, Levine AJ, Brennan K, Mi J, Gardner C, Haile RW, Hitchins MP. A systematic review of studies of DNA methylation in the context of a weight loss intervention. Epigenomics 2018; 9:769-787. [PMID: 28517981 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Obesity results from the interaction of genetic and environmental factors, which may involve epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation (DNAm). MATERIALS & METHODS We have followed the PRISMA protocol to select studies that analyzed DNAm at baseline and end point of a weight loss intervention using either candidate-locus or genome-wide approaches. RESULTS Six genes displayed weight loss associated DNAm across four out of nine genome-wide studies. Weight loss is associated with significant but small changes in DNAm across the genome, and weight loss outcome is associated with individual differences in baseline DNAm at several genomic locations. CONCLUSION The identified weight loss associated DNAm markers, especially those showing reproducibility across different studies, warrant validation by further studies with robust design and adequate power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Aronica
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A Joan Levine
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin Brennan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeffrey Mi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christopher Gardner
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert W Haile
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Megan P Hitchins
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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18
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Labrecque J, Laforest S, Michaud A, Biertho L, Tchernof A. Impact of Bariatric Surgery on White Adipose Tissue Inflammation. Can J Diabetes 2017; 41:407-417. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Chen M, Wang X, Hu Z, Zhou H, Xu Y, Qiu L, Qin X, Zhang Y, Ying Z. Programming of mouse obesity by maternal exposure to concentrated ambient fine particles. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:20. [PMID: 28645299 PMCID: PMC5481884 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-017-0201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many diseases including obesity may originate through alterations in the early-life environment that interrupts fetal development. Increasing evidence has shown that exposure to ambient fine particles (PM2.5) is associated with abnormal fetal development. However, its long-term metabolic effects on offspring have not been systematically investigated. RESULTS To determine if maternal exposure to PM2.5 programs offspring obesity, female C57Bl/6j mice were exposed to filtered air (FA) or concentrated ambient PM2.5 (CAP) during pre-conception, pregnancy, and lactation, and the developmental and metabolic responses of offspring were assessed. The growth trajectory of offspring revealed that maternal exposure to CAP significantly decreased offspring birth weight but increased body weight of adult male but not female offspring, and the latter was expressed as increased adiposity. These adult male offspring had increased food intake, but were sensitive to exogenous leptin. Their hypothalamic expression of Socs3 and Pomc, two target genes of leptin, was not changed, and the hypothalamic expression of NPY, an orexigenic peptide that is inhibited by leptin, was significantly increased. These decreases in central anorexigenic signaling were accompanied by reduced plasma leptin and its expression in adipose tissues, the primary source of circulating leptin. In contrast, maternal exposure did not significantly change any of these indexes in adult female offspring. Pyrosequencing demonstrated that the leptin promoter methylation of adipocytes was significantly increased in CAP-exposed male but not female offspring. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that maternal exposure to ambient PM2.5 programs obesity in male offspring probably through alterations in the methylation of the promoter region of the leptin gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St. HSFII S022, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Xiaoke Wang
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St. HSFII S022, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019 China
| | - Ziying Hu
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St. HSFII S022, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
- Department of Endocrinology, the People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Provincial People’s Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan 450003 China
| | - Huifen Zhou
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St. HSFII S022, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Yanyi Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Lianglin Qiu
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St. HSFII S022, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019 China
| | - Xiaobo Qin
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St. HSFII S022, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Zhekang Ying
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St. HSFII S022, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
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20
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Saenen ND, Vrijens K, Janssen BG, Roels HA, Neven KY, Vanden Berghe W, Gyselaers W, Vanpoucke C, Lefebvre W, De Boever P, Nawrot TS. Lower Placental Leptin Promoter Methylation in Association with Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution during Pregnancy and Placental Nitrosative Stress at Birth in the ENVIRONAGE Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:262-268. [PMID: 27623604 PMCID: PMC5289914 DOI: 10.1289/ehp38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particulate matter with a diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) affects human fetal development during pregnancy. Oxidative stress is a putative mechanism by which PM2.5 may exert its effects. Leptin (LEP) is an energy-regulating hormone involved in fetal growth and development. OBJECTIVES We investigated in placental tissue whether DNA methylation of the LEP promoter is associated with PM2.5 and whether the oxidative/nitrosative stress biomarker 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NTp) is involved. METHODS LEP DNA methylation status of 361 placentas from the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort was assessed using bisulfite-PCR-pyrosequencing. Placental 3-NTp (n = 313) was determined with an ELISA assay. Daily PM2.5 exposure levels were estimated for each mother's residence, accounting for residential mobility during pregnancy, using a spatiotemporal interpolation model. RESULTS After adjustment for a priori chosen covariates, placental LEP methylation was 1.4% lower (95% CI: -2.7, -0.19%) in association with an interquartile range increment (7.5 μg/m3) in second-trimester PM2.5 exposure and 0.43% lower (95% CI: -0.85, -0.02%) in association with a doubling of placental 3-NTp content. CONCLUSIONS LEP methylation status in the placenta was negatively associated with PM2.5 exposure during the second trimester, and with placental 3-NTp, a marker of oxidative/nitrosative stress. Additional research is needed to confirm our findings and to assess whether oxidative/nitrosative stress might contribute to associations between PM2.5 and placental epigenetic events. Potential consequences for health during the neonatal period and later in life warrant further exploration. Citation: Saenen ND, Vrijens K, Janssen BG, Roels HA, Neven KY, Vanden Berghe W, Gyselaers W, Vanpoucke C, Lefebvre W, De Boever P, Nawrot TS. 2017. Lower placental leptin promoter methylation in association with fine particulate matter air pollution during pregnancy and placental nitrosative stress at birth in the ENVIRONAGE cohort. Environ Health Perspect 125:262-268; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly D. Saenen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Karen Vrijens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Bram G. Janssen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Harry A. Roels
