1
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Wu Z, Liu H, Wang X. Advancements in understanding bacterial enteritis pathogenesis through organoids. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:512. [PMID: 38622483 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial enteritis has a substantial role in contributing to a large portion of the global disease burden and serves as a major cause of newborn mortality. Despite advancements gained from current animal and cell models in improving our understanding of pathogens, their widespread application is hindered by apparent drawbacks. Therefore, more precise models are imperatively required to develop more accurate studies on host-pathogen interactions and drug discovery. Since the emergence of intestinal organoids, massive studies utilizing organoids have been conducted to study the pathogenesis of bacterial enteritis, revealing new mechanisms and validating established ones. In this review, we focus on the advancements of several bacterial pathogenesis mechanisms observed in intestinal organoid/enteroid models, exploring the host response and bacterial effectors during the infection process. Finally, we address the features that warrant additional investigation or could be enhanced in existing organoid models in order to guide future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Wu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hongyuan Liu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xianli Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Public Health, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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2
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Singla A, Boucher A, Wallom KL, Lebens M, Kohler JJ, Platt FM, Yrlid U. Cholera intoxication of human enteroids reveals interplay between decoy and functional glycoconjugate ligands. Glycobiology 2023; 33:801-816. [PMID: 37622990 PMCID: PMC10629719 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior research on cholera toxin (CT) binding and intoxication has relied on human colonic cancer derived epithelial cells. While these transformed cell lines have been beneficial, they neither derive from small intestine where intoxication occurs, nor represent the diversity of small intestinal epithelial cells (SI-ECs) and variation in glycoconjugate expression among individuals. Here, we used human enteroids, derived from jejunal biopsies of multipledonors to study CT binding and intoxication of human non-transformed SI-ECs. We modulated surface expression of glycosphingolipids, glycoproteins and specific glycans to distinguish the role of each glycan/glycoconjugate. Cholera-toxin-subunit-B (CTB) mutants were generated to decipher the preference of each glycoconjugate to different binding sites and the correlation between CT binding and intoxication. Human enteroids contain trace amounts of GM1, but other glycosphingolipids may be contributing to CT intoxication. We discovered that inhibition of either fucosylation or O-glycosylation sensitize enteroids to CT-intoxication. This can either be a consequence of the removal of fucosylated "decoy-like-ligands" binding to CTB's non-canonical site and/or increase in the availability of Gal/GalNAc-terminating glycoconjugates binding to the canonical site. Furthermore, simultaneous inhibition of fucosylation and O-glycosylation increased the availability of additional Gal/GalNAc-terminating glycoconjugates but counteracted the sensitization in CT intoxication caused by inhibiting O-glycosylation because of reduction in fucose. This implies a dual role of fucose as a functional glycan and a decoy, the interplay of which influences CT binding and intoxication. Finally, while the results were similar for enteroids from different donors, they were not identical, pointing to a role for human genetic variation in determining sensitivity to CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshi Singla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1G, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1G, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew Boucher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1G, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kerri-Lee Wallom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Lebens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1G, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jennifer J Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9185, United States
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Ulf Yrlid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1G, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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Adeniyi-Ipadeola G, Nwanosike H, Ramani S. Human intestinal organoids as models to study enteric bacteria and viruses. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 75:102362. [PMID: 37536261 PMCID: PMC10529792 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory studies of host-microbe interactions have historically been carried out using transformed cell lines and animal models. Although much has been learned from these models, recent advances in the development of multicellular, physiologically active, human intestinal organoid (HIO) cultures are allowing unprecedented discoveries of host-microbe interactions. Here, we review recent literature using HIOs as models to investigate the pathogenesis of clinically important enteric bacteria and viruses and study commensal intestinal microbes. We also discuss limitations of current HIO culture systems and how technical advances and innovative engineering approaches are providing new directions to improve the model. The studies discussed here highlight the potential of HIOs for studying microbial pathogenesis, host-microbe interactions, and for preclinical development of therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Adeniyi-Ipadeola
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hephzibah Nwanosike
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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4
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de Oliveira LF, Filho DM, Marques BL, Maciel GF, Parreira RC, do Carmo Neto JR, Da Silva PEF, Guerra RO, da Silva MV, Santiago HDC, Birbrair A, Kihara AH, Dias da Silva VJ, Glaser T, Resende RR, Ulrich H. Organoids as a novel tool in modelling infectious diseases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 144:87-96. [PMID: 36182613 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases worldwide affect human health and have important societal impacts. A better understanding of infectious diseases is urgently needed. In vitro and in vivo infection models have brought notable contributions to the current knowledge of these diseases. Organoids are multicellular culture systems resembling tissue architecture and function, recapitulating many characteristics of human disease and elucidating mechanisms of host-infectious agent interactions in the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems, the central nervous system and the skin. Here, we discuss the applicability of the organoid technology for modeling pathogenesis, host response and features, which can be explored for the development of preventive and therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Felipe de Oliveira
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Medicina Regenerativa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniel Mendes Filho
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Escola Médica de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lemes Marques
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal deGoiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Rodrigues do Carmo Neto
- Departamento de Biociência e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Rhanoica Oliveira Guerra
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia eParasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Naturais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinicius da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia eParasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Naturais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Helton da Costa Santiago
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Departamento de Patologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexandre H Kihara
- Laboratório de Neurogenética, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Valdo José Dias da Silva
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Medicina Regenerativa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Talita Glaser
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R Resende
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Medicina Regenerativa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Departmento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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5
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Intestinal organoids as advanced modeling platforms to study the role of host-microbiome interaction in homeostasis and disease. BMB Rep 2023; 56:15-23. [PMID: 36379514 PMCID: PMC9887104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
After birth, animals are colonized by a diverse community of microorganisms. The digestive tract is known to contain the largest number of microbiome in the body. With emergence of the gut-brain axis, the importance of gut microbiome and its metabolites in host health has been extensively studied in recent years. The establishment of organoid culture systems has contributed to studying intestinal pathophysiology by replacing current limited models. Owing to their architectural and functional complexity similar to a real organ, co-culture of intestinal organoids with gut microbiome can provide mechanistic insights into the detrimental role of pathobiont and the homeostatic function of commensal symbiont. Here organoid-based bacterial co-culture techniques for modeling host-microbe interactions are reviewed. This review also summarizes representative studies that explore impact of enteric microorganisms on intestinal organoids to provide a better understanding of host-microbe interaction in the context of homeostasis and disease. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(1): 15-23].