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kristof Y. Neven
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wilfried Gyselaers
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Obstetrics, East-Limburg Hospital, Genk, Belgium
| | | | | | - Patrick De Boever
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium
| | - Tim S. Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Centre for Environment and Health, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
- Address correspondence to T.S. Nawrot, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium, Telephone: 32-11-268382. E-mail:
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Hernández-Aguilera A, Fernández-Arroyo S, Cuyàs E, Luciano-Mateo F, Cabre N, Camps J, Lopez-Miranda J, Menendez JA, Joven J. Epigenetics and nutrition-related epidemics of metabolic diseases: Current perspectives and challenges. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 96:191-204. [PMID: 27503834 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We live in a world fascinated by the relationship between disease and nutritional disequilibrium. The subtle and slow effects of chronic nutrient toxicity are a major public health concern. Since food is potentially important for the development of "metabolic memory", there is a need for more information on the type of nutrients causing adverse or toxic effects. We now know that metabolic alterations produced by excessive intake of some nutrients, drugs and chemicals directly impact epigenetic regulation. We envision that understanding how metabolic pathways are coordinated by environmental and genetic factors will provide novel insights for the treatment of metabolic diseases. New methods will enable the assembly and analysis of large sets of complex molecular and clinical data for understanding how inflammation and mitochondria affect bioenergetics, epigenetics and health. Collectively, the observations we highlight indicate that energy utilization and disease are intimately connected by epigenetics. The challenge is to incorporate metabolo-epigenetic data in better interpretations of disease, to expedite therapeutic targeting of key pathways linking nutritional toxicity and metabolism. An additional concern is that changes in the parental phenotype are detectable in the methylome of subsequent offspring. The effect might create a menace to future generations and preconceptional considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hernández-Aguilera
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Salvador Fernández-Arroyo
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Elisabet Cuyàs
- Molecular Oncology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain; ProCURE (Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance), Metabolism and Cancer Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Spain
| | - Fedra Luciano-Mateo
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Noemi Cabre
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Jordi Camps
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Jose Lopez-Miranda
- Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier A Menendez
- Molecular Oncology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain; ProCURE (Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance), Metabolism and Cancer Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Spain.
| | - Jorge Joven
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain; The Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Tarragona, Spain.
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22
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Catteau A, Caillon H, Barrière P, Denis MG, Masson D, Fréour T. Leptin and its potential interest in assisted reproduction cycles. Hum Reprod Update 2015; 22:320-41. [PMID: 26663219 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin, an adipose hormone, has been shown to control energy homeostasis and food intake, and exert many actions on female reproductive function. Consequently, this adipokine is a pivotal factor in studies conducted on animal models and humans to decipher the mechanisms behind the infertility often observed in obese women. METHODS A systematic PubMed search was conducted on all articles, published up to January 2015 and related to leptin and its actions on energy balance and reproduction, using the following key words: leptin, reproduction, infertility, IVF and controlled ovarian stimulation. The available literature was reviewed in order to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the physiological roles of leptin, its involvement in female reproductive function and its potential interest as a prognostic marker in IVF cycles. RESULTS Animal and human studies show that leptin communicates nutritional status to the central nervous system and emerging evidence has demonstrated that leptin is involved in the control of reproductive functions by acting both directly on the ovaries and indirectly on the central nervous system. With respect to the clinical use of leptin as a biomarker in IVF cycles, a systematic review of the literature suggested its potential interest as a predictor of IVF outcome, as high serum and/or follicular fluid leptin concentrations have correlated negatively with cycle outcome. However, these preliminary results remain to be confirmed. CONCLUSION Leptin regulates energy balance and female reproductive function, mainly through its action on hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian function, whose molecular and cellular aspects are progressively being deciphered. Preliminary studies evaluating leptin as a biomarker in human IVF seem promising but need further confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Catteau
- Service de médecine et biologie du développement et de la reproduction, Hôpital mère et enfant, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France Faculté de médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - H Caillon
- Laboratoire de biochimie, Institut de biologie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - P Barrière
- Service de médecine et biologie du développement et de la reproduction, Hôpital mère et enfant, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France Faculté de médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France INSERM UMR 1064 - ITUN, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - M G Denis
- Faculté de médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France Laboratoire de biochimie, Institut de biologie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France INSERM UMR 913, Nantes, France
| | - D Masson
- Faculté de médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France Laboratoire de biochimie, Institut de biologie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France INSERM UMR 913, Nantes, France
| | - T Fréour
- Service de médecine et biologie du développement et de la reproduction, Hôpital mère et enfant, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France Faculté de médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France INSERM UMR 1064 - ITUN, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France Clínica EUGIN, 08029 Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Dearden L, Ozanne SE. Early life origins of metabolic disease: Developmental programming of hypothalamic pathways controlling energy homeostasis. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 39:3-16. [PMID: 26296796 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A wealth of animal and human studies demonstrate that perinatal exposure to adverse metabolic conditions - be it maternal obesity, diabetes or under-nutrition - results in predisposition of offspring to develop obesity later in life. This mechanism is a contributing factor to the exponential rise in obesity rates. Increased weight gain in offspring exposed to maternal obesity is usually associated with hyperphagia, implicating altered central regulation of energy homeostasis as an underlying cause. Perinatal development of the hypothalamus (a brain region key to metabolic regulation) is plastic and sensitive to metabolic signals during this critical time window. Recent research in non-human primate and rodent models has demonstrated that exposure to adverse maternal environments impairs the development of hypothalamic structure and consequently function, potentially underpinning metabolic phenotypes in later life. This review summarizes our current knowledge of how adverse perinatal environments program hypothalamic development and explores the mechanisms that could mediate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dearden
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
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24
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Reynolds CM, Gray C, Li M, Segovia SA, Vickers MH. Early Life Nutrition and Energy Balance Disorders in Offspring in Later Life. Nutrients 2015; 7:8090-111. [PMID: 26402696 PMCID: PMC4586579 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes is often causally linked to changes in diet and lifestyle; namely increased intake of calorically dense foods and concomitant reductions in physical activity. Epidemiological studies in humans and controlled animal intervention studies have now shown that nutritional programming in early periods of life is a phenomenon that affects metabolic and physiological functions throughout life. This link is conceptualised as the developmental programming hypothesis whereby environmental influences during critical periods of developmental plasticity can elicit lifelong effects on the health and well-being of the offspring. The mechanisms by which early environmental insults can have long-term effects on offspring remain poorly defined. However there is evidence from intervention studies which indicate altered wiring of the hypothalamic circuits that regulate energy balance and epigenetic effects including altered DNA methylation of key adipokines including leptin. Studies that elucidate the mechanisms behind these associations will have a positive impact on the health of future populations and adopting a life course perspective will allow identification of phenotype and markers of risk earlier, with the possibility of nutritional and other lifestyle interventions that have obvious implications for prevention of non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Reynolds
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Clint Gray
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Minglan Li
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Stephanie A Segovia
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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25
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Leptin resistance in obesity: An epigenetic landscape. Life Sci 2015; 140:57-63. [PMID: 25998029 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipocyte-secreted hormone that inhibits food intake and stimulates energy expenditure through interactions with neuronal pathways in the brain, particularly pathways involving the hypothalamus. Intact functioning of the leptin route is required for body weight and energy homeostasis. Given its function, the discovery of leptin increased expectations for the treatment of obesity. However, most obese individuals and subjects with a predisposition to regain weight after losing it have leptin concentrations than lean individuals, but despite the anorexigenic function of this hormone, appetite is not effectively suppressed in these individuals. This phenomenon has been deemed leptin resistance and could be the result of impairments at a number of levels in the leptin signalling pathway, including reduced access of the hormone to its receptor due to changes in receptor expression or changes in post-receptor signal transduction. Epigenetic regulation of the leptin signalling circuit could be a potential mechanism of leptin function disturbance. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms, particularly the epigenetic regulation mechanisms, involved in leptin resistance associated with obesity and the therapeutic potential of these molecular mechanisms in the battle against the obesity pandemic.
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26
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Houde AA, Légaré C, Biron S, Lescelleur O, Biertho L, Marceau S, Tchernof A, Vohl MC, Hivert MF, Bouchard L. Leptin and adiponectin DNA methylation levels in adipose tissues and blood cells are associated with BMI, waist girth and LDL-cholesterol levels in severely obese men and women. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2015; 16:29. [PMID: 25929254 PMCID: PMC4631085 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-015-0174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin (LEP) and adiponectin (ADIPOQ) genes encode adipokines that are mainly secreted by adipose tissues, involved in energy balance and suspected to play a role in the pathways linking adiposity to impaired glucose and insulin homeostasis. We have thus hypothesized that LEP and ADIPOQ DNA methylation changes might be involved in obesity development and its related complications. The objective of this study was to assess whether LEP and ADIPOQ DNA methylation levels measured in subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissues (VAT) are associated with anthropometric measures and metabolic profile in severely obese men and women. These analyses were repeated with DNA methylation profiles from blood cells obtained from the same individuals to determine whether they showed similarities. METHODS Paired SAT, VAT and blood samples were obtained from 73 severely obese patients undergoing a bioliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. LEP and ADIPOQ DNA methylation and mRNA levels were quantified using bisulfite-pyrosequencing and qRT-PCR respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficients were computed to determine the associations between LEP and ADIPOQ DNA methylation levels, anthropometric measures and metabolic profile. RESULTS DNA methylation levels at the ADIPOQ gene locus in SAT was positively associated with BMI and waist girth whereas LEP DNA methylation levels in blood cells were negatively associated with body mass index (BMI). Fasting LDL-C levels were found to be positively correlated with DNA methylation levels at LEP-CpG11 and -CpG17 in blood and SAT and with ADIPOQ DNA methylation levels in SAT (CpGE1 and CpGE3) and VAT (CpGE1). CONCLUSIONS These results confirm that LEP and ADIPOQ epigenetic profiles are associated with obesity. We also report associations between LDL-C levels and both LEP and ADIPOQ DNA methylation levels suggesting that LDL-C might regulate their epigenetic profiles in adipose tissues. Furthermore, similar correlations were observed between LDL-C and LEP blood DNA methylation levels suggesting a common regulatory pathway of DNA methylation in both adipose tissues and blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée-Anne Houde
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
- ECOGENE-21 and Clinical Research Center and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Saguenay, QC, Canada.
| | - Cécilia Légaré
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
- ECOGENE-21 and Clinical Research Center and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Saguenay, QC, Canada.
| | - Simon Biron
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Odette Lescelleur
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Laurent Biertho
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Simon Marceau
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec, Canada.
| | - André Tchernof
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Canada.