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Chisenga CC, Bosomprah S, Chilyabanyama ON, Alabi P, Simuyandi M, Mwaba J, Ng'ombe H, Laban NM, Luchen CC, Chilengi R. Assessment of the influence of ABO blood groups on oral cholera vaccine immunogenicity in a cholera endemic area in Zambia. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:152. [PMID: 36690955 PMCID: PMC9869508 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15051-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) which include the ABO and Lewis antigen systems have been known for determining predisposition to infections. For instance, blood group O individuals have a higher risk of severe illness due to V. cholerae compared to those with non-blood group O antigens. We set out to determine the influence that these HBGAs have on oral cholera vaccine immunogenicity and seroconversion in individuals residing within a cholera endemic area in Zambia. METHODOLOGY We conducted a longitudinal study nested under a clinical trial in which samples from a cohort of 223 adults who were vaccinated with two doses of Shanchol™ and followed up over 4 years were used. We measured serum vibriocidal geometric mean titers (GMTs) at Baseline, Day 28, Months 6, 12, 24, 30, 36 and 48 in response to the vaccine. Saliva obtained at 1 year post vaccination was tested for HBGA phenotypes and secretor status using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Of the 133/223 participants included in the final analysis, the majority were above 34 years old (58%) and of these, 90% were males. Seroconversion rates to V. cholerae O1 Inaba with non-O (23%) and O (30%) blood types were comparable. The same pattern was observed against O1 Ogawa serotype between non-O (25%) and O (35%). This trend continued over the four-year follow-up period. Similarly, no significant differences were observed in seroconversion rates between the non-secretors (26%) and secretors (36%) against V. cholerae O1 Inaba. The same was observed for O1 Ogawa in non-secretors (22%) and the secretors (36%). CONCLUSION Our results do not support the idea that ABO blood grouping influence vaccine uptake and responses against cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Bosomprah
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Peter Alabi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - John Mwaba
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Harriet Ng'ombe
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Natasha M Laban
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Charlie C Luchen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Roma Chilengi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- School of Medicine, University of Lusaka, Lusaka, Zambia
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7
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Jajosky RP, Wu SC, Zheng L, Jajosky AN, Jajosky PG, Josephson CD, Hollenhorst MA, Sackstein R, Cummings RD, Arthur CM, Stowell SR. ABO blood group antigens and differential glycan expression: Perspective on the evolution of common human enzyme deficiencies. iScience 2023; 26:105798. [PMID: 36691627 PMCID: PMC9860303 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions and play critical roles in human health and disease. Enzyme variants and deficiencies can lead to variable expression of glycans, which can affect physiology, influence predilection for disease, and/or directly contribute to disease pathogenesis. Although certain well-characterized enzyme deficiencies result in overt disease, some of the most common enzyme deficiencies in humans form the basis of blood groups. These carbohydrate blood groups impact fundamental areas of clinical medicine, including the risk of infection and severity of infectious disease, bleeding risk, transfusion medicine, and tissue/organ transplantation. In this review, we examine the enzymes responsible for carbohydrate-based blood group antigen biosynthesis and their expression within the human population. We also consider the evolutionary selective pressures, e.g. malaria, that may account for the variation in carbohydrate structures and the implications of this biology for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Philip Jajosky
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Biconcavity Inc, Lilburn, GA, USA
| | - Shang-Chuen Wu
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Leon Zheng
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Audrey N. Jajosky
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, West Henrietta, NY, USA
| | | | - Cassandra D. Josephson
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute and Blood Bank/Transfusion Medicine Division, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marie A. Hollenhorst
- Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Translational Glycobiology Institute, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Connie M. Arthur
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sean R. Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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8
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White C, Bader C, Teter K. The manipulation of cell signaling and host cell biology by cholera toxin. Cell Signal 2022; 100:110489. [PMID: 36216164 PMCID: PMC10082135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae colonizes the small intestine and releases cholera toxin into the extracellular space. The toxin binds to the apical surface of the epithelium, is internalized into the host endomembrane system, and escapes into the cytosol where it activates the stimulatory alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein by ADP-ribosylation. This initiates a cAMP-dependent signaling pathway that stimulates chloride efflux into the gut, with diarrhea resulting from the accompanying osmotic movement of water into the intestinal lumen. G protein signaling is not the only host system manipulated by cholera toxin, however. Other cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways active in the intoxication process include endocytosis through lipid rafts, retrograde transport to the endoplasmic reticulum, the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation system for protein delivery to the cytosol, the unfolded protein response, and G protein de-activation through degradation or the function of ADP-ribosyl hydrolases. Although toxin-induced chloride efflux is thought to be an irreversible event, alterations to these processes could facilitate cellular recovery from intoxication. This review will highlight how cholera toxin exploits signaling pathways and other cell biology events to elicit a diarrheal response from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher White
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, 12722 Research Parkway, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
| | - Carly Bader
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, 12722 Research Parkway, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
| | - Ken Teter
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, 12722 Research Parkway, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
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9
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The Cholera outbreak in Karachi, Pakistan: Challenges, efforts and recommendations. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 78:103873. [PMID: 35663121 PMCID: PMC9151462 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sindh Health Authorities have declared a new outbreak of cholera in Karachi, Pakistan after 129 lab-confirmed cases were reported from the Central, East, and South districts. With COVID-19 already having wreaked havoc on the country's health condition in the past years, any neglect in early preventative measures against this cholera outbreak implies progression to a perilous situation with millions of individuals at stake of acquiring the disease. Factors contributing to the occurrence of cholera outbreak include poor hygiene practices, overpopulation, increasing poverty and climate change. Appropriate responsive approaches by health authorities in cooperation with the World Health Organization (WHO) must be implemented to address the situation accordingly.