- Axe Endocrinologie et Néphrologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada.
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada.
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Axe Endocrinologie et Néphrologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada.
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Institute of Nutrition & Functional Foods, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Luigi Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
- ECOGENE-21 and Clinical Research Center and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Saguenay, QC, Canada.
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27
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Brenseke B, Bahamonde J, Talanian M, Kornfeind E, Daly J, Cobb G, Zhang J, Prater MR, Davis GC, Good DJ. Mitigating or exacerbating effects of maternal-fetal programming of female mice through the food choice environment. Endocrinology 2015; 156:182-92. [PMID: 25386832 PMCID: PMC4272389 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Humans live, eat, and become overweight/obese in complex surroundings where there are many available food choices. Prenatal exposure to poor food choices predisposes offspring to increased negative health risks, including obesity. Many animal experiments have analyzed intergenerational body weight parameters in an environment without food choices, which may not be directly translatable to the human food environment. In this study, offspring from mothers with a defined high-fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet (LFD) were arbitrarily assigned to either an exclusively LFD or HFD or to a diet where they have a choice between LFD and HFD (choice diet). Offspring displayed negative outcomes of increased body weight, body fat, serum leptin, and blood glucose levels when given the choice diet compared with offspring on the LFD. Conversely, improved energy expenditure was found for offspring given the choice diet compared with offspring from HFD dams given LFD. In addition, maternal diet-specific influences on offspring metabolic parameters were identified, especially in offspring from HFD dams, including positive outcomes of reduced leptin in LFD offspring, reduced corticosterone and cholesterol levels in HFD offspring, and increased exercise levels in choice offspring, as well as the negative outcome of increased calorie intake in LFD offspring from HFD dams. This defined model can now be used as the basis for future studies to characterize the cycle of inter- and intragenerational obesity and whether more realistic diet environments, especially those including choice, can mitigate phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Brenseke
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology (B.B., J.B., E.K., M.R.P.), Agricultural and Applied Economics (G.C.D.), and Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise (M.T., J.D., G.C., J.Z., D.J.G.),Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.R.P.), Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060
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28
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Lesseur C, Armstrong DA, Paquette AG, Li Z, Padbury JF, Marsit CJ. Maternal obesity and gestational diabetes are associated with placental leptin DNA methylation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 211:654.e1-9. [PMID: 24954653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to investigate relationships between maternal prepregnancy obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus and placental leptin DNA methylation. STUDY DESIGN This study comprises data on 535 mother-infant dyads enrolled in the Rhode Island Child Health Study, a prospective cohort study of healthy term pregnancies. Prepregnancy body mass index was calculated from self-reported anthropometric measures and gestational diabetes mellitus diagnoses gathered from inpatient medical records. DNA methylation of the leptin promoter region was assessed in placental tissue collected at birth using quantitative bisulfite pyrosequencing. RESULTS In a multivariable regression analysis adjusted for confounders, infants exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus had higher placental leptin methylation (β = 1.89, P = .04), as did those demonstrating prepregnancy obesity (β = 1.17, P = .06). Using a structural equations model, we observed that gestational diabetes mellitus is a mediator of the effects of prepregnancy obesity on placental leptin DNA methylation (β = 0.81, 95% confidence interval, 0.27-2.71). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the maternal metabolic status before and during pregnancy can alter placental DNA methylation profile at birth and potentially contribute to metabolic programming of obesity and related conditions.
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29
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Guay SP, Brisson D, Lamarche B, Biron S, Lescelleur O, Biertho L, Marceau S, Vohl MC, Gaudet D, Bouchard L. ADRB3 gene promoter DNA methylation in blood and visceral adipose tissue is associated with metabolic disturbances in men. Epigenomics 2014; 6:33-43. [PMID: 24579945 DOI: 10.2217/epi.13.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM ADRB3 DNA hypermethylation was recently associated with dyslipidemia in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). In this study, we verified whether ADRB3 DNA methylation in blood and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was associated with obesity and its related complications. METHODS DNA methylation levels were measured in the blood of 61 FH men, and the blood and VAT of 30 severely obese men. Common ADRB3 polymorphisms were genotyped in all subjects. RESULTS Higher ADRB3 DNA methylation levels were significantly associated with lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (r = -0.40; p = 0.01) in FH, and with a lower waist-to-hip ratio (r = -0.55; p = 0.01) and higher blood pressure (r = 0.43; p = 0.05) in severely obese men. ADRB3 g.-843C>T and p.W64R polymorphisms were found to be strongly associated (p < 0.001) with ADRB3 DNA methylation and mRNA levels. CONCLUSION Although further studies are needed, these results suggest that epigenetic changes at the ADRB3 gene locus might be involved in the development of obesity and its related metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon-Pierre Guay
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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30