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10
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Kanungo S, Azman AS, Ramamurthy T, Deen J, Dutta S. Cholera. Lancet 2022; 399:1429-1440. [PMID: 35397865 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholera was first described in the areas around the Bay of Bengal and spread globally, resulting in seven pandemics during the past two centuries. It is caused by toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 or O139 bacteria. Cholera is characterised by mild to potentially fatal acute watery diarrhoeal disease. Prompt rehydration therapy is the cornerstone of management. We present an overview of cholera and its pathogenesis, natural history, bacteriology, and epidemiology, while highlighting advances over the past 10 years in molecular epidemiology, immunology, and vaccine development and deployment. Since 2014, the Global Task Force on Cholera Control, a WHO coordinated network of partners, has been working with several countries to develop national cholera control strategies. The global roadmap for cholera control focuses on stopping transmission in cholera hotspots through vaccination and improved water, sanitation, and hygiene, with the aim to reduce cholera deaths by 90% and eliminate local transmission in at least 20 countries by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kanungo
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Andrew S Azman
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Jaqueline Deen
- Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines-Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Shanta Dutta
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India.
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11
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Park NY, Koh A. From the Dish to the Real World: Modeling Interactions between the Gut and Microorganisms in Gut Organoids by Tailoring the Gut Milieu. Int J Stem Cells 2022; 15:70-84. [PMID: 35220293 PMCID: PMC8889331 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc21243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of human intestinal organoid systems has revolutionized the way we understand the interactions between the human gut and microorganisms given the host tropism of human microorganisms. The gut microorganisms have regionality (i.e., small versus large intestine) and the expression of various virulence factors in pathogens is influenced by the gut milieu. However, the culture conditions, optimized for human intestinal organoids, often do not fully support the proliferation and functionality of gut microorganisms. In addition, the regional identity of human intestinal organoids has not been considered to study specific microorganisms with regional preference. In this review we provide an overview of current efforts to understand the role of microorganisms in human intestinal organoids. Specifically, we will emphasize the importance of matching the regional preference of microorganisms in the gut and tailoring the appropriate luminal environmental conditions (i.e., oxygen, pH, and biochemical levels) for modeling real interactions between the gut and the microorganisms with human intestinal organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Young Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Ara Koh
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
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12
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Maeda K, Zachos NC, Orzalli MH, Schmieder SS, Chang D, Bugda Gwilt K, Doucet M, Baetz NW, Lee S, Crawford SE, Estes MK, Kagan JC, Turner JR, Lencer WI. Depletion of the apical endosome in response to viruses and bacterial toxins provides cell-autonomous host defense at mucosal surfaces. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:216-231.e5. [PMID: 35143768 PMCID: PMC8852832 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polarized epithelial cells form an essential barrier against infection at mucosal surfaces. Many pathogens breach this barrier to cause disease, often by co-opting cellular endocytosis mechanisms to enter the cell through the lumenal (apical) cell surface. We recently discovered that the loss of the cell polarity gene PARD6B selectively diminishes apical endosome function. Here, we find that in response to the entry of certain viruses and bacterial toxins into the epithelial cells via the apical membrane, PARD6B and aPKC, two components of the PARD6B-aPKC-Cdc42 apical polarity complex, undergo rapid proteasome-dependent degradation. The perturbation of apical membrane glycosphingolipids by toxin- or virus-binding initiates degradation of PARD6B. The loss of PARD6B causes the depletion of apical endosome function and renders the cell resistant to further infection from the lumenal cell surface, thus enabling a form of cell-autonomous host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Maeda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Megan H Orzalli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stefanie S Schmieder
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Denis Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katlynn Bugda Gwilt
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michele Doucet
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nicholas W Baetz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sun Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS: BCM-385, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS: BCM-385, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wayne I Lencer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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13
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Jelinek HF, Mousa M, Alkaabi N, Alefishat E, Daw Elbait G, Kannout H, AlHumaidan H, Selvaraj FA, Imambaccus H, Weber S, Uddin M, Abdulkarim F, Mahboub B, Tay G, Alsafar H. Allelic Variants Within the ABO Blood Group Phenotype Confer Protection Against Critical COVID-19 Hospital Presentation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:759648. [PMID: 35096865 PMCID: PMC8793802 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.759648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease severity differs widely due to numerous factors including ABO gene-derived susceptibility or resistance. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of the ABO blood group and genetic variations of the ABO gene with COVID-19 severity in a heterogeneous hospital population sample from the United Arab Emirates, with the use of an epidemiological and candidate gene approach from a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 646 participants who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were recruited from multiple hospitals and population-based (quarantine camps) recruitment sites from March 2020 to February 2021. The participants were divided into two groups based on the severity of COVID-19: noncritical (n = 453) and critical [intensive care unit (ICU) patients] (n = 193), as per the COVID-19 Reporting and Data System (CO-RADS) classification. The multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated the association of ABO blood type as well as circulating anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies as well as A and B antigens, in association with critical COVID-19 hospital presentation. A candidate gene analysis approach was conducted from a GWAS where we examined 240 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (position in chr9: 136125788-136150617) in the ABO gene, in association with critical COVID-19 hospital presentation. Results: Patients with blood group O [odds ratio (OR): 0.51 (0.33, 0.79); p = 0.003] were less likely to develop critical COVID-19 symptoms. Eight alleles have been identified to be associated with a protective effect of blood group O in ABO 3'untranslated region (UTR): rs199969472 (p = 0.0052), rs34266669 (p = 0.0052), rs76700116 (p = 0.0052), rs7849280 (p = 0.0052), rs34039247 (p = 0.0104), rs10901251 (p = 0.0165), rs9411475 (p = 0.0377), and rs13291798 (p = 0.0377). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that there are novel allelic variants that link genetic variants of the ABO gene and ABO blood groups contributing to the reduced risk of critical COVID-19 disease. This study is the first study to combine genetic and serological evidence of the involvement of the ABO blood groups and the ABO gene allelic associations with COVID-19 severity within the Middle Eastern population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert F. Jelinek
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Heath Engineering Innovation, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mira Mousa
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproduction Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nawal Alkaabi
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eman Alefishat
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gihan Daw Elbait
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hussein Kannout
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hiba AlHumaidan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Services, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Hala Imambaccus
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Services, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Stefan Weber
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Services, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maimunah Uddin
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatema Abdulkarim
- Dubai Health Authority, Rashid Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam Mahboub
- Dubai Health Authority, Rashid Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Guan Tay
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Habiba Alsafar
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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14
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Ryan ET, Leung DT, Jensen O, Weil AA, Bhuiyan TR, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, LaRocque RC, Harris JB, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Charles RC. Systemic, Mucosal, and Memory Immune Responses following Cholera. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:192. [PMID: 34842841 PMCID: PMC8628923 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1, the major causative agent of cholera, remains a significant public health threat. Although there are available vaccines for cholera, the protection provided by killed whole-cell cholera vaccines in young children is poor. An obstacle to the development of improved cholera vaccines is the need for a better understanding of the primary mechanisms of cholera immunity and identification of improved correlates of protection. Considerable progress has been made over the last decade in understanding the adaptive and innate immune responses to cholera disease as well as V. cholerae infection. This review will assess what is currently known about the systemic, mucosal, memory, and innate immune responses to clinical cholera, as well as recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms and correlates of protection against V. cholerae O1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (E.T.R.); (R.C.L.); (J.B.H.); (S.B.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel T. Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (D.T.L.); (O.J.)
| | - Owen Jensen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (D.T.L.); (O.J.)
| | - Ana A. Weil
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (T.R.B.); (A.I.K.); (F.C.); (F.Q.)
| | - Ashraful Islam Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (T.R.B.); (A.I.K.); (F.C.); (F.Q.)
| | - Fahima Chowdhury
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (T.R.B.); (A.I.K.); (F.C.); (F.Q.)
| | - Regina C. LaRocque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (E.T.R.); (R.C.L.); (J.B.H.); (S.B.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jason B. Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (E.T.R.); (R.C.L.); (J.B.H.); (S.B.C.)
- Department of Pediatrics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Pediatric Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen B. Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (E.T.R.); (R.C.L.); (J.B.H.); (S.B.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (T.R.B.); (A.I.K.); (F.C.); (F.Q.)
| | - Richelle C. Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (E.T.R.); (R.C.L.); (J.B.H.); (S.B.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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15
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Abstract
Infectious diseases affect individual health and have widespread societal impacts. New ex vivo models are critical to understand pathogenesis, host response, and features necessary to develop preventive and therapeutic treatments. Pluripotent and tissue stem cell-derived organoids provide new tools for the study of human infections. Organoid models recapitulate many characteristics of in vivo disease and are providing new insights into human respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neuronal host-microbe interactions. Increasing culture complexity by adding the stroma, interorgan communication, and the microbiome will improve the use of organoids as models for infection. Organoid cultures provide a platform with the capability to improve human health related to infectious diseases. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; .,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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16
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Hoffmann P, Schnepel N, Langeheine M, Künnemann K, Grassl GA, Brehm R, Seeger B, Mazzuoli-Weber G, Breves G. Intestinal organoid-based 2D monolayers mimic physiological and pathophysiological properties of the pig intestine. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256143. [PMID: 34424915 PMCID: PMC8382199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal infectious diseases remain an important issue for human and animal health. Investigations on gastrointestinal infectious diseases are classically performed in laboratory animals leading to the problem that species-specific models are scarcely available, especially when it comes to farm animals. The 3R principles of Russel and Burch were achieved using intestinal organoids of porcine jejunum. These organoids seem to be a promising tool to generate species-specific in vitro models of intestinal epithelium. 3D Organoids were grown in an extracellular matrix and characterized by qPCR. Organoids were also seeded on permeable filter supports in order to generate 2D epithelial monolayers. The organoid-based 2D monolayers were characterized morphologically and were investigated regarding their potential to study physiological transport properties and pathophysiological processes. They showed a monolayer structure containing different cell types. Moreover, their functional activity was demonstrated by their increasing transepithelial electrical resistance over 18 days and by an active glucose transport and chloride secretion. Furthermore, the organoid-based 2D monolayers were also confronted with cholera toxin derived from Vibrio cholerae as a proof of concept. Incubation with cholera toxin led to an increase of short-circuit current indicating an enhanced epithelial chloride secretion, which is a typical characteristic of cholera infections. Taken this together, our model allows the investigation of physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms focusing on the small intestine of pigs. This is in line with the 3R principle and allows the reduction of classical animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Hoffmann
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Nadine Schnepel
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marion Langeheine
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katrin Künnemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guntram A. Grassl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralph Brehm
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bettina Seeger
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gemma Mazzuoli-Weber
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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17
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Kenworthy AK, Schmieder SS, Raghunathan K, Tiwari A, Wang T, Kelly CV, Lencer WI. Cholera Toxin as a Probe for Membrane Biology. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:543. [PMID: 34437414 PMCID: PMC8402489 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin B-subunit (CTxB) has emerged as one of the most widely utilized tools in membrane biology and biophysics. CTxB is a homopentameric stable protein that binds tightly to up to five GM1 glycosphingolipids. This provides a robust and tractable model for exploring membrane structure and its dynamics including vesicular trafficking and nanodomain assembly. Here, we review important advances in these fields enabled by use of CTxB and its lipid receptor GM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K. Kenworthy
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (A.T.); (T.W.)
| | - Stefanie S. Schmieder
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Krishnan Raghunathan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA;
| | - Ajit Tiwari
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (A.T.); (T.W.)
| | - Ting Wang
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (A.T.); (T.W.)