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Schleinitz D, Böttcher Y, Blüher M, Kovacs P. The genetics of fat distribution. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1276-86. [PMID: 24632736 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fat stored in visceral depots makes obese individuals more prone to complications than subcutaneous fat. There is good evidence that body fat distribution (FD) is controlled by genetic factors. WHR, a surrogate measure of FD, shows significant heritability of up to ∼60%, even after adjusting for BMI. Genetic variants have been linked to various forms of altered FD such as lipodystrophies; however, the polygenic background of visceral obesity has only been sparsely investigated in the past. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for measures of FD revealed numerous loci harbouring genes potentially regulating FD. In addition, genes with fat depot-specific expression patterns (in particular subcutaneous vs visceral adipose tissue) provide plausible candidate genes involved in the regulation of FD. Many of these genes are differentially expressed in various fat compartments and correlate with obesity-related traits, thus further supporting their role as potential mediators of metabolic alterations associated with a distinct FD. Finally, developmental genes may at a very early stage determine specific FD in later life. Indeed, genes such as TBX15 not only manifest differential expression in various fat depots, but also correlate with obesity and related traits. Moreover, recent GWAS identified several polymorphisms in developmental genes (including TBX15, HOXC13, RSPO3 and CPEB4) strongly associated with FD. More accurate methods, including cardiometabolic imaging, for assessment of FD are needed to promote our understanding in this field, where the main focus is now to unravel the yet unknown biological function of these novel 'fat distribution genes'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Schleinitz
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Waterland RA. Epigenetic mechanisms affecting regulation of energy balance: many questions, few answers. Annu Rev Nutr 2014; 34:337-55. [PMID: 24850387 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071813-105315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Extensive human and animal model data show that nutrition and other environmental influences during critical periods of embryonic, fetal, and early postnatal life can affect the development of body weight regulatory pathways, with permanent consequences for risk of obesity. Epigenetic processes are widely viewed as a leading mechanism to explain the lifelong persistence of such "developmental programming" of energy balance. Despite meaningful progress in recent years, however, significant research obstacles impede our ability to test this hypothesis. Accordingly, this review attempts to summarize progress toward answering the following outstanding questions: Is epigenetic dysregulation a major cause of human obesity? In what cells/tissues is epigenetic regulation most important for energy balance? Does developmental programming of human body weight regulation occur via epigenetic mechanisms? Do epigenetic mechanisms have a greater impact on food intake or energy expenditure? Does epigenetic inheritance contribute to transgenerational patterns of obesity? In each case, significant obstacles and suggested approaches to surmounting them are elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Waterland
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas 77030;
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32
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Houde AA, Légaré C, Hould FS, Lebel S, Marceau P, Tchernof A, Vohl MC, Hivert MF, Bouchard L. Cross-tissue comparisons of leptin and adiponectin: DNA methylation profiles. Adipocyte 2014; 3:132-40. [PMID: 24719787 DOI: 10.4161/adip.28308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation has been mostly studied in circulating blood cells. Although being readily accessible, metabolically active tissues such as adipose tissue would be more informative for the study of metabolic disorders. However, whether or not the blood DNA methylation profile correlates with that of adipose tissue remains unknown. In this study, DNA methylation patterns of variation at LEP and ADIPOQ gene loci were similar between individual CpGs across the different tissues. We also report that DNA methylation levels at biologically relevant CpGs are correlated between blood, subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissue, and that these nearby CpGs are associated with LEP and ADIPOQ gene expression in adipose tissues. These results will be highly relevant for future epigenetic studies in metabolic disorders.
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Hogg K, Robinson WP, Beristain AG. Activation of endocrine-related gene expression in placental choriocarcinoma cell lines following DNA methylation knock-down. Mol Hum Reprod 2014; 20:677-89. [PMID: 24623739 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gau020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, placental DNA methylation is assessed as a factor in pregnancy-related complications, yet the transcriptional impact of such findings is not always clear. Using a proliferative in vitro placental model, the effect of DNA methylation loss on gene activation was evaluated at a number of genes selected for being differentially methylated in pre-eclampsia-associated placentae in vivo. We aimed to determine whether reduced DNA methylation at specific loci was associated with transcriptional changes at the corresponding gene, thus providing mechanistic underpinnings for previous clinical findings and to assess the degree of transcriptional response amongst our candidate genes. BeWo and JEG3 choriocarcinoma cells were exposed to 1 μM 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) or vehicle control for 48 h, and re-plated and cultured for a further 72 h in normal media before cells were harvested for RNA and DNA. Bisulphite pyrosequencing confirmed that DNA methylation was reduced by ∼30-50% points at the selected loci studied in both cell lines. Gene activation, measured by qRT-PCR, was highly variable and transcript specific, indicating differential sensitivity to DNA methylation. Most notably, loss of DNA methylation at the leptin (LEP) promoter corresponded to a 200-fold and 40-fold increase in LEP expression in BeWo and JEG3 cells, respectively (P < 0.01). Transcripts of steroidogenic pathway enzymes CYP11A1 and HSD3B1 were up-regulated ∼40-fold in response to 5-Aza-CdR exposure in BeWo cells (P < 0.01). Other transcripts, including aromatase (CYP19), HSD11B2, inhibin (INHBA) and glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) were more moderately, although significantly, affected by loss of associated DNA methylation. These data present a mixed effect of DNA methylation changes at selected loci supporting cautionary interpretation of DNA methylation results in the absence of functional data.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hogg
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - W P Robinson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A G Beristain
- Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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García-Cardona MC, Huang F, García-Vivas JM, López-Camarillo C, Del Río Navarro BE, Navarro Olivos E, Hong-Chong E, Bolaños-Jiménez F, Marchat LA. DNA methylation of leptin and adiponectin promoters in children is reduced by the combined presence of obesity and insulin resistance. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38:1457-65. [PMID: 24549138 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epigenetic alterations have been suggested to be associated with obesity and related metabolic disorders. Here we examined the correlation between obesity and insulin resistance with the methylation frequency of the leptin (LEP) and adiponectin (ADIPOQ) promoters in obese adolescents with the aim to identify epigenetic markers that might be used as tools to predict and follow up the physiological alterations associated with the development of the metabolic syndrome. SUBJECTS One hundred and six adolescents were recruited and classified according to body mass index and homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance index. The circulating concentrations of leptin, adiponectin and of several metabolic markers of obesity and insulin resistance were determined by standard methods. The methylation frequency of the LEP and ADIPOQ promoters was determined by methylation-specific PCR (MS-PCR) in DNA obtained from peripheral blood samples. RESULTS Obese adolescents without insulin resistance showed higher and lower circulating levels of, respectively, leptin and adiponectin along with increased plasmatic concentrations of insulin and triglycerides. They also exhibited the same methylation frequency than lean subjects of the CpG sites located at -51 and -31 nt relative to the transcription start site of the LEP gene. However, the methylation frequency of these nucleotides dropped markedly in obese adolescents with insulin resistance. We found the same inverse relationship between the combined presence of obesity and insulin resistance and the methylation frequency of the CpG site located at -283 nt relative to the start site of the ADIPOQ promoter. CONCLUSIONS These observations sustain the hypothesis that epigenetic modifications might underpin the development of obesity and related metabolic disorders. They also validate the use of blood leukocytes and MS-PCR as a reliable and affordable methodology for the identification of epigenetic modifications that could be used as molecular markers to predict and follow up the physiological changes associated with obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C García-Cardona
- Programa de Biomedicina Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - F Huang
- Laboratorio de Farmacología y Toxicología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, México City, Mexico
| | - J M García-Vivas
- Programa de Biotecnología, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - C López-Camarillo
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, México City, Mexico
| | - B E Del Río Navarro
- Departamento de Alergia, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, México City, Mexico
| | - E Navarro Olivos
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca Morelos, México City, Mexico
| | - E Hong-Chong
- Departamento de Farmacología, CINVESTAV-IPN, México City, Mexico
| | - F Bolaños-Jiménez
- INRA, UMR1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Université, Nantes, France
| | - L A Marchat
- 1] Programa de Biomedicina Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico [2] Programa de Biotecnología, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
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XU XINYUN, YANG XINJUN, LIU ZIWEI, WU KELE, LIU ZHENG, LIN CHONG, WANG YUHUAN, YAN HONGTAO. Placental leptin gene methylation and macrosomia during normal pregnancy. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1013-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Lesseur C, Armstrong DA, Paquette AG, Koestler DC, Padbury JF, Marsit CJ. Tissue-specific Leptin promoter DNA methylation is associated with maternal and infant perinatal factors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 381:160-7. [PMID: 23911897 PMCID: PMC3795868 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Leptin a regulator of body weight is involved in reproductive and developmental functions. Leptin promoter DNA methylation (LEP) regulates gene expression in a tissue-specific manner and has been linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes. In non-pathologic human pregnancies, we assessed LEP methylation, genotyped the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2167270 in placental (n=81), maternal and cord blood samples (n=60), and examined the association between methylation, genotype, and perinatal factors. Maternal blood LEP methylation was lower in pre-pregnancy obese women (P=0.01). Cord blood LEP methylation was higher in small for gestational age (SGA) (P=4.6×10(-3)) and A/A genotype (P=1.6×10(-4)), lower (-1.47, P=0.03) in infants born to pre-pregnancy obese mothers and correlated (P=0.01) with maternal blood LEP. Gender was associated with placental LEP methylation (P=0.05). These results suggest that LEP epigenetic control may be influenced by perinatal factors including: maternal obesity, infant growth, genotype and gender in a tissue-specific manner and may have multigenerational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Lesseur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7650 Remsen, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - David A. Armstrong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7650 Remsen, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Alison G. Paquette
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7650 Remsen, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Devin C. Koestler
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, 7927 Rubin Building, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - James F. Padbury
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & infants Hospital of RI, Brown University, Box G-WIH, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Carmen J. Marsit
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7650 Remsen, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, 7927 Rubin Building, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Leptin's Pro-Angiogenic Signature in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:1140-62. [PMID: 24202338 PMCID: PMC3795383 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5031140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is linked to increased incidence of breast cancer. The precise causes and mechanisms of these morbid relationships are unknown. Contradictory data on leptin angiogenic actions have been published. However, accumulating evidence would suggest that leptin’s pro-angiogenic effects in cancer play an essential role in the disease. Leptin, the main adipokine secreted by adipose tissue, is also abnormally expressed together with its receptor (OB-R) by breast cancer cells. Leptin induces proliferation and angiogenic differentiation of endothelial cells upregulates VEGF/VEGFR2 and transactivates VEGFR2 independent of VEGF. Leptin induces two angiogenic factors: IL-1 and Notch that can increase VEGF expression. Additionally, leptin induces the secretion and synthesis of proteases and adhesion molecules needed for the development of angiogenesis. Leptin’s paracrine actions can further affect stromal cells and tumor associated macrophages, which express OB-R and secrete VEGF and IL-1, respectively. A complex crosstalk between leptin, Notch and IL-1 (NILCO) that induces VEGF/VEGFR2 is found in breast cancer. Leptin actions in tumor angiogenesis could amplify, be redundant and/or compensatory to VEGF signaling. Current failure of breast cancer anti-angiogenic therapies emphasizes the necessity of targeting the contribution of other pro-angiogenic factors in breast cancer. Leptin’s impact on tumor angiogenesis could be a novel target for breast cancer, especially in obese patients. However, more research is needed to establish the importance of leptin in tumor angiogenesis. This review is focused on updated information on how leptin could contribute to tumor angiogenesis.