| | - Christopher V. Kelly
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Wayne I. Lencer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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18
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Chac D, Dunmire CN, Singh J, Weil AA. Update on Environmental and Host Factors Impacting the Risk of Vibrio cholerae Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1010-1019. [PMID: 33844507 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a diarrheal disease that kills tens of thousands of people each year. Cholera is transmitted primarily by the ingestion of drinking water contaminated with fecal matter, and a safe water supply remains out of reach in many areas of the world. In this Review, we discuss host and environmental factors that impact the susceptibility to V. cholerae infection and the severity of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Chac
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Chelsea N. Dunmire
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Jasneet Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Ana A. Weil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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19
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Ranganathan S, Smith EM, Foulke-Abel JD, Barry EM. Research in a time of enteroids and organoids: how the human gut model has transformed the study of enteric bacterial pathogens. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1795492. [PMID: 32795243 PMCID: PMC7524385 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1795389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric bacterial pathogens cause significant morbidity and mortality globally. Studies in tissue culture and animal models shaped our initial understanding of these host-pathogen interactions. However, intrinsic shortcomings in these models limit their application, especially in translational applications like drug screening and vaccine development. Human intestinal enteroid and organoid models overcome some limitations of existing models and advance the study of enteric pathogens. In this review, we detail the use of human enteroids and organoids to investigate the pathogenesis of invasive bacteria Shigella, Listeria, and Salmonella, and noninvasive bacteria pathogenic Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, and Vibrio cholerae. We highlight how these studies confirm previously identified mechanisms and, importantly, reveal novel ones. We also discuss the challenges for model advancement, including platform engineering to integrate environmental conditions, innate immune cells and the resident microbiome, and the potential for pre-clinical testing of recently developed antimicrobial drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridevi Ranganathan
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily M. Smith
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer D. Foulke-Abel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eileen M. Barry
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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20
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Hares MF, Tiffney EA, Johnston LJ, Luu L, Stewart CJ, Flynn RJ, Coombes JL. Stem cell-derived enteroid cultures as a tool for dissecting host-parasite interactions in the small intestinal epithelium. Parasite Immunol 2020; 43:e12765. [PMID: 32564379 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium spp. can cause devastating pathological effects in humans and livestock, and in particular to young or immunocompromised individuals. The current treatment plans for these enteric parasites are limited due to long drug courses, severe side effects or simply a lack of efficacy. The study of the early interactions between the parasites and the site of infection in the small intestinal epithelium has been thwarted by the lack of accessible, physiologically relevant and species-specific models. Increasingly, 3D stem cell-derived enteroid models are being refined and developed into sophisticated models of infectious disease. In this review, we shall illustrate the use of enteroids to spearhead research into enteric parasitic infections, bridging the gap between cell line cultures and in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam F Hares
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ellen-Alana Tiffney
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Luke J Johnston
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lisa Luu
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Robin J Flynn
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Janine L Coombes
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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21
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Cassotta M, Forbes-Hernández TY, Calderón Iglesias R, Ruiz R, Elexpuru Zabaleta M, Giampieri F, Battino M. Links between Nutrition, Infectious Diseases, and Microbiota: Emerging Technologies and Opportunities for Human-Focused Research. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1827. [PMID: 32575399 PMCID: PMC7353391 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between nutrition and human infectious diseases has always been recognized. With the emergence of molecular tools and post-genomics, high-resolution sequencing technologies, the gut microbiota has been emerging as a key moderator in the complex interplay between nutrients, human body, and infections. Much of the host-microbial and nutrition research is currently based on animals or simplistic in vitro models. Although traditional in vivo and in vitro models have helped to develop mechanistic hypotheses and assess the causality of the host-microbiota interactions, they often fail to faithfully recapitulate the complexity of the human nutrient-microbiome axis in gastrointestinal homeostasis and infections. Over the last decade, remarkable progress in tissue engineering, stem cell biology, microfluidics, sequencing technologies, and computing power has taken place, which has produced a new generation of human-focused, relevant, and predictive tools. These tools, which include patient-derived organoids, organs-on-a-chip, computational analyses, and models, together with multi-omics readouts, represent novel and exciting equipment to advance the research into microbiota, infectious diseases, and nutrition from a human-biology-based perspective. After considering some limitations of the conventional in vivo and in vitro approaches, in this review, we present the main novel available and emerging tools that are suitable for designing human-oriented research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cassotta
- Centre for Nutrition and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico (UEA), 39001 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (R.C.I.); (R.R.)
| | - Tamara Yuliett Forbes-Hernández
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science Group, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Ruben Calderón Iglesias
- Centre for Nutrition and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico (UEA), 39001 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (R.C.I.); (R.R.)
| | - Roberto Ruiz
- Centre for Nutrition and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico (UEA), 39001 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (R.C.I.); (R.R.)
| | - Maria Elexpuru Zabaleta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science Group, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science Group, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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22
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Cervin J, Boucher A, Youn G, Björklund P, Wallenius V, Mottram L, Sampson NS, Yrlid U. Fucose-Galactose Polymers Inhibit Cholera Toxin Binding to Fucosylated Structures and Galactose-Dependent Intoxication of Human Enteroids. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1192-1203. [PMID: 32134631 PMCID: PMC7227030 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A promising strategy to limit cholera
severity involves blockers
mimicking the canonical cholera toxin ligand (CT) ganglioside GM1.
However, to date the efficacies of most of these blockers have been
evaluated in noncellular systems that lack ligands other than GM1.