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Obermann-Borst SA, Eilers PHC, Tobi EW, de Jong FH, Slagboom PE, Heijmans BT, Steegers-Theunissen RPM. Duration of breastfeeding and gender are associated with methylation of the LEPTIN gene in very young children. Pediatr Res 2013; 74:344-9. [PMID: 23884163 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2013.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal environmental factors have been associated with the metabolic programming of children and consequent disease risks in later life. Epigenetic modifications that lead to altered gene expression may be involved. Here, we study early life environmental and constitutional factors in association with the DNA methylation of leptin (LEP), a non-imprinted gene implicated in appetite regulation and fat metabolism. METHODS We investigated maternal education, breastfeeding, and constitutional factors of the child at 17 mo of age. We measured the DNA methylation of LEP in whole blood and the concentration of leptin in serum. RESULTS Duration of breastfeeding was negatively associated with LEP methylation. Low education (≤12 y of education) was associated with higher LEP methylation. Boys had higher birth weight and lower LEP methylation than girls. An inverse association was established between birth weight per SD increase (+584 g) and LEP methylation. High BMI and leptin concentration were associated with lower methylation of LEP. CONCLUSION The early life environment and constitutional factors of the child are associated with epigenetic variations in LEP. Future studies must reveal whether breastfeeding and the associated decrease in LEP methylation is an epigenetic mechanism contributing to the protective effect of breastfeeding against obesity.
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Crujeiras AB, Campion J, Díaz-Lagares A, Milagro FI, Goyenechea E, Abete I, Casanueva FF, Martínez JA. Association of weight regain with specific methylation levels in the NPY and POMC promoters in leukocytes of obese men: a translational study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 186:1-6. [PMID: 23831408 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Specific methylation of appetite-related genes in leukocytes could serve as a useful biomarker to predict weight regain after an energy restriction program. We aimed to evaluate whether the pre-intervention DNA methylation patterns involved in the epigenetic control of appetite-regulatory genes in leukocytes are associated with the weight regain process. Eighteen men who lost ≥5% of body weight after an 8-week nutritional intervention were categorized as "regainers" (≥10% weight regain) and "non-regainers" (<10% weight regain) 32weeks after stopping dieting. At baseline, leukocytes were isolated and DNA was analyzed for epigenetic methylation patterns of appetite-related gene promoters by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Regainers showed higher methylation levels than non-regainers in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) CpG sites +136bp and +138bp (fold change from non-regainers=26%; p=0.020) and lower methylation of the whole analyzed region of neuropeptide Y (NPY; fold change from non-regainers=-22%; p=0.033), as well as of several individual NPY-promoter CpG sites. Importantly, total baseline NPY methylation was associated with weight-loss regain (r=-0.76; p<0.001), baseline plasma ghrelin levels (r=0.60; p=0.011) and leptin/ghrelin ratio (r=-0.52; p=0.046). Lower methylation levels of POMC CpG sites +136bp and +138bp were associated with success in weight-loss maintenance (odds ratio=0.042 [95% CI 0.01-0.57]; p=0.018), whereas lower total methylation levels in NPY promoter were associated with higher risk of weight regain (odds ratio=14.0 [95% CI 1.13-172]; p=0.039). Therefore, the study of leukocyte methylation levels reflects a putative epigenetic regulation of NPY and POMC, which might be implicated in the weight regain process and be used as biomarkers for predicting weight regain after dieting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Crujeiras
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Spain; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC), Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain.
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Schrey S, Kingdom J, Baczyk D, Fitzgerald B, Keating S, Ryan G, Drewlo S. Leptin is differentially expressed and epigenetically regulated across monochorionic twin placenta with discordant fetal growth. Mol Hum Reprod 2013; 19:764-72. [PMID: 23832168 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gat048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severely growth-discordant monochorionic (MC) twins offer a unique opportunity to study fetal and placental growth based on a similar genetic background and maternal host environment where the healthy twin serves as an ideal control. Differences in development of MC twins may therefore be due to differential epigenetic regulation of genes involved in placental development and function. Growth-discordant twins are known for abnormal angio-architecture in the placenta of the smaller twin. Since the reasons for this phenotype are mostly unknown this study was aimed to investigate the expression and regulation of genes known to be involved in angiogenesis. We studied 10 severely growth-discordant MC twin placentas (birthweight difference ≥20%) without twin-twin-transfusion syndrome and 5 growth-concordant MC twin placentas. Growth-discordant twin placentas were phenotyped by histology. Placental mRNA expression of 88 angiogenesis-related genes was measured by PCR array. ELISA assay and immunohistochemistry were used to confirm PCR results. EpiTYPTER for DNA methylation was used to determine if methylation ratios were responsible for differential gene expression. The PCR array analysis showed significant mRNA up-regulation in the placental share of the smaller twin for several genes. These included leptin (24.6-fold, P = 0.017), fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (Flt1, 2.4-fold, P = 0.016) and Endoglin (Eng, 1.86-fold, P = 0.078). None of the other 84 angiogenesis-related genes showed significant differences. ELISA confirmed significantly increased leptin protein expression (49.22 versus 11.03 pg/ml, P = 0.049) in the smaller twin of the discordant growth cohort. Leptin expression in smaller twins' placentas was associated with elevated DNA methylation of the leptin promotor region suggesting the inhibition of binding of a transcriptional activator/inhibitor in that region. We attempted to overcome the limitation of sample size by careful patient selection. We minimized any bias in placental sampling by random sampling from two different sites and by avoiding sampling from areas with grossly visible abnormalities using a standardized sampling protocol. In conclusion, the smaller twin's placenta is characterized by differentially increased gene expressions for Flt1 and Eng mRNA that may be causally associated with the villous pathology driven by abnormal feto-placental angiogenesis. The substantial up-regulation of leptin mRNA may be epigenetically conferred and relevant to the post-natal risk of metabolic syndrome in intrauterine growth restriction offspring with placental pathology. Growth-discordant MC twins offer unique insights into the epigenetic basis of perinatal programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schrey