Importantly, the CT B subunit (CTB) has a noncanonical site that binds
fucosylated structures, which in contrast to GM1 are highly expressed
in the human intestine. Here we evaluate the capacity of norbornene
polymers displaying galactose and/or fucose to block CTB binding to
immobilized protein-linked glycan structures and also to primary human
and murine small intestine epithelial cells (SI ECs). We show that
the binding of CTB to human SI ECs is largely dependent on the noncanonical
binding site, and interference with the canonical site has a limited
effect while the opposite is observed with murine SI ECs. The galactose–fucose
polymer blocks binding to fucosylated glycans but not to GM1. However,
the preincubation of CT with the galactose–fucose polymer only
partially blocks toxic effects on cultured human enteroid cells, while
preincubation with GM1 completely blocks CT-mediated secretion. Our
results support a model whereby the binding of fucose to the noncanonical
site places CT in close proximity to scarcely expressed galactose
receptors such as GM1 to enable binding via the canonical site leading
to CT internalization and intoxication. Our finding also highlights
the importance of complementing CTB binding studies with functional
intoxication studies when assessing the efficacy inhibitors of CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Cervin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew Boucher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gyusaang Youn
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400, United States
| | - Per Björklund
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, 416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ville Wallenius
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, 416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lynda Mottram
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nicole S. Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400, United States
| | - Ulf Yrlid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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23
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Deen J, Mengel MA, Clemens JD. Epidemiology of cholera. Vaccine 2020; 38 Suppl 1:A31-A40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Choi HK, Lee D, Singla A, Kwon JSI, Wu HJ. The influence of heteromultivalency on lectin-glycan binding behavior. Glycobiology 2019; 29:397-408. [PMID: 30824941 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently discovered that the nature of lectin multivalency and glycolipid diffusion on cell membranes could lead to the heteromultivalent binding (i.e., a single lectin simultaneously binding to different types of glycolipid ligands). This heteromultivalent binding may even govern the lectin-glycan recognition process. To investigate this, we developed a kinetic Monte Carlo simulation, which only considers the fundamental physics/chemistry principles, to model the process of lectin binding to glycans on cell surfaces. We found that the high-affinity glycan ligands could facilitate lectin binding to other low-affinity glycan ligands, even though these low-affinity ligands are barely detectable in microarrays with immobilized glycan ligands. Such heteromultivalent binding processes significantly change lectin binding behaviors. We hypothesize that living organisms probably utilize this mechanism to regulate the downstream lectin functions. Our finding not only offers a mechanism to describe the concept that lectins are pattern recognition molecules, but also suggests that the two overlooked parameters, surface diffusion of glycan ligand and lectin binding kinetics, can play important roles in glycobiology processes. In this paper, we identified the critical parameters that influence the heteromultivalent binding process. We also discussed how our discovery can impact the current lectin-glycan analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyu Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, TX USA
| | - Dongheon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, TX USA
| | - Akshi Singla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, TX USA
| | - Joseph Sang-Il Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, TX USA
| | - Hung-Jen Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, TX USA
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25
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Kuhlmann FM, Martin J, Hazen TH, Vickers TJ, Pashos M, Okhuysen PC, Gómez-Duarte OG, Cebelinski E, Boxrud D, del Canto F, Vidal R, Qadri F, Mitreva M, Rasko DA, Fleckenstein JM. Conservation and global distribution of non-canonical antigens in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007825. [PMID: 31756188 PMCID: PMC6897418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) cause significant diarrheal morbidity and mortality in children of resource-limited regions, warranting development of effective vaccine strategies. Genetic diversity of the ETEC pathovar has impeded development of broadly protective vaccines centered on the classical canonical antigens, the colonization factors and heat-labile toxin. Two non-canonical ETEC antigens, the EtpA adhesin, and the EatA mucinase are immunogenic in humans and protective in animal models. To foster rational vaccine design that complements existing strategies, we examined the distribution and molecular conservation of these antigens in a diverse population of ETEC isolates. METHODS Geographically diverse ETEC isolates (n = 1159) were interrogated by PCR, immunoblotting, and/or whole genome sequencing (n = 46) to examine antigen conservation. The most divergent proteins were purified and their core functions assessed in vitro. RESULTS EatA and EtpA or their coding sequences were present in 57.0% and 51.5% of the ETEC isolates overall, respectively; and were globally dispersed without significant regional differences in antigen distribution. These antigens also exhibited >93% amino acid sequence identity with even the most divergent proteins retaining the core adhesin and mucinase activity assigned to the prototype molecules. CONCLUSIONS EtpA and EatA are well-conserved molecules in the ETEC pathovar, suggesting that they serve important roles in virulence and that they could be exploited for rational vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Matthew Kuhlmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - John Martin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tracy H. Hazen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tim J. Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Madeline Pashos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Pablo C. Okhuysen
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Oscar G. Gómez-Duarte
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Dave Boxrud
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Felipe del Canto
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Vidal
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunonología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David A. Rasko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James M. Fleckenstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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26
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Hossain M, Islam K, Kelly M, Mayo Smith LM, Charles RC, Weil AA, Bhuiyan TR, Kováč P, Xu P, Calderwood SB, Simon JK, Chen WH, Lock M, Lyon CE, Kirkpatrick BD, Cohen M, Levine MM, Gurwith M, Leung DT, Azman AS, Harris JB, Qadri F, Ryan ET. Immune responses to O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) in North American adults infected with Vibrio cholerae O1 Inaba. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007874. [PMID: 31743334 PMCID: PMC6863522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antibodies targeting O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) of Vibrio cholerae may protect against cholera; however, little is known about this immune response in infected immunologically naïve humans. Methodology We measured serum anti-OSP antibodies in adult North American volunteers experimentally infected with V. cholerae O1 Inaba El Tor N16961. We also measured vibriocidal and anti-cholera toxin B subunit (CtxB) antibodies and compared responses to those in matched cholera patients in Dhaka, Bangladesh, an area endemic for cholera. Principal findings We found prominent anti-OSP antibody responses following initial cholera infection: these responses were largely IgM and IgA, and highest to infecting serotype with significant cross-serotype reactivity. The anti-OSP responses peaked 10 days after infection and remained elevated over baseline for ≥ 6 months, correlated with vibriocidal responses, and may have been blunted in blood group O individuals (IgA anti-OSP). We found significant differences in immune responses between naïve and endemic zone cohorts, presumably reflecting previous exposure in the latter. Conclusions Our results define immune responses to O-specific polysaccharide in immunologically naive humans with cholera, find that they are largely IgM and IgA, may be blunted in blood group O individuals, and differ in a number of significant ways from responses in previously humans. These differences may explain in part varying degrees of protective efficacy afforded by cholera vaccination between these two populations. Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01895855. Cholera is an acute, secretory diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae O1. There is a growing body of evidence that immune responses targetting the O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) of V. cholerae are associated with protecton against cholera. Despite this, little is known about immune responses targeting OSP in immunologically naive individals. Cholera affects populations in severely resource-limited areas. To address this, we assessed anti-OSP immune responses in North American volunteers experimentally infected with wild type V. cholerae O1 El Tor Inaba strain N16961. We found that antibody responses were largely IgM and IgA, cross-reacted to both Inaba and Ogawa serotypes, and correlated with vibriocidal responses. We found no association of responses to severity of disease, but did find that blood group O individuals mounted lower IgA fold-changes to OSP than did non-blood group O individuals. Individuals with blood group O are at particular risk for severe cholera, and are less well protected against cholera following oral vaccination. We also compared anti-OSP responses in previously unexposed individuals to responses in matched endemic zone patients, and found a number of significant differences. Such differences may explain in part the varying degrees of protective efficacy afforded by cholera vaccination between these two populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motaher Hossain
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
| | - Kamrul Islam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Meagan Kelly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Leslie M. Mayo Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richelle C. Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ana A. Weil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pavol Kováč
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (LBC), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peng Xu
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (LBC), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jakub K. Simon
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Wilbur H. Chen
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Lock
- PaxVax, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Caroline E. Lyon
- Vaccine Testing Center, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Beth D. Kirkpatrick
- Vaccine Testing Center, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Mitchell Cohen
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Myron M. Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marc Gurwith
- PaxVax, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel T. Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Andrew S. Azman
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason B. Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Crystal structures of cholera toxin in complex with fucosylated receptors point to importance of secondary binding site. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12243. [PMID: 31439922 PMCID: PMC6706398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera is a life-threatening diarrhoeal disease caused by the human pathogen Vibrio cholerae. Infection occurs after ingestion of the bacteria, which colonize the human small intestine and secrete their major virulence factor – the cholera toxin (CT). The GM1 ganglioside is considered the primary receptor of the CT, but recent studies suggest that also fucosylated receptors such as histo-blood group antigens are important for cellular uptake and toxicity. Recently, a special focus has been on the histo-blood group antigen Lewisx (Lex), however, where and how the CT binds to Lex remains unclear. Here we report the high-resolution crystal structure (1.5 Å) of the receptor-binding B-subunits of the CT bound to the Lex trisaccharide, and complementary quantitative binding data for CT holotoxins. Lex, and also l-fucose alone, bind to the secondary binding site of the toxin, distinct from the GM1 binding site. In contrast, fucosyl-GM1 mainly binds to the primary binding site due to high-affinity interactions of its GM1 core. Lex is the first histo-blood group antigen of non-secretor phenotype structurally investigated in complex with CT. Together with the quantitative binding data, this allows unique insight into why individuals with non-secretor phenotype are more prone to severe cholera than so-called ‘secretors’.