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Hogg K, Blair JD, von Dadelszen P, Robinson WP. Hypomethylation of the LEP gene in placenta and elevated maternal leptin concentration in early onset pre-eclampsia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 367:64-73. [PMID: 23274423 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In pre-eclampsia, placental leptin is up-regulated and leptin is elevated in maternal plasma. To investigate potential epigenetic regulation of the leptin (LEP) gene in normal and complicated pregnancy, DNA methylation was assessed at multiple reported regulatory regions in placentae from control pregnancies (n=111), and those complicated by early onset pre-eclampsia (EOPET; arising <34 weeks; n=19), late onset pre-eclampsia (LOPET; arising ≥34 weeks; n=18) and normotensive intrauterine growth restriction (nIUGR; n=13). The LEP promoter was hypomethylated in EOPET, but not LOPET or nIUGR placentae, particularly at CpG sites downstream of the transcription start site (-10.1%; P<0.0001). Maternal plasma leptin was elevated in EOPET and LOPET (P<0.05), but not nIUGR, compared with controls. EOPET cases showed a trend towards biallelic LEP expression rather than skewed allelic expression observed in control placentae, suggesting that loss of normal monoallelic expression at the LEP locus is associated with hypomethylation, leading to increased overall LEP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Hogg
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Effects of late gestational high-fat diet on body weight, metabolic regulation and adipokine expression in offspring. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 37:1481-9. [PMID: 23399773 PMCID: PMC3701742 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aims/Hypothesis Gestational exposures such as dietary changes can alter offspring phenotype through epigenetic modifications and promote increased risk for specific diseases, such as metabolic syndrome. We hypothesized that high fat diet (HFD) during late gestation would lead increased risk for insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia via associated epigenetic alterations in tissue adipocytokine genes. Methods Offspring mice of mothers fed a HFD during late gestation (HFDO) were weighed and their food intake measured weekly till age 20 weeks at which time glucose and insulin tolerance tests, plasma lipid and adipocytokine levels were assessed, as well as mRNA expression in visceral fat. Adipocytokine gene methylation levels in visceral fat, liver, and muscle were also assayed. Results HFDO mice had increased weight accrual and food intake, and exhibited insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and hyperleptinemia, as well as hypoadiponectinemia. Furthermore, increased methylation of adiponectin and leptin receptor, and decreased methylation of leptin genes with unchanged GLP-1 methylation patterns emerged in HFDO mice. Conclusions Taken together, late gestational HFD induces increased risk of metabolic syndrome in the progeny, which is coupled with hypoadiponectinemia as well as with leptin resistance, and concomitant presence of selective tissue-based epigenetic changes among adipocytokine genes.
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Abstract
Epigenetics generates a considerable interest in the field of research on complex traits, including obesity and diabetes. Recently, we reported a number of epipolymorphisms in the placental leptin and adiponectin genes associated with maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy. Our results suggest that DNA methylation could partly explain the link between early exposure to a detrimental fetal environment and an increased risk to develop obesity and diabetes later in life. This brief report discusses the potential importance of adipokine epigenetic changes in fetal metabolic programming. Additionally, preliminary data showing similarities between methylation variations of different tissues and cell types will be presented along with the challenges and future perspectives of this emerging field of research.
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Abstract
Considerable epidemiological, experimental and clinical data have amassed showing that the risk of developing disease in later life is dependent upon early life conditions. In particular, altered maternal nutrition, including undernutrition and overnutrition, can lead to metabolic disorders in offspring characterised by obesity and leptin resistance. The adipokine leptin has received significant interest as a potential programming factor; alterations in the profile of leptin in early life are associated with altered susceptibility to obesity and metabolic disorders in adulthood. Maintenance of a critical leptin level during early development facilitates the normal maturation of tissues and signalling pathways involved in metabolic homeostasis. A period of relative hypo- or hyperleptinemia during this window of development will induce some of the metabolic adaptations which underlie developmental programming. However, it remains unclear whether leptin alone is a critical factor for the programming of obesity. At least in animal experimental studies, developmental programming is potentially reversible by manipulating the concentration of circulating leptin during a critical window of developmental plasticity and offers an exciting new approach for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Vickers
- Liggins Institute and The National Research Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland, New
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Vickers MH, Sloboda DM. Strategies for reversing the effects of metabolic disorders induced as a consequence of developmental programming. Front Physiol 2012; 3:242. [PMID: 22783205 PMCID: PMC3387724 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and the metabolic syndrome have reached epidemic proportions worldwide with far-reaching health care and economic implications. The rapid increase in the prevalence of these disorders suggests that environmental and behavioral influences, rather than genetic causes, are fueling the epidemic. The developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis has highlighted the link between the periconceptual, fetal, and early infant phases of life and the subsequent development of metabolic disorders in later life. In particular, the impact of poor maternal nutrition on susceptibility to later life metabolic disease in offspring is now well documented. Several studies have now shown, at least in experimental animal models, that some components of the metabolic syndrome, induced as a consequence of developmental programming, are potentially reversible by nutritional or targeted therapeutic interventions during windows of developmental plasticity. This review will focus on critical windows of development and possible therapeutic avenues that may reduce metabolic and obesogenic risk following an adverse early life environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Vickers
- National Research Centre for Growth and Development, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
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