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28
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Mottram L, Chakraborty S, Cox E, Fleckenstein J. How genomics can be used to understand host susceptibility to enteric infection, aiding in the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutic interventions. Vaccine 2019; 37:4805-4810. [PMID: 30709726 PMCID: PMC6663652 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to the modern sequencing era, the extent to which infectious disease imposes selective pressures on the worldwide human population is being revealed. This is aiding our understanding of the underlying immunological and host mechanistic defenses against these pathogens, as well as potentially assisting in the development of vaccines and therapeutics to control them. As a consequence, the workshop "How genomics can be used to understand host susceptibility to enteric infection, aiding in the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutic interventions" at the VASE 2018 meeting, aimed to discuss how genomics and related tools could be used to assist Shigella and ETEC vaccine development. The workshop featured four short presentations which highlighted how genomic applications can be used to assist in the identification of genetic patterns related to the virulence of disease, or host genetic factors that could contribute to immunity or successful vaccine responses. Following the presentations, there was an open debate with workshop attendees to discuss the best ways to utilise such genomic studies, to improve or accelerate the process of both Shigella and ETEC vaccine development. The workshop concluded by making specific recommendations on how genomic research methods could be strengthened and harmonised within the ETEC and Shigella research communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Mottram
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Eric Cox
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - James Fleckenstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
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29
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Kumar P, Kuhlmann FM, Chakraborty S, Bourgeois AL, Foulke-Abel J, Tumala B, Vickers TJ, Sack DA, DeNearing B, Harro CD, Wright WS, Gildersleeve JC, Ciorba MA, Santhanam S, Porter CK, Gutierrez RL, Prouty MG, Riddle MS, Polino A, Sheikh A, Donowitz M, Fleckenstein JM. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-blood group A interactions intensify diarrheal severity. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2980. [PMID: 31259744 DOI: 10.1172/jci130874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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30
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Stowell CP, Stowell SR. Biologic roles of the ABH and Lewis histo-blood group antigens Part I: infection and immunity. Vox Sang 2019; 114:426-442. [PMID: 31070258 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The ABH and Lewis antigens were among the first of the human red blood cell polymorphisms to be identified and, in the case of the former, play a dominant role in transfusion and transplantation. But these two therapies are largely twentieth century innovations, and the ABH and related carbohydrate antigens are not only expressed on a very wide range of human tissues, but were present in primates long before modern humans evolved. Although we have learned a great deal about the biochemistry and genetics of these structures, the biological roles that they play in human health and disease are incompletely understood. This review and its companion, to appear in a later issue of Vox Sanguinis, will focus on a few of the biologic and pathologic processes which appear to be affected by histo-blood group phenotype. The first of the two reviews will explore the interactions of two bacteria with the ABH and Lewis glycoconjugates of their human host cells, and describe the possible connections between the immune response of the human host to infection and the development of the AB-isoagglutinins. The second review will describe the relationship between ABO phenotype and thromboembolic disease, cardio-vascular disease states, and general metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Stowell
- Blood Transfusion Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Center for Apheresis, Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Emory Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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31
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Kumar P, Kuhlmann FM, Chakraborty S, Bourgeois AL, Foulke-Abel J, Tumala B, Vickers TJ, Sack DA, DeNearing B, Harro CD, Wright WS, Gildersleeve JC, Ciorba MA, Santhanam S, Porter CK, Gutierrez RL, Prouty MG, Riddle MS, Polino A, Sheikh A, Donowitz M, Fleckenstein JM. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-blood group A interactions intensify diarrheal severity. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3298-3311. [PMID: 29771685 DOI: 10.1172/jci97659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infections are highly prevalent in developing countries, where clinical presentations range from asymptomatic colonization to severe cholera-like illness. The molecular basis for these varied presentations, which may involve strain-specific virulence features as well as host factors, has not been elucidated. We demonstrate that, when challenged with ETEC strain H10407, originally isolated from a case of cholera-like illness, blood group A human volunteers developed severe diarrhea more frequently than individuals from other blood groups. Interestingly, a diverse population of ETEC strains, including H10407, secrete the EtpA adhesin molecule. As many bacterial adhesins also agglutinate red blood cells, we combined the use of glycan arrays, biolayer inferometry, and noncanonical amino acid labeling with hemagglutination studies to demonstrate that EtpA is a dominant ETEC blood group A-specific lectin/hemagglutinin. Importantly, we have also shown that EtpA interacts specifically with glycans expressed on intestinal epithelial cells from blood group A individuals and that EtpA-mediated bacterial-host interactions accelerate bacterial adhesion and effective delivery of both the heat-labile and heat-stable toxins of ETEC. Collectively, these data provide additional insight into the complex molecular basis of severe ETEC diarrheal illness that may inform rational design of vaccines to protect those at highest risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - F Matthew Kuhlmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - A Louis Bourgeois
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Foulke-Abel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brunda Tumala
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tim J Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David A Sack
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara DeNearing
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Clayton D Harro
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - W Shea Wright
- Center for Cancer Research, Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Fredrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Center for Cancer Research, Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Fredrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew A Ciorba
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Srikanth Santhanam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Chad K Porter
- Enteric Disease Department, Infectious Disease Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Ramiro L Gutierrez
- Enteric Disease Department, Infectious Disease Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael G Prouty
- Enteric Disease Department, Infectious Disease Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark S Riddle
- Enteric Disease Department, Infectious Disease Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander Polino
- Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alaullah Sheikh
- Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James M Fleckenstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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32
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Arend P. Position of human blood group O(H) and phenotype-determining enzymes in growth and infectious disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1425:5-18. [PMID: 29754430 PMCID: PMC7676429 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human ABO(H) blood group phenotypes arise from the evolutionarily oldest genetic system found in primate populations. While the blood group antigen A is considered the ancestral primordial structure, under the selective pressure of life‐threatening diseases blood group O(H) came to dominate as the most frequently occurring blood group worldwide. Non‐O(H) phenotypes demonstrate impaired formation of adaptive and innate immunoglobulin specificities due to clonal selection and phenotype formation in plasma proteins. Compared with individuals with blood group O(H), blood group A individuals not only have a significantly higher risk of developing certain types of cancer but also exhibit high susceptibility to malaria tropica or infection by Plasmodium falciparum. The phenotype‐determining blood group A glycotransferase(s), which affect the levels of anti‐A/Tn cross‐reactive immunoglobulins in phenotypic glycosidic accommodation, might also mediate adhesion and entry of the parasite to host cells via trans‐species O‐GalNAc glycosylation of abundantly expressed serine residues that arise throughout the parasite's life cycle, while excluding the possibility of antibody formation against the resulting hybrid Tn antigen. In contrast, human blood group O(H), lacking this enzyme, is indicated to confer a survival advantage regarding the overall risk of developing cancer, and individuals with this blood group rarely develop life‐threatening infections involving evolutionarily selective malaria strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Arend
- Department of Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg/Lahn, Germany. Gastroenterology Research Laboratory, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Research Laboratories, Chemie Grünenthal GmbH, Aachen, Germany
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33
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Blutt SE, Crawford SE, Ramani S, Zou WY, Estes MK. Engineered Human Gastrointestinal Cultures to Study the Microbiome and Infectious Diseases. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 5:241-251. [PMID: 29675450 PMCID: PMC5904028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
New models to study the intestine are key to understanding intestinal diseases and developing novel treatments. Intestinal organ-like culture systems (organoids and enteroids) have substantially advanced the study of the human gastrointestinal tract. Stem cell-derived cultures produce self-organizing structures that contain the multiple differentiated intestinal epithelial cell types including enterocytes, goblet, Paneth, and enteroendocrine cells. Understanding host-microbial interactions is one area in which these cultures are expediting major advancements. This review discusses how organoid and enteroid cultures are biologically and physiologically relevant systems to investigate the effects of commensal organisms and study the pathogenesis of human infectious diseases. These cultures can be established from many donors and they retain the genetic and biologic properties of the donors, which can lead to the discovery of host-specific factors that affect susceptibility to infection and result in personalized approaches to treat individuals. The continued development of these cultures to incorporate more facets of the gastrointestinal tract, including neurons, immune cells, and the microbiome, will unravel new mechanisms regulating host-microbial interactions with the long-term goal of translating findings into novel preventive or therapeutic treatments for gastrointestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mary K. Estes
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Mary K. Estes, PhD, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030. fax: (713) 798-3586.
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Heggelund JE, Varrot A, Imberty A, Krengel U. Histo-blood group antigens as mediators of infections. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2017; 44:190-200. [PMID: 28544984 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The critical first step of a microbial infection is usually the attachment of pathogens to host cell glycans. Targets on host tissues are in particular the histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), which are present in rich diversity in the mucus layer and on the underlying mucosa. Recent structural and functional studies have revealed significant new insight into the molecular mechanisms, explaining why individuals with certain blood groups are at increased risk of some infections. The most prominent example of blood-group-associated diseases is cholera, caused by infection with Vibrio cholerae. Many other microbial pathogens, for example Pseudomonas aeruginosa infecting the airways, and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causing traveler's diarrhea, also bind to histo-blood group antigens, but show a less clear correlation with blood group phenotype. Yet other pathogens, for example norovirus and Helicobacter pylori, recognize HBGAs differently depending on the strain. In all cases, milk oligosaccharides can aid the hosts' defenses, acting as natural receptor decoys, and anti-infectious therapy can be designed along similar strategies. In this review, we focus on important infections of humans, but the molecular mechanisms are of general relevance to a broad range of microbial infections of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Heggelund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315 Blindern, Norway
| | - Annabelle Varrot
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV), CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Anne Imberty
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV), CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ute Krengel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315 Blindern, Norway.
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Harris JB, LaRocque RC. Cholera and ABO Blood Group: Understanding an Ancient Association. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:263-264. [PMID: 27402512 PMCID: PMC4973168 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Regina C LaRocque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Mills M, Estes MK. Physiologically relevant human tissue models for infectious diseases. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1540-1552. [PMID: 27352632 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Limitations of animal infection models have engendered longstanding obstacles in basic science and translational research. Lack of suitable animal models, the need for better predictors of human immune responses and pathogens that grow poorly or not at all outside the human host impact our ability to study infectious agents that cause human disease, generation of essential tools for genetic manipulation of microbial pathogens and development of vaccines, therapeutics and host-targeted immunotherapies. The advent of conceptual and methodological advances in tissue engineering along with collaborative efforts between the bioengineering and infectious diseases scientific communities hold great promise to overcome these significant barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Mills
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Mary K Estes
- Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Medicine-GI, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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